Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Old age – Europe – History'
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Greenhalgh, Charlotte Maree. "An age of emotion : expertise and subjectivity in old age in Britain, 1937-1970." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:18c215e1-a9fe-43ac-9879-9a8da8678836.
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This thesis heeds W. Andrew Achenbaum’s call for historians of ageing to analyse the inner lives of their subjects. Building on and problematizing existing studies of health and welfare policies for the old, it explores the ways that mid-century public and private life shaped how individuals felt about old age. Both public discussions and private narratives of ageing are used to consider how older people understood and expressed their emotional experiences during a challenging period of the life cycle. I argue that old age in general, and its emotional dimensions in particular, are missing from British historiography. Yet both were vital to social life in the mid-century, when the ageing population was an important political issue and a large number of experts hoped to manage the emotional and psychological aspects of this ‘problem’. This thesis begins by setting out this national context for old age, showing that heightened interest in ageing and emotion were significant influences over the expansion of the welfare state. However, contrary to the expectations of mid-century researchers and policy-makers, my subsequent chapters show that older people frequently maintained their social roles and relationships through informal means. This thesis explores how ageing men and women engaged with work, retirement, ill health, marriage, bereavement, fashion, beauty culture, and autobiography as opportunities to find meaning in late life. Together, these varied perspectives on old age make a series of interventions in its history. I argue that historians could do much more to detail the significance of the life cycle for their subjects, whether they write political, social, or cultural history. As this thesis shows, such studies should approach ageing as a lifelong and personal process, which has been shaped by reminiscence and story-telling. I suggest that historians of emotion are best-equipped to write scholarship that is sensitive to the passing of time and personal biography in this way.
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Barush, Kathryn R. ""Every age is a Canterbury pilgrimage" : art and the sacred journey in Britain, c. 1790-1850." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:63e1545c-1362-4bc3-bbc3-b950eecf7c70.
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This thesis examines the intersections of the concept of pilgrimage and the visual imagination in Britain from the years 1790 to 1850. Historically, distinctions between understandings of pilgrimage as motif, metaphor, artistic process, and actual journey have been blurred to varying degrees, resulting in the creation of images that were at once narratives, memorials, and stimuli for contemplative journeys from pictorial space to imagination. In the first half of the nineteenth century, religious architecture, sacred landscapes, and the emblematic figure of the pilgrim with coat, hat, and scrip functioned as temporal reminders of a promised land to come, as mediated through artistic practice. Through a close analysis of a range of interrelated visual sources, I contend that pilgrimage, both in practice and as a form of mental contemplation, helped to shape the religious, literary, and artistic imagination of the period and beyond. This study draws out the various levels at which pilgrimage engaged the visual imagination. In doing so it offers a detailed perspective on the conjunction of content, form, meaning, and process for artists and theorists, as notions of the transfer of ‘spirit’ from sacred space to represented space re-emerged as a key aspect of the theological and artistic discourse of the period. Chapter 1 outlines the antiquarian dissemination of medieval pilgrimage texts and images. I suggest that an awareness of pilgrimage as embodying the real and imagined emerged with the recovery of allegorical texts, histories of actual pilgrimages, and an interest in pilgrimage souvenirs. The discussion moves on to intersections between pilgrimage and religious art in Chapters 2 - 4, including the idea of painting as pilgrimage, as demonstrated through specific case studies, and the refashioning of relics and religious ruins as contemporary sites of pilgrimage (Chapter 5).
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Smith-Laing, Tim. "Variorum vitae : Theseus and the arts of mythography in Medieval and early modern Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0f4305c6-3c62-4f89-a3b2-d8204893fdfb.
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This thesis offers an approach to the history of mythographical discourse through the figure of Theseus and his appearances in texts from England, Italy and France. Analysing a range of poetic, historical, and allegorical works that feature Theseus alongside their classical and contemporary intertexts, it is a study of the conceptions of Greco-Roman mythology prevalent in European literature from 1300-1600. Focusing on mythology’s pervasive presence as a background to medieval and early modern literary and intellectual culture, it draws attention to the fragmentary, fluid and polymorphous nature of mythology in relation to its use for different purposes in a wide range of texts. The first impact of this study is to draw attention to the distinction between mythology and mythography, as a means of focusing on the full range of interpretative processes associated with the ancient myths in their textual forms. Returning attention to the processes by which writers and readers came to know the Greco-Roman myths, it widens the commonly accepted critical definition of ‘mythography’ to include any writing of or on mythology, while restricting ‘mythology’ to its abstract sense, meaning a traditional collection of tales that exceeds any one text. This distinction allows the analyses of the study’s primary texts to display the full range of interpretative processes and possibilities involved in rewriting mythology, and to outline a spectrum of linked but distinctive mythographical genres that define those possibilities. Breaking down into two parts of three chapters each, the thesis examines Theseus’ appearances across these mythographical genres, first in the period from 1300 to the birth of print, and then from the birth of print up to 1600. Taking as its primary texts works by Giovanni Boccaccio, Geoffrey Chaucer, John Lydgate and William Shakespeare along with their classical intertexts, it situates each of them in regard to their multiple defining contexts. Paying close attention to the European traditions of commentary, translation and response to classical sources, it shows mythographical discourse as a vibrant aspect of medieval and early modern literary culture, equally embedded in classical traditions and contemporary traditions that transcended national and linguistic boundaries.
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Berkovich, Ilya. "Motivation in the armies of old-regime Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610794.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Martin Lábaj, and Patrik Pruzinský. "Prospective Ageing and Economic Growth in Europe." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4080/1/wp165.pdf.
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We assess empirically the role played by prospective ageing measures as a predictor of income growth in Europe. We show that prospective ageing measures which move beyond chronological age and incorporate changes in life expectancy are able to explain better the recent long-run growth experience of European economies. The improvement in explanatory power of prospective ageing indicators as compared to standard measures based on chronological age is particularly relevant for long-run economic growth horizons. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Cummins, Josephine M. "Attitudes to old age and ageing in medieval society." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2542/.
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The thesis begins by exploring the threshold of old age in the Middle Ages. The subjectivity of ageing is rehearsed and the difficulties of identifying the elderly by physical or mental traits. A discussion on fixing the starting point of old age using the aetates hominis and relevant medical and legislative sources follows. The thesis continues with an examination of attitudes towards biological ageing. Chapter Two adopts the physiology of Galen (129-199) in relation to ageing as a starting point and follows its development in the Middle Ages. Ancient and medieval attitudes to the fundamental question of whether ageing is natural or pathological are also considered. The pathologies which were associated with old age in the medieval period are identified and the various lines of treatment which were prescribed for them are assessed. The theological view on ageing in relation to sin is determined next. The attitude of spiritual physicians to elderly penitents is explored by examining the libri poenitentiales. Theological and physiological attitudes are then compared. The theme of wholeness and disintegration which is highlighted by that comparison is carried into the following chapter which considers images of old age in medieval literature. In particular, the old person's proximity to physical corruption is explored against the background of medieval society's fascination with death and the cadaver. Chapter Five attempts to mitigate the harsh view of life in old age in the literary sources by analysing notions of the debt which children owed to aged parents and considering the means of social security which were available to the elderly when the family failed to support them. The ultimate purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge of medieval society's understanding of how and why humans aged and the attitude of that society to its liminal members.
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Montigny, Edgar-André. "Perceptions, realities and old age: A comparison of the realities of old age with government statements about the elderly and their families in late-nineteenth-century Ontario." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10083.
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Hunter, Cecily Elizabeth. "Doctoring old age : a social history of geriatric medicine in Victoria /." Connect to thesis, 2003. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000123.
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Townend, Matthew. "Language and history in Viking age England : linguistic relations between speakers of Old Norse and Old English /." Turnhout : Brepols, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388738336.
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Schneider, Miriam Magdalena. "The "sailor prince" in the age of empire : creating a monarchical brand in nineteenth-century Europe." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16627.
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This study examines the systemic function and public role of "Sailor Princes" within the context of the nineteenth-century revival of monarchy. It explores how, between 1850 and 1914, the reigning families of Britain, Denmark, Germany and Greece chose to educate their younger sons in the navy and thereby created powerful links with a mythically invested symbol of national identity and modernity, of bourgeois virtue, imperial integration and exotic adventure. All four countries perceived themselves as maritime powers defined by their long seafaring traditions and/or great hopes for a naval future, by their possession of (in)formal seaborne colonial empires and/or by their substantial imperial ambitions. By latching onto the prominent trend of the nineteenth-century lure of the sea and of naval enthusiasm, the dynasties of Saxe-Coburg, Glücksborg and Hohenzollern were able to adapt these mental geographies for their own purposes and thus to generate an appealing brand image for the emerging political mass market. Prince Alfred of Britain (1844-1900), Prince Heinrich of Prussia (1862-1929), Prince Valdemar of Denmark (1858-1939) and Prince Georgios of Greece (1869-1957) all became powerful personality brands of their respective monarchies. This study investigates the mechanisms and the agents responsible for their success. It examines the role of the sea and of maritime imageries in nineteenth-century national identities; the myths and realities of naval education and naval professionalism; the processes by which seaborne colonial empires and diaspora communities were integrated into larger imperial units and represented to each other via interimperial diplomacy; as well as the public reception, appropriation and recreation of the "Sailor Prince" brand in various popular media, e.g. family magazines, adventure fiction and consumer goods.
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Pare, C. F. E. "Ceremonial wagons and wagon-graves of the early Iron Age in Central Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670349.
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Davies, Megan Jean. "Institutionalizing old age : residential accommodation for the elderly in British Columbia, 1920-1960." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28724.
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This dissertation looks at old age homes in British Columbia between 1920 and 1960. It describes and explains how changes in institutional care for aging men and women intersected with professional ideals, welfare state economics and political imperatives. It also considers how broader developments altered the physical and cultural world of the institution and the strategies employed by the elderly.Facilities for the elderly changed significantly during the period. In 1920 provision of residential care for older British Columbians was extremely limited, and existing institutions operated under a poorhouse model, providing only custodial care. By 1960 a sizeable network of provincially regulated facilities had developed. Medical professionals urged that these establishments be medical facilities and that the elderly receive compassionate, therapeutic care.
