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Yang, Liu, Jun Yang, Jian Gao, and Xuhui Zhang. "The Characteristics of Oil Occurrence and Long-Distance Transportation due to Injected Fluid in Tight Oil Reservoirs." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (December 1, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2707616.
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In tight oil reservoirs, the injected fluid needs to travel a long distance to expel oil from the micro/nano-size pores to natural fractures or man-made fractures. The flow characteristics of injected fluid are not known well due to the long distance displacement and complex pore structure. In this study, the tight reservoir samples are from typical tight oilfield of China and the oil distribution characteristics are studied based on mineral composition, physical properties and pore size distribution. The long core displacement experiment is conducted based on injection of water, N2, and CO2, which aims to study the individual flooding feasibility. The results show that the oil mainly distributes in the form of spots and accumulates in the micro/nano-pores. Both oil spots and clay minerals have associated characteristics. The microfractures are not the storage space for oil spots, but can connect the oil spots to improve the mobility of the crude oil. In addition, the oil can achieve long distance migration under the injection of water, N2, and CO2, which presents different pressure distribution characteristics. The reservoir pressure of water flooding decreases first and increases later with displacement time. The reservoir pressure of N2 flooding rises gradually over displacement time. The reservoir pressure of CO2 flooding increases first and decreases over displacement time. In contrast to water flooding, N2, and CO2 can increase the reservoir energy, which contributes to tight oil production. In comparison, CO2 has better performances than N2 in terms of oil displacement efficiency. The study contributes to understanding the oil distribution characteristics and provides the guidance for field trials using different flooding techniques.
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Platonova, Anna V., Alexandr S. Zhukov, Konstantin Y. Volkov, Irina S. Svincickaya, Vladislav R. Khairutdinov, Alexei V. Samtsov, and Evgenii V. Kryukov. "The prevalence incidence of psoriatic onychodystrophy and the significance of its symptoms for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 97, no. 6 (December 24, 2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/vdv1262.
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Background. There is a need to assess the diagnostic significance of the symptoms of nail damage, as well as available effective methods for diagnosing psoriatic arthritis in the early stages.
Aims. To study of the occurrence of symptoms of psoriatic onychodystrophy in patients with psoriatic arthritis and assessment of the diagnostic significance of the ultrasound method for diagnosing enthesitis as an early symptom of psoriatic arthritis among patients with onychodystrophy and without psoriatic arthritis in case history.
Methods. It was a prospective clinical study based on the Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases of the Military Medical Academy. We made the clinical assessment of symptoms of onychodystrophy among patients with and without psoriatic arthritis and the evaluation of the diagnostic significance of the ultrasound method for diagnosing psoriatic arthritis under the control of magnetic resonance imaging of the joints.
Results. 45 patients with psoriatic arthritis and 134 patients with psoriasis without arthritis were examined. Psoriatic onychodystrophy was significantly more common in the group of patients with psoriatic arthritis (p = 0.028). The most characteristic symptoms of onychodystrophy in patients with psoriatic arthritis are oil spots and symptom combinations: oil spots and subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis and subungual hyperkeratosis, pits and longitudinal ridges, oil spots and longitudinal ridges. The ultrasound method for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis has shown its high diagnostic significance (Se = 81.8%, Sp = 88.0%). The most characteristic symptoms of arthritis on ultrasound examination are hypoechoic structures of the Achilles tendons and the presence of fluid in the peri- and retro-Achilles bursa.
Conclusions. The symptom of oil spots and combinations of oil spots with subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis with subungual hyperkeratosis, pits with longitudinal ridges and oil spots with longitudinal ridges can be considered diagnostically significant in the examination of early psoriatic arthritis, and the ultrasound method is highly effective in diagnosing early manifestations of arthritis.
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Guo, Hao, Guo Wei, and Jubai An. "Dark Spot Detection in SAR Images of Oil Spill Using Segnet." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 2670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122670.
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Damping Bragg scattering from the ocean surface is the basic underlying principle of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) oil slick detection, and they produce dark spots on SAR images. Dark spot detection is the first step in oil spill detection, which affects the accuracy of oil spill detection. However, some natural phenomena (such as waves, ocean currents, and low wind belts, as well as human factors) may change the backscatter intensity on the surface of the sea, resulting in uneven intensity, high noise, and blurred boundaries of oil slicks or lookalikes. In this paper, Segnet is used as a semantic segmentation model to detect dark spots in oil spill areas. The proposed method is applied to a data set of 4200 from five original SAR images of an oil spill. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through the comparison with fully convolutional networks (FCN), an initiator of semantic segmentation models, and some other segmentation methods. It is here observed that the proposed method can not only accurately identify the dark spots in SAR images, but also show a higher robustness under high noise and fuzzy boundary conditions.
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Kusumastuti, Indri, Tomi Erfando, and Fiki Hidayat. "Effects of Various Steam Flooding Injection Patterns and Steam Quality to Recovery Factor." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2019.vol8(1).2909.
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The main principle of steam flooding is to reduce the oil viscosity using hot steam that is injected into the reservoir. In the field implementation there are several injection patterns that can be applied for steam flooding. This research aims to determine the effect of several injection patterns and steam quality on oil recovery factor. Therefore, it can be known the injection pattern and steam quality are right to obtain the best recovery factor. Analysis was carried out on injection patterns including five-spots, inverted five-spots, seven-spots, inverted seven-spots, nine-spots, and inverted nine-spots. The variations in the steam quality used are 50%, 70% and 90%. The simulation model a 3-dimensional cartesian with grid block size 5x5x5 on CMG STARS. The parameters in this steam flooding scenario are temperature at 450° F, injection pressure of 500 psi, and injection rate of 1000 bbl /day. Of all the scenarios tested the best results were in the inverted seven spot pattern with steam quality 0.9, where recovery factor was 35,1% and total cumulative production was 269397 bbl.
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Wang, Ming, Shiju Liu, Ji Li, Gang Gao, Julei Mi, and Erting Li. "Special Distribution of Crude Oil in the Lucaogou Formation in Jimusaer Sag and Genetic Analysis of Its Physical Difference." Geofluids 2021 (February 23, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6660079.
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The shale oil of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusaer Sag of the Junggar Basin was divided into two sweet spots for exploration and development. Crude oil in the upper and lower sweet spots comes from the upper and lower source rocks. After years of exploration, it has been found that the crude oil in the lower sweet spot has worse physical properties than that of the upper sweet spot. In this study, through the physical and geochemical analysis of crude oil in the upper and lower sweet spots, combined with the organic petrological observation of the upper and lower source rocks, the cause of the poor physical properties of the crude oil in the lower sweet spot has been identified. n-Alkanes in the saturated hydrocarbons of crude oil in the upper and lower sweet were complete while odd-to-even predominance was evident, indicating that the poor physical properties of the crude oil are unrelated to biodegradation. In addition, the correlation between the biogenic parameters and the physical properties of crude oil was analyzed, finding that the difference in crude oil is mainly related to the composition of biogenic precursors of upper and lower source rocks. Combined with organic petrological observation, the lower source rock was found to be rich in telalginite (green algae), which is therefore the primary reason for the difference in physical properties. In comparing results from the characteristics of crude oil biomarkers from both the upper and lower sweet spots, crude oils in the upper sweet spot are similar to each other, indicating that the enrichment of crude oil has experienced a certain migration. In contrast, the differences in biomarkers between the crude oils of the lower sweet spot were relatively large and changed regularly with depth, suggesting the self-generated and self-stored characteristics of crude oil enrichment. At the same time, it was found that the crude oil in the lower sweet spot is also affected by the maturity of adjacent source rocks under the condition of a consistent parent material source. Overall, it was determined that the lower the maturity of source rocks, the poorer the physical property of the crude oil produced.
