Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oil'
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1
Soewono, Adri A. "Blending palm oil with flaxseed oil or menhaden fish oil to produce enriched omega-3 oils for deep-fat-frying." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32399.
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Two of the major dietary food sources of omega-3 fatty acids are flaxseed oil and
fish oil; the former being a rich source of PUFA (e.g. α-linolenic acid (α-LA)), while the
latter is a source of HUFA (e.g. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA)). In this study, palm oil, a commonly used vegetable oil that is widely available in
Asian and African countries, was blended with flaxseed (omega 3-PUFA) and fish oil
(menhaden oil) (omega-3 HUFA); respectively, to obtain blended oils that both contained
a 1: 4 ratio of omega-3 :omega 6 fatty acids. Rosemary extract (0.02% w/w) was added to
the oil blends to stabilize the oil during use for deep-fat frying. Eight hours of heating at
180 °C was used to determine the stability of omega-3 fatty acids and uptake from the
omega-3 enriched palm oil into fried potatoes. Lipid oxidation and thermal degradation
of the palm oil blends, along with retention of α-LA , EPA, and DHA were measure of
oil blends stability. Linoleic acid content in flax-palm oil blend did not change during
frying when in the presence of different antioxidant treatments. The α-LA content of
heated flax-palm oil blend was significantly reduced (P<0.05) after 8 hours of frying.
Meanwhile, linoleic acid and EPA content in the fish-palm oil blend revealed significant
(P<0.05) decreases in concentration after 8 hours of frying regardless of the presence of
antioxidant. The DHA concentration was significantly lower when present in the absence
of antioxidant (P<0.05). Totox significantly increased (P<0.05) in the blended oils after 8
hours of frying; albeit the extent of oxidation and thermal degradation was reduced when
rosemary extract was added. A significant uptake of omega-3 fatty acids in both the omega-3 PUFA (e.g. α-LA) and HUFA (e.g. EPA and DHA), respectively, occurred in
potatoes fried in the respective blended oils. Although omega-3 fatty acid uptake was
prevalent in potatoes fried in both blended oils, the effect of heating reduced the optimal
1:4 ratio of omega-3 :omega-6 to a 1:6-l :7 ratio. This loss in omega-3, relative to omega-
6, was attributed to thermal oxidation; a reaction not totally preventable by adding
antioxidants to the frying oils. These functional omega-3 enhanced oils when used to
process potatoes gave forth products that represented 1/10th suggested intake for
EPA+DHA and l/50th the daily requirement for α-LA .Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Roy, Dibakar. "Modification of vegetable oils as a potential base oil and a multifunctional lube oil additive." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4365.
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Robelius, Fredrik. "Giant Oil Fields - The Highway to Oil : Giant Oil Fields and their Importance for Future Oil Production." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7625.
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Since the 1950s, oil has been the dominant source of energy in the world. The cheap supply of oil has been the engine for economic growth in the western world. Since future oil demand is expected to increase, the question to what extent future production will be available is important.
The belief in a soon peak production of oil is fueled by increasing oil prices. However, the reliability of the oil price as a single parameter can be questioned, as earlier times of high prices have occurred without having anything to do with a lack of oil. Instead, giant oil fields, the largest oil fields in the world, can be used as a parameter.
A giant oil field contains at least 500 million barrels of recoverable oil. Only 507, or 1 % of the total number of fields, are giants. Their contribution is striking: over 60 % of the 2005 production and about 65 % of the global ultimate recoverable reserve (URR).
However, giant fields are something of the past since a majority of the largest giant fields are over 50 years old and the discovery trend of less giant fields with smaller volumes is clear. A large number of the largest giant fields are found in the countries surrounding the Persian Gulf.
The domination of giant fields in global oil production confirms a concept where they govern future production. A model, based on past annual production and URR, has been developed to forecast future production from giant fields. The results, in combination with forecasts on new field developments, heavy oil and oil sand, are used to predict future oil production.
In all scenarios, peak oil occurs at about the same time as the giant fields peak. The worst-case scenario sees a peak in 2008 and the best-case scenario, following a 1.4 % demand growth, peaks in 2018.
4
Xu, He Kensinger John W. "Crude oil and crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5106.
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Xu, He. "Crude Oil and Crude Oil Derivatives Transactions by Oil and Gas Producers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5106/.
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This study attempts to resolve two important issues. First, it investigates the diversification benefit of crude oil for equities. Second, it examines whether or not crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers can change shareholders' wealth. With these two major goals in mind, I study the risk and return profile of crude oil, the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions, and the systematic risk exposure effect of crude oil derivatives transactions. In contrast with previous studies, this study applies the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) methodology to measure the risk and return profile of crude oil. The results show that crude oil is negatively correlated with stocks so adding crude oil into a portfolio with equities can provide significant diversification benefits for the portfolio. Given the diversification benefit of crude oil mixed with equities, this study then examines the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers. Differing from traditional corporate risk management literature, this study examines corporate derivatives transactions from the shareholders' portfolio perspective. The results show that crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do impact value. If oil and gas producing companies stop shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, company stock prices increase significantly. In contrast, if oil and gas producing companies start shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, stock prices drop marginally significantly. Thus, hedging by producers is not necessarily good. This paper, however, finds that changes in policy regarding crude oil derivatives transactions cannot significantly affect the beta of shareholders' portfolios. The value effect, therefore, cannot be attributed to any systematic risk exposure change of shareholders' portfolios. Market completeness, transaction costs, and economies of scale are identified as possible sources of value effect. The following conclusions have been obtained in this study. Crude oil provides significant diversification benefits for equities. In the presence of market imperfections, crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers may change shareholders' wealth, even though crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do not have significant effect on the systematic risk exposures of companies.
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Ishlak, Adel. "ALTERING THE FORMATION OF TRANS FATTY ACIDS IN CONTINUOUS CULTURES THROUGH OILS AND NATURAL DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATIONS." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/711.
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Pitkin, Julia. "Oil, Oil, Everywhere: Environmental and Human Impacts of Oil Extraction in the Niger Delta." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/88.
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Oil extraction in Nigeria has caused extensive environmental degradation and health problems in many Nigerian communities, particularly in the ecologically sensitive Niger Delta where nearly all of the oil extraction takes place. The reasons for this are complex and have roots in Nigeria’s colonial past. The Nigerian economy is largely reliant on its petroleum resources which, in conjunction with governmental corruption and high international demand for Nigerian oil, has created a system where environmental externalities are largely ignored. Multinational oil companies with little stake in the development and environment of Nigeria are responsible for most of the extraction projects and subsequent environmental damage. However, the Nigerian federal government has failed to effectively regulate these projects. Communities in the Niger Delta bear nearly all of the environmental burden of oil extraction, but see very little of the economic benefits.
