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Academic literature on the topic 'Oiseaux – Longévité'
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Journal articles on the topic "Oiseaux – Longévité"
COURBIN, Nicolas, Emmanuelle DORTEL, David GRÉMILLET, Jean-Dominique LEBRETON, and Aurélien BESNARD. "Note sur la démographie pour une aide à la gestion et à la conservation des populations d’Oiseaux marins nicheurs du littoral français métropolitain." Naturae, no. 16 (October 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/naturae2022a16.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Oiseaux – Longévité"
Guerreiro, Romain. "Sénescence et longévité : des mécanismes aux processus évolutifs : étude chez les oiseaux et les mammifères." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS114/document.
Full textThere is an incredible diversity of lifespan in the animal kingdom ranging from a few days for small gastrotrichs worms to several hundred of years for some bivalves or tortoises. This amazing diversity has long questioned biology researchers. The growing interest in the phenomenon of aging, mainly due to the increase in life expectancy in humans, has questioned researchers on processes that determine patterns of longevity and ageing. On the one hand, biomedical and biogerontological studies helped describe numerous cellular and physiological mechanisms related to aging. Among these mechanisms, oxidative stress has been identified as playing a major role, through life-time accumulation of damage generated by production of metabolic free radicals. On the other hand, the development of evolutionary theories of aging has contributed to understanding ultimate origins of ageing and of the diversity of life history traits. However, these approaches, although complementary, have long remained separated and works that integrate physiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress in an evolutionary perspective have known only recent developments. In this thesis, we studied how mechanisms such as oxidative stress and its associated costs produced during reproduction or immune response could play a role in the evolution of patterns of ageing in birds and mammals by (i) studying the role of antioxidants as key resources involved in adaptive trade-offs between reproduction and survival through age, (ii) studying the long-term effects of the early environment, (iii) studying the relationship between inflammatory response and contrasted patterns of ageing and longevity between birds and mammals, (iv) focusing particularly on immune regulatory mechanisms, emphasizing their crucial role in fitness of hosts, especially late in life. Overall, our results highlight the importance of physiological constraints in terms of key resources limitation (i.e. antioxidants) or damage caused during costly and destructive activities and on intra-and inter-specific patterns of ageing
Nabholz, Benoît. "Dynamique évolutive de l'ADN mitochondrial des oiseaux et des mammifères : Mutation, Sélection et Taille des populations." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20115.
Full textThe origin and evolution of mitochondrial genome is fascinating. Currently, it makes up less than 1% of the whole organism genome, but contains some of the most important genes. A particularly intriguing feature of the animal mitochondrial genome is its hypermutability. The first goal of this work is to progress in our understanding of the determinism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) substitution rate variations by distinguishing between two classical hypotheses of evolutionary biology –the generation time hypothesis and the metabolic rate hypothesis– and an other hypothesis that comes from biomedecine, namely the longevity hypothesis. Using a phylogenetic approach, we obtained lineage-specific mitochondrial mutation rates across more than one thousand bird and mammalian species. This analysis reveals an unexpectedly high level of mitochondrial mutation rate variation between lineages. The bird/mammal comparison and a within-class analysis suggest that this variation could be linked to species longevity through a (direct or indirect) selective pressure reducing the mitochondrial mutation rate in long-lived species. In the second part of this work, we address the impact of natural selection and genetic drift on mtDNA. Recent evidence of positive selection acting on mtDNA (mostly in invertebrates) was used as a starting point. We showed that, contrary to invertebrates species, bird and mammal mtDNA evolution is mainly under purifying selection. Surprisingly, even in the absence of positive selection, population size variations have no effect on mtDNA genetic diversity, but influence the rate of non-synonymous substitutions. This result could be explained by strong stochasticity of population sizes. All these results contribute to increase our understanding of an unusually evolving genome, and also have implications for the numerous users of mtDNA as a tool to reconstruct population and species history
Moreno-Borrallo, Adrián. "Glucose and glycation in birds : phylogenetic and ecological factors, physiological mechanisms and individual fitness links." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ057.
Full textGlucose is central to metabolism, but it also affects ageing by promoting non-enzymatic glycation and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). This thesis studies glucose and glycation in birds, which show a higher mass-adjusted longevity compared to mammals despite higher blood glucose levels, through: (i) a study relating these traits to diet and life history traits along the bird tree, (ii) an assessment of their link to fitness in a wild population and (iii) a experiment in captivity exploring their adverse effects on markers of senescence. We showed (i) greater resistance to glycation in species with higher glucose levels, (ii) effects of glucose on survival and reproductive outcome, and (iii) that chronic glucose supplementation reduces survival, increasing glycation and AGE
Le, Bohec Céline. "Stratégies d'histoire de vie d'un oiseau longévif : Le manchot royal (Aptenodytes Patagonicus)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2007/LE_BOHEC_Celine_2007.pdf.