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Alam, MN, GU Ahmed, and MBR Chowdhury. "Performance of Herbal Extracts on Diseased Fish." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12, no. 2 (December 24, 2014): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21299.
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An experiment was conducted for a period of 28 days to observe the effect of plant extracts on recovery of fish diseases. The experiment was carried out in mini pond (1.75 decimal) behind the Fisheries Faculty in BAU, Mymensingh. Twelve hapas (3 ×2 ×1.5 sq.ft.) and five studies were conducted with control hapa with 3 treatments and two replicates each. Four medicinal plant products were collected and prepared. In study 1 fishes were treated with Neem Seed Oil, study 2 with Kalojira Seed Oil, study 3 with Neem Leaf Extract, study 4 with Mahogoni Seed Oil and the control hapa was provided with normal feed. The treatments were practiced as 2ml, 4ml and 6ml per kg feed. At the beginning of the experiment, fishes had red spots on dorsal and caudal region, scale missing, large abrasions and black to grayish spots. In Kalojira Seed Oil (study 2) treated fish, spots and lesions were totally recovered in T2 and T3 whereas in T1 there were traces spots at the end of the experiment. However, in Neem Seed Oil and Neem Leaf fine extract treated fish (study 1 and study 3), injury, abrasions and lesions were almost healed up in T3 (6ml/kg feed) and moderate recovery in T2 and T3. In Mahogoni Seed Oil (study 4) treated fish, ulcers and lesions were reduced in size but existed distinctly in all the treatments at the end of the experiment. In control study (study 5) injury and abrasions had no recovery but remained almost similar till the end of experiment. Thus it was found that Kalojira Seed Oil performed best recovery (90-95%) followed by Neem Seed Oil (78-84%), Neem Leaf fine extract (70-75%) and poor performance was observed with Mahogoni Seed Oil extract (35-40%). So, kalojira seed oil was the best performed herb and T3(6ml/kg feed) was the best dose followed by T1 and T2.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21299 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2014). 12 (2): 225-230
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M. Salyani. "ATECHNIQUE FOR STABILIZING DROPLET SPOTS ON OIL-SENSITIVE PAPER." Transactions of the ASAE 42, no. 1 (1999): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13207.
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Obowu, Chituru Dike, Tamunoene Kingdom Abam, and Sabastian Ngah. "Qualitative SAR Dark Spot Analysis for Oil Anomaly Characterization." Advances in Image and Video Processing 7, no. 5 (November 8, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.75.7240.
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The characterization of the morphology of a dark spot event in a SAR image is crucial to determining the nature, fate and classification of a potential oil on water anomaly. Hence the need to adequately analyze SAR backscatter values from an amplitude power image were darks spots have been identified and extracted. The dark spots are potential areas of oil on water events and it is imperative that they are understood sufficiently for the purpose of assigning the level of confidence in the processing of oil analysis, understanding the type of oil on water event, classifying the extent of weathering impacting the detected anomaly and relating the oil anomaly to a potential source. In order to generate high quality datasets for anomaly characterization, it is imperative to transform satellite image amplitude data into power values in units of dB and represented on a logarithmic scale. This new power dataset is corrected radiometrically and requisite speckle to noise filter applied for data cleaning and noise suppression. Oil anomaly or darks spot extraction, representative of a potential oil on water is event which is the primary objective of the pre-processing is done. Gamma enhancement was applied on the dark spots in order to characterize their radiometric, textural and geometric properties. This is predominantly for estimating the confidence level of each anomaly detected, and their properties which are indicative of the type, fate, age and physical processes relating to each anomaly.
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Proubasta, D. "Interview with Mike Forrest, “father of bright spots” and “oil finder” at Shell Oil." Leading Edge 19, no. 11 (November 2000): 1184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1438500.
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Fawad, Manzar, Nazmul Haque Mondol, Irfan Baig, and Jens Jahren. "Diagenetic related flat spots within the Paleogene Sotbakken Group in the vicinity of the Senja Ridge, Barents Sea." Petroleum Geoscience 26, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2018-122.
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Rock physics analyses of data from a wildcat well 7117/9-1 drilled in the Senja Ridge area, located in the Norwegian Barents Sea, reveal changes in stiffness within the fine-grained Paleogene Sotbakken Group sediments, caused by the transformation of opal-A to opal-CT, and opal-CT to quartz. These changes manifest as flat spots on 2D seismic profiles. These flat spots were mistaken as hydrocarbon–water contacts, which led to the drilling of well 7117/9-1. Rock physics analyses on this well combined with a second well (7117/9-2) drilled further NW and updip on the Senja Ridge indicate overpressure within the opal-CT-rich zones overlying the opal-CT to quartz transformation zones in the two wells. The absence of opal-A–opal-CT and opal-CT–quartz flat spots on seismic in the second well is attributed to differences in the temperature and timing of uplift. Amplitude v. angle (AVA) modelling indicates both the opal-A–opal-CT and opal-CT–quartz interface points plot on the wet trend, whereas modelled gas–brine, oil–brine and gas–oil contacts fall within quadrant-I. These findings will be useful in understanding the nature of compaction of biogenic silica-rich sediments where flat spots could be misinterpreted as hydrocarbon-related contacts in oil and gas exploration.
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AbdulSattar, Marwah Th AbdulSattar, Dr Labeeb A. Al-Zubaidi Al-Zubaidi, and Zahraa Z. Farhan Farhan. "Preparation of biokit to treatment the Petrol spots in water." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 8, no. 3 (May 6, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v8i3.226.
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Microorganism isolates used in plant protection were obtained from the College ofAgriculture / University of Baghdad. Its purity was assured. The microbial biokit was preparedthrough using several unsatisfactory and environmentally friendly isolate. The bioactivity ofbiokit were studied in laboratory and showed susceptibility in removing contaminants. Theresults showed that the biomass of the isolates prior to the loading process on a mediumcontaining crude oil as a single carbon source of 5 g/ L, which indicates growth ability andefficiency in the decomposition of pollutants when increase the isolates biomass more than 3 g /L, as well as the appearance of turbidity in the media compared to the control sample (mediawithout oil), and obtained bioemulsifier with a concentration of 2.3 g / L. The chemical analysisof the samples under study was carried out using Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC-MScompared with a non-treatment (control).