The main environmental impacts of oil extraction are oil spills, land use change, and gas flaring. Oil spills are very common in the Niger Delta. Cleanup efforts are often inadequate, resulting in loss of delicate ecosystems as well as fisheries and farmland. Large tracts of rainforest and mangrove ecosystems have been cleared or degraded by the oil extraction process. Nigeria flares more gas per barrel of oil extracted than any other country in the world, contributing to global warming and creating serious health hazards for communities located near gas flares.
Diversification of the Nigerian economy would help to alleviate many of the factors that lead to environmental degradation, including the dependence of the government on oil revenues, high unemployment, and rampant oil theft. Curbing government corruption is also vital to effective regulation of oil extraction. International consumers can help Nigeria head towards a less petroleum-driven future through an increased awareness of the origins of their oil and pressure on the Nigerian federal government and the multinational oil companies to extract oil more conscientiously or even to discontinue oil extraction. But most importantly, the solution to Nigeria’s economic concerns must ultimately come from Nigerians as international influence has been a major contributor to the environmental degradation in the first place.
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Nartey, Emmanuel Akuffo. "Oil/ Paper Insulation for HVDC: Conductivity of Oil." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13264.
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The work begins with a theoretical description of conductivity and the importance of this material property in the electrical power industry. The various theories describing high voltage conduction in highly insulating dielectric liquids are analysed to ascertain their propensity to explain the exponential rise in the conductivity of the insulating liquid at high fields.The work goes further to analyse the various methods and standards that are presently utilised in the measurement of conductivity of highly insulating oils. The short-comings of the present methods particularly the IEC 61620 and 60247 are identified. The physics behind the peculiar behaviour of the conductivity when stressed under high electric fields is described and analysed.Measurements carries out according to a standard, may not lead to useful results. Therefore, it is preferable to determine the conductivity under practical aspects and also to measure the different parameters on which the conductivity depends (1). A new method of carrying out conductivity measurements based on the use of triangular and sinusoidal input high voltage is used in this work.Conductivity analysis is carried out based on this method while time dependency, frequency dependency and field dependencies are studied.The results of the various results show a strong dependency of the resistance of the oil on the input electric field up to two powers of ten; when the electric field is varied from zero to 10 kV/mm for all frequencies. The frequency of input voltage has a minimum effect of the results of the conductivity up to 0.1 Hz; the only observable change is the increasing values of the capacitive current component of the measured total current.The time dependency of the resistance values shows a very remarkable variation of conductivity. There is an average of 3 times in the conductivity when the oil is stressed over a 24 hour period.Finally Comsol Multiphysics simulation is carried out to compare to the results of the experimental results obtained in the laboratory. The results of the current as well as the resistance values obtained using the comsol simulation bears great similarity to that of the laboratory experiments.
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Atiku, Farooq Abubakar. "Combustion of bio-oil and heavy fuel oil." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12179/.
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The use of combustion parameters to predict what happens to fuel during burning and its effect on living systems is important. This work is directed towards understanding the fundamental chemistry of soot generated from burning biomass-pyrolysis liquid fuels and its mechanism of formation. In this study, fuels such as eugenol, anisole, furfural and some hydrocarbon fuels are subjected to combustion using a wick burner which allowed the burning rate, smoke point and emission factor to be investigated. Reaction zone analysis of flames by direct photography and by using optical filters for further investigation of C2* and CH* species, was conducted. Additionally, detailed characterization of the soot generated was performed, and comparisons were made with soot from petroleum products and from biomass combustion system. The key aim was to generate experimental data and to capture detailed information regarding sooting tendencies with a view to utilize the information which would eventually allow the formation of a comprehensive bio-oil combustion model. This could provide accurate predictions of the combustion characteristics and pollutant formation. Studies are reported on the significant role of high temperature pyrolysis products in soot formation and acquiring further mechanistic insight. This work has been extended to consider heavy petroleum fuel oils (residual oil) during combustion and the effect of composition on combustion products and on the effect on health and the global environment. Heavy fuel oil, such as Bunker C and vacuum residue, are commonly used as fuel for industrial boilers, power generation, and as transport fuels in, for example, in large marine engines. The combustion of these fuels gives rise to carbonaceous particulate emissions including fine soot (Black Carbon or BC) which, along with associated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): The structure and thermal reactions of petroleum asphaltene have been studied by analytical pyrolysis. Additionally, related combustion characteristics of the asphaltene extracted from bio-oil have been investigated by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed the difference between bio-asphaltene and the petroleum asphaltene and the different tendency to form smoke. They also showed the presence of markers for the bio-asphaltene structure.
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Terreni, Samantha <1991>. "OIL - GARCHY." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10148.
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Il lavoro mira a fornire un quadro interpretativo dell’importanza che il petrolio ha avuto da sempre nelle vite degli esseri umani. Ho deciso di dividerlo in due parti. La prima parte, “History of Oil” sarà a sua volta divisa in cinque capitoli.
Il primo capitolo si focalizzerà sulla storia del petrolio, partendo dai suoi più antichi usi e facendo successivamente riferimento all’uso dell’olio di balena. Il secondo capitolo sarà dedicato alla descrizione della più importante famiglia di sempre: i Rockefeller e alla loro scoperta dell’oro nero in California. Nel terzo capitolo, invece, verranno spiegate le più importanti scoperte del petrolio nel mondo. Infine , nella quarta e quinta parte verranno descritte le compagnie petroliere operanti sul territorio.
Dopo questo breve excursus storico, il lavoro sposterà l’attenzione su un punto di vista strettamente politico, in particolare si riferirà alle manovre messe in atto dagli Stati uniti.
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Questa parte verrà divisa in ordine cronologico, partendo dal periodo antecedente la prima guerra mondiale, successivamente si concentrerà sul periodo post prima guerra mondiale, post seconda guerra mondiale e, dopo aver focalizzato l’attenzione sulle vicende degli anni ottanta, verrà fornita una descrizione sulle teorie neoliberali, specialmente quelle messe in atto da Reagan.
Cosa ci attenderà il futuro?
L'ultima sessiose riguarderà conclusioni ed opinioni personali
11
Terreni, Samantha <1991>. "OIL - GARCHY." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10149.
Full textAbstract:
Il lavoro mira a fornire un quadro interpretativo dell’importanza che il petrolio ha avuto da sempre nelle vite degli esseri umani. Ho deciso di dividerlo in due parti. La prima parte, “History of Oil” sarà a sua volta divisa in cinque capitoli.
Il primo capitolo si focalizzerà sulla storia del petrolio, partendo dai suoi più antichi usi e facendo successivamente riferimento all’uso dell’olio di balena. Il secondo capitolo sarà dedicato alla descrizione della più importante famiglia di sempre: i Rockefeller e alla loro scoperta dell’oro nero in California. Nel terzo capitolo, invece, verranno spiegate le più importanti scoperte del petrolio nel mondo. Infine , nella quarta e quinta parte verranno descritte le compagnie petroliere operanti sul territorio.
