Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Okun'

The objective of this work is to analyze the existing relation between employment,unemployment and production, by means of the estimation of the Okun coefficient for thePeruvian Economy. A previous step consists in the estimation of the employment-productionelasticity. Both parameters are important elements for macroeconomic policy design, and theevaluation of its effects on employment and welfare. Based on a cointegration analysis we find a positive long-term relation between the employment rate and Lima's GDP throughout the period,where the employment rate rises in 0.0288 percentage points for a rise of 1000 nuevos soles of1979. We also estimate an Okun coefficient of 0.0845, its low value is only comparable withthose of Japan, Bolivia and Argentina. In Peru's case, the reason for this low coefficient can befound in the procyclical behavior of the labor force, and in the fact that workers retire from thelabor market when they lose their post. We also find that the rate of growth of the GDP must beat least of 3.31% in order to keep the unemployment rate from rising, and of about 11% to lowerthe unemployment rate in one point. Finally, we estimate recursive Okun coefficients based onthe cyclical components of the series, which gives us a range between 0.02 and 0.12 for thewhole period.
El objetivo de este artículo es explorar la relación entre el empleo, el desempleo y el producto,para lo cual estimamos el coeficiente de Okun. Un paso previo es el cálculo de la elasticidadempleo-producto. Ambos parámetros son importantes para el diseño de políticasmacroeconómicas y la evaluación de sus efectos sobre el empleo y el bienestar. A partir de unanálisis de cointegración encontramos que existe una relación positiva de largo plazo entre latasa de empleo y el PIB de Lima Metropolitana a lo largo del periodo estudiado, donde por cada1000 nuevos soles de 1979 de elevación del producto, la tasa de empleo se elevará en 0.0288puntos porcentuales. Estimamos también un coeficiente de Okun de 0.0845, nivel bastante bajo,y solamente comparable a los coeficientes de Japón, Bolivia y Argentina. En el caso del Perú labaja sensibilidad de la tasa de desempleo a los cambios en el producto se debe alcomportamiento procíclico de la fuerza laboral, y al hecho de que al perder su empleo lostrabajadores se retiran del mercado. Asimismo, encontramos que la tasa de crecimiento delproducto debe ser de al menos 3.31% para que el desempleo no se eleve, debiendo ser dealrededor de un 11% para reducir la tasa de desempleo en un punto porcentual. Finalmente,estimaciones de coeficientes recursivos de Okun a partir de los componentes cíclicos de lasseries nos dan un rango de entre 0.02 y 0.12 para el periodo en estudio.

One of the most obtrusive features of Yoruba studies has been its clear pattern of regional preferences and biases in its scholarship. This pattern is reflected in the present concentration of studies on the southwest, the northwest, the central subgroups of Ife, Owo, Ijesha, Egba, Ijebu, Oyo, and Ilorin on one hand, and the paucity of works on the northeast and southeast subgroups of the O-okun Yoruba, the Igbomina, the Ikale and the Ilaje on the other. There is no other subgroup where this particularistic trend in Yoruba studies and especially, art historiography can better be observed than with the scholarly neglect of the O-okun peoples, the most northeasterly of the Yoruba subgroups. An important goal of this thesis is to foreground the multi-culturalistic tendencies among the Yoruba and underscore the necessity to provide comparable scholarly attention to neglected subgroups, the O-okun peoples in particular.

Okun´s law describes the empirical observation first made by Arthur Okun relating changes in an economy’s unemployment rate to changes in output. Where many earlier research papers since then focus on comparisons between countries, this paper attempts to assess whether Okun’s law is demonstrated in the five Nordic countries and analyse the relationship between unemployment and output in welfare states. The results show a significant statistical relationship and hopefully present an interesting opportunity for further research.

The Okun’s Law has been frequently addressed in macroeconomic studies around the world, mostly in national levels, with few studies that estimate the relationship at regional level. This work, using 2002q1-2014q3 quarterly data, estimated the Okun coefficients for Brazil and for the metropolitan areas of Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre and Sao Paulo. The conclusion is that Okun’s Law is valid in Brazil and in one of the three metropolitan regions studied, and there are regional differences in the responsiveness of labor markets to output fluctuations and deviations from their long-term levels, which, according to the literature, implies the need to implement unemployment policies that not only meet the regional disparities in the labor market, but also the elasticity of the labor market to changes in economic activity in each location.
A Lei de Okun tem sido frequentemente abordada em estudos macroeconômicos ao redor do mundo, na sua grande maioria em níveis nacionais, havendo poucos estudos que compreendam a relação em nível regional. Este trabalho, a partir de dados trimestrais de 2002q1 a 2014q3, estimou os coeficientes de Okun para o Brasil e para as regiões metropolitanas de Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre e de São Paulo. Verificou-se que a Lei de Okun é válida no Brasil e em uma das três regiões metropolitanas estudadas, e que existem diferenças regionais quanto à capacidade de resposta dos mercados de trabalho às flutuações do produto e aos desvios de seus níveis de longo prazo, o que, segundo a literatura, implica a necessidade de implementar políticas de desemprego que observem não apenas as disparidades regionais no mercado de trabalho, mas também a resposta deste a alterações da atividade econômica em cada localidade.

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A presente dissertação testa a validade da lei de Okun para a economia brasileira pós Plano Real, em especial nos trimestres de aparente contradição, isto é, a partir de 2011, quando passou a ser registrado na economia brasileira uma baixa taxa de crescimento do produto cumulada com baixo nível de desemprego. Para estimar o coeficiente de Okun de longo prazo, 1996 até 2016, foram utilizados diversos modelos de equações e o que melhor se ajustou à realidade da economia brasileira foi o que propunha a adoção da taxa de emprego e da defasagem temporal para as variáveis. Além disso os resultados encontrados para o coeficiente são próximos aos obtidos por outros estudos. Ao utilizar esse modelo para o curto prazo, 2011 até 2016, não foi possível validar ou refutar a lei de Okun, o sinal do coeficiente era compatível com o teorizado pelo autor, mas foram estatisticamente não significativos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work aims to empirically verify the Okun's Law (1962), negative relationship between macroeconomic variables of product and unemployment, for the Brazilian economy in the period stretching from the second quarter of 2002 to the first quarter of 2015. The data used is the data available at the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), for quarterly GDP of the Brazilian economy and data of the quarterly total unemployment rate and by gender of the workforce, collected by the Pesquisa Mensal do Emprego (PME), carried out by IBGE, to the metropolitan areas of Recife, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Porto Alegre. In order to verify the econometric Okun s relationship, the study relies on gap models, via Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), and these models consider that the first difference of the unemployment rate is negatively dependent on the output gap. The results confirm the Okun s relationship in the analyzed period, with coefficients values of 0.09, when considering the overall national unemployment, of 0.09 for male unemployment and 0.11 for female unemployment. These results are comparable to Ball et al. (2013), for the total unemployment model and Hutengs and Stadtmann (2014), for models considering the employee's gender. The coefficients allow us to infer that women are more sensitive to economic fluctuations than men, indicating that the inclusion of both occurs differently in the labor market.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar empiricamente a Lei de Okun (1962), relação negativa entre as variáveis macroeconômicas de produto e desemprego, para a economia brasileira do período que se estende do segundo trimestre de 2002 ao primeiro trimestre de 2015. Os dados utilizados são os dados disponíveis no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticas (IBGE), para o PIB trimestral da economia brasileira e dados da taxa de desemprego trimestral total e segundo o gênero da mão de obra, coletados pela Pesquisa Mensal do Emprego (PME), realizada pelo IBGE, para as regiões metropolitanas de Recife, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Porto Alegre. No sentido de verificar econometricamente a relação de Okun, o estudo se vale de modelos de gap, via Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO), modelos estes que consideram a primeira diferença da taxa de desemprego como dependente negativamente do hiato do produto. Os resultados confirmam a relação de Okun no período analisado, com valores dos coeficientes de 0,09, quando considerado o desemprego nacional total, de 0,09 para o desemprego masculino e 0,11 para o desemprego feminino. Estes resultados encontrados são comparáveis com Ball et al. (2013), para o modelo do desemprego total e com Hutengs e Stadtmann (2014), para os modelos considerando o gênero do trabalhador. Os coeficientes permitem inferir que as mulheres são mais sensíveis às flutuações econômicas do que os homens, o que indica que a inserção de ambos ocorre de maneira diferenciada no mercado de trabalho.