The results showed the appearance of 43 topographic peaks each indicating a chemicalcompound in the control sample, while a number of these peaks disappeared and a space wasreduced in other peaks that refers to the concentration of compounds, in the biomass sample, andreached the number of peaks in 26, indicating the efficiency of the biokit in the oildecomposition and dismantling of hydrocarbons. The increase in the number of livemicroorganisms and the incubation period is more than 28 days by increasing the growthintensity in the third week may be due to decomposing oil compounds and their exploitation innutrition, where crude oil provides a source of carbon and energy for microorganism’s isolates.In other results showed that the mass of crude oil was converted to a mass of gel andemulsification compared to the control sample after seven days period at a temperature of 28±2°C, Which is characterized by low toxicity and easy decomposition and reduces the surfacetension of hydrocarbons and makes them more solubility and preparation for the dismantling oflife and increase the rate of disintegration. The biokit was tested for retention in storageconditions for a period of one year.
at alone prior to the production of the biokit, which showed poor storage capacity. We concludethat biomass has the potential to treat hydrocarbons (oil contaminants) in the environment.
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Sornam, M. "OILSPILL AND LOOK-ALIKE SPOTS FROM SAR IMAGERY USING OTSU METHOD AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 11 (February 5, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i11.2017.117.
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Oil spill pollution plays a significant role in damaging marine ecosystem. Discharge of oil due to tanker accidents has the most dangerous effects on marine environment. The main waste source is the ship based operational discharges. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can be effectively used for the detection and classification of oil spills. Oil spills appear as dark spots in SAR images. One major advantage of SAR is that it can generate imagery under all weather conditions. However, similar dark spots may arise from a range of unrelated meteorological and oceanographic phenomena, resulting in misidentification. A major focus of research in this area is the development of algorithms to distinguish ‘oil spills’ from ‘look-alikes’. The features of detected dark spot are then extracted and classified to discriminate oil spills from look-alikes. This paper describes the development of a new approach to SAR oil spill detection using Segmentation method and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). A SAR-based oil-spill detection process consists of three stages: image segmentation, feature extraction and object recognition (classification) of the segmented objects as oil spills or look-alikes. The image segmentation was performed with Otsu method. Classification has been done using Back Propagation Network and this network classifies objects into oil spills or look-alikes according to their feature parameters. Improved results have been achieved for the discrimination of oil spills and look-alikes.
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Li, Xiaodong, Ketong Chen, Peng Li, Junqian Li, Haiyan Geng, Bin Li, Xiwei Li, et al. "A New Evaluation Method of Shale Oil Sweet Spots in Chinese Lacustrine Basin and Its Application." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 5519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175519.
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Compared with the marine shale from North America, Chinese lacustrine basins have more complex geological and reservoir conditions, which makes the selection of sweet spot intervals in the shale oil reservoir particularly difficult. It is thus crucial to accurately predict the shale oil sweet spots for effective exploration and development of shale oil in a lacustrine basin. In this paper, we propose an innovative evaluation method of shale oil sweet spots, which considers five primary parameters (i.e., total oil content, movable oil ratio, reservoir pressure coefficient, permeability, and rock brittleness index) to construct a comprehensive weighting factor, which is used to quantitatively identify a favorable shale oil reservoir. This method firstly constructs an evaluation function for each of the parameters, and then calculates a comprehensive weighting factor to determine the shale oil sweet spot. Statistical results show that the oil production of formation testing intervals have a good positive correlation with the average value of the comprehensive weighting factor of the intervals, which verifies the feasibility of the method. Based on this method, one of the key exploratory wells, Qiang21 in the Raoyang Sag of Bohai Bay basin, was selected as a case study and was determined to be a sweet spot interval of the shale oil reservoir in the upper third member of the Shahejie Formation. This study provides a new way to obtain a favorable exploration interval of shale oil reservoirs and serves shale oil development.
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VITALIS, ROBERT. "Wallace Stegner's Arabian Discovery: Imperial Blind Spots in a Continental Vision." Pacific Historical Review 76, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 405–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2007.76.3.405.
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In 1956 Wallace Stegner wrote a history of the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), but it was only published fifteen years later——in Beirut. The book complicates the view of Stegner as a destroyer of American western myths and a forerunner of the social and environmental turn in western history. Stegner shared with those who bought his services some problematic ideas about American identity and history in the context of the Cold War. His forgotten history of oil exploration in Saudi Arabia reveals the blind spots in his ““continental vision,”” an inability or unwillingness to see the moment as part of the long, unbroken past of the U.S. West. Stegner's journey, from chronicler of the despoiling of the West by eastern oil and copper barons to defender of cultural diversity and the collective commons, stopped, as it has for many other Americanists, at the water's edge.
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Fridrihsone, Anda, Arnis Abolins, and Mikelis Kirpluks. "Screening Life Cycle Assessment of Tall Oil-Based Polyols Suitable for Rigid Polyurethane Foams." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 5249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205249.
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A screening Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of tall oil-based bio-polyols suitable for rigid polyurethane (PU) foams has been carried out. The goal was to identify the hot-spots and data gaps. The system under investigation is three different tall oil fatty acids (TOFA)-based bio-polyol synthesis with a cradle-to-gate approach, from the production of raw materials to the synthesis of TOFA based bio-polyols at a pilot-scale reactor. The synthesis steps that give the most significant environmental footprint hot-spots were identified. The results showed the bio-based feedstock was the main environmental hot-spot in the bio-polyol production process. Future research directions have been highlighted.
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Ding, Wang Ping, and Peng Jun Zheng. "Allocation of Professional Oil Recovery Ships Based on the Center of Gravity Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 2357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.2357.
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Professional oil recovery ships are large oil response equipment which can be shared by several terminal owners in a region in order to save money and energy. The locations where the professional oil recovery ships be placed are directly related to the time they arrive at the oil spill accident spots. This paper aims at finding appropriate locations for professional oil recovery ships to minimize time of reaching the destination by considering the oil spill risk of the terminals and the channels. The center of gravity method is used in this paper when determining the locations of the professional oil recovery ships.
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Yang, Dongqiang, and Jiaxi Xu. "Thermal Effect in the Microwave-assisted Aminolysis of Benzoates and Amines." Current Microwave Chemistry 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213335607666200115164318.
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Background: Microwave selective heating thermal effect is obvious in unimolecular organic reactions. However, it is unclear whether it exists in bimolecular organic reactions under strictly controlled reaction temperature conditions. Objective: To determine whether microwave selective heating effect exists in the microwave-assisted bimolecular reactions. Methods: Hammett linear relationships in “one-pot” aminolyses of mixed 4-nitrophenyl substituted benzoates with benzylamine and 4-nitrophenyl benzoate with mixed substituted anilines were selected as molecular level probes to explore the thermal effect in the microwave-assisted bimolecular reactions. Results: In less polar solvent, there is an obvious “hot spots” effect. “One-pot” aminolyses of mixed 4-nitrophenyl substituted benzoates with benzylamine and 4-nitrophenyl benzoate with mixed substituted anilines were performed in less polar solvent toluene under oil-bath and microwave heating conditions. Generally, slopes of Hammett plots or effect of substituents on reaction rates decrease along with temperature increases under oil-bath heating conditions. Under microwave irradiation conditions, slopes of Hammett plots or effect of substituents on reaction rates decrease in comparison with those under oil-bath heating conditions at the same setting temperature, revealing that higher temperature regions (“hot spots”) still exist in intermolecular organic reactions. Conclusion: Microwave selective heating thermal effect still exists in bimolecular organic reactions under strictly controlled reaction temperature conditions, revealing that higher temperature regions (“hot spots”) do exist in intermolecular organic reactions.
