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Academic literature on the topic 'Oil spots'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Oil spots"

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Yang, Liu, Jun Yang, Jian Gao, and Xuhui Zhang. "The Characteristics of Oil Occurrence and Long-Distance Transportation due to Injected Fluid in Tight Oil Reservoirs." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (December 1, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2707616.

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In tight oil reservoirs, the injected fluid needs to travel a long distance to expel oil from the micro/nano-size pores to natural fractures or man-made fractures. The flow characteristics of injected fluid are not known well due to the long distance displacement and complex pore structure. In this study, the tight reservoir samples are from typical tight oilfield of China and the oil distribution characteristics are studied based on mineral composition, physical properties and pore size distribution. The long core displacement experiment is conducted based on injection of water, N2, and CO2, which aims to study the individual flooding feasibility. The results show that the oil mainly distributes in the form of spots and accumulates in the micro/nano-pores. Both oil spots and clay minerals have associated characteristics. The microfractures are not the storage space for oil spots, but can connect the oil spots to improve the mobility of the crude oil. In addition, the oil can achieve long distance migration under the injection of water, N2, and CO2, which presents different pressure distribution characteristics. The reservoir pressure of water flooding decreases first and increases later with displacement time. The reservoir pressure of N2 flooding rises gradually over displacement time. The reservoir pressure of CO2 flooding increases first and decreases over displacement time. In contrast to water flooding, N2, and CO2 can increase the reservoir energy, which contributes to tight oil production. In comparison, CO2 has better performances than N2 in terms of oil displacement efficiency. The study contributes to understanding the oil distribution characteristics and provides the guidance for field trials using different flooding techniques.
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Platonova, Anna V., Alexandr S. Zhukov, Konstantin Y. Volkov, Irina S. Svincickaya, Vladislav R. Khairutdinov, Alexei V. Samtsov, and Evgenii V. Kryukov. "The prevalence incidence of psoriatic onychodystrophy and the significance of its symptoms for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 97, no. 6 (December 24, 2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/vdv1262.

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Background. There is a need to assess the diagnostic significance of the symptoms of nail damage, as well as available effective methods for diagnosing psoriatic arthritis in the early stages. Aims. To study of the occurrence of symptoms of psoriatic onychodystrophy in patients with psoriatic arthritis and assessment of the diagnostic significance of the ultrasound method for diagnosing enthesitis as an early symptom of psoriatic arthritis among patients with onychodystrophy and without psoriatic arthritis in case history. Methods. It was a prospective clinical study based on the Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases of the Military Medical Academy. We made the clinical assessment of symptoms of onychodystrophy among patients with and without psoriatic arthritis and the evaluation of the diagnostic significance of the ultrasound method for diagnosing psoriatic arthritis under the control of magnetic resonance imaging of the joints. Results. 45 patients with psoriatic arthritis and 134 patients with psoriasis without arthritis were examined. Psoriatic onychodystrophy was significantly more common in the group of patients with psoriatic arthritis (p = 0.028). The most characteristic symptoms of onychodystrophy in patients with psoriatic arthritis are oil spots and symptom combinations: oil spots and subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis and subungual hyperkeratosis, pits and longitudinal ridges, oil spots and longitudinal ridges. The ultrasound method for the diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis has shown its high diagnostic significance (Se = 81.8%, Sp = 88.0%). The most characteristic symptoms of arthritis on ultrasound examination are hypoechoic structures of the Achilles tendons and the presence of fluid in the peri- and retro-Achilles bursa. Conclusions. The symptom of oil spots and combinations of oil spots with subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis with subungual hyperkeratosis, pits with longitudinal ridges and oil spots with longitudinal ridges can be considered diagnostically significant in the examination of early psoriatic arthritis, and the ultrasound method is highly effective in diagnosing early manifestations of arthritis.
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Guo, Hao, Guo Wei, and Jubai An. "Dark Spot Detection in SAR Images of Oil Spill Using Segnet." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 2670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122670.