Dopo questo breve excursus storico, il lavoro sposterà l’attenzione su un punto di vista strettamente politico, in particolare si riferirà alle manovre messe in atto dagli Stati uniti.
5
Questa parte verrà divisa in ordine cronologico, partendo dal periodo antecedente la prima guerra mondiale, successivamente si concentrerà sul periodo post prima guerra mondiale, post seconda guerra mondiale e, dopo aver focalizzato l’attenzione sulle vicende degli anni ottanta, verrà fornita una descrizione sulle teorie neoliberali, specialmente quelle messe in atto da Reagan.
Cosa ci attenderà il futuro?
L'ultima sessiose riguarderà conclusioni ed opinioni personali
12
Sakaguchi, Masakazu. "Gasification of bio-oil and bio-oil/char slurry." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23347.
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Economic utilization of biomass as a fuel has been limited by transportation cost. One suggested remedy to address the problems of processing biomass on a large scale is to pyrolyze solid biomass at numerous local sites and transport the resulting liquid or liquid/char slurry to a large centralized conversion plant. This research involves the gasification of biomass fast pyrolysis oil, so called bio-oil, and a slurry mixture of bio-oil and fast pyrolysis char into synthesis gas.
Kinetics of the reaction of steam with chars was studied using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. Slurry Char was produced by pyrolysis of an 80 wt% bio-oil/20 wt% char mixture at nominal heating rates of 100–10,000°C/s. The resulting Slurry Char was subjected to steam gasification with 10–50 mol% steam at 800–1200°C. Reactivity of the Slurry Chars increased with the pyrolysis heating rate, but was lower than that of Original Chars. Kinetic parameters were established for a power-law rate model. Some measurements were initially done of gasification in CO₂.
A fluidized bed reactor, equipped with an atomization system, was constructed for gasification of bio-oil and slurry. The reactor contained either sand, or Ni-based catalyst. Experiments included gasification with pure steam and air. Effects of bed temperatures in the range 720–850°C, steam-to-carbon molar ratios of 2.0–7.5, and air ratios of 0–0.5 on gas composition and yields were tested. The carbon conversion of bio-oil to gas was found to be greater than that of slurry. The product gas composition was affected significantly by catalysis of the water-gas shift and the steam gasification. Greater yields of hydrogen and lesser yields of CO and hydrocarbons were found when catalyst was used. On a dry, inert-free basis, gases of up to 61% H₂ were obtained. The data were compared with a thermodynamic equilibrium model. The product gas yield was reasonably predictable by the model.
A mass and energy balance model of steam gasification in a dual-bed gasifier-combustor revealed that energy requirements are sensitive to the steam/carbon ratio and to the recovery of latent heat in the produced gas.
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Elmurabet, Mohamed Ali. "Air injection into light oil reservoirs : oil oxidation studies." Thesis, University of Bath, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760812.
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Rahman, Mahbubur, Uday K. Divi, Qing Liu, Xue-Rong Ahou, Surinder Singh, and Aruna Kilaru. "Oil-Rich Nonseed Tissues for Enhancing Plant Oil Production." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4746.
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Plants are being engineered for enhanced ethanol production; however, challenges remain in meeting the demand for bioenergy that is expected to double by 2030. Therefore, targeting carbon accumulation in the form of energy-dense oils in nonseed biomass is considered a superior alternative for bioenergy production. Although oils in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) are typically stored in seed tissues, various nonseed tissues such as mesocarp, tubers, stems and leaves also serve as storage tissues for TAG accumulation in plants. Moreover, the biomass of these tissues is generally far greater than seed biomass. In order to increase oil content in nonseed biomass for bioenergy and nutritional purposes, it is important to understand how such plants naturally accumulate TAG in nonseed tissues. Several molecular approaches, including transcriptomics, have been undertaken to elucidate the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of carbon partitioning in oil-rich nonseed tissues. Such studies are expected to generate important transgenic tools that can be used to alter fatty acid metabolism and engineer plants to produce oil-rich biomass successfully. This review focuses on the potential of different oil-rich nonseed tissues and the strategies developed for enhancing oil biomass.
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Ahmad, Farah Binti. "Microbial oil production from oil palm empty fruit bunch." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/102133/4/Farah_Binti_Ahmad_Thesis.pdf.
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Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the major solid wastes from palm oil processing. EFB is a lignocellulosic biomass and has the potential to be converted into microbial oil through biochemical routes, where the oils can be further used for biodiesel production. This PhD research aimed to develop and optimise a process for microbial oil production from EFB. The microbial oil production process involves cultivation by oleaginous microorganisms including microalgae, yeasts and fungi on EFB hydrolysates as carbon substrates. The study demonstrated that EFB is a promising low cost non-food feedstock for biodiesel production. The integration of microbial oil production from oil palm biomass with existing palm oil processing could enhance the profitability and sustainability of the palm oil industry.
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Bourgis, F., Aruna Kilaru, X. Cao, E. Legrand, B. Beauvoit, M. Maucourt, C. Deborde, et al. "Comparison of Transcriptome Changes Associated to Oil Accumulation in Oil Palm Mesocarp and in Oil Seeds." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4867.
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Ding, Zhao Ming. "Interfacial tension characteristics of pure oil and crude oil systems." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4702.
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Weise, Andréa M. "The significance of clay-oil flocculation processes to oil biodegradation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0021/MQ28738.pdf.
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Okeke, Arinze. "OIL PRICE AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES IN AN OIL-DEPENDENT NIGERIA." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174937.
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This study reflects an attempt to examine the relationship among oil price and three key macroeconomic variables in Nigeria over the period running from 1960 to 2018 on annualized frequency, with GDP at the centre of focus from a short-run perspective. The Keynesian aggregate demand identity equation provides the theoretical basis for generating the model utilized in the study. Adopting the technique of Vector Autoregression (VAR), this study finds that oil price is an important variable that is shaping the economy of Nigeria and that the impact of oil price on economic growth in Nigeria is rather spontaneous and immediate within the short-term. Expectedly, findings from the study suggest that the value of Naira has the tendency to appreciate when the oil price increases as more demand for the Nigeria’s crude oil means higher oil price and consequently more foreign exchanges to stabilize the economy. Surprisingly, the impact of oil price on inflation rate (LINF) was found to be negative and statistically significant only at lag 6, suggesting that oil price does not immediately exert influence on the rate of inflation in Nigeria until the next 6 years.
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He, Qiao. "Trading Oil Futures." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-629.
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Oil is an important energy source and a necessary industrial raw material. Every country’s economic growth and the daily life of its people are dependent on this energy form.
Historically, the oil prices have varied significantly on the world market. This led to at least two oil crises when prices increased in a very fast pace. In order to reduce such rapid fluctuations, oil was introduced at so called commodity exchanges. At such trading places oil could be traded openly for future delivery and hence the market was aware of price changes in advance. A commodity exchange sells special contracts in the form of so called “futures”. In fact there are many different contracts, each exchange has its own set of them covering for a number of different oil types. This thesis deals with these contracts and how they are traded.