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Bai, Xiangwu, Zhiping Li, and Fengpeng Lai. "Optimal Selection Method for Sweet Spots in Low-Permeability Multilayered Reservoirs." Geofluids 2021 (January 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6698010.
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Low-permeability oil reservoirs account for more than two-thirds of China’s proven reserves, and most of them are multilayered; the traditional sweet spots focus on single-layered reservoirs. The sweet spots of low-permeability reservoirs have two meanings: the geologically superior reservoir and the beneficial development of the reservoir. In this study, a concept of reservoir stratification coefficient is proposed to evaluate the characteristics of multilayered reservoirs, and three indicators are proposed, namely, reservoir stratification coefficient, energy storage coefficient, and stratigraphic coefficient, as the indicators of sweet spots of multilayered reservoirs. The three indicators are combined into a single indicator using a weighted approach, and the sweet spots can be identified based on the combined indicator. The Xiliu A area of the North China oilfield was selected for a case study. According to the structural, sedimentary, and reservoir characteristics of the block, combined with the development and production conditions, the Sha 3 Member I oil group was selected as the study object of sweet spots of the low-permeability reservoir. The results show that the reservoir stratification coefficient, energy storage coefficient, and stratigraphic coefficient proposed in this study are effective indicators for the preferential selection of sweet spots, which can reflect the longitudinal heterogeneity, energy storage size, and flow capacity of multilayered reservoirs. After a comparative analysis with actual blocks, it was found that the results obtained using the method are consistent with the actual capacity of the reservoir. The production capacity is high. The evaluation effect is ideal, and the applicability is good. Thus, this study provides a new technical method for the evaluation of similar multilayered reservoirs. The findings of this study can help for a better understanding of the development and production conditions and optimization basis of low-permeability reservoirs.
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Lu, Jiang Long, Guo Ri Dong, Fang Chen, and Ji Bin Wang. "Research Progress of Oil Making from Sewage Sludge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.232.
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the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge is one of the hot spots in recent years, and the value of its energy utilization has gradually received attention by researchers. In this paper, the concept, yield, harm as well as the conventional disposal methods of sewage sludge are described, three kinds of main technologies of oil making from sewage sludge are introduced, including high temperature pyrolysis, low-temperature pyrolysis and direct thermo chemical liquefaction, and the research progress of these three technologies is reviewed.
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Ginzburg, A. I., E. V. Krek, A. G. Kostianoy, and D. M. Soloviev. "ON THE ROLE OF MESOSCALE VORTICES IN THE OIL SPILL TRANSPORT IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN BALTIC SEA (SATELLITE INFORMATION)." DEDICATED TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROF. K.N. FEDOROV OCEAN PHYSICS 47, no. 3 (November 6, 2019): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2019.47(3).2.
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In this paper, on the basis of an analysis of the successive satellite optical images (MODISAqua, TIRS Landsat-8, AVHRR NOAA-18) and radar images (SAR-C Sentinel-1A, SAR-C Radarsat-2) on June 8–11, 2015, the effect of the mesoscale vortex movement (anticyclone with diameter of 35 km and associated cyclone) on the transport of oil spots in the northern part of the Gdansk Bay was demonstrated for the first time. The velocities of this transport are estimated; the observed picture of the movement of the spots is compared with their transfer according to the Seatrack Web model. The largest (about 20 cm/s) drift velocity corresponded to the spot that appeared near the periphery of the anticyclonic vortex (the region of maximum velocities), the smallest one was at the spot near the center of the vortex. At a wind speed of not more than 5 m/s on June 10 and an assumed orbital velocity of the anticyclone of the order of 20 cm/s, the contribution of the vortex motion to the total transport of the spots under the influence of wind and vortex should be decisive. The observed drift of the spots did not correspond to the forecast of their movement by the Seatrack Web numerical model, which did not take into account the vortex dynamics of the waters.
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Qian, Ke-Ran, Zhi-Liang He, Xi-Wu Liu, and Ye-Quan Chen. "Intelligent prediction and integral analysis of shale oil and gas sweet spots." Petroleum Science 15, no. 4 (October 17, 2018): 744–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-018-0261-y.
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Vane, Ronald A. "Low Pressure Nitrogen Purge Stops Oil Contamination." Microscopy Today 1, no. 2 (March 1993): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500069376.
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Oil contamination in SEMs is a common problem. It manifests itself as dark spots and carton buildup in low KV scans and oil condensation on EDX detector windows. While one of the most common sources of this contamination is oil backstreamed from the roughing pump, other sources include pump oils, lubricants, seals, fingerprints, and the samples themselves. Depending upon severity, this effect ranges from a minor irritation to a very major problem.Historical solutions to this problem have included turbomolecular pumps (TMP), cryopumps, drag pumps, traps, better pump oils, cooler running roughing pumps, double diffusion pumps and fractionating diffusion pumps. Many of these solutions have proved to be costly, require much maintenance and/or have not been very effective.
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Alekseeva, A. "Technological aspects of use of sorption material based on sheet damage for elimination and localization of oil spots." National Security and Strategic Planning 2021, no. 4 (January 29, 2022): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37468/2307-1400-2022-2021-4-88-93.
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The paper presents a study of a sorption material based on leaf litter, namely: the effect of the fractional composition on the adsorption capacity in relation to oil and water, as well as the effect of fractions of the sorption material on the technological parameters of water surface purification from oil. The effective technological parameters of oil collection were found: leaf litter, fraction 1-15 mm, formed into cylindrical shapes, contrasting time 90 minutes, with oil film thickness from 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm.
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Krestenitis, Marios, Georgios Orfanidis, Konstantinos Ioannidis, Konstantinos Avgerinakis, Stefanos Vrochidis, and Ioannis Kompatsiaris. "Oil Spill Identification from Satellite Images Using Deep Neural Networks." Remote Sensing 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151762.
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Oil spill is considered one of the main threats to marine and coastal environments. Efficient monitoring and early identification of oil slicks are vital for the corresponding authorities to react expediently, confine the environmental pollution and avoid further damage. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors are commonly used for this objective due to their capability for operating efficiently regardless of the weather and illumination conditions. Black spots probably related to oil spills can be clearly captured by SAR sensors, yet their discrimination from look-alikes poses a challenging objective. A variety of different methods have been proposed to automatically detect and classify these dark spots. Most of them employ custom-made datasets posing results as non-comparable. Moreover, in most cases, a single label is assigned to the entire SAR image resulting in a difficulties when manipulating complex scenarios or extracting further information from the depicted content. To overcome these limitations, semantic segmentation with deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) is proposed as an efficient approach. Moreover, a publicly available SAR image dataset is introduced, aiming to consist a benchmark for future oil spill detection methods. The presented dataset is employed to review the performance of well-known DCNN segmentation models in the specific task. DeepLabv3+ presented the best performance, in terms of test set accuracy and related inference time. Furthermore, the complex nature of the specific problem, especially due to the challenging task of discriminating oil spills and look-alikes is discussed and illustrated, utilizing the introduced dataset. Results imply that DCNN segmentation models, trained and evaluated on the provided dataset, can be utilized to implement efficient oil spill detectors. Current work is expected to contribute significantly to the future research activity regarding oil spill identification and SAR image processing.