However, circumstances inside these facilities limited change. While some institutions were run along medical lines, new policy initiatives were modified by strong historical links with older systems of custodial care and punitive poorhouse ethics.
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Botelho, Lynn Ann. "Provisions for the elderly in two early modern Suffolk communities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273017.
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Frazier, Grant H. "Armed Drones: An Age Old Problem Exacerbated by New Technology." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/156.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the history behind and the use of militarized drones in modern day conflicts, and to conclude whether the use of these machines, with special attention to the United States, is legal, ethical, and morally defensible. In achieving the aforementioned goals, shortcomings of current policy surrounding drone warfare will be highlighted, acting as the catalyst for a proposal for changes to be made to better suit legal, ethical, and moral considerations. The proposal of a policy to help us work with armed drones is due to the fact that this thesis acknowledges that armed drones, like guns, nuclear weapons, or any type of military technology, is here to stay and that once we acknowledge that fact, the most important step is to make sure we have the right tools to judge the conduct of conflict carried out using armed drones or other weapons that raise similar issues and questions.
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Andrews, Emily Stella. "Senility before Alzheimer : old Age in British psychiatry, c. 1835-1912." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/65690/.
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This thesis addresses the place of old age in British psychiatry, from 1835-1912. It asks: how were mental disorders in old age understood, categorised and responded to? It seeks answers to these questions in three sets of sources: theoretical published works written by professional psychiatrists, the official reports of the bodies charged with managing the asylum at a national and local level, and in the patient records of Hanwell County Lunatic Asylum. It argues that the ‘senile’ became more clearly defined in the latter nineteenth century, in politics and in medicine, as a residual category of person: too insane for the workhouse, too old for the asylum. It shows that, during this period, older people in the asylum were increasingly likely to be viewed as ‘old’. Through the increasing focus on internal pathology as an aetiological determinant of mental disorder, both engendered and reflected in changes to the asylum’s patient records, the inherent agedness of older people – with associations of inevitable decline, incurability and dependency – became central to the way that psychiatrists interpreted their mental disorders. The senile were a controversial group in nineteenth-century psychiatry. The administrators of Lunacy made attempts to exclude them from the asylum, but families and workhouse officials continued to send them there. The asylum played an important role in latter-nineteenth-century London as a pressure-valve for those whose behaviour made them unmanageable in other settings. Without more specialised provision, the asylum was often the only institution which could manage the elderly mentally disordered. Once there, aged patients worked and were cared for alongside the rest of the asylum population, usually until their death.
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Popa, Cătălin Nicolae. "Uncovering group identity in the Late Iron Age of South-East Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648861.
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Ng, Kok Hoe. "The prospects for old-age income security in Hong Kong and Singapore." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/786/.
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Family support is the central pillar of old-age income security in Hong Kong and Singapore. But demographic ageing, among the fastest internationally, implies fewer adult children to provide support, while the public pension systems remain lean even by East Asian standards. Future elderly cohorts therefore face growing risks of financial hardship. This study examines the current extent of this problem, its prospects in the coming decades, and the possibilities of pension reform. It is unique in combining historical and prospective approaches towards policy causes and effects within a comparative framework. First, it analyses work, incomes, and living arrangements among elderly persons in 1995/1996 and 2005/2006 using microdata from national surveys. Next, it models possible living arrangements, income sources, and pension outcomes for future elderly cohorts using a macrosimulation model and illustrative cases. Finally, it examines the historical factors affecting pension policy development and assesses the potential for reform. Elderly poverty is more serious than often acknowledged—three quarters of elderly persons have incomes below 40% of the median wage, including a quarter of those in work in Singapore. Children‘s transfers are prevalent and large, while co-residence boosts elderly incomes on a household basis. But co-residence is already falling. By 2030, half of elderly persons may not live with their children. Almost a third may have access to neither market income nor children‘s contributions. Pensions are estimated to replace less than a third of men‘s final wage and are equivalent to a quarter or less of the median wage for women. Although developmental policy paradigms disfavour generous public pension systems in both places, explicit policy demands by the public keep up the pressure on policymakers in Hong Kong. In Singapore, reform prospects may depend on the growth of ideational competition and the availability of policy proposals to focus public concerns and rejuvenate policy thinking.
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Kung, Ka-kei, and 龔珈奇. "Fall history and perception of the steepness of stairs by community-dwelling elderly." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46455000.
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Nikolovska, Kristina. "'Let it be known' : interrogating historical writing in Church Slavonic paratexts of Southeastern Europe (1371-1711)." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/53887/.
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The period of Ottoman rule, pejoratively termed the ‘Turkish yoke’, is often regarded in the Balkans – a region divided by quests for self-definition – as a period of darkness and suffering. Given the paucity of South Slavic historical records, scholars have sought to corroborate evidence of the ‘yoke’ in ‘historical paratexts’, fragmentary records of historical events to be found in the margins of Church Slavonic manuscripts and early printed books. With the Ottoman Empire on the verge of collapse in the first decades of the twentieth century, scholars and folklorists from the several splintered nations that form the Balkans became very interested in archiving and compiling these paratextual materials into published compendia, a trend which continues up to the present day. They believed that conserving these presumed eyewitness testimonials would preserve the core of the nation, an idea that has been transmitted largely unchallenged. These paratexts are seen as ‘writing from below’ which records facts about the suffering brought about by Ottoman rule. Present scholarship in the Balkans has interpreted ‘znatise’ (‘let it be known’), the formulaic expression that announces some of these annotations, as indicative of a self-conscious tendency to create historically truthful records of the South Slavs under Ottoman rule. However, one only needs to sift through these various records to be struck by the repetitions and the limited scope of the patterns that pervade a majority of these inscriptions as opposed to the range of observations that could be expected to result from an autobiographical impulse. This thesis accounts for these patterns and challenges the dominant interpretation of these paratexts by locating them within the larger writing traditions to which they belonged. By interrogating the relationship between paratextual writing and Church Slavonic historiography, this study provides an alternative framework which explains and brings together sources that have otherwise been left disparate and scattered. The formula ‘let it be known’ is to be understood not as testimony but rather as apocalyptic prophecy. The thesis demonstrates that historical paratexts mainly recorded those events -- such as natural disaster, famine, the outbreak of disease and celestial phenomena -- that were understood as portents and figured in apocalyptic literature. In this light, the clergy’s tone towards the military successes and the Ottoman reign is shown to be determined by an apocalyptic understanding of history. We also see how South Slavic attitudes towards the Ottomans were diverse with references to the Sultan ranging from ‘son of perdition’ (Antichrist) to ‘Tsar’ depending on the political relations between a diocese and the Ottoman administration. The thesis also provides new readings of three important paratextual accounts: (i) Monk Isaija’s colophon of 1371 (ii) Deacon Dimitar’s colophon of 1466 and (iii) the self-narratives of Mihail of Kratovo written between 1649 and 1660. The labels of ‘truthfulness’, ‘factuality’, and ‘sincerity’ that have been attributed to these first person accounts are questioned by demonstrating the socially strategic and ambiguous nature of these paratexts.
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Broderick, Kelly M. Knutzen Kathleen. "Length of exercise history and depressive symptoms in community dwelling older adults /." Online version, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=369&CISOBOX=1&REC=16.
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Trydegård, Gun-Britt. "Tradition, Change and Variation : Past and Present Trends in Public Old-age Care." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Social Work, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-695.
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The general aim of this dissertation is to describe and analyse how public old-age care in Sweden has developed and changed during the last century. The study applies a provider perspective on how care has been planned and professionally carried out. A broader social policy perspective, studying old-age care at central/national as well as local/municipal level, is also developed. A special focus is directed at the large local variation in care and services for the elderly. The empirical base is comprised of official documents and other public sources, survey data from interviews with elderly recipients of public old-age care, and official statistics on publicly financed and controlled old-age care and services.
Study I addresses the development of old-age care in Sweden during the twentieth century by studying an important occupation in this field – the supervisors and their professional roles, tasks and working conditions. Throughout, the roles of supervisors have followed the prevailing official policy on the proper way to provide care for elderly people in Sweden; from poor relief at the beginning of the 1900s, via a generous level of services in the 1960s and 1970s, to today’s restricted and economy-controlled mode of operation.
Study II describes and compares two main forms of public old-age care in Sweden today, home help services and institutional care. The care-load found in home-based care was comparable to and sometimes even larger than in service-homes and other institutions, indicating that large care needs among elderly people in Sweden today can be met in their homes as well as in institutional settings.
Studies III and IV analyse the local variation in public old-age care in Sweden. During the last decades there has been an overall decline in home help services. The coverage of home help for elderly people shows large differences between municipalities throughout this period, and the relative variation has increased. The local disparity seems to depend more on historical factors, e.g., previous coverage rates, than on the present municipal situation in levels of need or local economy and politics.
In an introductory part the four papers are linked together by an outline of the demographic situation and the social policy model for old-age care in Sweden. Trends that have been apparent over time, e.g. professionalisation and market orientation, are traced and discussed. Conflicts between prevailing ideologies are analysed, in regards to for instance home-based and institution-based care, social and medical culture, and local and central levels of decision-making. ’Welfare municipality’, ‘path dependency’, and ‘decentralisation’ are suggested as a conceptual framework for describing the large and increasing local variations in old-age care. Finally, implications of the four studies with regard to old-age care policy and further research are discussed.
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Spedalieri, Francesca. "Seeing the Unseen, Staging the Unspoken: The Gender Politics and Political Language of Emma Dante’s Theatre in the Berlusconi Era (1994-2011)." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480594504188268.
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Black, Elizabeth Leslie. "Older people in Scotland : family, work and retirement and the Welfare State from 1845 to 1999." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/561.
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Taylor, John Walter. "Cross-channel relations in the late Iron Age : relations between Britain and the Continent during the La Tène period." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670370.