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Acey, S. "Heavy oil cracking." Thesis, Teesside University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371059.
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Ye, Yisha. "Proteomics study of the effects of fish oil and corn oil enriched diet on membranous nephritis." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40887753.
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Zhang, Mingming. "Properties of bio-oil based fuel mixtures: biochar/bio-oil slurry fuels and glycerol/bio-oil fuel blends." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1825.
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This thesis reports the properties of bio-oil-based fuel mixtures. For bioslurry fuels, the interaction between biochar and bio-oil results in changes in fuel properties and the redistribution of inorganic species. For glycerol/methanol/bio-oil (GMB) fuel blends, the solubility and fuel properties are improved upon methanol addition but other impurities in crude glycerol worsen the solubility with limited impact on properties. It is also possible to integrate the GMB blends production into the biodiesel production process.
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Pamukcu, Yusuf Ziya. "Simulating Oil Recovery During Co2 Sequestration Into A Mature Oil Reservoir." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607418/index.pdf.
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The continuous rising of anthropogenic emission into the atmosphere as a consequence of industrial growth is becoming uncontrollable, which causes heating up the atmosphere and changes in global climate. Therefore, CO2 emission becomes a big problem and key issue in environmental concerns.
There are several options discussed for reducing the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. CO2 sequestration is one of these options, which involves the capture of CO2 from hydrocarbon emission sources, e.g. power plants, the injection and storage of CO2 into deep geological formations, e.g. depleted oil reservoirs. The complexity in the structure of geological formations and the processes involved in this method necessitates the use of numerical simulations in revealing the potential problems, determining feasibility, storage capacity, and life span credibility.
Field K having 32o API gravity oil in a carbonate formation from southeast Turkey was studied. Field K was put on production in 1982 and produced until 2006, which was very close to its economic lifetime. Thus, it was considered as a candidate for enhanced oil recovery and CO2 sequestration.
Reservoir rock and fluid data was first interpreted with available well logging, core and drill stem test data. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the probable reserve that was 7 million STB, original oil in place (OOIP). The data were then merged into CMG/STARS simulator. History matching study was done with production data to verify the results of the simulator with field data. After obtaining a good match, the different scenarios were realized by using the simulator.
From the results of simulation runs, it was realized that CO2 injection can be applied to increase oil recovery, but sequestering of high amount of CO2 was found out to be inappropriate for field K. Therefore, it was decided to focus on oil recovery while CO2 was sequestered within the reservoir. Oil recovery was about 23% of OOIP in 2006 for field K, it reached to 43 % of OOIP by injecting CO2 after defining production and injection scenarios, properly.
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Wei, Tzuping /. "Promoting of soybean oil oxidation by the addition of menhaden oil /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03042009-040842/.
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Thoraval, Carole. "Rheological properties of oil-soluble surfactants at the oil/water interfaces." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339483.
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Patel, Ravi M. (Ravi Mahendra). "Maximum of oil output of a treadle-powered peanut oil press." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40465.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-33).
The manual processing of food products has become a substantial part of the daily routine of a typical household in the developing world. Consumption of oil is an essential part of an individual's diet and thus, the production of oil is an essential activity. In many communities, this oil is obtained by manually pressing it from peanuts. In order to more efficiently and easily express oil from peanuts, a design for a treadle-powered peanut oil press was created. My thesis work will attempt to further increase the amount of oil extracted by optimizing the design of this peanut oil press. The press transfers the motion of the treadle to the horizontal motion of a piston that presses the peanuts via a rotating cam. The focus of this thesis will be optimizing the design of the cam with respect to oil yield. The shape of the cam determines the displacement profile of the piston's compression of the peanuts. I will determine the optimal profile by designing and performing experiments on a variety of different displacement profiles and measuring the amount of oil extracted from the pressed peanuts. The results of these experiments will then determine the optimal cam design.
by Ravi M. Patel.
S.B.
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Aloudah, Eman A. "Isolation and identification of oil degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soil." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2015. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2965.
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Oil spills are a universal threat impacting local, national and world communities alike. Bioremediation that is natural, efficient, economical and safe is the best solution for protecting the environment from oil related damages. In this study, motor oil degrading bacteria were isolated from oil-contaminated soil samples from a suburban Atlanta, Georgia community. Mineral salt broth containing 1 Ow-40 motor oil as the sole carbon source was used to isolate motor oil degrading bacteria.
Motor oil tolerant and metabolizing bacteria were identified using morphological and biochemical tests. Two bacterial isolates were then tested for their tolerance varying concentrations of diesel and kerosene oils for comparison with motor oil consumption. Observed results suggest that the isolated bacteria from oil contaminated soil possess abilities to metabolize motor oil, kerosene and diesel. Knowledge of the tolerance ranges of the isolated bacteria can indicate their potential to be of use in the remediation of terrestrial petroleum oil spills in a manner that is natural, economical, quick and efficient.
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Yang, Hao. "Experimental and numerical studies on oil spilling from damaged oil tankers." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17887/.