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Li, Yan, Jian Lin Sun, and Jing Yue Chen. "Research on the Formation Mechanism of Emulsion Spots on the Cold-Rolled Silicon Steel Surface." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.809.
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For the cold-rolled silicon steel strip lubricated with emulsion, the typical oil spot defects always can be found on the surface of rolled strip. The oil spot are parallel to the rolling direction. In the present study the micro-structure of oil spot defects was investigated by several surface analysis techniques, including LEXT ols4000 laser scanning confocal microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The chemical compositions of the oil spot defects were analyzed by EDS. The results showed that the surface quality of the rolled non-oriented silicon steel was affected strongly by emulsion stability. The emulsion stability decreased with the increasing content of CL-. When the particle size of emulsion was larger, the lubricity of the emulsion deteriorated. Furthermore, there were some emulsions which contain miscella on the strip steel surface. The emulsions existed in the confined areas where the plate shape defects formed. The majority of its water was evaporated with the increasing of temperature and time. The oxides and residual emulsions could be found on the surface strip steel, which originated from the oxidation reaction between vapors and silicon steel surface. Eventually, the reaction produced some oxides (Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3, SiO2, CoCr2O4, NiCr2O4, Fe-Cr) and other by-products. In addition, the emulsion spots area were easier to suffer corrosion than the normal area under the same conditions.
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Glibovytska, Nataliia, and Lesia Plaksiy. "Analysis of sorbing method of water treatment from oil." Biolohichni systemy 11, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2019.02.253.
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The efficiency of simple and accessible methods of cleaning of oil-contaminated water is investigated. The maximum absorption capacity of cotton as a natural material is identified, that quickly absorbs oil components and does not require the use of additional resources to combat water contamination. It is found that natural charcoal absorbent is inefficient in comparison with other methods of water purification from oil and requires a long time and additional pollution catchers, which is economically unprofitable. Synthetic polymer foam and white coal absorb oil in a short time, but in the latter case, nevertheless, small spots remain on the surface of the water. According to the efficiency of oil absorption by natural and synthetic materials, we can distinguish the following series of investigated materials: black coal → foam → white coal → cotton.
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Yang, Wei, Xiaoxing Gong, and Wenjie Li. "Geological origins of seismic bright spot reflections in the Ordovician strata in the Halahatang area of the Tarim Basin, western China." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 12 (December 2018): 1297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0055.
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Anomalously high-amplitude seismic reflections are commonly observed in deeply buried Ordovician carbonate strata in the Halahatang area of the northern Tarim Basin. These bright spots have been demonstrated to be generally related to effective oil and gas reservoirs. These bright spot reflections have complex geological origins, because they are deeply buried and have been altered by multi-phase tectonic movement and karstification. Currently, there is no effective geological model for these bright spots to guide hydrocarbon exploration and development. Using core, well logs, and seismic data, the geological origins of bright spot are classified into three types, controlled by karstification, faulting, and volcanic hydrothermal activity. Bright spots differing by geological origin exhibit large differences in seismic reflection character, such as reflection amplitude, curvature, degree of distortion, and the number of vertically stacked bright spots in the seismic section. By categorizing the bright spots and the seismic character of the surrounding strata, their geological origins can after be inferred. Reservoirs formed by early karstification were later altered by epigenetic karstification. Two periods of paleodrainage further altered the early dissolution pores. In addition, faults formed by tectonic uplift also enhanced the dissolution of the flowing karst waters. Some reservoirs were subsequently altered by Permian volcanic hydrothermal fluids.
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Zhang, Jing Jun, and Cheng Zhi Liu. "Research Progress on Volcanic Rock Reservoirs Based on Properties of Energy Materials in Songliao Basin." Advanced Materials Research 703 (June 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.703.123.
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Properties of Energy Materials (oil and gas) is very complex and important. In recent years, in Chinese eastern, western and mid continental basins, multiple rock oil and gas fields are found, such as Songliao Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Erlian Basin, Tuha Basin, Junggar Basin, Sichuan Basin. Volcanic rock reservoir with its rich oil and gas resources, tremendous development potential, has aroused the domestic and foreign experts and scholars attention, volcanic rock oil and gas exploration theory and technology has been rapid development. In order to understand volcanic rock reservoir from the origin, further exploration target and guide the exploration deployment, the Properties of Energy Materials (oil and gas), main factors affecting of the development and comprehensive evaluation have become the research hot spots and the focus, there are many research techniques and results.
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Ashournejad, Qadir, Saham Mirzaei, and Seyyed Javad Hoseini. "Exploring the capabilities of TM and AVIRIS sensor images for oil spill detection in marine and ocean waters." World Journal of Environmental Research 7, no. 2 (January 3, 2018): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/wjer.v7i2.2969.
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Oil spills are major water polluting sources. Due to its devastating effects on the sea and ocean ecosystem, detecting oil pollution in the shortest time and with the highest confidence level is necessary. Remote sensing being a suitable option, the capability of Landsat multispectral data and airborne hyper-spectral data from the AVIRIS sensor was investigated for study of the 2001 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In this study, a part of the 2001 oil spill data was processed in terms of cloud spots,bad pixel and atmospheric correction. The pixel purity index was used to extract the end -members of water and oil spill and the linear spectral unmixing method was used for mapping of water from oil spills. The results show that the AVIRIS image is able to detect the type and thicknesses of oil spill, due to its ability to cover the diagnostic spectral signature of oil.Keywords: Monitoring, oil spill, remote sensing, Landsat, AVIRIS.
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Kumari, Sweta, and Dileep Singh Baghel. "PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF PANCHAGUNA TAILA (MEDICATED OIL) AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AS OINTMENT, GEL, CREAM, AND PHYSIOWAX." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 16 (September 16, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s4.21337.