L'économétrie des données de panel a connu ces vingt dernières années un profond renouvellement lié à l'émergence des grandes problématiques des séries temporelles, telles la non stationnarité, la cointégration ou la causalité. Toutefois, force est de constater qu'il existe encore très peu de travaux relatifs à la prise en compte de la non-linéarité et plus spécifiquement du changement de régimes en panel. Dans ce contexte, la problématique générale de cette thèse consiste à mettre en évidence l'intérêt qu'il peut y avoir à modéliser le changement de régime sur données de panel. Les modèles à changements de régimes en panel constituent une extension directe des modélisations à seuils proposées en séries temporelles. Pour autant, l'introduction de la dimension individuelle permet d'enrichir fondamentalement leur interprétation économique. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions plus spécifiquement trois spécifications : les modèles à seuils à transition brutale (PTR), les modèles à seuils à transition lisse (PSTR), les modèles autorégressifs à seuils à transition lisse (PSTAR). Nous proposons trois applications de ces modèles portant successivement sur les effets de seuils dans la loi d'Okun, le paradoxe de Feldstein Horioka (1980) et la relation non-linéaire entre la consommation électrique et la température. Ces applications mettent en évidence divers avantages d'utiliser une modélisation à seuil en données de panel. Il ressort notamment que ces modèles forunissent une solution paramétrique simple pour tenir compte à la fois de la non-linéarité de l'hétérogénéité individuelle des paramètres. Les coefficients de pentes sont également autorisés à se modifier au cours du temps. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que l'accroissement de l'ensemble d'information permet d'identifier des effets de seuil qu'il n'aurait pas été possible d'identifier en séries temporelles.

Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
Os níveis de desemprego jovem registados na UE, durante e após a crise económica internacional, geraram grandes preocupações a nível nacional e internacional, quer a nível social, quer a nível económico. Esta dissertação aborda a questão do desemprego jovem sob a perspetiva macroeconómica, relacionando o aumento do desemprego jovem nos países europeus com a desaceleração ou quebra do PIB. É estimada a Lei de Okun para o desemprego jovem e para o desemprego total na UE-25 e mais 14 países, em períodos temporais não inferiores a 15, que se iniciam antes da crise e terminam em 2015. É então possível confirmar uma relação inversa entre a variação anual do PIB e a variação anual da taxa de desemprego jovem, assim como, com a variação anual da taxa de desemprego total. Conclui-se também que os jovens estão muito mais expostos aos choques externos.
Youth unemployment levels registered in the EU, during and after the international economic crisis, generated major concerns at a national and international level or social level or the economic level. This essay addresses youth unemployment with a macroeconomic perspective, relating the increase in youth unemployment rates in European countries with the GDP slowdown or fall. We estimated Okun's Law for youth unemployment and total unemployment in the EU-25 and 14 other countries, in time periods not inferior to 15 years, beginning before the crisis and ending in 2015. It is possible to confirm an inverse relationship between the annual chage in GDP and annual change in youth unemployment rate, as well as with the annual change in the overall unemployment rate. It also concludes that youngesters are more exposed to external shocks.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The aim of my master thesis is an overall analysis of the window market in the Czech Republic and determining the main characteristics of this market. In the description of the Czech window market I focus on the analysis of market players, who are forming the microenvironment. I describe the effects of macro environment and it's expected developments. SWOT analysis reflects the individual strengths and weaknesses of the Czech doors manufactures, and also the opportunities and threats which can concerns to the market of hole fillings. Market potential, market capacity, market saturation and market share of the Company Window Holding a.s.. are the main market characteristics that we find (přehodit slovosled). The forecast of the future development of the market potential is of the medium-term: until 2013. In my master thesis I'm using the marketing research and market research. Primary data are obtained by observation and questioning. The future development of disability have used educated guesses. To sum up, the aim of my master thesis was fullfiled. The conclusion of my work is the stagnation of the window market.

This master’s thesis focuses on rationalization of production line for plastic windows production in RI OKNA a.s. (Inc.). Evaluation of production line’s current estate is being done as well as weak point detection. On these bases some new variations for improvement are being suggested. The winning variation is drown up into the technological project and put through an economical evaluation.

The vitreous cavity, the largest chamber of the eye, is delimited anteriorly by the lens and posteriorly by the retina and is filled by the vitreous humour. Under normal conditions the vitreous humour has the consistency of a gel, however, typically, with advancing age a disintegration of the gel structure occurs, leading to a vitreous liquefaction. Moreover, after a surgical procedure called vitrectomy the vitreous body may be completely removed and replaced by tamponade fluids. Besides allowing the establishment of an unhindered path of light from the lens to the retina, the vitreous also has important mechanical functions. In particular, it has the role of supporting the retina in contact to the outer layers of the eye, and of acting as a diffusion barrier for molecule transport between the anterior and the posterior segments of the eye. Studying the dynamics of the vitreous induced by eye rotations (saccadic movements) is important in connection of both the above aspects. On the one hand indications exist that the shear stress exerted by the vitreous on the retina may be connected with the occurrence of retinal detachment. On the other hand, if the vitreous motion is intense enough (a situation occurring either when the vitreous is liqueed or when it has been replaced with a uid after vitrectomy), advective transport may be by far more important than diffusion and may have complex characteristics. Advection has indeed been shown to play an important role in the transport phenomena within the vitreous cavity, but, so far, only advection due to the slow overall fluid ux from the anterior to the posterior segments of the eye has been accounted for, while fluid motion due to eye rotations, even if it is generally believed to play an important role, has been invariably disregarded. Some recent contributions have pointed out the importance of accounting for the real vitreous cavity shape in studying uid motion induced by eye rotations. Modelling the vitreous cavity as a deformed sphere, showed that the flow field displays very complex three- dimensional characteristics to which effective fluid mixing is likely to be associated. The purpose of the thesis is to model numerically the motion of the liqueed vitreous within the vitreous cavity induced by different eye movements. Create the model in the Comsol interface, compare the results with theoretical, experimental measurements and do some ow visualizations. Finally show the dependence of the streaming intensity from the amplitude of rotations and the Womersley number .