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It is well understood that the spilled oil from damaged oil tankers poses a severe threat to the marine environment. Although great efforts have been devoted to studying the oil spilling from damaged oil tankers, especially double hull tanks (DHTs), the majority is subjected to an ideal condition (e.g., fixed tanks in still water; simple damage conditions) and adopts hydrostatic theories or quasi-steady models with over-simplified assumptions on data analysis or analytical prediction. These conditions or assumptions may not stand in the complex dynamic spilling process in the real spilling accident. This study brings a step further on the knowledge of oil spilling from a damaged tank by combining experimental and numerical investigations, with a focus on the dynamic spilling process from damaged oil tankers which is either fixed or subjected to motion, which have not been systematically investigated. In the experimental investigation, the submerged oil spilling from DHTs under different accidental scenarios including grounding and collision is studied. Two new sets of laboratory tests are carried out, where the damaged tank is fixed in still water. In the first set, the axial offset between the internal and the external holes on two hulls of the grounded DHT is considered to widen the scope of damage conditions which the tanker may suffer from during grounding accidents. Although all cases in this set are subjected to the same hydrostatic conditions, completely different dynamic spilling processes are observed. In the second set, the initial water thickness inside the ballast tank of the collided DHT is considered. This aims to represent the real scenarios that the external hull is generally damaged prior to the internal hull and, therefore the ballast space is partially filled by the water flowing from the surrounding environment before the internal hull is damaged. These experiments do not only advance the state of the art of the experimental study in this field, but also provide a reference for validating the numerical models developed in this study. Based on the experimental data, the correlation analysis for the discharge through the internal hole by using quasi-steady Bernoulli’s equation is presented, contributing to the development of an improved analytical model for predicting the oil spilling from damaged oil tankers. The numerical study is carried out using a numerical model developed in OpenFOAM framework, where the VOF is applied to deal with the air-oil-water multiphase flow. This model enables the users: (1) to consider air, oil and water three phases of fluid and their interaction with solid tanker hull using dynamic mesh technologies; (2) to model turbulence associated with the oil spilling process using various available turbulent models; and (3) to investigate the effects of the compressibility of the fluid. The oil spilling from damaged DHTs is simulated and validated by the experimental data. Intensive investigations are carried out to clarify uncertainties in existing numerical modelling of the oil spilling from damaged DHTs. These include (1) the associated turbulence behaviours and selecting an appropriate approach to turbulence modelling; (2) the role of fluid compressibility during the oil spilling; and (3) the effect of tank motion on the oil spilling process. For the turbulence modelling, various approaches to model the turbulence, including the large eddy simulation (LES), direct numerical simulation (DNS) and the Reynolds average Navier-Stokes equation (RANS) with different turbulence models are attempted. It is concluded that the oil spilling from DHTs is more sensitive to the turbulence modelling than that from SHTs. For DHT cases, the effective Reynolds number (Re) considering both oil outflow and water inflow is suggested to classify the significance of the turbulence and to correspondingly select the appropriate turbulence model. The investigation on the role of the air compressibility in the oil spilling from damaged DHTs reveals that the air compressibility may be considerable in a small temporal-spatial scale (e.g., jet-jet and jet-structure impact pressure), but plays an insignificant role in the macroscopic process of the oil spilling (e.g., spilling discharge and volume). In order to approach the spilling phenomena in the more realistic environment, a systematic numerical study is carried out to investigate the effect of the periodic ship motion on the oil spilling from the damaged tank. Different tank designs (i.e., SHTs and DHTs), accidental scenarios (i.e., grounding and collision) and tank motion parameters (i.e., types, frequencies and amplitude) are considered. The result indicates that the tank motion does not only cause a periodic oscillation of the oil/water flow through the broken hole, but also induces a second long-duration stage of spilling after a quasi-hydrostatic-equilibrium condition occurs, resulting in the more significant amount of spilled oil. By using both the experimental data and numerical results produced in this research, an improved prediction model for oil spilling from damaged DHTs in still is formulated. This model considers the case-dependent hydrodynamic interaction between the oil and water jet flows inside the ballast tank and its effect on the spilling process. The result using the improved model is compared with the numerical result indicating its superiority over the existing model.
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Motamen, Salehi Farnaz. "The effect of oil properties on engine oil pump failure mechanisms." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16087/.
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In recent years, there has been an increasing demand in the automotive industry to improve fuel economy. Poor fuel economy is attributed to the high friction and wear of various engine components. Thus, the automotive industry aims to design fuel efficient vehicles in order to reduce the fuel consumption. A Variable Displacement Vane Pump (hereafter denoted VDVP) is an innovative type of oil pump that has a variable capacity that is adjustable to the engine demand. This type of pump can improve the efficiency of engines. However, high friction and severe wear in the component of this pump is an issue. Oil contamination is one of the factors that influence the friction and wear behaviour of components in VDVP. Many studies have been conducted on the effect of contaminants such as soot on tribological performance of oils. However, the exact mechanism of the oil contaminations is not fully understood yet. This study aims to investigate the effect of oil contaminants such as soot and diesel on the oil properties and tribological behaviour of oils in the boundary lubrication regime in VDVP. Furthermore, it examines the effect of these contaminants on the oil’s properties during the ageing process. To achieve this, the tribological performance of various oils has been evaluated using ball-on-disc and pin-on-plate test rigs in the boundary lubrication regime. Different surface analysis techniques were used to understand the effect of each of the contaminants on wear and friction behaviour of contacts. A number of surface analysis techniques were employed in this study such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy- Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). The results of this study indicate that Carbon Black (CB) contamination (soot surrogate) increases the wear of components. It has been proposed that a corrosive-abrasive mechanism is responsible for the high wear observed in fully formulated oil (FFO) when contaminated with CB. The interaction of sulphur- and phosphorus-based additives such as ZDDP with CB resulted in an antagonistic behaviour that enhanced wear. This mechanism is more dominant than the abrasion effect of itself. This study shows that diesel contamination can reduce the friction and wear under certain condition due to the lubricity of diesel. It also reveals that the contaminants and ageing conditions can change the bulk properties (viscosity and TAN) of the oils. This is found to be dependent on the type of contaminants and ageing duration. When CB is present in the oil during the ageing process, it results in high Total Acid Number (TAN) and severe wear of engine components. These results also reveal that the high wear observed with CB is not solely due to abrasion. Additive depletion and additive adsorption by CB particles during the ageing process are shown to play a significant role in producing high wear.
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Wei, Tzuping. "Promoting of soybean oil oxidation by the addition of menhaden oil." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41418.
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Ugye, Rachel Serumun. "Characterization of palm olein (oil) as base oil for biolubricant production." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20321.
Full textAbstract:
This research work is on the determination of the properties of palm oil as potential base oil for producing bio based lubricants. The samples analysed were obtained from the open markets in the South West, South East and South South zones of Nigeria. Some of the physical and chemical properties such as viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, specific gravity, acid number, noack volatility and aniline point were analysed. The samples were degummed, neutralised and bleached to remove the red colour (carotene) and gummy materials. The bleached samples were tested to determine the above mentioned properties. Comparison of the crude palm oil and the bleached samples with the conventional lubricants Mobil Super SAE20W40 and Mobil gear oil SAE75W90 was made. Finally, it was observed that the crude palm oil and the bleached sample exhibit good lubricating characteristics to be used as base oils for formulation of bio-lubricants. Despite palm oil being a food crop, an abundance of available land and the scale of prospective market demand suggest that commercial cultivation is unlikely to negatively affect food cultivation and the prices of food products.
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SARZAEEM, ALI. "ESSAYS IN OIL PRICE SHOCKS AND MACROECONOMICS OF OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/216115.
Full textAbstract:
The central issue that this dissertation tries to address is the relationship
between oil price shocks and the macroeconomics of oil exporting countries.
For all those who had a chance to live in an oil exporting countries, it is
evident that oil revenue plays a major role to induce ups and downs in
economy and also in politics. I tried to address this phenomenon in the
first chapter in which the relationship between oil price shocks and
business cycles is investigated. In the first chapter it is shown that in
some oil exporting countries like Kuwait, Venezuela and Libya, the impact of
oil price shock is conditional on the cycle of the economy. An oil price
shock has different effect when the economy is in boom than when it is in
bust. Iran is not included in the sample of countries of this chapter since
exogenous radical political events like revolution, persistent war,
sanction, short term civil war and so on, makes the performance of the
economy too volatile to be able to fit its data with regime switching
models. This approach works well when changes are smooth. Therefore, I
analyzed the case of Iran in a separate chapter through the VAR and SVECM
framework. This paper examines the well-known Dutch disease hypothesis for the case of Iran. The result of
second chapter partially contradict the prediction of this hypothesis since
it is shown that positive oil price shock has permanent positive effect on
GDP which is consistent with the finding of Esfahani, Mohades and Pesaran
(2009). Success of populist candidate in presidential election in Iran and
Venezuela motivated the writing of the first paper. This paper explores the
relationship between quality of institution and the composition of
government budget. It shows that when the quality of institution is low,
majority of constituency prefer direct transfer rather than public spending
on necessary and productive public goods, although investment in public
goods is a prerequisite for development. But when the quality of institution
is high, voters choose public investment. That is the cause of the
difference in the public choice of two countries: Norway and Venezuela. This
is in line with the finding of the literature on political economy of oil.