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Objective: The present study aimed to prepare Panchaguna taila (PGT) and its development in various dosage forms, i.e. ointment, gel, cream, and physiowax to exemplify the characteristic parameters according to pharmaceutical standards.Methods: PGT is polyherbal medicated oil used externally for treating wounds, cut, and burn and used for massaging in rheumatoid arthritis, muscular pain, sprains, and joints pain. Prepare the decoction using Haritaki, Vibhitaki, Amalaki, Nimba, Sambhalu and prepare paste (kalka) from Madhuchishta, Gandhaphiroja, Shilarasa, Rala, and Guggulu. Mix all the ingredients and heat till watery portion not evaporated from the oil with constant stirring then filter it. Add eucalyptus oil, turpentine oil, and kejoputi oil at the end and stir it well. Prepare various dosage forms like ointment, gel, cream, and physiowax using suitable base for the better and improved therapeutic application. Analytical standards for PGT such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value were performed, and obtained results were appeared under the prescribed limit of the official monograph. Various physicochemical parameters such as homogeneity, spreadability, pH, and melting point were performed for PGT ointment, PGT gel, PGT cream, and PGT physiowax. Stability study of PGT was done for 3 days under the accelerated conditions.Results: In PGT, various physicochemical parameters were performed on the interval of 24, 48, and 72 hrs, and no significant variation found in their physicochemical properties when observed values were compared. PGT ointment, PGT gel, PGT cream, and PGT physiowax containing PGT as active pharmaceutical ingredient with various suitable excipients and base are easy to formulate and convenient to apply over the affected area. Rf observed between the ranges 0.21 to 0.84 as given in the standard monograph. In PGT, PGT ointment and PGT physiowax, 10 spots were found, and in PGT gel and PGT cream, 7 spots were found. 0.11, 0.15, and 0.34 spots were found in the PGT gel, PGT cream, and PGT physiowax, respectively, that can be given by the excipients or base used for their preparation.Conclusion: It is possible to make other dosage form of PGT which can be more convenient to the customers. Hence, the issues related to the PGT like staining and sticking can be resolved by developing or converting the PGT into various convenient dosages.
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Arnosti, Carol, Kai Ziervogel, Tingting Yang, and Andreas Teske. "Oil-derived marine aggregates – hot spots of polysaccharide degradation by specialized bacterial communities." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 129 (July 2016): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.12.008.
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Hong, Jeum Kyu, Yeon Sook Jo, Dong Hyun Ryoo, Ji Hwan Jung, Hyun Ji Kwon, Young Hee Lee, Seog Won Chang, and Chang-Jin Park. "Alternaria Spots in Tomato Leaves Differently Delayed by Four Plant Essential Oil Vapours." Research in Plant Disease 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2018.24.4.292.
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Wang, Jinhui, Yu Zhou, Lei Zhuang, Long Shi, and Shaogang Zhang. "Study on the critical factors and hot spots of crude oil tanker accidents." Ocean & Coastal Management 217 (February 2022): 106010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.106010.
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Shi, H., X. R. Luo, G. L. Lei, L. Q. Zhang, L. K. Zhang, and Y. H. Lei. "Diagenesis and Fluid Flow Variability of Structural Heterogeneity Units in Tight Sandstone Carrier Beds of Dibei, Eastern Kuqa Depression." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6593913.
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Tight sand gas plays an important role in the supply of natural gas production. It has significance for predicting sweet spots to recognize the characteristics and forming of heterogeneity in tight sandstone carrier beds. Heterogeneity responsible for spatial structure, such as the combination and distribution of relatively homogeneous rock layers, is basically established by deposition and eodiagenesis that collectively affect the mesogenesis. We have investigated the structural heterogeneity units by petrofacies in tight sandstone carrier beds of Dibei, eastern Kuqa Depression, according to core, logging, and micropetrology. There are four types of main petrofacies, that is, tight compacted, tight carbonate-cemented, gas-bearing, and water-bearing sandstones. The brine-rock-hydrocarbon diagenesis changes of different heterogeneity structural units have been determined according to the pore bitumen, hydrocarbon inclusions, and quantitative grain fluorescence. Ductile grains or eogenetic calcite cements destroy the reservoir quality of tight compacted or tight carbonate-cemented sandstones. Rigid grains can resist mechanical compaction and oil emplacement before gas charging can inhibit diagenesis to preserve reservoir property of other sandstones. We propose that there is an inheritance relationship between the late gas and early oil migration pathways, which implies that the sweet spots develop in the reservoirs that experienced early oil emplacement.
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Md Kamal, Mahanijah, Ahmad Nor Ikhwan Masazhar, and Farah Abdul Rahman. "Classification of Leaf Disease from Image Processing Technique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp191-200.
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<p class="Abstract">Disease in palm oil sector is one of the major concerns because it affects the production and economy losses to Malaysia. Diseases appear as spots on the leaf and if not treated on time, cause the growth of the palm oil tree. This work presents the use of digital image processing technique for classification oil palm leaf disease sympthoms. Chimaera and Anthracnose is the most common symtoms infected the oil palm leaf in nursery stage. Here, support vector machine (SVM) acts as a classifier where there are four stages involved. The stages are image acquisition, image enhancement, clustering and classification. The classification shows that SVM achieves accuracy of 97% for Chimaera and 95% for Anthracnose.</p>
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Howe, Christopher J., and David J. Handelsman. "Use of filter paper for sample collection and transport in steroid pharmacology." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 1408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.8.1408.
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Abstract Field studies of androgen pharmacology are complicated by the necessity to collect, process, and store blood samples in a central facility. We have assessed the feasibility of using capillary blood spots collected by fingerprick and dried on filter paper for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic measurements with nandrolone and testosterone RIAs modified for extracts from capillary blood spots. Assays on punched spots of 7.9-mm diameter (14.9 μL of dried blood) permitted accurate quantification of testosterone down to 0.4 nmol/L from a single spot and nandrolone down to 0.9 nmol/L from two spots. Stability of the steroids in dried blood spots to adverse environmental conditions, notably increased temperatures, was investigated both in the laboratory and in field studies of dried spots sent through the postal system. Storage or postal transport under moderate conditions appeared to have no deleterious effects on apparent androgen concentrations. However, under extreme conditions of storage at 50 °C for a week or more, or transport to a very hot tropical location, a rise in the final concentration of nandrolone, and, to a lesser extent, testosterone when corrected for tracer recovery, was noticed. These effects were largely due to apparent susceptibility of tritiated tracer, but not unlabeled androgens, to thermal degradation. In a pilot pharmacological study involving intramuscular injection of 100 mg of nandrolone decanoate in 1 mL of arachis oil, nandrolone concentrations in concurrently collected plasma as well as venous and capillary blood spots showed good agreement. Testosterone concentrations in contemporaneously collected plasma and venous blood spots also showed very good agreement. We propose that these methods may allow patients and experimental subjects to self-collect samples at remote or field locations for convenient mailing to a central laboratory for androgen assay. Applications of this methodology are now under way.
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Lechthaler, Simone, Lars Hildebrandt, Georg Stauch, and Holger Schüttrumpf. "Canola oil extraction in conjunction with a plastic free separation unit optimises microplastics monitoring in water and sediment." Analytical Methods 12, no. 42 (2020): 5128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ay01574a.
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Microplastics are widely distributed in the environment and to define contamination hot spots, environmental samples have to be analysed by means of cost-as well as time-efficient and reliable standardised protocols.
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Jin, Jun, Zhao Yang, Xuekun Chen, Lulu Li, Hongxia Yang, Yiwen Ju, Peng Qiao, and Ying Sun. "Characteristics of Micro/Nano Pores and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in a Continental Shale Oil Reservoir—A Case Study of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, Northwest China." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18749.