Ausstellung kuratiert von Gwendolin Kremer
Die Ausstellungsbroschüren des „Projektraum am Weißen Hirsch. Galerie Grafikladen“ dokumentieren die Ausstellungstätigkeit eines nicht institutionellen Ausstellungsraumes in Dresden zwischen 2010 und 2016. Die Galerie widmete sich dem Werk zeitgenössischer junger Künstler, vorwiegend Meisterschüler und Absolventen, die in der Regel einen biografischen Bezug zu Dresden haben. Das Ausstellungskonzept war offen für die verschiedensten künstlerischen Ausdrucksformen – von Malerei über Fotografie bis zu performativen Ansätzen. Jährlich fanden vier bis fünf, von wechselnden Kuratoren entwickelte Ausstellungen statt. Im August 2016 eröffnete die vorerst letzte Ausstellung.
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This diploma thesis deals with plastic windows semi-automatic production line in the company RI-Okna. The system of storage, handling and weaknesses of the production line are described. The solution is fleshed out into a technological project, including economic evaluation and technical drawings.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae), conhecida como “folha-da-fortuna”, tem sido largamente utilizada na medicina tradicional, principalmente para o tratamento de inflamações, infecções, feridas, ulcerações e gastrite. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e quantificar constituintes bioativos, bem como avaliar as atividades antioxidante, antibacteriana e anti-inflamatória tópica das folhas de B. pinnatum. O material vegetal seco e pulverizado foi submetido à maceração com etanol seguida de obtenção, por partição, das frações hexânica, diclorometânica, em acetato de etila e butanólica. Constituintes do extrato etanólico e das frações foram identificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de ultravioleta e cromatografia com fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Os teores de fenóis e flavonoides totais foram determinados por espectrofotometria e a atividade antioxidante avaliada pelos ensaios com radical DPPH, de poder de redução, sistema de cooxidação β-caroteno/ácido linoleico e bioautografia. A atividade antibacteriana foi investigada pelos métodos de difusão e microdiluição. A atividade anti-inflamatória tópica foi avaliada usando modelos de edema de orelha induzidos por óleo de cróton, ácido araquidônico, fenol, capsaicina, etil-fenil-propiolato e por análise histológica. Os resultados foram demonstrados como média ± erro padrão. Análise de variância seguida do teste de Tukey ou Student-Newman-Keuls foi usada para medir o grau de significância para p < 0,05. Quercetina, rutina, canferol, apigenina 7-O-β-D-glicosídeo e luteolina 7-O-β-D-glicosídeo foram identificados por CLAE-UV, enquanto -amirina por CG-EM. Os teores de fenóis totais variaram de 3,45 a 25,34 g/100 g, enquanto os flavonoides foram de 0,66 a 23,31 g/100 g. Utilizando o método do DPPH, os valores de CE50 variaram entre 9,44 ± 0,01 a 57,29 ± 0,11 μg/mL e o método do poder de redução produziu CE50 de 234,22 ± 0,61 e 1235,17 ± 1,39. Os valores de inibição da peroxidação lipídica foram entre 39,4 e 58,3% e o método de biautografia detectou substâncias com atividade antioxidante. O extrato etanólico e as frações inibiram o crescimento das bactérias testadas, produzindo atividades bactericida e bacteriostática. Concentrações de 0,5 e 1,0 mg/orelha do extrato etanólico reduziram o edema de orelha induzido pelo óleo de cróton em 54,85 e 57,11%, enquanto o edema de orelha induzido pelo ácido araquidônico foi de 41,67, 53,82 e 67,01% nas concentrações de 0,1, 0,5 e 1,0 mg/orelha, respectivamente. O edema induzido pelo fenol foi inibido em 79,73, 33,14 e 33,71% nas concentrações de 0,1, 0,5 e 1,0 mg/orelha, respectivamente. Após tratamento, 0,1 (43,22%), 0,5 (72,53%) e 1,0 mg/orelha (35,16%) do extrato etanólico reduziu o edema de orelha induzido por capsaicina. O edema induzido pelo etil-fenil-propriolato, nas concentrações de 0,1 (75,00%), 0,5 (69,77%) e 1,0 mg/orelha (43,60%) foi inibido. Os resultados do teste crônico de edema de orelha e a análise histológica confirmaram o efeito do extrato etanólico na inibição do processo inflamatório induzido pelo óleo de cróton. Os resultados indicaram que B. pinnatum possui efeitos antioxidante, antibacteriano e anti-inflamatório tópico, justificando o uso popular e destacando a espécie como potencial alvo para a descoberta de novos agentes terapêuticos.
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae), known as "folha-da-fortuna" (leaves-of-fortune), has been widely used in traditional medicine, mainly for the treatment of inflammation, infection, wound, ulcer and gastritis. The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify bioactive constituents, as well as evaluating the antioxidant, antibacterial and topical anti-inflammatory activities of B. pinnatum leaves. Dried and pulverized plant material was subjected to maceration with ethanol followed by partition to obtain the hexanic, dichloromethanic, in ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions. Constituents of the ethanol extract and fractions were identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The total phenols and flavonoids contents were determined by spectrophotometry and the antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, reducing power, β-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation system and bioautography assays. The antibacterial activity was investigated by diffusion and microdilution methods. The topical anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through ear oedema models induced by croton oil, arachidonic acid, phenol, capsaicin, ethyl phenyl propiolate and histological analysis. The results were demonstrated as mean ± standard error. Analysis of variance followed by Tukey or Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to measure the degree of significance of p < 0.05. Quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside and luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside were identified by HPLC-UV DAD, while -amyrin by GC-MS. The total phenolic content ranged from 3.45 to 25.34 g/100 g, while flavonoids were 0.66 to 23.31 g/100 g. Using the DPPH assay, the values of EC50 ranged from 9.44 ± 0.01 to 57.29 ± 0.11 g/mL and the reducing power assay produced EC50 of 234,22 ± 0,61 and ± 1235.17 ± 1.39. The values of inhibition of lipid peroxidation were between 39,4 and 58,3% and the bioautography assay detected substances with antioxidant activity. The ethanol extract and fractions inhibited the growing of bacteria tested producing bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities. Concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ear of the ethanol extract reduced the ear oedema induced by croton oil in 54.85 and 57.11%, while the ear oedema induced by arachidonic acid was inhibited by 41.67, 53.82 and 67.01% at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ear, respectively. The phenol-induced oedema was inhibited by 79.73, 33.14 and 33.71% in 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ear, respectively. After treatment, 0.1 (43.22%), 0.5 (72.53%) and 1.0 mg/ear (35.16%) of the ethanol extract reduced the ear oedema induced by capsaicin. The phenyl-ethyl propriolato-induced oedema at concentrations of 0.1 (75.00%) 0.5 (69.77%) and 1.0 mg/ear (43.60%) was inhibited. Results from chronic ear oedema test and histological analysis confirmed the effect of the ethanol extract on inhibition of oedema induced by croton oil. The results indicated that B. pinnatum possesses antioxidant, antibacterial and topical anti-inflammatory effects justifying the popular use and highlighting the species as a potential target for the discovery of new therapeutic agents.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A Bryophyllum pinnatum(Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae) é conhecida popularmente como folha-da-fortuna, courona, courona-vermelha, coirama e saião-roxo. Popularmente é usada como agente antimicrobiano (antifúngico e antibacteriano) e para o tratamento de úlceras gástricas, diarreia, vômito, queimaduras e doenças inflamatórias. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi potencializar a bioatividade do seu extrato etanólico através do desenvolvimento de uma composição nanoestruturada, usando -ciclodextrina (CD) como matriz hospedeira, seguida de sua incorporação em formulação semissólida para uso como anti-inflamatório tópico. Inicialmente, o material vegetal seco e pulverizado foi submetido à maceração com etanol seguida de partição, obtendo-se as frações hexânica, diclorometânica, acetato de etila e butanólica. Para o nanoencapsulamento do extrato/frações com βCD, quantidades iguais de extrato/frações e βCD foram pesados e solubilizados em etanol e a solução foi submetida à secagem (40º C) sob agitação. Caracterizações físico-químicas foram realizadas no intuito de mostrar a formação de compostos de inclusão entre a CD e constituintes do extrato e, identificar suas propriedades. Classes de constituintes do extrato/frações foram identificadas através das espectroscopias de UV-Vis e IR. A identificação dos nanoagregados e a avaliação da estabilidade coloidal foram feitas por medidas de espalhamento de luz dinâmico, potencial zeta e condutividade. Análise térmica diferencial (DTA) e termogravimetria (TGA) foram usadas para comprovar o aumento da estabilidade térmica enquanto que ensaios de solubilização foram realizados para mostrar o aumento da solubilidade na presença de CD. Os experimentos de atividade antioxidante do extrato/frações avaliada pelos ensaios com radical DPPH, do poder de redução do Fe3+ e do sistema de cooxidaçãoβ-caroteno/ácido linoleico, permitiram mostrar que a CD foi capaz de melhorar significativamente a atividade antioxidante do extrato etanólico (P < 0,005), fração acetato de etila (P < 0,005) e fração hexânica (P < 0,005), se comparado com o extrato/fração puro. A atividade anti-inflamatória tópica foi avaliada através do modelo de edema de orelha induzida aplicação tópica de óleo de cróton, com posterior análise histológica e ensaio da atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO). Quando avaliado a atividade anti-inflamatória das formulações semissólidas contendo o composto de inclusão com βCD, percebeu-se uma melhora da atividade quando comparado com as formulações que continham o extrato etanólico na forma livre, mostrando que a complexação dos componentes do extrato com a CD é uma importante estratégia a ser considerada para o desenvolvimento de formulação para uso tópico.
The Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae) is popularly known as ―folha-da-fortuna‖, ―courona‖, ―courona-vermelha‖, ―coirama‖ and ―saião-roxo‖. It is popularly used as antimicrobial (antifungal and antibacterial) and for treatment of gastric ulcers, diarrhea, vomiting, burns and inflammatory diseases. The goal of this study was to enhance the bioactivity of the ethanolic extract by developing nanostructured compositions, using β-cyclodextrin (βCD) as host matrix, followed by its incorporation into semisolid formulation for use as anti-inflammatory topic. Initially, the dried and powdered plant material was subjected to maceration with ethanol followed by partition to obtain the hexanic, dichloromethanic, ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions. For the nanoencapsulation of the extract/fractions with βCD, equal amounts of extract/fractions and βCD were weighed and solubilized in ethanol and the solution was subjected to drying (40 °C) under stirring. Physicochemical characterizations were carried out in order to show the formation of inclusion compounds between βCD and constituents of the extract/fraction and, identify their properties. Constituents of the extract/fractions were identified by UV-Vis and IR spectroscopies. The identification of nanoclusters and the evaluation of the colloidal stability was made by dynamic light scattering measurements, zeta potential and conductivity. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TGA) were used to demonstrate the increase in thermal stability while solubilization tests were performed to show increased solubility in the presence of βCD. The antioxidant activity of the extract/fractions was evaluated by trials with DPPH radical, power reduction of Fe3+ and β-carotene/linoleic acid system, allowed to show that βCD was able to significantly improve the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract (P <0.005), ethyl acetate fraction (P <0.005) and hexane fraction (P <0.005), compared with the extract/fraction pure. The topical anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through ear edema model induced by croton oil, with subsequent histological analysis and assay of myeloperoxidase activity (MPO). When evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of semisolid formulations containing the inclusion compound with βCD, it was noticed an improvement in activity when compared to the formulations containing the ethanol extract in the free form, proving that the complexation of the extract components with βCD is an important strategy to consider for the formulation development for topical use.