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Marriott, Brandon John. "The birth pangs of the Messiah : transnational networks and cross-religious exchange in the age of Sabbatai Sevi." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ed4243fe-d113-4d7e-9704-f0361b966d33.
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Between 1648 CE and 1666 CE, news, rumours, and theories about the messiah and the Lost Tribes of Israel were disseminated amongst diverse populations of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Employing a world history methodology, this thesis follows three sets of such narratives that were spread through the American colonies, England, the Dutch Republic, the Italian peninsula and the Ottoman Empire, connecting people separated by linguistic, religious, national, and continental divides. This dissertation starts by situating this transmission within a broader context that dates back to 1492 CE and then traces the three-stage process in which eschatological constructs originating in the Americas in the 1640s were transmitted across Europe to the Levant in the 1650s, preparing the minds of Jews and Christians for the return of these ideas from the Ottoman Empire in the 1660s. In this manner, this study seeks to make three contributions to the existing literature. It brings together often isolated historiographies, it unearths fresh archival sources, and it provides a new conceptual framework. Overall, it argues that one cannot understand the growth of apocalyptic tension that reached its peak in 1666 without examining the major historical events and processes that began in 1492 and affected Jews, Christians, and Muslims across the Atlantic and Mediterranean worlds.
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Hopkins, Stephen Chase Evans. "Solving the Old English Exodus: An Active Problem Solving Approach to the Poem." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1303488106.
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Nordqvist, K. (Kerkko). "The Stone Age of north-eastern Europe 5500–1800 calBC:bridging the gap between the East and the West." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526218731.
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Abstract This work focuses on the Stone Age of north-eastern Europe between 5500 and 1800 calBC. Called the Neolithic in Finland and the Neolithic and Eneolithic in north-western Russia, the period and its research are characterized both by the encounters and separations between ‘the East’ and ‘the West’. Still, despite more than 100 years of archaeological research, few inter-regional studies exist. This dissertation aims to provide an overview of the basic concepts of the terminology and periodization and outline a general (absolute) chronological framework of the area. In addition, a historical research review of the present state of affairs is provided. Four case studies aspire to illustrate the varying (east–west-directed) contact networks that existed in the area during the Neolithic. The second central topic of this work is the Neolithic itself. The research area is located on the border of two major traditions defining the period either based on the appearance of productive livelihoods (west) or pottery technology (east). However, the purely Eurocentric and techno-economical views of the Neolithic have been recently challenged. An evaluation of the used terms and criteria are presented here in the context of north-eastern Europe. The Finnish-Russian border and national prehistories have affected and still affect the study of prehistory in north-eastern Europe. They have prevented studying many prehistoric phenomena to their full extent and have restricted the understanding of inter-regional interaction — during much of the Neolithic, the research area was not the last outpost of the western world but rather the north-western part of a vast Eurasian contact zone. The traditional definitions of the Neolithic have placed north-eastern Europe in an anomalous and peripheral position, but understanding the development as genuinely varying and multipolar would facilitate a more holistic and value-free examination of the periodTiivistelmä Koillis-Euroopan kivikautta aikavälillä 5500–1800 eKr. kutsutaan Suomessa neoliittiseksi, mutta Luoteis-Venäjällä se jaetaan neoliittiseen ja eneoliittiseen kauteen. Ajanjaksoa ja sen tutkimusta luonnehtivatkin ‘idän’ ja ‘lännen’ kohtaamiset ja erot. Huolimatta yli sadan vuoden tutkimushistoriasta on molempien alueiden aineistoja yhdisteleviä esityksiä olemassa vain niukasti. Tämän väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena on tarjota katsaus terminologian ja periodisaation keskeisiin käsitteisiin sekä hahmotella yleistä (absoluuttista) kronologiaa tutkimusalueella. Lisäksi työ esittelee nykytilanteen tutkimushistoriallisen taustan. Työhön kuuluu neljä tapaustutkimusta, joissa käsitellään Koillis-Euroopassa neoliittisella kivikaudella esiintyneitä (itä–länsi-suuntaisia) yhteysverkostoja. Työn toinen keskeinen teema on neoliittisen kivikauden käsite. Tutkimusalue sijaitsee kahden tutkimustradition rajalla, joista läntinen määrittelee aikakauden tuottavien elinkeinojen, itäinen keramiikan käyttöönoton perusteella. Puhtaasti Eurooppa-keskeinen ja teknologis-taloudellinen kuva neoliittisesta kivikaudesta on kuitenkin äskettäin kyseenalaistettu. Työssä esitellään yleistä terminologiaa ja pohditaan määritelmien käyttökelpoisuutta Koillis-Euroopassa. Suomen ja Venäjän välinen raja ja kansallinen esihistoriankirjoitus ovat vaikuttaneet merkittävästi kuvaan menneisyydestä. Ne ovat rajoittaneet ilmiöiden tutkimista niiden koko laajuudessa ja hämärtäneet alueiden välisiä yhteyksiä — suuren osan kivikautta tutkimusalue oli pohjoisella havumetsävyöhykkeellä vallinneiden verkostojen luoteisin osa, ei niinkään lännen viimeinen etuvartioasema. Perinteiset neoliittisen kivikauden määrittelykriteerit ovat asettaneet Koillis-Euroopan poikkeavaan ja perifeeriseen asemaan, mutta kehityksen ymmärtäminen aidosti varioivana ja moninapaisena mahdollistaisi periodin kokonaisvaltaisen ja ennakkoasenteista vapaan käsittelyn myös tällä alueella
Аннотация Работа посвящена каменному веку северо-восточной Европы от 5500 до 1800 лет до н.э. Этот временной промежуток соответствует периоду неолита по финской периодизации, или периодам неолита и энеолита для древностей Северо-Запада России. Для рассматриваемого периода характерны как сходства, так и различия в археологическом материале между западной и восточной частями региона, и, так же, наличие и сходств, и различий между «западной» и «восточной» научными школами в понимании этого периода и в подходах к его исследованию. Несмотря на более чем 100-летнюю историю археологических исследований, лишь в нескольких работах данная проблематика рассматривается на межрегиональном уровне. В диссертации представлен обзор основных существующих понятий и хронологических схем, очерчены общие (абсолютные) хронологические рамки периода неолита рассматриваемой территории. Кроме того, рассмотрена история формирования современного состояния изучаемого вопроса. На примере четырёх конкретных исследований проиллюстрированы варианты систем коммуникаций (между востоком и западом), существовавших на рассматриваемой территории в неолите. Другая основная тема исследования — неолит как таковой. Изучаемая территория является пограничной для двух основных научных традиций определения неолита, использующих в качестве главного критерия либо появление производящего хозяйства («западная школа»), либо распространение технологии изготовления глиняной посуды («восточная школа»). Однако в последнее время наметилась ревизия евроцентричных и исключительно технологических и экономических подходов к пониманию неолита. В работе приведён критический анализ понятий и терминов, используемых в исследованиях по северо-востоку Европы. Финляндско-российская граница и различия между национальными концепциями доистории оказывали и продолжают оказывать влияние на изучение доистории северо-восточной Европы. Они ограничивают исследование многих явлений доисторического прошлого во всей их полноте, в том числе процессы межрегионального взаимодействия. Ведь в действительности на протяжении большей части периода неолита рассматриваемая территория являлась не крайним аванпостом западного мира, а, скорее, северо-западной частью обширной зоны евразийских контактов. При традиционном понимании неолитической эпохи северо-восток Европы оказывается периферийной территорией с отличным от «нормального» ходом культурного развития. Однако понимание развития как действительно вариативного и полицентричного процесса способствует более целостному и непредвзятому изучению рассматриваемого периода. (Translation: D.V. Gerasimov)
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Merkle, Benjamin R. "Triune Elohim : the Heidelberg antitrinitarians and Reformed readings of Hebrew in the confessional age." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6673c702-a1b2-47e8-a112-92d98e689918.
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In 1563, the publication of the Heidelberg Catechism marked the conversion of the Rhineland Palatinate to a stronghold for Reformed religion. Immediately thereafter, however, the Palatinate church experienced a deeply unsettling surge in the popularity of antitrinitarianism. To their Lutheran and Catholic opponents, this development revealed a toxic connection between Reformed theology and the tenets of antitrinitarianism. As early as 1565, for instance, the Catholic Cardinal Stanislaus Hosius argued anonymously that the Reformed principle of sola scriptura was indistinguishable from the biblicism which had led heretics to reject the doctrine of the Trinity on the grounds that it was nowhere explicitly justified in the biblical text. Seven years later, the displaced Italian theologian and Heidelberg professor, Girolamo Zanchi, countered this argument in his De Tribus Elohim (1572). This huge landmark of this early theological crisis in Heidelberg sought to oppose the biblicism of the early antitrinitarians by arguing that the doctrine of the Trinity was explicitly taught within the Hebrew divine names Jehovah and Elohim. The following year De Tribus Elohim received an Imperial Privilege from the Catholic court in Vienna, a distinction virtually unheard of for a Reformed theological text. Zanchi’s argument was then widely promulgated in the marginal notations of the tremendously influential Biblia Sacra of Franciscus Junius and Immanuel Tremellius, and became a staple of refutations of antitrinitarianism thereafter. Yet Zanchi’s confidence that trinitarian theology was contained within the Hebrew of the Old Testament was not shared by many of his own Reformed colleagues. John Calvin’s exegetical works had explicitly rejected this argument; and theologians like David Pareus (Zanchi’s younger colleague in Heidelberg) and the Dutch Hebraist Johannes Drusius preferred a more historical-grammatical reading of the Old Testament and dismissed Zanchi’s reading of the name Elohim despite the danger that this might sacrifice a valuable defence against antitrinitarianism. Complicating the picture further, the Lutheran polemicist Aegidius Hunnius directed Zanchi’s arguments against Calvin in his Calvinus Iudaizans (1593). This variety of responses to Zanchi’s argument demonstrates the diversity of assumptions about the nature of the biblical text within the Reformed church, contradicting the notion that the Reformed world in the age of “confessionalization” was becoming increasingly homogenous or that the works of John Calvin had become the authoritative touchstone of Reformed orthodoxy in this period.