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This paper comprehensively studies the micro- and nanometer-scale pore characteristics and structure of the Lucaogou Formation shale oil reservoir in the Jimsar Sag using high-pressure mercury analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy and nano-CT scanning technology. In addition, the occurrence states of crude oil in pores are analyzed combined with macro–micro characteristics. The results show that there are various reservoir types; the main reservoir pore structure is on the micron and nanometer levels, with other void spaces including intergranular pores, interparticle dissolution pores, intercrystalline pores and microfissures. Nanopores are generally oil-bearing and mostly in the adsorption state, which changes the traditional understanding that micron pores are the only microscopic pores in the reservoir and confirms that shale oil exists in ‘sweet spots’ and mud-shale sections of the Lucaogou Formation.
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Zhang, Ling Ling, Gang Fu, and Xian Fu Wang. "Application of the FTA in the Risk Management of Refined Oil Pipeline." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 2211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.2211.
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Building a fault tree for the refined oil pipeline on the basis of fault tree analysis method. By analyzing the potential risks existing in the refined oil pipeline, the main sources of risks have been figured out based on FTA. This paper aims to find out the key risk factors existing in the oil pipeline as followed: corrosion, machinery and material failure, the third-party damage and maloperation. The main risk sources and the vulnerable spots are found out through the structural importance analysis of the fault tree, including neglecting the construction supervision, corrosion detection, poor corrosion resistance, operation inspection and supervision and bad alarm system, cathodic protection failure and the third-party damage.
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Kadarohman, Asep, Ratnaningsih Eko S., Gebi Dwiyanti, Lela Lailatul K., Ede Kadarusman, and Ahmad Nur F. "Quality and Chemical Composition of Organic and Non-Organic Vetiver Oil." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21266.
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Vetiver oil (Vetiveria zizanoides) has been used as perfume materials, cosmetics, fragrance soaps, anti-inflammation, repellent, and insecticidal agents. Organic vetiver oil has higher economical value than non-organic vetiver oil and it has been regarded to be able to compete in the global market. Therefore, studies have been carried out using 1 hectare of land and the first generation of organic vetiver oil has produced 0.57% of yield, greater than non-organic (0.50%). The quality of organic and non-organic vetiver oil was analyzed by Indonesian Standard (SNI) parameter, pesticide residue test, chemical composition by GC/MS, and the appearance of vetiver root. In general, the result of organic and non-organic vetiver oil has fulfilled the national standard; the quality of organic vetiver oil was better than non-organic one. Physically, the appearance of organic vetiver root was better than non-organic vetiver root; organic vetiver root was denser, more appealing, and did not have any black spots. The pesticide residue of organic vetiver oil was lower than non-organic vetiver oil. Based on SNI test, vetiverol (oxygen compounds) in organic vetiver oil was higher than non-organic vetiver oil.
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Zhang, Hui, and Chao Chang. "Study of UV Irradiation on Behavior of NBR Rubber from Oil Seal." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.42.
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Ultraviolet light has been considered a main factor of natural aging threats the oil sealing’s lifetime when using outdoor. In this work, we will compare the behavior of NBR (the mostly used material for sealing) during UV aging. To analyze the characteristics of UV irradiation behavior of NBR,their surface morphology and infrared spectroscopy were measured,after the irradiated at UV environment for period time. The results showed that the surface of rubber occur more white spots and the aging began occurred.
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Bate, K. J., R. C. Whittaker, J. A. Chalmers, and T. Dahl-Jensen. "The Fylla structural complex: possible very large gas reserves offshore southern West Greenland." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 165 (January 1, 1995): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v165.8273.
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This paper outlines the evidence for the possible existence of very large gas reserves offshore southern West Greenland. It is a slightly modified version of a paper published in the Oil & Gas Journal, August 22nd 1994. Recent interpretation of new seismic data acquired offshore southern West Greenland (Fig. 1) has identified a number of structural leads which may contain gas reserves with a cumulative volume of the order of 100 tcf. The presence of two flat-spots with clear Amplitude Versus Offset (AYO) effects overlying a possible oil column is the most direct indication of the occurrence of gas in the area.
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Kravtsov, Andrii, Anastasiia Suska, Abliatif Biekirov, and Dmytro Levkin. "Development of a rheological model of stress relaxation in the structure of an oil film on the friction surface with fullerene additives." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 7 (111) (July 1, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.235468.
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A rheological model of stress relaxation in a thin lubricant film, which is formed on the friction surface under the influence of the force field of the friction surface in the presence of fullerene compositions in lubricants, was developed. Analysis of the model made it possible to establish that the existence of elastic or viscous properties in surface structures depends on the ratio of two parameters. This is the time of stress relaxation in the structure on spots of actual contact and the duration of stress action on these spots, which is termed the lifetime of an actual contact spot. It was shown that an increase in the sliding rate reduces the time of relaxation of stresses in the surface structure. This is due to the destruction of aggregates in the structure of gel and the appearance of rotational movements of separate units ‒ flocs. An increase in the load on the tribosystem significantly increases the value of relaxation time. This is due to squeezing the viscous component out of the structure of a surface film. It was established that if the relaxation time exceeds the duration of actions of stresses on actual contact spots, the structure of a surface film behaves like an elastic solid. Conversely, if relaxation time becomes shorter than the duration of stress action, the film behaves like a viscous medium. Theoretically, it was shown that in the range of sliding and loading rates, when a film behaves like an elastic solid, a decrease in stresses on actual contact spots does not exceed the values of 1.1‒22.8 %. This property provides the bearing capacity of a film. The development of the model will make it possible to simulate elastic and viscous properties of "stitched" structures and substantiate the rational concentrations of additives to lubricants, as well as the ranges of their use.
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Cheng, Cheng, and Xingyu Dai. "THE NEXUS BETWEEN CHINA CRUDE OIL FUTURES AND SPOTS: A COMPARISON WITH WTI FUTURES." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 05, no. 03 (March 30, 2020): 587–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2020.v05i03.001.
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Li, Jinbu, Min Wang, Shuangfang Lu, Guohui Chen, Weichao Tian, Chunqing Jiang, and Zheng Li. "A new method for predicting sweet spots of shale oil using conventional well logs." Marine and Petroleum Geology 113 (March 2020): 104097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104097.
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Liu, Zhidi, Yujiang Shi, Jinyu Zhou, Changsheng Wang, Peng Zhang, and Tinghao Ma. "Selecting sweet spots for the exploitation of tight oil reservoirs from logs: case studies." Exploration Geophysics 50, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 396–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08123985.2019.1606201.
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Yan, Xin Tong, Guo Hui Chen, Hai Tao Xue, Jin Bu Li, and Xin Wang. "Resource Potential Classification Evaluation of E2S42 Shale Oil in Damintun Depression." Advanced Materials Research 848 (November 2013): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.848.240.