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Damping Bragg scattering from the ocean surface is the basic underlying principle of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) oil slick detection, and they produce dark spots on SAR images. Dark spot detection is the first step in oil spill detection, which affects the accuracy of oil spill detection. However, some natural phenomena (such as waves, ocean currents, and low wind belts, as well as human factors) may change the backscatter intensity on the surface of the sea, resulting in uneven intensity, high noise, and blurred boundaries of oil slicks or lookalikes. In this paper, Segnet is used as a semantic segmentation model to detect dark spots in oil spill areas. The proposed method is applied to a data set of 4200 from five original SAR images of an oil spill. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through the comparison with fully convolutional networks (FCN), an initiator of semantic segmentation models, and some other segmentation methods. It is here observed that the proposed method can not only accurately identify the dark spots in SAR images, but also show a higher robustness under high noise and fuzzy boundary conditions.
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Kusumastuti, Indri, Tomi Erfando, and Fiki Hidayat. "Effects of Various Steam Flooding Injection Patterns and Steam Quality to Recovery Factor." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2019.vol8(1).2909.

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The main principle of steam flooding is to reduce the oil viscosity using hot steam that is injected into the reservoir. In the field implementation there are several injection patterns that can be applied for steam flooding. This research aims to determine the effect of several injection patterns and steam quality on oil recovery factor. Therefore, it can be known the injection pattern and steam quality are right to obtain the best recovery factor. Analysis was carried out on injection patterns including five-spots, inverted five-spots, seven-spots, inverted seven-spots, nine-spots, and inverted nine-spots. The variations in the steam quality used are 50%, 70% and 90%. The simulation model a 3-dimensional cartesian with grid block size 5x5x5 on CMG STARS. The parameters in this steam flooding scenario are temperature at 450° F, injection pressure of 500 psi, and injection rate of 1000 bbl /day. Of all the scenarios tested the best results were in the inverted seven spot pattern with steam quality 0.9, where recovery factor was 35,1% and total cumulative production was 269397 bbl.
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Wang, Ming, Shiju Liu, Ji Li, Gang Gao, Julei Mi, and Erting Li. "Special Distribution of Crude Oil in the Lucaogou Formation in Jimusaer Sag and Genetic Analysis of Its Physical Difference." Geofluids 2021 (February 23, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6660079.

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The shale oil of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusaer Sag of the Junggar Basin was divided into two sweet spots for exploration and development. Crude oil in the upper and lower sweet spots comes from the upper and lower source rocks. After years of exploration, it has been found that the crude oil in the lower sweet spot has worse physical properties than that of the upper sweet spot. In this study, through the physical and geochemical analysis of crude oil in the upper and lower sweet spots, combined with the organic petrological observation of the upper and lower source rocks, the cause of the poor physical properties of the crude oil in the lower sweet spot has been identified. n-Alkanes in the saturated hydrocarbons of crude oil in the upper and lower sweet were complete while odd-to-even predominance was evident, indicating that the poor physical properties of the crude oil are unrelated to biodegradation. In addition, the correlation between the biogenic parameters and the physical properties of crude oil was analyzed, finding that the difference in crude oil is mainly related to the composition of biogenic precursors of upper and lower source rocks. Combined with organic petrological observation, the lower source rock was found to be rich in telalginite (green algae), which is therefore the primary reason for the difference in physical properties. In comparing results from the characteristics of crude oil biomarkers from both the upper and lower sweet spots, crude oils in the upper sweet spot are similar to each other, indicating that the enrichment of crude oil has experienced a certain migration. In contrast, the differences in biomarkers between the crude oils of the lower sweet spot were relatively large and changed regularly with depth, suggesting the self-generated and self-stored characteristics of crude oil enrichment. At the same time, it was found that the crude oil in the lower sweet spot is also affected by the maturity of adjacent source rocks under the condition of a consistent parent material source. Overall, it was determined that the lower the maturity of source rocks, the poorer the physical property of the crude oil produced.
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Alam, MN, GU Ahmed, and MBR Chowdhury. "Performance of Herbal Extracts on Diseased Fish." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12, no. 2 (December 24, 2014): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21299.