La recherche des bois aux propriétés désirées soumet les forêts du bassin du Congo (BC) à une exploitation sélective. La pratique dans le BC est d’utiliser la possibilité et la rotation comme paramètres déterminants de la gestion durable. Cette exploitation se fait avec pour hypothèse que le respect des règles de gestion garantit le maintien en bon état de ces espaces forestiers. L’Okan est une espèce commerciale de bois à haute valeur, endémique des forêts du BC. Il s’agit de la seule espèce du genre Cylicodiscus. Il y a quelques années, l’espèce était peu connue des marchés du bois. L’objectif général de l’étude a été de contribuer à l’aménagement de l’Okan. Cette contribution est reflétée par de meilleures connaissances sur : (i) le prélèvement et (ii) la reconstitution du potentiel ligneux de l’espèce. Le prélèvement a porté sur l’estimation des volumes de bois bruts et commerciaux. La reconstitution a fait l’objet d’intérêt à travers la régénération naturelle au pied de ses semenciers, d’une part et dans ses trouées d’autre part. Des tiges d’Okan ont été mesurées pour produire des tarifs de cubage et des inventaires de régénération ont été effectués au pied des semenciers d’Okan et dans ses trouées. Les résultats sont les suivants : 1) Les tarifs de cubage utilisés au Cameroun pour l’Okan devraient être révisés et complétés. Les tarifs à deux et trois entrées [V=f(DHP, H)], [V=f(DHP, Dx)], [V=f(DHP, H, Dx)] ont de meilleurs R², AIC et RSE que ceux à une entrée. Ces tarifs fournissent un gain de précision même lorsque les méthodes et instruments utilisés sont sujets à des erreurs de mesure, normalement distribuées, de la longueur du fût (écart type ≤ 1,8 m) et du deuxième diamètre (écart type ≤ 3,25 cm). 2) La modélisation de la proportion des rebuts, bien qu’aboutissant à un faible R², est mieux décrite en considérant la longueur du fût et la classe de qualité. En plus de la possibilité d’utiliser des paramètres quantitatifs mesurés sur les fûts, les volumes commerciaux d’Okan sont estimés par : (i) la proportion des rebuts, (ii) l’utilisation d’un classement de qualité (ONADEF, 1992) et (iii) la mesure des longueurs commerciales des fûts. Ces équations peuvent améliorer les estimations des volumes commerciaux de bois d’Okan dans la zone étudiée.
La recherche des bois aux propriétés désirées soumet les forêts du bassin du Congo (BC) à une exploitation sélective. La pratique dans le BC est d’utiliser la possibilité et la rotation comme paramètres déterminants de la gestion durable. Cette exploitation se fait avec pour hypothèse que le respect des règles de gestion garantit le maintien en bon état de ces espaces forestiers. L’Okan est une espèce commerciale de bois à haute valeur, endémique des forêts du BC. Il s’agit de la seule espèce du genre Cylicodiscus. Il y a quelques années, l’espèce était peu connue des marchés du bois. L’objectif général de l’étude a été de contribuer à l’aménagement de l’Okan. Cette contribution est reflétée par de meilleures connaissances sur : (i) le prélèvement et (ii) la reconstitution du potentiel ligneux de l’espèce. Le prélèvement a porté sur l’estimation des volumes de bois bruts et commerciaux. La reconstitution a fait l’objet d’intérêt à travers la régénération naturelle au pied de ses semenciers, d’une part et dans ses trouées d’autre part. Des tiges d’Okan ont été mesurées pour produire des tarifs de cubage et des inventaires de régénération ont été effectués au pied des semenciers d’Okan et dans ses trouées. Les résultats sont les suivants : 1) Les tarifs de cubage utilisés au Cameroun pour l’Okan devraient être révisés et complétés. Les tarifs à deux et trois entrées [V=f(DHP, H)], [V=f(DHP, Dx)], [V=f(DHP, H, Dx)] ont de meilleurs R², AIC et RSE que ceux à une entrée. Ces tarifs fournissent un gain de précision même lorsque les méthodes et instruments utilisés sont sujets à des erreurs de mesure, normalement distribuées, de la longueur du fût (écart type ≤ 1,8 m) et du deuxième diamètre (écart type ≤ 3,25 cm). 2) La modélisation de la proportion des rebuts, bien qu’aboutissant à un faible R², est mieux décrite en considérant la longueur du fût et la classe de qualité. En plus de la possibilité d’utiliser des paramètres quantitatifs mesurés sur les fûts, les volumes commerciaux d’Okan sont estimés par : (i) la proportion des rebuts, (ii) l’utilisation d’un classement de qualité (ONADEF, 1992) et (iii) la mesure des longueurs commerciales des fûts. Ces équations peuvent améliorer les estimations des volumes commerciaux de bois d’Okan dans la zone étudiée.
3) Des densités de 5,5 et 2,3 Okan par hectare ont été dénombrées respectivement pour les plantules et la régénération acquise sous le couvert de semenciers d’Okan. La probabilité d’observer des plantules d’Okan est significativement influencée par la distance et son interaction avec l’azimut (par rapport au semencier) (p<0,0001 et p=0,0151), la surface terrière des végétaux autres que les héliophiles (sous-bois) (p=0,0150) et marginalement par la hauteur du semencier (p=0,061). Seules la distance (p < 0,0032) et la hauteur du semencier (p = 0,0416) influencent significativement la probabilité d’observer la régénération acquise. 4) Dans les trouées d’Okan, 74,9% des espèces arborées dénombrées appartiennent au groupe des espèces pionnières, 15% aux héliophiles, 9,3% aux sciaphiles et 0,8% à des groupes indéterminés. L’Okan compte pour moins de 0,03% du total de tiges inventoriées dans ses trouées (soit 6,1 Okan par hectare) et aucune nouvelle régénération d’Okan n’a été observée depuis la coupe. Les variables qui contribuent à expliquer de manière statistiquement significative la probabilité qu’une espèce située en bordure des trouées soit également retrouvée dans la régénération dénombrée à l’intérieur de celles-ci sont son tempérament (p = 6,6e-06), sa fréquence en bordure (p = 0,001) et son mode de dissémination (p = 0,01). Les observations effectuées sous le couvert de ses semenciers et dans les trouées classent l’espèce comme semi-héliophile. La rareté de l’Okan dans ses trouées s’explique, entre autres, par son tempérament, son mode de dissémination (anémochore) et le manque de semenciers aux abords des trouées. En définitive, l’aménagement durable de l’Okan passe d’une part par une révision de ses tarifs de cubage au bois brut et par l’élaboration des tarifs de cubage au bois commercial. D’autre part, des variables expliquant la présence de l’espèce au pied des semenciers et dans les trouées ont été identifiées mais c’est surtout la faible densité de la régénération de l’Okan qui devrait orienter les actions des gestionnaires forestiers. Ces résultats peuvent améliorer la gestion de l’Okan dans les « forêts permanentes ».
3) Des densités de 5,5 et 2,3 Okan par hectare ont été dénombrées respectivement pour les plantules et la régénération acquise sous le couvert de semenciers d’Okan. La probabilité d’observer des plantules d’Okan est significativement influencée par la distance et son interaction avec l’azimut (par rapport au semencier) (p<0,0001 et p=0,0151), la surface terrière des végétaux autres que les héliophiles (sous-bois) (p=0,0150) et marginalement par la hauteur du semencier (p=0,061). Seules la distance (p < 0,0032) et la hauteur du semencier (p = 0,0416) influencent significativement la probabilité d’observer la régénération acquise. 4) Dans les trouées d’Okan, 74,9% des espèces arborées dénombrées appartiennent au groupe des espèces pionnières, 15% aux héliophiles, 9,3% aux sciaphiles et 0,8% à des groupes indéterminés. L’Okan compte pour moins de 0,03% du total de tiges inventoriées dans ses trouées (soit 6,1 Okan par hectare) et aucune nouvelle régénération d’Okan n’a été observée depuis la coupe. Les variables qui contribuent à expliquer de manière statistiquement significative la probabilité qu’une espèce située en bordure des trouées soit également retrouvée dans la régénération dénombrée à l’intérieur de celles-ci sont son tempérament (p = 6,6e-06), sa fréquence en bordure (p = 0,001) et son mode de dissémination (p = 0,01). Les observations effectuées sous le couvert de ses semenciers et dans les trouées classent l’espèce comme semi-héliophile. La rareté de l’Okan dans ses trouées s’explique, entre autres, par son tempérament, son mode de dissémination (anémochore) et le manque de semenciers aux abords des trouées. En définitive, l’aménagement durable de l’Okan passe d’une part par une révision de ses tarifs de cubage au bois brut et par l’élaboration des tarifs de cubage au bois commercial. D’autre part, des variables expliquant la présence de l’espèce au pied des semenciers et dans les trouées ont été identifiées mais c’est surtout la faible densité de la régénération de l’Okan qui devrait orienter les actions des gestionnaires forestiers. Ces résultats peuvent améliorer la gestion de l’Okan dans les « forêts permanentes ».
3) Densities of 5.5 and 2.3 Okan per hectare were recorded for seedlings and established regeneration under the cover of Okan seed trees respectively. The probability of observing Okan seedlings is significantly influenced by distance and its interaction with direction (from the seed tree) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0151), basal area of plants (p = 0.0150) other than heliophilous (undergrowth) and marginally by the height of the seed tree (p = 0.061). Only the distance (p <0.0032) and the height of the seed tree (p = 0.0416) significantly influence the probability of observing established regeneration. 4) In the Okan gaps, 74.9% of tree species belong to the group of pioneer species, 15% to heliophilous, 9.3% to sciaphilous and 0.8% to indeterminate groups. Okan accounts for less than 0.03% of the total number of stems counted in its gaps (corresponding to 6.1 Okan per hectare) and no new Okan regeneration has been observed since its felling. Variables that contribute to a statistically significant explanation of the probability that a species located at the edge of the inventoried gaps is also found in the regeneration enumerated within are the guild of the species (p = 6.6e-06), its border frequency (p = 0.001) and its mode of dissemination (p = 0.01). Observations made under the cover of its seed trees and in the gaps classify the species as semi-heliophilous. The rarity of the Okan in its gaps is explained amongst other things by the guild of the species, its mode of dissemination (anemochore) and the lack of seed trees around the gaps. Finally, the achievement of Okan’s sustainable management requires on one hand a revision of its volume equations for gross volume estimates and the elaboration of volume equation to estimate its commercial timber. On the other hand, variables explaining the presence of the species at the foot of the seed trees and in the gaps have been identified but it is the low density of Okan regeneration that should guide the actions of forest managers. These results can improve the management of Okan and other species in permanent forests.
3) Densities of 5.5 and 2.3 Okan per hectare were recorded for seedlings and established regeneration under the cover of Okan seed trees respectively. The probability of observing Okan seedlings is significantly influenced by distance and its interaction with direction (from the seed tree) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0151), basal area of plants (p = 0.0150) other than heliophilous (undergrowth) and marginally by the height of the seed tree (p = 0.061). Only the distance (p <0.0032) and the height of the seed tree (p = 0.0416) significantly influence the probability of observing established regeneration. 4) In the Okan gaps, 74.9% of tree species belong to the group of pioneer species, 15% to heliophilous, 9.3% to sciaphilous and 0.8% to indeterminate groups. Okan accounts for less than 0.03% of the total number of stems counted in its gaps (corresponding to 6.1 Okan per hectare) and no new Okan regeneration has been observed since its felling. Variables that contribute to a statistically significant explanation of the probability that a species located at the edge of the inventoried gaps is also found in the regeneration enumerated within are the guild of the species (p = 6.6e-06), its border frequency (p = 0.001) and its mode of dissemination (p = 0.01). Observations made under the cover of its seed trees and in the gaps classify the species as semi-heliophilous. The rarity of the Okan in its gaps is explained amongst other things by the guild of the species, its mode of dissemination (anemochore) and the lack of seed trees around the gaps. Finally, the achievement of Okan’s sustainable management requires on one hand a revision of its volume equations for gross volume estimates and the elaboration of volume equation to estimate its commercial timber. On the other hand, variables explaining the presence of the species at the foot of the seed trees and in the gaps have been identified but it is the low density of Okan regeneration that should guide the actions of forest managers. These results can improve the management of Okan and other species in permanent forests.
The search for wood with desired properties submits the Congo Basin (CB) forests to a selective logging. The practice in the CB is to use the possibility and rotation as key determinants of sustainable management. The hypothesis of this logging is that, the respect of the rules of management guarantees the maintenance in good state of these forest areas. Okan is a commercial timber species of high value, endemic to the CB forest. It is the only species of the genus Cylicodiscus. A few years ago, the species was not well known in the timber market. The main objective of this study was to contribute to the sustainable management of Okan. This contribution is reflected by a better understanding of: (i) wood harvesting and (ii) the reconstitution of the woody potential. Wood harvesting was based on the estimation of gross and commercial volumes. The reconstitution was the subject of interest through the natural regeneration at the foot of the seed trees on the one hand, and in gaps on the other. Okan stems were measured to produce volume equations and inventories were carried out at the foot of the seed trees of Okan and in the gaps of the species. The following results were obtained: 1) The volume equations used in Cameroon for Okan should be revised and completed. Volume equations with two and three entries [V = f (DBH, H)], [V = F (DBH, Dx)], [V = F (DBH, H, Dx)] have better R², AIC, and RSE than those with a single entry. These estimates provide a gain of precision even when the methodology and instruments used are subject to measurement errors, normally distributed, to the length of the stem (standard deviation ≤1.8 m) and of the second diameter (standard deviation ≤ 3.25 cm). 2) The modeling of the proportion of rejects, although resulting in a low R², is better described by considering the length of the stem and quality grade. In addition to the possibility of using quantitative parameters measured on stems, Okan’s commercial volumes are estimated by the: (i) proportion of rejects, (ii) use of a quality grade (ONADEF, 1992) and (iii) measurement of commercial length of stems. These equations can contribute to improve the estimation of commercial volumes of Okan wood in the study area.
The search for wood with desired properties submits the Congo Basin (CB) forests to a selective logging. The practice in the CB is to use the possibility and rotation as key determinants of sustainable management. The hypothesis of this logging is that, the respect of the rules of management guarantees the maintenance in good state of these forest areas. Okan is a commercial timber species of high value, endemic to the CB forest. It is the only species of the genus Cylicodiscus. A few years ago, the species was not well known in the timber market. The main objective of this study was to contribute to the sustainable management of Okan. This contribution is reflected by a better understanding of: (i) wood harvesting and (ii) the reconstitution of the woody potential. Wood harvesting was based on the estimation of gross and commercial volumes. The reconstitution was the subject of interest through the natural regeneration at the foot of the seed trees on the one hand, and in gaps on the other. Okan stems were measured to produce volume equations and inventories were carried out at the foot of the seed trees of Okan and in the gaps of the species. The following results were obtained: 1) The volume equations used in Cameroon for Okan should be revised and completed. Volume equations with two and three entries [V = f (DBH, H)], [V = F (DBH, Dx)], [V = F (DBH, H, Dx)] have better R², AIC, and RSE than those with a single entry. These estimates provide a gain of precision even when the methodology and instruments used are subject to measurement errors, normally distributed, to the length of the stem (standard deviation ≤1.8 m) and of the second diameter (standard deviation ≤ 3.25 cm). 2) The modeling of the proportion of rejects, although resulting in a low R², is better described by considering the length of the stem and quality grade. In addition to the possibility of using quantitative parameters measured on stems, Okan’s commercial volumes are estimated by the: (i) proportion of rejects, (ii) use of a quality grade (ONADEF, 1992) and (iii) measurement of commercial length of stems. These equations can contribute to improve the estimation of commercial volumes of Okan wood in the study area.