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Fusè, Leonardo. "Parents, children and their families : living arrangements of old people in the XIX century, Sundsvall region, Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Department of historical, philosophical and religious studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1638.
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This study deals with the intergenerational coresidence during the nineteenth century. The main focus is placed on the possible differences in the coresidences among parents and children and whether demographic transition and industrialization changed this relation. Were parents and children living in the same household? It was also important to study the children network; if the children did not live with their parents, where did they live? In the neighbourhoods, in the parish or in another area? Two perspectives were mainly considered, industrialization and demographic transition. On one hand industrialization gave children the opportunity to work outside the parental household and consequently the relationship between parents and children probably became weaker. On the other hand the fall of infant mortality would have facilitated the creation of a new complex household. Did industrialization with a new labour market change in decline the coresidence among parents and children? Or did the fall of mortality increase the number of coresidences? Two more factors influenced the coresidences, social status of the first generation and number of children born. The area of study is the region of Sundsvall, situated in middle Sweden. During the nineteenth century this region experienced a fall of infant mortality and in the middle of the century the introduction of steam-sawmills started and it arrived to be one of the largest sawmill districts at the world in the end of the century. The cohort chosen regarded people born between 1770 and 1820 and they lived their old age in the Sundsvall district. The first methodological approach is cross-sectional and analyses the entire cohort. The second method is a longitudinal analysis of a micro study of 135 people. The results show the decrease of the coresidences between the two generations when parents were 80 years old. In the previous years no difference has been found between the preindustrial and industrial period, thus the decline of mortality did not help the increase of coresidences. Social status was the most determinant factor for the creation of coresidence. People employed in agriculture, peasants and crofters were more likely to coreside with married children compared to the workers’ groups. Social difference increases with the industrialization, workers experienced the decline of coresidence in a stronger way compared to the others groups. The number of children born from the first generation helps in a marginal way the creation of coresidences. The main difference was between one or more children born, but no differences were found among those people who had two children or more. The micro study put in evidence the life cycle of the family. Peasants and crofters were the most likely to experience the cycle of the stem family. However the coresidence could be interrupted by the death or the migration of the family members. Other alternatives as the presences of children in the neighbourhoods or the coresidence with unmarried children were noticed. Finally, the study showed that sons were more likely to live with their parents compared to daughters but in one third of the cases the first generation constituted the stem family with a daughter.
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Santos, Katia Ricci dos. "Imagens e narrativas de uma instituição asilar e da velhice, construidas por tres segmentos distintos : idosos moradores, gestores e voluntarios." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/252520.
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Orientador : Margareth Brandini ParkDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: A fim de contribuir para a melhoria das instituições de longa permanência, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar como três segmentos distintos ? asilados, voluntários e gestores ? constroem e ressignificam a história de um asilo e as suas histórias de vida a partir dos vínculos institucionais. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida numa instituição de longa permanência, a Vila São Vicente de Paulo, fundada em Atibaia - SP em 1924. A metodologia usada foi a pesquisaação, utilizando-se no processo de reconstrução da história institucional e da história dos sujeitos imagens fotográficas do acervo oficial associadas à história oral. A análise dos dados foi composta: a) da visão panorâmica das narrativas individuais produzidas da seleção de imagens; b) discussão dos principais temas levantados em cada segmento associando-os aos conceitos encontrados na literatura: afetividade na velhice asilada, declínio físico e finitude (asilados), valorização das atividades e dos relacionamentos sociais (voluntários) e visão administrativa do cuidar de velhos (gestores); c) interpretação das fotografias excluídas. A afetividade e a sexualidade dentro do asilo são vividas de forma emblemática, ou seja, há estratégias do cotidiano, como as festas, para poder expressá-las. A finitude é um tema constantemente presente no discurso. Os voluntários pretendem ser o vínculo com o mundo externo e proporcionar atividades sociais consideradas fundamentais. Existe a preocupação dos gestores em administrar a instituição oferecendo mais do que alimentação, cuidados de saúde e habitação, mas a maioria sente que não tem formação gerontológica para fazê-lo
Abstract: Intending to improve the long-term care institutions, this study aims to analyze how three distinguished groups - dwellers, volunteers and managers - affect na institution's history and the new significance of their own lives concerning their relationship with it. The research was developed in Vila São Vicente de Paulo, a long-term care institution in Atibaia, SP, founded in 1924. The methodology used was action-search using photographs from the institution?s collection, and oral history throughout the history reconstruction. Data analysis involved three steps: A) overview of the individual narratives, recorded from the chosen photographs, b) discussion of the themes considered the most important ones for each group na linking them with concepts of the literature: affect in the old age in an institution (for the elderly), bodily decay and finitude (dwellers), valorization of activities and social relationship (volunteers) and perceptions of caring for older persons (managers); c) interpretation of the photographs which were not chosen. Affection and sexuality in the institution are dealt with in symbolic ways, with daily strategies like parties and events. The theme finitude is frequently mentioned somehow. The volunteers intend to link institution and extramural community, and provide activities considered (by them) fundamental. the managers concern about caring for the institution and offering more than only proper alimentation, health caring and homes, but many consider themselves insufficiently prepared concerned knowledge
Mestrado
Gerontologia
Mestre em Gerontologia
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Lindqvist, Adam. "The Late Bronze Age Sanctuary at Ayios Iakovos: Dhima Revisited." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Antikens kultur och samhällsliv, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323917.
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År 1929 grävde den Svenska Cypernexpeditionen ut en helgedom daterad till den tidiga delen av Sencypriotisk II (1400-1340/1315), namngiven Ayios Iakovos: Dhima. Kring ett terrakotta-kar återfann arkeologerna flera värdefulla och exotiska föremål. Sedan dess har platsen och dess fynd tolkats på många olika sätt, utan någon egentlig klarhet. Genom att göra en systematisk studie över det hittills opublicerade skärvmaterialet har nya slutsatser om platsen kunnat läggas fram. Tidigare tolkningar om ett kronologiskt gap under Sencypriotisk I kan nu ifrågasättas. Det finns belägg för ett kontinuerligt bruk från Mellancypriotisk III fram tills platsen övergavs under Sencypriotisk II. Den stora mängden slutna kärl, förknippade med transport av väldoftande oljor och salvor, vittnar om de aktiviteter som en gång företogs på platsen. Dessutom visar närvaron av typiska rituella dryckeskärl ett av de tidigaste exemplen på utvecklingen av Cypriotisk rituell tradition, nu separerad från de tidigare starka banden till gravriter.
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Velasco, Enid Aida. "Discrepancies in social workers' self-perception in theoretical and treatment approaches to depressed late middle-age women." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1325.
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Barbeau, David Longfellow Jr. "Application of Growth Strata and Detrital-Zircon Geochronology to Stratigraphic Architecture and Kinematic History." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/244092.
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Growth strata analysis and detrital-zircon geochronology are useful applications of stratigraphy to tectonic problems. Whereas both tools can contribute to kinematic analyses of supracrustal rock bodies, growth strata are also useful for analyzing the influence of tectonics on stratigraphic architecture. This study reports: 1) a conceptual model for growth strata development; 2) stratigraphic and kinematic analyses of growth strata architectures from growth structures in southeastern Utah, the Gulf of Mexico, and northeastern Spain; and 3) the detrital-zircon geochronology of the Salinian block of central coastal California. Kinematic sequence stratigraphy subdivides growth strata into kinematic sequences that are separated by kinematic sequence boundaries. Kinematic sequences can be further partitioned into kinematic domains based on the termination patterns of strata within a kinematic sequence. Salt- related fluvial growth strata from the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Utah contain stratigraphic architectures that are unique to different kinematic domains. Offlap kinematic domains contain fluvial strata indicative of high slopes, low accommodation rates, and strong structural influence on paleocurrent direction. Onlap kinematic domains contain fluvial strata indicative of moderate slopes, high accommodation rates, and decreased structural influence on paleocurrent direction. The stratigraphic architecture of alluvial -fan thrust -belt growth strata in northeastern Spain does not display a marked correlation with kinematic domain, and is most easily interpreted using existing models for autocyclic alluvial -fan evolution. Detrital- zircon (U -Pb) geochronologic data from basement and cover rocks of Salinia suggest that Salinia originated along the southwestern margin of North America, likely in the vicinity of the Mojave Desert. The presence of Neoproterozoic and Late Archean detrital zircons in Salinian basement rocks also suggest that Salinian sediments were recycled from miogeoclinal sediments of the western margin of North America.
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Sheldon, Dania S. K. "'Unregarded age' : texts and contexts for elderly characters in English Renaissance drama, c.1480-1625." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:20f5d513-2121-4cb6-afcb-de9846ab9a8e.
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This study seeks to provide historical and literary contexts for elderly characters from English play-texts c.1580 to 1625. Its primary aim, from a literary perspective, is to draw attention to the ways that a better understanding of elderly characterisation can enrich the appreciation of much-studied play-texts, and to indicate some interesting features of more obscure ones. Its secondary aim is to suggest the value, for social historians of old age in early modern England, of play-texts as social evidence. I have examined most of the published extant play-texts of the period, and have found approximately 150 of these to be relevant (the most important of these are listed in the Appendix). Because of the problems of handling all aspects of such a large amount of material, I have chosen to consider the plays chiefly as texts to be read, with little reference to their performative aspects. However, I analyse the dramas as literary as well as social documents. Specific plays provide illustrations for observations and support for various hypotheses about dramatic representations of the elderly. In some instances, I address plays which have received little critical attention. The thesis falls into two parts. In the first three chapters, I discuss the socio-historical, cultural and non-dramatic literary contexts for representations of elderly men and women in play-texts. In chapters four through seven, I examine elderly characters in specific role or relationship categories: as sovereigns and magistrates, in sexual and marital relationships, and as parents. In the final chapter, I offer a detailed analysis of The Old Law by Thomas Middleton and William Rowley.
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Lopes, Janete da Silva. "Lugar de envelhecer: narrativas de idosos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2473.