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An experiment was conducted for a period of 28 days to observe the effect of plant extracts on recovery of fish diseases. The experiment was carried out in mini pond (1.75 decimal) behind the Fisheries Faculty in BAU, Mymensingh. Twelve hapas (3 ×2 ×1.5 sq.ft.) and five studies were conducted with control hapa with 3 treatments and two replicates each. Four medicinal plant products were collected and prepared. In study 1 fishes were treated with Neem Seed Oil, study 2 with Kalojira Seed Oil, study 3 with Neem Leaf Extract, study 4 with Mahogoni Seed Oil and the control hapa was provided with normal feed. The treatments were practiced as 2ml, 4ml and 6ml per kg feed. At the beginning of the experiment, fishes had red spots on dorsal and caudal region, scale missing, large abrasions and black to grayish spots. In Kalojira Seed Oil (study 2) treated fish, spots and lesions were totally recovered in T2 and T3 whereas in T1 there were traces spots at the end of the experiment. However, in Neem Seed Oil and Neem Leaf fine extract treated fish (study 1 and study 3), injury, abrasions and lesions were almost healed up in T3 (6ml/kg feed) and moderate recovery in T2 and T3. In Mahogoni Seed Oil (study 4) treated fish, ulcers and lesions were reduced in size but existed distinctly in all the treatments at the end of the experiment. In control study (study 5) injury and abrasions had no recovery but remained almost similar till the end of experiment. Thus it was found that Kalojira Seed Oil performed best recovery (90-95%) followed by Neem Seed Oil (78-84%), Neem Leaf fine extract (70-75%) and poor performance was observed with Mahogoni Seed Oil extract (35-40%). So, kalojira seed oil was the best performed herb and T3(6ml/kg feed) was the best dose followed by T1 and T2.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21299 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2014). 12 (2): 225-230
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M. Salyani. "ATECHNIQUE FOR STABILIZING DROPLET SPOTS ON OIL-SENSITIVE PAPER." Transactions of the ASAE 42, no. 1 (1999): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13207.

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Obowu, Chituru Dike, Tamunoene Kingdom Abam, and Sabastian Ngah. "Qualitative SAR Dark Spot Analysis for Oil Anomaly Characterization." Advances in Image and Video Processing 7, no. 5 (November 8, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.75.7240.

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The characterization of the morphology of a dark spot event in a SAR image is crucial to determining the nature, fate and classification of a potential oil on water anomaly. Hence the need to adequately analyze SAR backscatter values from an amplitude power image were darks spots have been identified and extracted. The dark spots are potential areas of oil on water events and it is imperative that they are understood sufficiently for the purpose of assigning the level of confidence in the processing of oil analysis, understanding the type of oil on water event, classifying the extent of weathering impacting the detected anomaly and relating the oil anomaly to a potential source. In order to generate high quality datasets for anomaly characterization, it is imperative to transform satellite image amplitude data into power values in units of dB and represented on a logarithmic scale. This new power dataset is corrected radiometrically and requisite speckle to noise filter applied for data cleaning and noise suppression. Oil anomaly or darks spot extraction, representative of a potential oil on water is event which is the primary objective of the pre-processing is done. Gamma enhancement was applied on the dark spots in order to characterize their radiometric, textural and geometric properties. This is predominantly for estimating the confidence level of each anomaly detected, and their properties which are indicative of the type, fate, age and physical processes relating to each anomaly.
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Proubasta, D. "Interview with Mike Forrest, “father of bright spots” and “oil finder” at Shell Oil." Leading Edge 19, no. 11 (November 2000): 1184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1438500.

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Fawad, Manzar, Nazmul Haque Mondol, Irfan Baig, and Jens Jahren. "Diagenetic related flat spots within the Paleogene Sotbakken Group in the vicinity of the Senja Ridge, Barents Sea." Petroleum Geoscience 26, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2018-122.

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Rock physics analyses of data from a wildcat well 7117/9-1 drilled in the Senja Ridge area, located in the Norwegian Barents Sea, reveal changes in stiffness within the fine-grained Paleogene Sotbakken Group sediments, caused by the transformation of opal-A to opal-CT, and opal-CT to quartz. These changes manifest as flat spots on 2D seismic profiles. These flat spots were mistaken as hydrocarbon–water contacts, which led to the drilling of well 7117/9-1. Rock physics analyses on this well combined with a second well (7117/9-2) drilled further NW and updip on the Senja Ridge indicate overpressure within the opal-CT-rich zones overlying the opal-CT to quartz transformation zones in the two wells. The absence of opal-A–opal-CT and opal-CT–quartz flat spots on seismic in the second well is attributed to differences in the temperature and timing of uplift. Amplitude v. angle (AVA) modelling indicates both the opal-A–opal-CT and opal-CT–quartz interface points plot on the wet trend, whereas modelled gas–brine, oil–brine and gas–oil contacts fall within quadrant-I. These findings will be useful in understanding the nature of compaction of biogenic silica-rich sediments where flat spots could be misinterpreted as hydrocarbon-related contacts in oil and gas exploration.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oil spots"