Ingeniero Civil Industrial
El presente documento expone el plan de negocios desarrollado para el emprendimiento Okus , un restaurant de comida rápida en la ciudad de Rancagua, que vende principalmente pizzas a la piedra y sándwiches gourmet. A la fecha, la empresa que tiene alrededor de dos años de funcionamiento. Ha experimentado un constante aumento en la demanda y por tanto hace necesario la planificación y proyección del negocio en el tiempo, centrándose en la autonomía y estandarización de procesos y productos. Los pasos desarrollados para definir el plan de negocio comienzan revisando literatura y explorando el mercado, es necesario conocer los agentes que participan en la industria y conocer las capacidades y recursos propios que se necesitan para competir. Una vez conocidas las características del negocio, se analizan las distintas oportunidades que puede aprovechar la empresa para posicionarse y competir. Se define al cliente y se generan productos bajo procesos que responden a las necesidades detectadas. Los resultados de la investigación ayudan a definir la estrategia del negocio y permiten estandarizar los procesos, esta estandarización repercute en los costos marginales de producción, homogenización de la producción, reducción de tiempos de elaboración y control responsabilidades y materias primas. Finalmente, se presenta un flujo de caja a 3 años donde se observa la evolución del negocio según algunos parámetros estimados por datos históricos y/o de mercado. Los resultados son un VAN de $34.876.362 pesos y TIR de 64%. Las conclusiones tienen relación con que el cuidado de las operaciones de un negocio repercute no solo en la producción, sino que también en temas financieros por que se cuidan tanto los costos fijos como variables, también se mejora la percepción del cliente por que los productos y/o servicios son elaborados de forma uniforme bajo ciertos estándares de calidad y tiempos de elaboración o espera. Existen recomendaciones tanto para la continuación de este trabajo, como para comenzar un trabajo similar desde cero. Con respecto a la continuidad del proyecto, se recomienda seguir con el negocio, si bien es cierto la localización del lugar no es la mejor, el negocio crece debido a las características de sus productos y marketing. Es necesario reforzar el equipo con personal más capacitado y competente en las distintas áreas, esta ampliación de capacidades debiese realizarse cuando los volúmenes de venta estén por sobre el punto de equilibrio. Si se quisiese empezar un proyecto como este desde cero, se recomienda comenzar a revisar memorias o planes de negocio en etapas más tempranas para formar una mejor imagen de lo que realmente es un plan de negocio.