Full textAn evaluation of how animals optimize their lifetime reproductive success is a crucial step for defining their life history strategy. We investigated the trade-off between current reproductive effort, and future survival and breeding attempts to test the hypothesis that reproductive costs and individual heterogeneity in quality occur in a population of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) individually marked with transponders. Our study shows that individuals adopt different strategies to maximize their fitness according to their individual quality, but also in relation to their breeding history. High quality individuals might be able to buffer the impact of environmental stochasticity on reproductive success without jeopardizing their own survival. Therefore, in terms of survival, a late breeding attempt might not be more costly than no breeding attempt for king penguins. Nevertheless, birds might occasionally take reproductive sabbaticals to optimize their residual reproductive value as suggested by the prudent parent hypothesis. In king penguins, high quality individuals do not seem to monopolize central areas of the colony that are presumed to be of high quality (lower predation, flooding, and tick-infestation risk). Conversely, our study highlights the importance of intra-specific aggressiveness for breeding site selection and for seabird colony structuring. Moreover, we found that indices of both large- and local-scale oceanic conditions might provide different information on the influence of the environment on life history traits in an apex predator. While breeding success was found to be negatively influenced by the global SOI (Southern Oscillation Index) and the SST (Sea Surface Temperature) around Crozet, adult king penguin survival was more strongly related to warm SSTs at the marginal ice zone (MIZ) with a 2 year lag. Our study also found that fledglings had the lowest survival probability during the first year at sea, suggesting that individuals of lower quality may disappear from cohorts during this stressful time. High variability in survival between cohorts during this first winter at sea supports the cohort effect hypothesis. The majority of king penguins start to breed at 4-5 years of age and a decrease in survival and recapture between the fourth and fifth winter at sea may be related to the first breeding attempt. We found that pre-fledging body mass influences post-fledging survival and suggest that high body mass may be a handicap for birds when leaving the colony for their first voyage to sea. Finally, age difference in coloured ornament characteristics might signal breeding or social status and thus reduce the rate of agonistic interactions between juveniles and adults. This doctoral thesis allowed us to evaluate some adaptive trade-offs between fitness components defining the life-history strategies of a long-lived seabird
Fay, Rémi. "De l’envol à la première reproduction : aspects écologiques et évolutifs des traits d’histoire de vie de jeunes oiseaux marins longévifs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS003/document.
Full textTo date, early life demographic traits have been poorly studied compare to adult traits in the vast majority of animal species. Young individuals are usually more difficult to study due to their small size, their mobile behavior and the high mortality rate that characterizes their life stage. However, the full understanding of the demographic processes requires the integration of all life stages. This lack of knowledge toward early-life stages is particularly detrimental for long lived species. Indeed for these species, the immature component represents a substantial part of the total reproductive value, having a high influence on the whole population dynamics. Hence, such limitations affect the accuracy of population projections in the context of global change and more generally our understanding of life history trait evolution. In order to fill in this gap, this PhD project focuses on early life demographic traits in a seabird species : the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans. In this very long-lived species, the immature period lasts around 10 years. Based on long-term individual monitoring and capture-recapture analyses, we estimated early-life survival and the access to reproduction according to age and sex. We also investigates the respective effects of extrinsic (e.g. climate, fisheries) and intrinsic factors (e.g. density dependence, parental effects) on these parameters. Many relationships between early-life vital rates and environmental variables have been described. From a theoretical perspective, we tested several predictions such as the canalization of life-history traits and the existence of different life-history strategies within a population. In this work, special attention was paid to demographic variations at the individual scale. Our study showed that vital rates of individuals of the same age and sex could be very different. We have linked early-life demographic traits with subsequent adult performances and identified some causes of these individual variations
Lecomte, Vincent. "La sénescence en milieu naturel : une étude pluridisciplinaire chez deux oiseaux marins longévifs, le Grand Albatros et le Pétrel des Neiges." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575424.
Full textBourgeon, Sophie. "Immunocompétence chez les oiseaux longévifs : Etude du coût de la reproduction lors du jeûne d'incubation chez l'eider à duvet (Somateria Mollissima)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/BOURGEON_Sophie_2006.pdf.
Full textAvailable resources being limited, life-history theory predicts that natural selection favours the physiological mechanisms that ensure their optimal allocation between competing activities. Accordingly, to maximize their fitness, long-lived species face a trade-off between survival and reproduction. Immunity is hypothesized to share limited resources with other physiological functions and this may partly account for the fitness costs of reproduction. We examined the effects of reproductive effort on the three components of the immune system in female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) during their incubation fast. During incubation fast, we observed that both components of the acquired immunity decrease significantly while innate immunity does not vary. Hence, female eiders seem to reallocate their resources from the acquired immunity to reproductive effort, while the innate immunity does not seem to be affected. We determined both ultimate and proximate factors underlying the observed trade-off between reproductive effort and immunocompetence. Corticosterone has been suggested the main proximate factor for immunosuppression. However, we showed here that corticosteronemia does not vary during the incubation fast, while stress protein expression (HSP) increases significantly. The immunosuppressive effect of tested hormones (corticosterone and triiodothyronine) seems to be mediated by their negative effect on body mass. These results lend support to the proposed link between the immune system and body fat reserves and are also in agreement with the resource-limitation hypothesis. Nevertheless, our results do not exclude the autoimmune pathology avoidance hypothesis
Spee, Marion. "Mécanismes hormonaux impliqués dans l’induction de l’abandon du nid chez un oiseau marin longévif : le manchot Adélie." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/SPEE_Marion_2010.pdf.