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Oliveira, Leonardo Mendonça Tenório de Magalhães. "Modelagem e simulação da recuperação secundária em reservatórios de petróleo utilizando configuração Five-Spots." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1215.

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The decline of oil reserves has been observed in recent years and generates interest in developing new technologies that can make the most of existing wells and reservoirs in order to increase oil recovery. For this purpose, methods and enhanced secondary recovery of oil are used, which consist of injecting fluids targeting a certain pressure increase in the tank or changes in physical properties of oil to a larger and more efficient production. The method of secondary recovery that stands out, and the most common is the water injection. This method has proved effective for recovery of heavy oil, though the challenge of the pre-salt environment has promoted further research aimed at removing light oils. This study, then, aims to make the fluid dynamics simulation of a reservoir of oil quadratic dimensions of 80.4 mx 80.4 mx 20 m with injection model five spots (five points) using as guns fluids primarily water and later natural gas and hot water, to observe the evolution of their volume fractions inside the shell, its oil recovery factor, recovery efficiency as a whole and a qualitative analysis of useful life of the producing wells. The developed model is based on two-phase oilwater model and the simulations were carried out in commercial fluid dynamic packet ICEM CFD and ANSYS CFX 13.0 respectively. Thus, a greater than 65% recovery factor for the process of injection water was observed and an overall efficiency of 38% recovery, allowing the case to the oil basins of the pre-salt. Other methods enabled to validate the model because the profiles and characteristics found are plausible and phenomenologically similar to those in the literature.
O declínio das reservas petrolíferas vem sendo observado nos últimos anos e gera interesse no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias capazes de aproveitar ao máximo os poços e reservatórios existentes de modo a elevar a recuperação de óleo. Para tanto, são utilizados métodos de recuperação secundária e avançada de petróleo, que consistem em se injetar determinados fluidos visando um aumento do diferencial de pressão no reservatório ou modificações nas propriedades físicas do óleo para uma produção maior e mais eficiente. O método de recuperação secundária que mais se destaca, e também o mais comum é a injeção de água. Tal método já se mostrou eficiente para recuperação de óleos pesados, entretanto o desafio do ambiente pré-sal tem promovido novas pesquisas voltadas para a remoção de óleos leves. O presente trabalho, então, tem como objetivo fazer a simulação fluidodinâmica de um reservatório de petróleo de dimensões quadráticas de 80,4 m x 80,4 m x 20 m com modelo de injeção five spots (cinco pontos) utilizando como fluidos injetores primeiramente a água e posteriormente o gás natural e água quente, para observar a evolução de suas frações volumétricas no interior do reservatório, seu fator de recuperação de óleo, a eficiência da recuperação como um todo e uma análise qualitativa de tempo de vida útil dos poços produtores. A modelagem desenvolvida baseou-se no modelo Água-Óleo bifásico e as simulações foram desenvolvidas nos pacotes fluidodinâmicos comerciais ICEM CFD e ANSYS CFX 13.0 respectivamente. Desse modo, foi constatado um fator de recuperação acima de 65% para o processo de injeção de água, bem como uma eficiência total de recuperação de 38%, viabilizando o processo para o óleo de bacias do pré-sal. Os outros métodos permitiram a validação da modelagem uma vez que os perfis e características encontrados foram fenomenologicamente plausíveis e similares àqueles da literatura.
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Pougy, Roberto. "Unconventional oil and natural gas supplies and the mitigation of climate change." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0075.