Le mont Oku au nord-ouest du Cameroun comporte l’un des plus vastes vestiges de forêt d’altitude d'Afrique centrale et fait partie de l’un des « points chauds » de biodiversité de la planète, aujourd’hui menacé de disparition. L’objectif de cette étude est de quantifier les changements d’occupation du sol sur le mont Oku au cours des quatre dernières décennies et de décrire les variations de composition et de richesse spécifique végétales le long d’un gradient altitudinal, puis de lier ces variations aux paramètres environnementaux. Pour cela, nous avons comparé les occupations du sol estimées par les images satellites Landsat de 1978, 1988 et 2001. Puis cent deux relevés floristiques ont été disposés aléatoirement dans différentes formations végétales forestières accessibles le long d’un gradient altitudinal s’étalant de 1 800 m à 2749 m. Il ressort de ces études que, malgré la protection naturelle qu’offrent l’altitude et la pente, le couvert forestier n’a cessé de décroître, perdant 62,1% de sa surface entre 1978 et 2001, ce qui correspond à un déboisement de 579 ha. An-1 en moyenne. Les surfaces déboisées ont été continuellement remplacées par des cultures ou des savanes, sans qu’il y ait recolonisation par des forêts secondaires. Notre étude montre également qu’il est difficile de démêler les effets de l’altitude et des activités humaines sur la végétation, parce que ces deux facteurs sont inextricablement liés et forment un seul gradient à effets antagonistes à ses extrémités. Les activités humaines déstructurent les communautés végétales, majoritairement secondaires sur le site. Même les forêts les plus anciennes contiennent des espèces indicatrices de la présence humaine (liée au pâturage, aux feux ou aux cultures passées). Certains assemblages d’espèces pionnières sont floristiquement très hétérogènes et leur distribution altitudinale s’est élargie
Mount Oku, situated in north-west Cameroon, supports the largest remnants of the Central African montane forest habitat, which is considered as a biodiversity hotspot, hence is undergoing strong species loss. Our objective was to quantify changes in the land cover of Mount Oku over the last four decades, in order to assess the causes of forest regression and to evaluate the future of the forest on this site. We also describe a variation in plant species composition and richness along an altitudinal gradient, that were subsequently linked to environmental changes. For this purpose, we compared changes in land cover, using Landsat satellite images acquired in 1978, 1988 and 2001. Then 102 sample plots were randomly set up in forest fragments along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 1800 m to 2749 m. Although remnant forests were naturally protected by elevation and slope, they lost 62. 1% of their area between 1978 and 2001, corresponding to a mean deforestation rate of 579 ha. Year-1. Deforested lands have been replaced by crops or savanna, while few secondary forest recolonizations occurred. New farmland has extended rapidly to fulfill the demands of an increasing population density. Our study also revealed that it is difficult to disentangle the effects of altitude and human activities on vegetation because these two factors are inextricably linked and form a single gradient with antagonistic effects at the extremes. Human activities and natural vegetation belts were organized with respect to the altitudinal gradient: the summit of Mount Oku supported the largest, oldest forest fragments; while areas of low altitude have experienced intense deforestation to provide agricultural land and supported disturbance-related plant communities. However, human activities altered plant assemblages. Even old-growth forests contained species indicative of human presence (due to grazing, fire or former cultivation). Some pioneer species assemblages were very heterogeneous and their altitudinal distribution has spread