Therefore, all three chapters although are different in method and content
but concern a central issue which is the role of oil in the economy of oil
exporting countries.
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Černiauskienė, Judita. "Quality analysis of different cultivars oil pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. var. styriaca) fruits pulp, seeds, oil and oil cake." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20120112_144740-66539.
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Novelty of the research. The investigation focused on five oil pumpkin varieties. Biochemical composition, sensory characteristics and nutritious value of oil pumpkin seeds as well as of oil, seed cake and fruit cake were established and compared in in the course of this investigation. This work established differencies among the genotype of varieties and correlative dependencies between chemical composition indices of pulp, seeds and oil of some pumpkins and meteorological conditions (duration of sunshine, precipitation, temperature). Chemical composition of oil pumpkin fruit pulp and oil depends on the variety genotipe. Meteorological conditions had stronger influence on chemical composition of oil pumpkin seeds than on that of their pulp: amounts of raw, NDF and MADF cellular tissues, raw proteins and crude fats were influenced by duration of sunshine and sum of active temperatures. Amount of precipitation stimulated accumulation of raw and NDF cellular tissue only. Practical value of the work. Big amount of valuable proteins, fats and mineral materials makes pulp, seeds, oil and cake of oil pumpkin fruits an alternative plant raw material for food and/or additive for development of innovative products.Darbo mokslinis naujumas. Buvo tirtos penkios aliejinių moliūgų veislės. Eksperimento metu nustatyta ir palyginta ne tik aliejinių moliūgų sėklų, bet ir aliejaus, sėklų išspaudų, vaisiaus minkštimo biocheminė sudėtis, juslinės savybės ir maistinė vertė. Nustatyti skirtumai tarp veislių genotipo, koreliaciniai priklausomumai tarp kai kurių moliūgų minkštimo, sėklų, aliejaus cheminės sudėties rodiklių ir meteorologinių sąlygų (saulės spindėjimo trukmės, kritulių, temperatūros). Aliejinių moliūgų vaisių minkštimo bei aliejaus cheminė sudėtis prikluso nuo veislės genotipo. Meteorologinės sąlygos daugiau įtakos turėjo aliejinių moliūgų sėklų nei jų minkštimo cheminei sudėčiai: žalios, NDF ir MADF ląstelienų, žalių baltymų ir žalių riebalų kiekiams - saulės spindėjimo trukmė ir aktyvių temperatūrų suma. Iškritusių kritulių kiekis skatino tik žalios ir NDF ląstelienos kaupimąsi. Darbo praktinė vertė. Aliejinių moliūgų vaisiaus minkštimas, sėklos, aliejus ir išspaudos dėl juose esančio didelio kiekio vertingų baltymų, riebalų ir mineralinių medžiagų gali būti alternatyvi augalinė maisto žaliava ir/ar priedas inovatyviems produktams kurti.
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Crutchley, Nigel Stuart. "The encapsulation of oils and oil soluble substances within polymer films." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434758.
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Islam, Sonia. "Investigation of oil adsorption capacity of granular organoclay media and the kinetics of oil removal from oil-in-water emulsions." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4979.
Full textAbstract:
Produced water, a byproduct of oil and gas production, includes almost 98% of
all waste generated by oil and gas exploration and their production activities. This oil
contaminated waste water has a great impact on our environment and is considered to be
a high-cost liability. The Department of EnergyâÂÂs Oil and Gas Environmental Program is
concerned with the development of new and affordable technology to clean this
produced water. Organically modified clays are proposed as a good option for removal
of oil from produced water. Organoclay, incorporated into a treatment process shows
promise of being a cost effective method of treatment to remove crude oil from brine
either as a final treatment prior to brine disposal at sea or as a precursor to desalination.
Organoclay also pre-polishes the waste water before further treatment. This research
studies the efficacy of using organoclay to remove oil by measuring its adsorption
capacity to remove the oil from a SAE 30 (Golden West Superior) motor oil-water
emulsion. A kinetic model was developed to examine the time dependent behavior of the
oil adsorbing characteristics of the organoclay and to investigate how closely the
experimentally obtained data matches the kinetic model. It was found that organoclay is effective in removing various percentages of oil depending on the concentrations of a
SAE 30 (Golden West Superior) motor oil-water emulsion. Moreover, it was found that
the experimental data closely follow the kinetic behavior of the organoclay as shown by
the kinetic model. Since this research is specific to a particular type of oil, SAE 30,
further research is required for verifying the adsorption capacity of organoclay in other
types of oils. Moreover, it is also recommended that the adsorption capacity of the
organoclay, together with conventional adsorbent such as GAC (Granular Activated
Carbon), be investigated to determine if there is any further improvement in the
adsorption capacity. Lastly, a detailed investigation using the actual produced water
from the oil field should be conducted to determine the efficacy of the organoclay
system in removing oil from water produced in the field.
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Brook, Glen. "Investigation of non-thermal enhanced oil recovery techniques of heavy oil production." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0018/MQ48367.pdf.
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Ieong, Chao. "Exploring the complexity in an oil jet falling into an oil bath /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?PHYS%202007%20IEONG.
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Azadmard-Damirchi, Sodeif. "Olive oil : phytosterols, tracing of adulteration with hazelnut oil and chemical interesterification /." Uppsala : Dept. of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200736.pdf.
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Omeje, K. "The Nigerian oil conflict; transnational oil companies and the domestic security environment." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521200.