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Shale oil resource potential classification evaluation is needed to precisely calculate the resource potential and prepare for the prediction of shale oil sweet spots. Geochemical analysis results shows that the E2S42 shale in Damintun Depression has strong hydrocarbon generation capacity. The classification evaluation criteria of E2S42 Shale oil in Damintun Depression was established according to the triple-division characteristic of measured TOC vs. S1. The shale oil oiliness parameter S1 was obtained by using improved logR method. The loss of hydrocarbon was recovered by chemical kinetics method. Volumetric method was used to calculate different grades of E2S42 shale oil in Damintun Depression. Grade I resource is 334 million tons. Grade II resource is 33 million tons. Grade III resource is 15 million tons. Grade I resource accounts for over 90% of the total resource content. High value area mainly concentrated near Well Shen223 and Well Shen224. Results shows that the E2S42 shale in Damintun Depression has good resource potential.
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Yu, Xu Bo, Ming He Zhu, and Cheng Fei Niu. "Shipping Oil Spill Environmental Damage Risk Assessment Methods: A Literature Review." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.254.
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As the certain basis of implementation of risk decision, risk assessment was used widely for reasonable allocation of scarce shipping oil spill response resources, but there is no a unified regulation for evaluation method. Three feasible methods of risk assessment, baseline assessment, detailed risk assessment, and combination of evaluation, are respectively introduced, including advantages and disadvantages. Then around the detailed risk assessment, present shipping oil spill environmental damage risk assessment study in China and abroad are then introduced in detail. Environmental damage assessment and oil spill risk assessment are introduced respectively including instantly popular appraisal methods, research hot spots and the most comprehensive evaluation model. Finally the possible direction of development of risk assessment is put forward in order to provide certain inspiration and references in developing domestic risk assessment.
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Balaž, J., R. Iličić, S. Maširević, D. Jošić, and S. Kojić. "First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Causing Bacterial Leaf Spots of Oil Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) in Serbia." Plant Disease 98, no. 5 (May 2014): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0714-pdn.
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Oil pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) is commonly used for oil production, mainly in central and eastern Europe (1). In Serbia, it grows only in the north (Vojvodina Province), up to 1,500 ha. In June 2008, typical bacterial spot symptoms (dark green, water-soaked, transparent and greasy spots with yellow margins) were observed for the first time, cultivated at the experimental fields near Backi Petrovac. Since then, bacterial spots were regularly observed on oil pumpkin in the beginning of the growing seasons and during rainy weather, with disease incidence ranging from 5 to 20%. Bacteria isolated from 40 diseased leaves formed white, round, convex, and mucoid colonies on nutrient sucrose agar (NSA). Eight representative strains were aerobic, gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods. All strains produced fluorescent pigment and catalase. In levan-oxidase-potato rot-arginine dihydrolase-tobacco hypersensitivity (LOPAT) tests (3), they induced a hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves, did not cause soft rot of potato tubers, and were positive for levan and negative for oxidase and arginine dihydrolase. According to the LOPAT profile, they were classified in the Ia subgroup of pseudomonads (3). Strains hydrolyzed aesculin, but were unable to hydrolyze starch or reduce nitrates to nitrites. Negative reactions were obtained with hydrogen sulfide and indole. Reactions were identical to those of reference strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae CFBP 1582, which was included in all biochemical, physiological, and molecular tests for comparison. To identify the pathogen, PCR and DNA sequencing were employed. Fragments of 752 bp for the syrB gene and 1,040 bp for the syrD gene were amplified from all strains, using B1/B2 and SyD1/SyD2 primer sets, respectively (2). The pathogenicity was tested on seeds and seedlings of oil pumpkin cv. Olinka. Strains were grown for 48 h on nutrient broth (NB) at 28°C and bacterial suspensions of ~108 CFU ml−1 were used for inoculations. Sterile water was used as negative control. Seeds (at the BBCH-1-0 stage) allowed to imbibe water were wounded by needle, immersed in the bacterial suspensions, and maintained in humid petri dishes to allow symptom development. The cotyledons of seedlings at the BBCH-10 stage were inoculated by hypodermic needle and potted plants were maintained at 25 ± 1°C and 75% relative humidity. Symptoms, including dark green, water-soaked spots, appeared 5 to 7 days after inoculation of both seeds and seedlings. The bacterium was re-isolated from spots of all seeds and seedlings tested, fulfilling Koch's postulates (the identity of re-isolated strains was confirmed by pathogenicity, morphology, and biochemical features). No symptoms were observed on controls. 16S rDNA amplicons obtained from representative strain Tk21 and re-isolated strain Tk21R with fD1/rD1 primers (4) were sequenced and deposited in GenBank under accession nos. KF305578 and KF735064, respectively. The sequences showed 100% similarity to each other and P. syringae pv. syringae from pepper (KC816630.1) (China), Ficus carica (JQ071937) (Serbia), and culture-collection ICMP:3023 (HM190217). On the basis of the symptoms, biochemical tests, and 16S rDNA sequence homology, the pathogen was identified as P. syringae pv. syringae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. syringae pv. syringae causing bacterial leaf spot on oil pumpkin in Serbia. References: (1) J. Berenji et al. Oil pumpkin Cucurbita pepo. Monography. IFVC, Novi Sad, 2011. (2) K. Gasic et al. Pestic. Phytomed. 27:219, 2012. (3) R. A. Lelliott et al. J. Appl. Bact. 29:470, 1966. (4) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.
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Zdanowski, Paweł, and Mateusz Górniak. "Dim and bright spots as indicators of the Zechstein Main Dolomite hydrocarbon reservoir in Poland." Interpretation 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): SP21—SP34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0039.1.
Full textAbstract:
The Upper Permian carbonates of the second Zechstein evaporite (Stassfurt PZ2) cyclothem, the Main Dolomite (Ca2), constitute Poland’s most prolific oil play. An analysis of the Ca2 reservoir seismic response combined with wireline logging data from wells situated mostly on a lower slope and a toe-of-slope of the sulfate-carbonate platforms in Western Poland help to predict the quality and thickness of the reservoir. Low thickness of the strata (often below a limit of separability or even below a limit of visibility), changeability of their lateral and vertical reservoir quality, facial and mineralogical irregularity, and significant differences in the thickness inside lithostratigraphic units complicate a correct seismic interpretation. Correlation of well data with seismic data allowed us to understand a complex layout of reflectors. In particular, the appearance of an additional set of reflections on a slope and a toe-of-slope of the sulfate-carbonate platforms allowed us to predict a thicker Ca2 strata. The presence of a dim spot in the Z2 reflection created by the contact between the Older Halite and a thin layer of the Basal Anhydrite (A2) above the Ca2 reservoir (A2 and Ca2 are seismically treated as one unit) and the appearance of additional reflection or increase of its amplitude related to a base (Ca2b) of reservoir spread above the Werra Anhydrite indicate porous carbonate reservoir. To check conformity of a geologic model with the observed anomalous seismic image in the region of the Cychry South gas-oil reservoir, seismic modeling was carried out. We proved that a gas-saturated reservoir is relatively easy to identify. Distinguishing an oil-saturated reservoir from a water-saturated reservoir is practically impossible. One should be cautious when interpreting hydrocarbon-saturated zones because even insignificantly gas-saturated reservoir waters generate the same seismic image with the characteristic Z2 dim spot and amplitude amplification of the Ca2b.