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether Okun’s law is valid within Sweden. Furthermore, we are also interested in studying how it varies with different genders and age groups. Quarterly data on GDP and unemployment between the years 1980 to 2015 is used. Three different models have been tested on their ability to estimate Okun’s law and the model with the highest explanatory power was chosen. The results show that unemployment among men are more affected by changes in GDP growth than women, which likely is because more men tend to work in the private sector and women in the public sector. Young workers are also affected to a greater degree than older workers, due to how the employment protection act (LAS) works in Sweden.
Syftet med uppsatsen är främst att undersöka den så kallade Okuns lag i Sverige, och mer specifikt studera om sambandet varierar mellan kön och åldersgrupper. Kvartalsdata på BNP och arbetslöshet mellan åren 1980 till 2015 har använts. Tre olika modeller har testats på hur väl de kunde förklara Okuns lag i Sverige, varav den ena modellen hade högre förklaringsgrad. Resultaten visar att män påverkades till en högre grad av förändringar i ekonomins tillväxt än kvinnor. Detta beror sannolikt på att män i högre grad tenderar att jobba inom den privata sektorn och kvinnor inom offentliga sektorn, vilken inte är lika känslig för konjunktursvängningar. Vi fann även att yngre arbetare påverkas till en högre grad än äldre av förändringar i ekonomins tillväxt. Detta beror sannolikt på hur lagen om anställningsskydd (LAS) är uppbyggd i Sverige.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka arbetslöshetens påverkan av konjunktursvängningar, där studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är Okuns lag. Arbetet är avgränsat till fyra länder: Sverige, Australien, Japan och USA. De valda länderna representerar varsin världsdel, är medlemmar i OECD, är av en hög utvecklingsgrad och innehar mycket data på de valda undersökta faktorerna. En förväntan finns att det uppstår en variation på sambandet då de valda länderna har olika uppbyggnader i till exempel arbetsmarknaden. Tidigare studier i ämnet Okuns lag ger en inblick i hur det kan ha skett en förändring över tid och mellan länder. Frågeställningen undersöks och besvaras med hjälp av en empirisk undersökning med årlig data för de fyra länderna utförd under en tidsperiod på 44 år, som är uppdelad i två perioder hämtad från OECDs databas. Regressionsanalysen bekräftar att det finns ett negativt samband mellan variationen i kortsiktig tillväxt och arbetslöshet för samtliga länder. Däremot gav samtliga länder ett resultat som inte var signifikant på granskningen om en förändring skett mellan de två undersökta perioderna. Detta leder till ett antagande att det inte skett en förändring över tid rent resultatmässigt. Den här studien tar upp troliga förklaringar till variationen i sambandet som finns mellan länderna, detta för att kunna ge exempel på möjliga bakomliggande faktorer till sambandet.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Collaborating with proper management of nitrogen and potassium fertilization in pioneer tree species of Amazonian Forest, indicate the levels 179,73 mg N and 108,70 mg K dm-3 179.73 mg N and 108.70 mg K for initial cultivation of Cordia alliodora in a greenhouse conditions, studying the effects of increasing levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) on nutritional, physiological and morphological characteristics of the species.
Colaborando para o manejo adequado da adubação nitrogenada e potássica em espécies florestais pioneiras nativas da Amazônia, indicamos as doses 179,73 mg de N e 108,70 mg de K dm-3 para cultivo inicial de Cordia alliodora sob condições ambientais semi-controladas, após o estudo dos efeitos de níveis crescentes de nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K) sobre as características nutricionais, fisiológicas e morfológicas da espécie