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-02Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The House (Casa) has several signs and meanings that pervade our imaginary upon which we have little conscience. Naturalized and reproduced in our culture, all the symbolic richness from this place is devoid of institutionalized persons. This work s inquiries refer to how we socially devise this place denominated House (Casa) and which is its importance for the elderly people. Starting from social care policies we raise the following issues: what this public policies can offer to elder people in terms of reception? And how to overcome the historic and excluding institutionalization of old-aging, enabling alternative ways of housing and reception for elder people? Our hypothesis is that institutions can offer better life conditions cultivating the characteristics of this ancient place which is the House. This way, the anthropologic exercise proposed by this work used Oral History as its main research method. Diving into the collaboration method, we proposed an involving concept where active subjects -interviewees and interviewer- join together aiming to produce a result that demands connivance (Meihy & Ribeiro: 2011). Our collaborators are people between 61 and 86 years old living on the Programa Vila Dignidade (Dignity Village Program) implemented on the Itapeva municipality, interior of São Paulo state. They reported their stories being the House the key issue. The research highlighted the necessity of extending the concepts and characterizations for the conception of new models of institutional reception, being these considerated as a privileged place for relationship, companionship and transmission of sociocultural values; the House par excellence. Looking closer to the Programa Vila Dignidade some obstacles appeared on its consolidation as a public policy. The first one of them refers to the confusion and strangeness generated and perpetuated by the social care professionals that sometimes reduce it to housing policy refusing possible interfaces with social care policies. The second one refers to closed connections made between this policies: they were badly joint without consensus between its operators, without any foster of a consolidation for a socio-assistencial service to be offered in this Program, neither was previewed the destination of state resources for the financing costs of the actions to be developed, financially burdening the related municipalities. Despite the mentioned limitations, the work carried out revealed the importance of proposals as this one for the construction of new possibilities of old-age living
A Casa carrega diversos signos e significados que permeiam nosso imaginário e sobre os quais temos pouca consciência. Reproduzida e naturalizada em nossa cultura toda a riqueza simbólica deste lugar é destituída dos sujeitos institucionalizados. As indagações deste trabalho referem-se a como inventamos socialmente este espaço denominado Casa e qual a sua importância para os sujeitos que envelhecem. A partir da política de assistência social levantamos as questões: o que essa política pública pode ofertar às pessoas idosas como formas de acolhimento? e, Como superar a histórica e excludente institucionalização da velhice possibilitando formas alternativas de moradia/acolhimento para idosos? Nossa hipótese é a de que as instituições podem ofertar melhores condições de vida se cultivarem as características deste lugar ancestral que é a Casa. Assim, o exercício antropológico proposto neste trabalho utilizou a História Oral como método de pesquisa. Mergulhando no conceito de colaboração, propusemos um trabalho participante onde sujeitos ativos entrevistados e entrevistador se uniram com o propósito de produzir um resultado que demanda conivência (Meihy & Ribeiro: 2011). Nossos colaboradores são pessoas, entre 61 e 86 anos de idade, que vivem no Programa Vila Dignidade implantado no município de Itapeva, interior de São Paulo. Elas narraram suas histórias tendo como tema central a Casa. A pesquisa evidenciou a necessidade de ampliarmos os conceitos e as caracterizações para a concepção de novos modelos de acolhimento institucional considerando-os o local privilegiado das relações, do convívio e da transmissão dos valores socioculturais, a Casa por excelência. Olhando mais atentamente para o Programa Vila Dignidade alguns obstáculos se apresentaram à sua consolidação como politica pública. O primeiro deles se refere à confusão e estranhamento gerado e perpetuado pelos profissionais da assistência social que, por vezes, o reduz apenas à política de habitação, negando as interfaces que possa ter com a política de assistência social. O segundo refere-se às amarrações entre estas politicas: foram mal tecidas, não criaram consensos entre seus operadores, não fomentaram a consolidação de um serviço socioassistencial para ser ofertado neste Programa, e tão pouco, previram a destinação de recursos estaduais para o custeio das ações a serem desenvolvidas, onerando financeiramente os municípios contemplados. Apesar das limitações apresentadas, o trabalho realizado revelou a importância de propostas como esta na construção de novas possibilidades de morar na velhice
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Pawlowski, Ilona Paulina. "Sex in Women's Magazine Advertising An analysis of the degree of sexuality in women's magazine advertising across age demographics and women's responses." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science and Communication, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1002.
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On opening women's magazine the reader is bombarded with page after page of advertisements featuring highly sexualised images of women. This thesis explores the use of sexuality in contemporary women's magazine advertising and how women respond to this. A year-long analysis of twelve different monthly magazines, spanning three different age demographics was undertaken. A comprehensive coding schedule was developed, and over 5000 advertisements were analysed in a quantitative manner to determine the level of sexuality. Nearly 500 women took part in an online survey. It was designed to gauge their responses to the use of sex in advertising, as well as the influence of advertising overall. This analysis found that sex is a tool used by advertisers in almost every advertisement that appears in women's magazines, particularly those targeted at the youngest age demographics. Some products, such as fragrances, rely more heavily on the use of sex in their advertising campaigns than others. The women surveyed believed that average and older women are under-represented in advertising. Women tend to recollect advertisements that promote a 'promise' or an idealised lifestyle set in a sexual context. Recollection is, of course, the aim of advertising, so it would appear that the use of sex is here to stay.
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Karim, Armin. ""My People, What Have I Done to You?": The Good Friday Popule meus Verses in Chant and Exegesis, c. 380–880." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1396645278.
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Coulon, Jean. "Le four de Sévrier en Haute-Savoie à l’âge du Bronze : Reprise des données et nouvelles perspectives." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20096.
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Découvert dans les années 1970 sur le site palafitte aujourd’hui immergé du Crêt de Châtillon (lac d’Annecy, Haute-Savoie, France), le four de Sévrier, daté de l’âge du Bronze, est considéré comme un des plus anciens fours de potier d’Europe occidentale. Il incarne l’arrivée d’une nouvelle technologie qui marquera la disparition progressive des modes de cuisson en fosse ou en meule en usage depuis l’invention de la poterie. En cette fin de l’âge du Bronze l’acmé de l’art céramique, représenté par les productions de poteries fines, pouvait donc être lié à l’utilisation d’un tel dispositif. Le caractère unique de cette construction en argile, de dimensions modestes et à parois étonnamment minces, réside dans sa conception modulaire et portable. La découverte publiée en 1975 (Bocquet et Couren 1975) recueille aussitôt un échoeuropéen et près de quarante ans après, elle reste pratiquement sans équivalent. L’utilisation de fours de potier à l’âge du Bronze, dans un contexte occidental, demeure pourtant une question ouverte et depuis les années 80, l’interprétation avancée pour le four de Sévrier alimente régulièrement ce débat. L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est de porter un nouveau regard sur cet objet de référence quelque peu voilé par sa célébrité et réexaminer les hypothèses fonctionnelles non encore étudiées. Après une présentation du contexte et de l’historique de la découverte, un premier volet aborde différents aspects de l’objet archéologique: sa morphologie, sa conception, sa restauration, son comportement lors d’expérimentations de cuissons de céramiques, ses traits singuliers qui le rapprochent ou le distinguent des fours de potiers plus tardifs ou des structures d’argile à parois fines diversement interprétées. Notre analyse du four de Sévrier comporte trois volets : a) l’inventaire du matériel découvert sur le Crêt de Châtillon et l’intégration éventuelle d’éléments non pris en compte dans la reconstruction, b) une analyse archéométrique (minéralogie des argiles) portant sur les tessons du four et sur des argiles des gisements situés à proximité du Crêt de Châtillon. Une analyse des changements de phases des argiles cuites en fonction de l’intensité de la température, c) l’évaluation de la température minimale et maximale subie par le four afin de confirmer ou exclure certaines utilisations. L’analyse fonctionnelle du four aborde, en premier lieu, l’hypothèse privilégiée, celle consacrée à la cuisson des poteries. Une méthode expérimentale comparative permet de préciser les avantages et inconvénients de différents procédés de cuisson de poteries noires et cherche à évaluer l’apport technologique supposé avoir été introduit par le four de Sévrier. D’autres alternatives sont abordées, en particulier la fonction culinaire. Cette interprétation est confortée par la découverte d’inédits indices d’usages observés lors de cette étude sur des matériels similaires de même époque et provenance. L’inventaire des structures comparables constitue un autre volet de cette recherche. Elle témoigne de l’usage courant des structures de cuisson en argile de faible épaisseur aux âges du Bronze et du Fer. Leur diffusion géographique s’étend des Balkans à l’Espagne et de la Grande Bretagne à la Grèce. Le recensement d’une famille large et multiforme de dispositifs portables en argile à vocation domestique nous permet de poser les bases d’une typologie et de proposer un scénario d’évolution et d’influences entre des régions parfois très éloignéesThis study focuses on a unique archaeological finding from the Crêt de Châtillon, a late Bronze Age lacustrine village situated on a now submerged island in Lake Annecy (Haute-Savoie, France). The Sévrier kiln is considered to be one of the oldest pottery kiln in Western Europe. Over the years it has become internationally known and still forms the basis of research projects and experiments relating to Bronze Age ceramic technology. It embodies the arrival of a new technology that would mark the gradual disappearance of the open fire or pit firing modes that had been used since the invention of pottery. As such, the acme of ceramic art which marks the end of the Bronze Age, may therefore be related to the use of such a device. The uniqueness of this clay building of modest proportions and surprisingly thin walls, lies in it modular and portable design. The discovery, published in 1975 (Bocquet and Couren 1975) soon received a valuable feedback in Europe and nearly forty years later remains virtually unparalleled. However, the use of pottery kilns in the Bronze Age in a Western context remains an open question. Since the 1980s, several arguments will gradually undermine this interpretation. The purpose of this study is to take a fresh look at this inescapable object, somewhat veiled by its celebrity and review functional hypotheses hitherto not studied. After describing the background and the history of the discovery, we discuss various aspects of the archaeological kiln: morphology, design, restoration, use, experimentations and singular features that approximate or distinguish this furnace from later pottery kilns or thin-walled clay structures wich have been variously interpreted. This analysis of the kiln of Sévrier has been threefolds: (a) an inventory of the findings from the Crêt de Châtillon and a discussion about the integration of many components excluded from the reconstruction ; (b) archaeometric analysis (clay mineralogy) of the kiln and the clay deposits located near the site and (c) identification of the changing phases in clays, subjected to high temperatures and determination of the temperature experienced by the furnace. The functional analysis, reviews different hypotheses : (a) pottery firing : a comparative experimental method that aims to highlight the benefits and disadvantages of different processes to produce black pottery. The purpose is to underscore the technological contribution assumed to have been introduced by the Sévrier kiln. (b) Other functional alternatives will be discussed, especially the culinary function. This interpretation is supported by the discovery of unprecedented indices discovered during this study. The inventory of comparable structures is another aspect of this research. The relatively widespread use of such thin-walled clay structures during the Bronze and Iron ages is highlighted. Their geographical distribution extends from the Balkans to Spain and from Great Britain to Greece. The census of a multiform family of domestic portable clay ovens allows us to propose a new typology and a scenario of diffusion between regions sometimes very remote, completes this new outlook and draw new perspectives for the research
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Hodges, Elizabeth Violet. "An exploration of sight, and its relationship with reality, in literature from both world wars." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:de3c749e-b7b2-49bc-a25e-4c3f28eea47d.