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Jabal, Ameli Pouya. "Effects of oil price on monetary policy in major oil-exporting countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9286.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates impacts of oil price on monetary policy in oil-exporting countries. The second chapter reviews the forward-looking new Keynesian model, to show the need for credibility and conservativeness in order to have less inflation, which are the theoretical foundations of central bank independence (CBI). Then by defining CBI in detail and reviewing indices for CBI, the thesis looks at the empirical works undertaken in countries to see whether or not theory is supported in the real world. In the third chapter, the thesis applies central bank independence index to assess empirically the impact of an oil price shock on monetary policy in oil-exporting countries. Two legal central bank independence indices are chosen and calculated for the top nine oil-exporting countries. Using a panel data set and a fixed effects model, it is shown that a monetary authority with higher central bank independence implements a more contractionary (or less expansionary) monetary policy after an increase in oil price compared to another central bank which is more dependent. Chapter four considers linearity and specification tests along with estimating in vector smooth transition regression (VSTR) models and tries to improve them. In the empirical section, a VAR model with time varying coefficients are proposed to analyse the relationship between inflation and monetary policy in Iran as an oil-based economy. The form of coefficients is a logistic smooth transition function and oil price is used as the transition variable. This VSTR model has two different regimes based on high and low oil price and they have different dynamic properties. The model supports the asymmetric effects of real money and oil price on inflation and shows that the central bank cares more about inflation in the regime with high levels of oil price. This chapter also shows that forecasting of inflation with the VSTR is superior to forecasting using the linear VAR.
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FARIAS, MANOEL LEOPOLDINO ROCHA DE. "IMPROVED HEAVY OIL RECOVERY BY INJECTION OF DILUTED OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23855@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA injeção de água é o método de recuperação secundário mais utilizado no mundo. Mesmo em situações em que esse método não é o mais adequado, a facilidade de implantação e os menores custos comparativos impõem esse método como a opção selecionada. Em campos de óleo pesado, a razão de mobilidade desfavorável e as heterogeneidades de reservatório precipitam a formação de digitações viscosas e altos valores de saturação residual de óleo, levando a baixos fatores finais de recuperação. Os poços produtores desses campos produzem com altas frações de água muito rapidamente. O tratamento da água produzida é o principal custo operacional desses campos. O uso de emulsões diluídas de óleo em água foi avaliado como método de controle de mobilidade. Foi desenvolvido um extenso programa experimental em sandpacks de areia de sílica e plugs de arenito (Berea e Bentheimer) de forma a comparar as recuperações finais de óleo, perfis de pressão de injeção e razões água-óleo acumuladas nos casos de injeção de água, injeção de surfactantes e macroemulsões. Todos os meios porosos ensaiados foram saturados com petróleo cru originário da Bacia de Campos (20 graus API). Um estudo paramétrico foi feito de forma a identificar a influência da vazão de injeção, distribuição de tamanhos de gotas de óleo emulsionadas, concentração de óleo e permeabilidade no desempenho das emulsões injetadas. O programa foi complementado com um ensaio 3D (arenito Castlegate na configuração um quarto de five-spot) onde o fluido injetado foi dopado com Iodeto de Potássio para permitir melhor visualização da modificação de saturações de óleo e água com um tomógrafo de raios X. Os resultados obtidos indicaram ganhos na produção de óleo e redução da razão água-óleo acumulada. A possibilidade de preparar as emulsões óleo-água a serem injetadas a partir da água produzida pelo próprio campo traz um grande ganho ambiental ao se reduzir o descarte superficial de água oleosa. O efluente se transforma em um recurso.
Water injection is the most used secondary recovery method in the world. This option is generally chosen even in situations where it is not the most efficient alternative to recover the oil due to its comparative simple implementation and lower operational costs. In heavy oilfields, the unfavorable mobility ratio between injection and displaced fluids in addition to reservoir heterogeneities cause water fingering phenomenon, high residual oil saturation and consequently poor final oil recoveries. Producer wells start to produce high water cuts very soon. Produced water treatment for surface disposal is the main operational cost in these oilfields. The use of diluted oil-in-water macroemulsions was evaluated as a mobility control method for these cases. An extensive experimental program was performed using silica sandpacks and sandstone plugs (Berea and Bentheimer) in order to evaluate final oil recovery factors, cumulative water-oil ratio and pressure behavior, comparing water injection, surfactant solution injection and oil-in-water injection. All porous media were saturated with crude oil from Campos Basin (20 degrees API). A parametric study was performed to identify the effect of injection rate, oil droplets size distributions, emulsion oil concentration and permeability level in emulsion injection performance. The experimental program was completed by an X-Ray computerized tomography monitored experiment in a Castlegate sandstone block (1/4 five-spot configuration). This block was submitted to an alternate water/emulsion/water injection. All injection fluids were doped with Potassium Iodide in order to better visualize oil and water saturations changes during this experiment. The results obtained have indicated final oil recovery improvement and cumulative water/oil reduction. The possibility, after some treatment, to prepare diluted oil-in-water emulsions using produced water from the oilfield brings the additional environmental benefit to emulsion injection. It would be a way to convert an effluent in a resource with clear environmental advantages.
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Vernaez, Oscar. "Evaluation of an oil-based self-degradable gel for oil production applications." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3020/document.
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Dans cette thèse, une solution de caoutchouc de styrène-butadiène (SBR) réticulé avec du peroxyde organique, a été transformé en un gel autodégradable par l’ajout d’hydropéroxyde comme agent de dégradation. La formulation a été caractérisée en rhéologie dynamique. Les spectres de temps de relaxation ont été calculés à partir des modules dynamiques de cisaillement, par une nouvelle méthode développée dans ces travaux présentée avec une revue complète de méthodes pour le calcul des spectres de relaxation à partir de données de rhéométrie de cisaillement. Des expériences in-situ et ex-situ ont été réalisées afin d’évaluer l’évolution de les réactions de réticulation et dégradation. Les changements de la structure du réseau polymérique sont mises en évidence dans les spectres de temps de relaxation. La cinétique de la dégradation de la solution de SBR a été étudiée dans des conditions anaérobies et caractérisée par diffusion de la lumière multi-angles couplée à la chromatographie d’exclusion stérique (SEC-MALS). En utilisant des équations de bilan de populations, nous avons pu calculer les constantes cinétiques de dégradation thermique et thermo-oxydative. Différentes formulations de ces gels auto-dégradables à base d’huile ont été évaluées en tant que potentiels agents de dérivation pour des opérations de traitement de puits. Le comportement rhéologique de ces gels a été mesuré en fonction du temps, pour vérifier la réticulation du polymère, la force de gel, et la dégradation ; ces variables peuvent être ajustées aux nécessités de l’opération de traitement en jouant sur la formulation. Des tests d’écoulement dans carotte simples ont été réalisés pour évaluer la résistance à la pression en fonction de la force du gel et de sa dégradation. Des tests d’écoulement dans carottes parallèles ont également été menés, afin d’évaluer l’efficacité de la dérivation et la restauration de mobilitéIn this work, a solution of peroxide crosslinked styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) has been transformed to a self-degradable gel system by adding hydroperoxide as a degradation agent to the formulation. Dynamic rheometry was employed to calculate the relaxation time with a new method presented along with a full review of methods for calculation of the relaxation time spectrum from oscillatory rheometry. In-situ and ex-situ experiments were performed to evaluate the evolution of crosslinking and degradation reactions. Structural changes in the polymer network were visible within the relaxation time spectra. The degradation kinetics of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) in solution was studied in anaerobic conditions and the characterization was performed by multiangle light scattering coupled to size exclusion chromatography (SEC-MALS). Using population balance equations, it was possible to calculate the kinetic constants for thermal and thermooxidative degradation. Different formulations of these oil-based self-degradable gels have been evaluated as possible diverting agents during oil wells operations. The time dependent rheological behavior of the gels was measured to verify polymer crosslinking, maximum gel strength and gel degradation, all of which can be adjusted by varying formulation depending on operation needs. Single core tests were performed to evaluate pressure resistance as a function of gel strength and gel degradation. Parallel cores tests were also carried out to validate diversion efficiency and mobility restoration
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Kaffash, Sepideh. "Oil price and bank performance in the Middle Eastern oil exporting countries." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/9193.