Pastor Ivars, J. (2015). MA y OKU. Distancia y profundidad. Ogawa Jihei y el jardín japonés del siglo XIX [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48539
TESIS

The main goal of this thesis is to assess the efficacy of two repellent products with active ingredients denatonium benzoate and capsaicin to protect the newly established forest tree planting prior to browsing damage by wild game. Repellents were tested on two different experimental plots planted with silver fir (Abies alba). Application of repellents held in three terms and total three times were the damages, which were included in the framework of the six-rating scale, has been detected. The effectiveness of these repellents has been demonstrated already during the second term damage assessments caused by game. During the more than 14-month experiment was damaged almost 2.5 times fewer seedlings treated with repellents based on denatonium benzoate and capsaicin than untreated seedlings, serving as a control. The most common form of damage to the tree was bitten off terminal bud with little scope of additional damage. Damage to seedlings by game differed significantly even within the investigated areas. Use of repellents did not affect the physiological death of seedlings. It was justify the conclusion that most of the damages were caused by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Based on several scientific papers on the efficacy of repellent products based on capsaicin and denatonium benzoate was concluded that the main active ingredient in tested repellents is capsaicin.

This thesis focuses on corelation between unemployment and gross domestic product in the Czech Republic and Poland during the period 1990 - 1998. It analyses an empirically observed relationship relating change in unemloyment rate to change in GDP -- Okun's law. After presenting aproaches of different economic schools to unemployment, this work analyses and compares changes in unemployment and labour market as well as identifies the main factors of economic growth and unemployment rate. It faces a problem of discrepancy and inaccuracy of statistical data from the transformation period as well as rapidly changing factors that influenced the natural rate of unemployment and potential output. These reasons made it impossible to uniquely determine validity of Okun's law during transformation period in the Czech Republic and Poland.

There is always a strong character of OKU( which means depth) inside the traditional Japanese wood construction, which fascinating me a lot. My thesis is about study the structure and spatial language and translating traditional language to formulate a space with that quality of depth/ oku.Site is been choose in far east museum in Skeppsholmen, and my the- sis is working on an addition to the original far east museum. As it was ropewalk manufactory early days, long and narrow, it doesn’t have its own identification, that’s why nowadays it’s more like a belonging facility attached to modern museum and being ignored by most citizens.

Hur skulle en välfärdsmodell som använder sig av arbetslöshetsgapet i förlustfunktionen istället för BNP-gapet påverka Riksbankens reaktionsfunktion?

Detta undersöks i den här uppsatsen. För det skattas en Okuns lag för Sverige, vilken sedan används för att sätta in arbetslöshetsgapet i förlustfunktionen. Variansen på löneprischockerna och efterfrågechockerna i makromodellen varieras för att se hur koefficienten framför BNP-gapet i den antagna Taylor-regeln förändras medan koefficienten framför inflationsavvikelsen hålls konstant.

Resultatet av dessa simuleringar visar på att efterfrågechocker ökar koefficienten mer än vad lönesprischocker gör. Vid normal varians kommer dock Riksbanken att reagera mer på inflationsavvikelser än vad de kommer att göra på BNP-gapet.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka på vilket sätt mänskliga rättigheter används som narrativ i den offentliga debatten om manlig icke-medicinsk omskärelse. Den utvalda empirin är debattinlägg publicerade av den svenska dagstidningen Dagens Nyheter och den danska dagstidningen Politiken. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt är diskussionen om individuella och grupprelaterade rättigheter. Utifrån den har en matris skapats som fungerar som verktyg i den första av uppsatsens två analysdelar, en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Efter den kvantitativa innehållsanalysen kommer en tematisk narrativanalys att genomföras, delvis baserat på de resultat som framkom genom innehållsanalysen. Det överordnade resultatet av undersökningen som uppsatsen presenterar är att det förekommer två slags metanarrativ i debatten om manlig icke-medicinsk omskärelse. Ett mer individorienterande metanarrativ och ett mer grupporienterat metanarrativ.
The thesis aim is to evaluate in what way human rights are used as a narrative in the public debate concerning non-medical male circumcision. The Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter and the Danish newspaper Politiken was chosen as research subject. The theoretical base, which is this thesis ground, is the discussion between individual and group-related rights. To be able to go through with the research, a model for decoding of the articles concerning the debate was created. This model was then used in the content analysis made in this thesis, which results where used in a further analysis, a thematic narrative analysis. The overall result of the thesis was the discovering of two metanarratives which where represented in the debate about non-medical male circumcision. The two metanarratives where one more individualorientedand the other one more group-oriented.