Full textAbstract:
Writers from both world wars, concerned with the representation of war, wrestled with the predicament of partial sight. Their work reveals the problematic dichotomy that exists between the individual’s selective range of vision and the immense scale of conflict. Central to this authorial dilemma is the question of the visual frame: how do you contain – within the written word – sight that resists containment and expression? The scale of the two world wars accentuated the representative problem of warfare. This thesis, by examining a wide range of World War One and World War Two literature, explores the varied literary responses to the topical relationship between sight and reality in wartime. It examines the war poetry of Wilfred Owen, Ford Madox Ford’s tetralogy Parade’s End, The Return of the Soldier by Rebecca West, Elizabeth Bowen’s The Heat of the Day, and Virginia Woolf’s novels Mrs Dalloway and Between the Acts alongside less well-known works such as David Jones’s prose-poem In Parenthesis, the two short stories ‘The Soldier Looks for His Family’ by John Prebble and ‘The Blind Man’ by D.H. Lawrence, as well as William Sansom’s collection of short stories Fireman Flower, and Louis Simpson’s war poetry. This thesis, by focussing on the inherent difficulties of reconciling perception and representation in war, interrogates the boundaries of sight and the limits of representation. The changing place of sight in writing from the two world wars is examined and the extent to which discourses of vision were shaped and developed, in the early decades of the twentieth century, by war experience is explored. The critical containment and categorisation of sight that often dominates readings of sight in texts from both world wars is questioned suggesting the need for a more flexible understanding of, and approach towards, sight.
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Donato, Alice de Castro. "Análise da história de vida e a relação com o nível de stress em idosos institucionalizados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47134/tde-22022017-120021/.
Full textAbstract:
No Brasil, a porcentagem de pessoas idosas e sua expectativa de vida aumentam gradualmente. O envelhecimento é considerado um fenômeno natural, social, cultural e econômico. Ademais, a redução da taxa de fecundidade, diminuição de integrantes das famílias, as mudanças nos padrões de nupcialidade e a crescente inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho reduzem a disponibilidade de cuidadores familiares; tudo isso torna o idoso mais suscetível ao stress. Assim, pensar em questões referentes ao envelhecimento e ao dia a dia dos idosos passa a ser uma necessidade dentro da realidade brasileira. Entre os serviços especializados voltados para a população idosa em nosso país, estão as ILPIs (Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos), responsáveis por auxiliar os idosos em suas tarefas diárias e/ou dificuldades relacionadas ao envelhecimento físico, psicológico, cognitivo e social. O aumento paradoxal do nível de stress na vida cotidiana e da longevidade dos seres humanos convida a refletir sobre as estratégias desenvolvidas para minimizar o efeito deletério do agente stressor. Assim, este estudo pretende compreender e descrever o stress, a partir da perspectiva ainda pouco estudada, de idosos em situação de dependência física e/ou financeira, com autonomia cognitiva-funcional, residentes em ILPIs. Investigaremos a relação entre a história pessoal e o nível de stress nessa população, buscando compreender e descrever o impacto de eventos estressores em sua qualidade de vida. Foram entrevistados apenas idosos em condição de autonomia cognitivo-funcional, com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos, que residem em ILPI, na cidade de Santos SP. Para tanto, foram aplicados um Quesionário de Informações Gerais, O Mini Exame do Estado Mental, o Life Events Units (LEU/VAS) e algumas Questões Complementares. Entre os eventos de vida com nível de stress mais relevantes, estão Morte do Cônjuge, Acidente ou Doença, Casamentos, Aposentadoria, Gravidez, Nascimento de Crianças na Família, Morte de Alguém na Família, Mudança na Condição Financeira, Férias e Cirurgia. Foi possível observar que, os eventos citados atingiram nível de stress altíssimo no período em que foram vividos e nível alto ainda nos dias de hoje. Apesar dos altos níveis de stress encontrados, o grupo em que houve diminuição do nível de stress corresponde a 100% da amostraThe percentage of senior citizens and their life expectancy have been increasing gradually in Brazil. Aging is considered to be a natural, social, cultural and economic phenomenon. Therefore, questions concerning this phenomenon and the daily life of the elderly people have become a necessity in the Brazilian society. The ILPIs (long stay old age homes) are the institutions responsible for assisting the senior citizens in need of special care such as carrying out daily chores and/or difficulties related to physical, psychological, cognitive and social aging. Furthermore, factors like the decrease of the fertility rate, the decrease of members in families, changes in marriage patterns and the increase of the participation of women at the work market , have affected the availability of relatives to become care takers. Therefore, the elderly have become more susceptible to stress as before. The absurd rise of stress levels in our daily lives and the increase of our longevity, invite us to reflect upon the strategies which should be developed in order to minimize the harmful effect of the stress then.That being the case, this study intends to cast light on the comprehension and description of stress in the elderly people who find themselves in an economical and/or physical dependency but are still cognitively and functionally fit and living in the ILPIs, mentioned above. We will investigate the relationship between their life history and the stress level while living in the old age homes. Only cognitively and functionally fit elderly people have taken part in our research, at the age of 70 and older. The following tests and questionnaires have been applied: Firstly, a general questions questionnaire, then The mental health status examination, The Life Events Units(LEU/VAS) and other complementary questions. Relevant events which are linked to the rise of the stress levels are: the death of a spouse, accident or illness, marriage, retirement, pregnancy, the birth of children in the family, death in the family, financial difficulties, holidays, and surgery. It is important to mention that the stress levels have reached their highest during the occurrence of these life events mentioned before, and they still have an impact on the stress levels presently. Despite of the high levels of stress, we could observe that the people in the group which had a stress reduction corresponds to 100% of the samples taken
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Mattsson, McGinnis Meghan. "Ring Out Your Dead : Distribution, form, and function of iron amulets in the late Iron Age grave fields of Lovö." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131728.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution, forms, and function(s) of iron amulets deposited in the late Iron Age gravefields of Lovö, with the goal of ascertaining how (and so far as possible why) these objects were utilized in rituals carried out during and after burials. Particular emphasis is given to re-interpreting the largest group of iron amulets, the iron amulet rings, in a more relational and practice-focused way than has heretofore been attempted. By framing burial analyses, questions of typology, and evidence of ritualized actions in comparison with what is known of other cult sites in Mälardalen specifically– and theorized about the cognitive landscape(s) of late Iron Age Scandinavia generally– a picture of iron amulets as inscribed objects made to act as catalytic, protective, and mediating agents is brought to light.
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Junior, Nelson Tomelin. "A cultura da loucura na cidade: o planejamento da velhice saudável e a esperança que falou (São Paulo, 1940/2005)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-04072008-132815/.
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Esta pesquisa buscou revalorizar a experiência de velhos e velhas internos dos hospitais Pinel e D. Pedro II na cidade de São Paulo a partir de narrativas orais dessas pessoas e levantamento de documentos escritos dos arquivos das instituições. O recuo temporal do conjunto das suas narrações permitiu traçar como recorte histórico o período que recobre os anos de 1940/2005. A recuperação de suas histórias de vida evidenciou a possibilidade de uma reflexão crítica sobre a condição social da velhice no tempo presente. A análise das práticas de construção política de sentimentos e memórias dentro desse campo de violências e arbitrariedades apontou uma cultura de resistências na busca de reversão de injunções cotidianamente impostas. A partir do que essas pessoas compreendem e observam do terreno de lutas e disputas sociais em que estão inseridas, a ideologia médica e as relações de poder são desocultadas e questionadas em alguns dos seus mecanismos burocráticos. O resgate de dimensões da prática política desses sujeitos históricos foi possível também pelas conquistas da História Oral no campo do conhecimento historiográfico.This research has sought to revalue the experience of old people who are in the Pinel and D. Pedro II hospitals in São Paulo from their oral narratives and from information taken from written documents from the archives of these institutions. The journey back in time provided by their narratives allowed the period, covering the years 1940/2005, to be traced as a historical record. Recovering their lives\' histories provided evidence that it is possible to reflect critically on the social condition of old age in present day society. Analysis of the practices used for politically constructing feelings and memories within this field of violence and arbitrariness pointed to a culture of resistance in the search to reverse the injunctions that are daily imposed upon them. Based on what these people understand and observe of the social struggles and disputes in which they find themselves, some of the bureaucratic mechanisms of medical ideology and power relationships are unveiled and questioned. Rescuing the dimensions of the political practice of these historical individuals was also possible because of triumphs of Oral History in the field of histiographic knowledge.