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Banks as the most evident financial institutions which provide a range of financial services in their primary role as intermediary from lenders and borrowers of money to sophisticated tools concerned with credit and liquidity provision, risk management and remittance of funds play a vital role in the economy of countries. Measuring the performance of banks, and identifying the factors which impact it, is an issue of major interest for regulators, policy makers, stakeholders, investors and the general public. Oil price movement as an external factor influencing the performance of banks, may affect macroeconomic events which, in turn, influence cash flows significantly in the finance and banking industry. Examining the performance of banks and how oil price movement impact their performance significantly those operating in oil exporting countries, is of interest of bank managers and policy makers. It will help top level managers of banks to be aware of relationship between oil price movement and the performance of their banks and will help them in formulating better policies and strategies in taking on opportunities and avoiding possible risks which this movement may cause. Moreover, it will help policy makers in oil exporting countries to understand how the banking industry of an oil exporting country can reap benefits from economic booms as a consequence of an increase in the price of oil. Therefore, this thesis attempts to investigate the impact of oil price movement on the performance of banks under different operational styles in oil exporting countries. The sample is consisting of 98 commercial, investment and Islamic banks in eight Middle Eastern oil exporting (MEOE) countries during the period 2000-2011. The research applies a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis to examine the impact of oil price movement on performance of banks. In the first stage, four different efficiency scores of banks operating in the MEOE countries are derived and compared. The empirical results suggest that overall, MEOE banking industries mostly suffer from poor usage of and mal-location of resources by management to produce outputs, rather than a failure in operating at the most productive scale. A low level of overall technical efficiency in the MEOE banking industry means that management has poor skills in controlling operating expenses, marketing activities, absorbing deposits and the monitoring and effective screening of borrowers. In the second stage, to find out the impact of oil price movement on the performance of banks, technical efficiency scores obtained from the first stage are regressed over the oil price movement variable and environmental variables. The empirical results show that while oil revenue impacts the efficiency of the banks directly, positive oil price shocks impact efficiency of banks indirectly, and through inflation and economic growth. These findings suggest that when there is an increase in the price of oil, banks operating in oil exporting countries will derive benefit from the surplus income injected into the economy and their performance will be enhanced.
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Akangbou, H. N. "Optimizing oil production in horizontal wells (water/oil cresting in horizontal wells)." Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/43678/.
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In recent years, the application of horizontal wells has been predominant in minimizing cresting scenarios due to significant reservoir exposure of its laterals. Cresting is known to occur in horizontal wells when the pressure drop supersedes the hydrostatic pressure existing between the phases in a typical reservoir. Cresting poses problems such as uneconomic oil production rates due to increasing volumes of effluent(s) (unwanted water and or gas) produced with oil over time as well as the overall recovery efficiency of oil reservoirs. Production optimization from crest-affected thick- and thin-oil rim homogeneous reservoirs were investigated experimentally by considering the effect of varying the inclined sections of a horizontal well at low angles of inclination (15o-30o), initial surface pressures (-4.351Psig), lateral length in reservoir (lr, = 0.305 m) and oil viscosity (50 cP) on oil recovery, oil produced and cumulative water produced during cresting. A strong bottom aquifer and considerable gas cap were modeled at constant bottom water injection rate of 41.68 cm3/s and at atmospheric pressure (14.7 Psi) respectively. An experimental proactive cresting control technique based on reservoir wettability, gravity segregation and effluent(s) breakthrough times were investigated for cresting control in thick- and thin-oil rim homogeneous reservoirs, using an electromagnetic valve installation. Numerical simulations were considered using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to the determine the velocity of captured water cresting images and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to validate the oil withdrawal rate, Gas-Oil-Contact (GOC) and Water-Oil-Contact (WOC) by applying boundary conditions from the physical model. From results of varying the inclined section of the horizontal well, the Short radius wells with 30o angle of inclination and ratio of vertical displacement of the inclined section to reservoir height (Vd/Hr) of 0.079 resulted in 177.75 cm3 increment in oil recovered and reduction in cumulative water produced (258 cm3) at a production time of 300 s in thick-oil rim reservoirs while 250 cm3 increment in oil was observed with 356 cm3 reduction in cumulative water produced at a production time of 495 s in thick-oil rim reservoirs with Vd/Hr, 0.063. Further increment of 108.91 cm3 in oil produced and reduction in cumulative water produced (183.99 cm3), was observed when cresting was controlled proactively in thick-oil rim reservoirs. From varying the inclined section of the horizontal well, increment in oil produced of 163 cm3 and 134 cm3 cumulative reduction in produced water were observed at Vd/Hr equals 0.079 in thin-oil rim reservoirs at a simulation time of 210 s while a lower oil increment of 6.84 cm3 and cumulative water reduction of 10.98 cm3 were observed in thin-oil rim reservoirs when controlled proactively. The over predicted quantitative results as high as 75.06% using the CFD model compared with experimental data were due to two-dimensional (2D) model limitations in porous media as well as the corresponding grain sizes. To exemplify, for WOC the predicted results was about 28.56% compared to experimental data at 4.5 s. The average velocity profile from PIV analysis increased steadily from 0.113 to 2.08E-15 m/s from 10 to 90 s.
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Murphy, Scott A. "The Oil Board and Britain's Strategic Oil Policy in the Interwar Period." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1198260487.
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Ortiz-Toral, Pedro J. "Steam reforming of bio-oil effect of bio-oil composition and stability /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Steinbock, Norbert. "Peak oil: the future of oil and how to prepare for it." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2009. http://165.236.235.140/lib/NSteinbock2009.pdf.
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Pollard, Anthony Joseph Sherwood. "Comparison of bio-oil produced in a fractionated bio-oil collection system." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1474690.
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Ng, Cen Lily. "Floatability of the water droplet with oil decomposing reagents on paraffin oil." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2439.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the floatability of water droplets on complex mineral oil surfaces. Different decomposing reagents were also included in the droplets for photo-catalysts, chemical and biological decomposition. Sodium Chloride was also included to simulate seawater scenario. The main stabilizing agent is Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Hydrochloric Acid for pH control. The stability of water droplets was evaluated by the contact angle between the interfaces and shape of each drop, following Young-Laplace equation and polynomials function.