Full textThe life-history theory predicts that long-lived birds should favour their own survival when breeding becomes too costly in terms of body maintenance. Reproduction in seabirds is associated with a long-term fasting period, characterized by three metabolic phases. This natural situation of fasting can lead to body reserves’ exhaustion and abandonment of current reproduction, a refeeding signal being triggered (PIII). The aim of this doctoral research is to examine the physiological mechanisms underlying the triggering of nest abandonment by specifying the respective role of two hormones involved in the control of parental behaviour (corticosterone -CORT- and prolactin) in a long-lived bird, the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae. To do so, we used correlative and experimental studies run on free-living incubating penguins and failed breeder birds (captive birds). We found that CORT is the first to be affected by prolonged energy constraints and induces a decrease in prolactin levels. It seems that this latter hormone have to reach a low threshold value to trigger nest abandonment. Thus, the effect of CORT on prolactin levels appears as a crucial mechanism involved in the decision to stop a breeding attempt when the individual’s survival is threatened. This hormonal state (high CORT levels and low prolactin concentration) triggers nest desertion but the change in concentration of only one of these two hormones which control the parental behaviour is not sufficient to stimulate abandonment
Milot, Emmanuel. "Dispersion et génétique chez un oiseau marin longévif : l'albatros hurleur : dynamique de population, structure et diversité génétiques, consanguinité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26456/26456.pdf.
Full textThe ecological and evolutionary impact of dispersal and inbreeding may be exacerbated in insular species. Albatrosses, in particular, have an extreme way of life raising several questions in that regard. In this thesis, I address some of these questions. In the introduction (chapter 1), I enounce hypotheses that are specific to the study species, the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans), in relation to dispersal, population dynamics, and genetics. However, the fortuitous discovery of a very poor genetic diversity in this species led to substantial modifications of the initial objectives and hypotheses of the thesis. Thus, the patterns of genetic diversity in two sister species, the wandering and Amsterdam (D. amsterdamensis) albatrosses, are studied in chapter 2. Simulations support the hypothesis that the two species inherited a poor genetic diversity from their common ancestor, some 0.8 million years ago. Albatrosses thus appear to challenge the widespread view about the negative consequences of genetic depletion on species survival. In chapter 3, the objective was to identify explicitly which model of population dynamics best applies to the wandering albatross. Populations exhibited little genetic differentiation across the species’ range. All genotypes grouped together in a cluster analysis, suggesting that current colonies have derived from one ancestral source that had a low genetic diversity. In contrast, band re-sighting data indicated that about one bird per cohort has dispersed among islands in the past decades. Therefore, low contemporary dispersal rates are not mirrored by genetic data, presumably because populations are not at migration–drift equilibrium. A metapopulation dynamics model involving the recent colonization of several islands seems consistent with the very low levels of both genetic diversity and structure within the wandering albatross. Yet, other factors likely contributed to shape current genetic patterns. The limited genetic diversity and structure raise questions about inbreeding and its effect. Thus, in chapter 4, evidence for inbreeding in the wandering albatross is reviewed. The hypothesis that reproductive success decreases with increasing genetic similarity between mates was also tested using molecular data and pair breeding histories. While the hypothesis was not supported, a lack of resolution from the markers cannot be ruled out given the very poor genetic diversity in albatrosses. Some perspectives about inbreeding-related aspects (e.g. inbreeding avoidance, purging) based on recent literature are also proposed. Overall, this wandering albatross case study leads to several stimulating hypotheses and shows how complex the understanding of inbreeding dynamics in a long-lived species may be. In chapter 5, failing to successfully apply population assignment methods (because of the lack of genetic resolution), data on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were used in addition to the albatross dataset to explore the performance of an assignment method routinely used in biological investigations. Results show that critical aspects (error rate estimation, migrant detection) relate to how test assumptions are met by empirical data. They also stress the need to validate the assignment procedure with preliminary simulations. This methodological contribution is to some extent a response to the absence of uniformity in the way these methods are generally applied. To conclude, using empirical evidence on dispersal in wandering albatrosses, I suggest perspectives on the causes and the evolution of dispersal in these birds. This dissertation provides new insights about the significance and implications of genetic monomorphim in natural populations, about dispersal and population dynamics in a longlived seabird, and proposes a vision about the interaction between these factors and life history.
Thierry, Anne-Mathilde. "Statut endocrinien et effort de reproduction chez un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie, dans un environnement changeant." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059812.
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