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Magalhães, Otávio Luciano Camargo Sales de. "O papel da educação e do Lyceu dirigido pelo Prof. Salathiel de Almeidana configuração do contexto geopolítico, social e econômico de Muzambinho (MG) /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91129.
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Orientador: Antônio Carlos Carrera de SouzaBanca: Antônio Miguel
Banca: Rosana Giaretta Sguerra Miskulin
Resumo: Muzambinho(MG) apresenta características singulares nos contextos geopolítico, social e cultural, sendo pólo estudantil. Tais características provavelmente possuem relação com a existência de uma escola a partir de 1901, inicialmente como Lyceu e, em 1929, como Ginásio Mineiro, dirigido pelo idealista prof. Salathiel de Almeida. A escola, equiparada ao Colégio Pedro II, é uma das mais antigas instituições públicas de ensino secundário do Brasil. Nela estudaram e lecionaram renomados escritores, políticos e artistas. Foi palco de inúmeros eventos artísticos e culturais, e sua história acompanhou de perto transformações políticas brasileiras da primeira metade do século XX. Salathiel foi reconhecido pelo filósofo Jackson de Figueiredo, que chamou Muzambinho de "Athenas do Sul de Minas", e Salathiel de "maior dos educadores de seu tempo". Esse trabalho trata, sob a ótica de um Educador Matemático, um pouco da História da Educação Brasileira na República Velha e Era Vargas e de suas relações com a política, e configura Muzambinho como exemplo de cidade marcada pela história de um colégio. O trabalho, feito sob a forma de História Cultural, utiliza-se principalmente de fontes primárias e produz história dessa escola e de Muzambinho, de 1901 a 1951, e suas inter-relações com a política e legislação educacional brasileira.
Abstract: Muzambinho (MG) presents unique characteristics in geopolitical, social, and cultural contexts and its student center. These characteristics probably are related to the existence of a school in 1901, initially as Lyceu and in 1929, as Ginásio Mineiro, headed by idealistic teacher Salathiel de Almeida. The school, like Colégio Pedro II, is one of the oldest institutions of secondary education in Brazil. Renowned writers, politicians and artists have studied and teach there. It was the scene of numerous artistic and cultural events, and its history has seen closely the Brazilian political changes in the first half of the twentieth Century. Salathiel was recognized by the philosopher Jackson de Figueiredo, who drew Muzambinho of "Athens of the South of Minas, and Salathiel of "the greatest educator of his time". This work is about the History of Brazilian Education in the Old Republic and Vargas Age, seen by a Maths educator perspective, and its relationship with politics, and it sets Muzambinho as an example of town marked by the story of a school. The work, done as Cultural History, is used mainly to primary sources and describes the history of the school and Muzambinho from 1901 to 1951, and also their inter-relations with the Brazilian educational policy and legislation.
Mestre
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Bucknell, Clare. "Poetic genre and economic thought in the long eighteenth century : three case studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:71e97b4d-c009-487c-8efb-fdb71eefa080.
Full textAbstract:
During the eighteenth century, the dominant rhetorical and explanatory power of civic humanism was gradually challenged by the rise of a new organising language in political economy. Political economic thought permitted radically different descriptions of what laudable private and public behaviour might be: it proposed that self-interest was often more beneficial to society at large than public-mindedness; that luxury had its uses and might not be a threat to liberty and political integrity; that landownership was no particular guarantee of virtue or disinterest; and that there was nothing inherently superior about frugality and self-sufficiency. These new ideas about civil society formed the intellectual basis of a large body of verse written during the long eighteenth century (at mid-century in particular), in which poets engaged enthusiastically with political economic arguments and defences of commercial activity, and celebrated the wealth and plenty of Britain as a modern trading nation. The work of my thesis is to examine a contradiction in the way in which these political economic ideas were handled. Forward-looking and confident poetry on public themes did not develop pioneering forms to suit the modernity of its outlook: instead, poets articulated such themes in verse by appropriating and reframing traditional genres, which in some cases involved engaging with inherited moral values and philosophical preferences entirely at odds with the intellectual material in hand. This inventive kind of generic revision is the central interest of the thesis. It aims to describe a number of problematic meeting points between new political economic thought and handed-down poetic formulae, and it will focus attention on some of the ways in which poets manipulated the forms and tropes they inherited in order to manage – and make the most of – the resulting contradictions.
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Magalhães, Otávio Luciano Camargo Sales de [UNESP]. "O papel da educação e do Lyceu dirigido pelo Prof. Salathiel de Almeidana configuração do contexto geopolítico, social e econômico de Muzambinho (MG)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91129.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
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magalhaes_olcs_me_rcla.pdf: 9882070 bytes, checksum: 76406c6390c80a626379b04e2e5e5333 (MD5)Muzambinho(MG) apresenta características singulares nos contextos geopolítico, social e cultural, sendo pólo estudantil. Tais características provavelmente possuem relação com a existência de uma escola a partir de 1901, inicialmente como Lyceu e, em 1929, como Ginásio Mineiro, dirigido pelo idealista prof. Salathiel de Almeida. A escola, equiparada ao Colégio Pedro II, é uma das mais antigas instituições públicas de ensino secundário do Brasil. Nela estudaram e lecionaram renomados escritores, políticos e artistas. Foi palco de inúmeros eventos artísticos e culturais, e sua história acompanhou de perto transformações políticas brasileiras da primeira metade do século XX. Salathiel foi reconhecido pelo filósofo Jackson de Figueiredo, que chamou Muzambinho de “Athenas do Sul de Minas”, e Salathiel de “maior dos educadores de seu tempo”. Esse trabalho trata, sob a ótica de um Educador Matemático, um pouco da História da Educação Brasileira na República Velha e Era Vargas e de suas relações com a política, e configura Muzambinho como exemplo de cidade marcada pela história de um colégio. O trabalho, feito sob a forma de História Cultural, utiliza-se principalmente de fontes primárias e produz história dessa escola e de Muzambinho, de 1901 a 1951, e suas inter-relações com a política e legislação educacional brasileira.
Muzambinho (MG) presents unique characteristics in geopolitical, social, and cultural contexts and its student center. These characteristics probably are related to the existence of a school in 1901, initially as Lyceu and in 1929, as Ginásio Mineiro, headed by idealistic teacher Salathiel de Almeida. The school, like Colégio Pedro II, is one of the oldest institutions of secondary education in Brazil. Renowned writers, politicians and artists have studied and teach there. It was the scene of numerous artistic and cultural events, and its history has seen closely the Brazilian political changes in the first half of the twentieth Century. Salathiel was recognized by the philosopher Jackson de Figueiredo, who drew Muzambinho of Athens of the South of Minas, and Salathiel of the greatest educator of his time. This work is about the History of Brazilian Education in the Old Republic and Vargas Age, seen by a Maths educator perspective, and its relationship with politics, and it sets Muzambinho as an example of town marked by the story of a school. The work, done as Cultural History, is used mainly to primary sources and describes the history of the school and Muzambinho from 1901 to 1951, and also their inter-relations with the Brazilian educational policy and legislation.
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Arnold, Hannah. ""A minor Atlantic Goethe" : W.H. Auden's Germanic bias." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:061fdedc-d1f0-4cb0-a4a1-59b4b27d7ef3.
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This thesis is an account of the poet and critic W.H. Auden's relations with Germany and Germans over the course of his life (1907-1973), presented through a selection of influences that have received little critical attention in the corpus of secondary literature to date. While these connections and influences are manifold and sometimes disparate, they can serve as a prism to tell Auden's life-story from a particular, relatively unexplored angle and to illuminate his work. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter One discusses Auden’s engagement with German literature before 1928, his reasons for spending nine months in Weimar Berlin 1928-29, and the formative influence of this experience on his life and work. Chapter Two explores Auden's relationship with his 'in-laws', the famous family of Nobel Prize winning author Thomas Mann, and Auden's choice of an international life-style. Chapter Three discusses various other, later German influences on Auden: his visit to Germany with the US Army and its traces in The Age of Anxiety; issues concerning the German translation of this text; his Ford Foundation residence in isolated West Berlin; and his intellectual friendship with Hannah Arendt. Introduction and Conclusion embed these three specific chapters, deliberating the topic more abstractly. A number of appendices bring together a wide range of unpublished sources – and their translations into English, if the original is composed in German. Translations of all German appendix material can be found in the appendix itself.
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Bartholeyns, Gil. "Naissance d'une culture des apparences : le vêtement en Occident, XIIIe-XIVe siècle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210550.
Full textAbstract:
Cette recherche propose une histoire immatérielle du vêtement en Occident et plus particulièrement autour des XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Que signifie s’habiller dans les sociétés occidentales où le christianisme apparaît, à l’origine, puis dans son principe, comme une contre-culture inversant le système de valeurs de la sociabilité matérielle historique.Le développement s’attache au changement radical d’attitudes à l’égard du vêtement dans les communautés chrétiennes du Bas-Empire romain du IIe au IVe siècle ;à l’institutionnalisation des apparences chrétiennes au haut Moyen Age ;à la métaphore du vêtement comme grande figure explicative des mythes chrétiens ;au statut anthropologique du vêtement dans la pensée et les pratiques médiévales ;à l’histoire de la valeur de l’objet technique et corporel ;aux modèles de consommation des biens de luxe ;au gouvernement politique par les apparences à la fin du Moyen Âge ;aux causes de la transformation des formes du vêtement jusqu’à la naissance du phénomène de mode. Toutes les sources (théologie, littérature populaire, comptabilité, archives judiciaires, images) sont convoquées, parfois de manière quantitative. Lorsque c’est possible le raisonnement procède par inversion :mettre en lumière des situations ponctuelles par l’arrière-plan normatif ou affectif, comprendre les phénomènes de longue durée ou les contradictions internes à une société au moyen de cas précis (une controverse, par exemple). Une expérience de description « intégrée » du récit historique est donc tentée, séparant le moins possible les « univers » (le social, l’économique, le symbolique, l’esthétique…) qui forment d’un seul tenant une culture. Si l’on souhaite faire une histoire du vêtement médiéval, il n’est pas dit que les moments, les pratiques ou les auteurs interrogés appartiennent à ce que l’on appelle couramment le Moyen Âge.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Martin, Nicolas. "De la Chambre de commerce de La Rochelle aux bureaux de Versailles, les relations commerciales entre droit romain et Europe du Nord au XVIIIe siècle : la voile rochelaise dans l'ombre de la Hanse." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROD035.
Full textAbstract:
Créée en 1719 pour lancer une nouvelle représentation de la sphère « commerciale » au sein de la généralité, la Chambre de commerce de La Rochelle, point central d’une organisation institutionnelle complexe, participe activement à la vie politique et économique du royaume. Malgré la rivalité organique qui la fragilise, cette neuvième chambre parvient finalement à se présenter comme l’interlocuteur privilégié du négociant et son plus fervent défenseur. En tant qu’intermédiaire entre les rouages du pouvoir et les maisons de commerce, elle devient le pilier du négoce de la généralité et aussi sa mémoire, en collectant une abondante correspondance et de nombreux écrits touchant au commerce. Inscrite dans une logique de participation mais aussi de contestation, sa défense des intérêts locaux au sein du vaste intérêt national trouve tout particulièrement à s’exprimer dans les relations commerciales avec l’Europe du Nord. Certes, les préoccupations essentielles du commerce sont ailleurs, dans la mesure où ce circuit maritime ne saurait rivaliser en importance avec le trafic colonial et la traite négrière. Pour autant, les négociants rochelais n’entendent pas se résigner à la situation de fait qui prévaut dans la route du Nord : des denrées coloniales et des marchandises françaises fort convoitées par l’espace septentrional, mais transportées presque exclusivement sous pavillon étranger. Connus pour être de « grands disputeurs et faiseurs de mémoires », les Rochelais ne manquent pas d’analyser au fond les causes de la crise du commerce direct entre le Nord de l’Europe et le royaume. Ils dénoncent non seulement la mainmise quasi hégémonique des Anglais et des Hollandais sur cette voie d’échanges, mais également les mesures adoptées par les bureaux de Versailles qu’ils jugent trop timides. Cette réalité, expliquée jusqu’alors par des considérations d’ordre économique, politique et culturel, se colore de tout autres teintes si l’on prend en considération la norme juridique. Analysée à plusieurs niveaux et dans plusieurs dimensions, cette dernière révèle une inégalité de traitement manifeste entre négociants français et étrangers. Ententes diplomatiques, traités internationaux, législation douanière, cadre institutionnel, toutes les composantes de la règle de droit jouent un rôle important dans le fonctionnement de ce circuit maritime. Toutefois, la corrélation entre la règle de droit et le commerce du Nord ne saurait être appréhendée par la seule étude des échanges avec le port de La Rochelle. Le regard doit se porter également vers les modèles institutionnels et douaniers septentrionaux. Or ces derniers confirment que la spécificité de la norme juridique dans certains États du Nord constitue un élément déterminant de cette carte maritime. Et au-delà de ce constat, l’analyse attentive de l’un des plus anciens monuments du droit maritime médiéval, par ailleurs à l’origine de la ligue hanséatique, conduit à une singulière découverte : ce texte, connu sous le nom de « Lois de Visby » laisse transparaître, dans le berceau même de l’Europe du Nord, une très nette influence romaineCreated in 1719 to launch a new representation of the "trade” sphere within the general population, the La Rochelle Chamber of Commerce, the central point of a complex institutional organization, participates actively in the political and economic life of the kingdom. In spite of the organic rivalry which weakens it, this ninth Chamber succeeds finally in becoming the privileged representative of the trader and its most fervent supporter. As the middleman between the wheels of power and the trading companies, it becomes not only the mainstay of popular trade, but also its recorder, by collecting numerous items of correspondence and papers relating to trade. In a policy of both participation and dispute, its defense of local interests within the vast national interest is especially to be found in business relations with Northern Europe. Admittedly, the main trade concerns are elsewhere, as this maritime circuit could never compete in importance with colonial traffic and the slave trade. For all that, the Rochelais traders do not intend to give up - which is shown in the route to the North: colonial commodities and French products, strongly desired by the North, but transported almost exclusively under a foreign flag. Famous for being "big debaters and memory makers", the Rochelais do not fail to analyze the root causes of the direct business crisis between Northern Europe and the kingdom. They denounce not only the almost hegemonic control that both the English and the Dutch have over these trade routes, but also the measures adopted by the Versailles offices which they consider too timid. This reality, explained until then, by economic, political and cultural considerations, looks completely different if we consider the legal rule. Analyzed on several levels and in several dimensions, the latter reveals an obvious disparity of treatment between French and foreign traders. Diplomatic agreements, international treaties, customs legislation, institutional framework, all the components of legal rule, play an important role in the functioning of this maritime circuit. However, the correlation between legal rule and trade with the North could not be explained merely by the observance of trade exchanges with the port of La Rochelle. The northern institutional and customs models must also be examined. And yet these models confirm that the specificity of legal rule in some Northern States constitutes a determining element of this maritime chart. Furthermore, the careful analysis of one of the oldest monuments of medieval maritime law, at the origin of the Hanseatic league, leads to a singular discovery: this text, known by the name of "Lois de Visby" shows clearly, in the cradle of Northern Europe, a very clear Roman influence
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Cahen, Raphaël. "Friedrich Gentz (1764-1832) : penseur post-Lumières et acteur du renouveau de l'ordre européen au temps des révolutions." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1048.
Full textAbstract:
Friedrich Gentz était un fonctionnaire prussien né en Silésie, un publiciste, un expert des finances publiques et de l'économie politique, un diplomate autrichien et un homme d'État. Après le congrès de Vienne en 1814-1815, il devient le "secrétaire de l'Europe" tout en restant un intellectuel indépendant, et un orientaliste à la tête de la politique ottomane de l'empire autrichien. Il fut aussi l'un des penseurs et acteurs de premier plan dans les réseaux antirévolutionnaires et antinapoléoniens et un européen convaincu. Après une partie biographique dans laquelle les correspondances et les sources inédites sont mises en valeur, la première partie de cette thèse porte sur l'étude de sa formation intellectuelle et sur la mise en perspective de sa pensée politique post-Lumières dans les réseaux d'opposition modérés à la Révolution Française. L'accent étant aussi porté sur les réseaux de diffusion de sa pensée politique. La deuxième partie est tournée sur l'analyse de sa pensée et de son action en faveur de l'ordre et de la stabilité pour la « République européenne ». Son rôle dans la théorisation et la création du Concert européen en tant qu'institution de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité en Europe est mis en exergue ainsi que la période plus conservatrice de sa pensée politique à travers les Décrets de Carlsbad et son interprétation restrictive de l'article 13 de la Confédération germanique. Enfin, sa position favorable aux mouvements révolutionnaires des années 1830 et le coeur de sa pensée politique, à savoir l'idée de réconciliation des extrêmes et de réformes progressives des régimes politiques et des constitutions, sont analysés à la fin de la thèseFriedrich Gentz was a publicist, an expert in public finance and political economy, an Austrian diplomat. After the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815, he became the "Secretary of Europe" whilst remaining an independent intellectual and an Orientalist, at the head of the Ottoman policy of the Austrian Empire. He was also one of the architects and leading players in the anti-Revolutionary and anti-Napoleonic networks and a convinced European. Beginning with a bibliographical section in which correspondence and unpublished sources are examined, this thesis, in its first part, will focus on the study of the intellectual formation of Friedrich Gentz, and will put into perspective his post-Enlightenment political views in the opposition networks moderately opposed to the French Revolution. Particular emphasis will be placed on the networks he used to convey his political views. The second part of this thesis will analyse his thoughts and actions with regard to the order and stability of the "European Republic". Two specific aspects will be highlighted, namely: that of his role in the theorising and creation of the Concert of Europe as an institution for the maintenance of peace and security; and that most conservative moment in his political thought, his role in the Carlsbad Decrees (1819) and the Conference of Vienna (1820) with its restrictive interpretation of Article 13 of the German Confederation. At the end, both his favourable position regarding the revolutionary movements of the 1830s and the kernel of his political thought, in other words, the idea of reconciliation of extremes and the progressive reform of political systems and constitutions will be considered
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Owen, Ceri. "Vaughan Williams, song, and the idea of 'Englishness'." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:117f2c64-3b63-43aa-9dd3-15a7ce2f9339.
Full textAbstract:
It is now broadly accepted that Vaughan Williams's music betrays a more complex relation to national influences than has traditionally been assumed. It is argued in this thesis that despite the trends towards revisionism that have characterized recent work, Vaughan Williams's interest in and engagement with English folk materials and cultures remains only partially understood. Offering contextual interpretation of materials newly available in the field, my work takes as its point of departure the critical neglect surrounding Vaughan Williams's contradictory compositional debut, in which he denounced the value of folk song in English art music in an article published alongside his song 'Linden Lea', subtitled 'A Dorset Folk Song'. Reconstructing the under-documented years of the composer's early career, it is demonstrated that Vaughan Williams's subsequent 'conversion' and lifelong attachment to folk song emerged as part of a broader concern with the intelligible and participatory quality of song and its performance by the human voice. As such, it is argued that the ways in which this composer theorized an idea of 'song' illuminate a powerful perspective from which to re-consider the propositions of his project for a national music. Locating Vaughan Williams's writings within contemporaneous cultural ideas and practices surrounding 'song', 'voice', and 'Englishness', this work brings such contexts into dialogue with readings of various of the composer's works, composed both before and after the First World War. It is demonstrated in this way that the rehabilitation of Vaughan Williams's music and reputation profitably proceeds by reconstructing a complex dialogue between his writings; between various cultural ideas and practices of English music; between the reception of his works by contemporaneous critics; and crucially, by considering the propositions of his music as explored through analysis. Ultimately, this thesis contends that Vaughan Williams's music often betrays a complex and self-conscious performance of cultural ideas of national identity, negotiating an optimistic or otherwise ambivalent relationship to an English musical tradition that is constructed and referenced through a particular idea of song.