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Cette thèse en économie de l'énergie et de l'environnement étend le modèle de Hotelling du type exploration-extraction avec contraintes géologiques d’Okullo, Reynes et Hofkes (2015), afin de prendre en compte des trajectoires en forme de cloche pour l’ajout de réserves empiriquement observées par Laherrère (2003). Le modèle LOGIMA proposé (Images à Long terme sur le Pétrole et le Gaz) explique qu’elles sont la conséquence de « sweet spots » géologiques : des zones privilégiées où la concentration d’hydrocarbures est la plus élevée. Le modèle LOGIMA a été calibré sur une base de données issues couvrant les sept principaux bassins de pétrole et de gaz non-conventionnels du pays. Les résultats indiquent que la nécessité d’apprentissage par la pratique pour découvrir l’emplacement des sweet spots conduit à une mise en œuvre d’un effort d’exploration également en forme de cloche, ce qui permet de réduire le risque des activités d’exploration. Par conséquent, la réponse en termes des volumes offerts par les producteurs à des chocs sur les prix dévient fonction de l’ensemble des ressources mondiales antérieurement découvertes. Ensuite, nous appliquons le modèle LOGIMA pour étudier l’impact causé par l’offre de pétrole et de gaz naturel « non-conventionnels » aux États-Unis, sur les efforts mondiaux d’atténuation du changement climatique. Nous y parvenons en associant les scénarios à long-terme générés par LOGIMA avec le modèle d’évaluation intégrée, IMACLIM-R. Cette étude analyse comment des différentes cibles de prix de pétrole affecteraient son offre aux États-Unis. Nous estimons cette interaction au moyen de trois cadres de politiques en matière de climat : le cadre « business as usual » (BAU), les contributions décidées à l’échelle nationale (NDC) et les scénarios de 2°C (2DS). Les résultats de l’exercice indiquent que les approvisionnements non-conventionnels sont fortement susceptibles d’affecter les marchés énergétiques mondiaux, mais leur impact sur les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre serait limité, car les différents effets déclenchés dans des différents secteurs viendraient les équilibrer approximativement
This thesis in energy and environmental economics extends the geological Hotelling-type extraction-exploration model from Okullo, Reynes and Hofkes (2015) in order to account for the bell-shaped reserve additions that were empirically observed by Laherrère (2003). The proposed model explains them as the result of geological “sweet spots”: premium areas within geological formations where the concentration of hydrocarbons is highest. The proposed theoretical formulation was programmed into the mathematical model LOGIMA – “Long-term Oil and Gas Images” – and calibrated on data covering the seven main unconventional oil and gas plays in the United States. Results indicate the need to learn the location of sweet spots through trial and error drillings leads to schedules of exploratory effort that allow the optimal “de-risking” of exploratory activities. As a result, the optimal response of producers to price shocks becomes contingent on the prevailing level of cumulative discoveries.We apply LOGIMA to investigate the impact, caused by the recent advent of large-scale supplies of unconventional oil and gas, in the United States, on the ongoing efforts to mitigate climate change. We do so by soft coupling long-term scenarios from LOGIMA with the integrated assessment model, IMACLIM-R, a recursive, computable general equilibrium model of integrated global energy, economy and environment systems. We analyze how different price targets, potentially pursued by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), would affect supplies of unconventional oil and gas from the United States. We control this interplay under three climate policy frameworks: business as usual (BAU), nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and 2°C scenario (2DS). The results of the exercise show that, despite having a significant potential to affect global energy markets, unconventional oil and gas supplies would have a limited potential to affect global cumulative greenhouse gas emissions to 2040, as the different effects triggered in different sectors approximately balanced each other out
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Melo, André de Souza. "Identificação de pontos quentes em transformadores de potência por meio de técnicas não invasivas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-07112017-151817/.

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Esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia, baseada em duas técnicas não invasivas para identificação e diagnóstico de pontos quentes em transformadores de potência durante plena operação ou em fase de projeto. A primeira técnica é baseada na medição de radiação infravermelha, emitida pelo equipamento em funcionamento e registrada por meio de análise termográfica. A segunda técnica é possível a partir do conhecimento prévio das características construtivas do transformador, fazendo uso do Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). A segunda técnica pode ser validada a partir das medições realizadas utilizando a primeira técnica. A formação de gases no interior dos transformadores de potência, devido à elevação da temperatura do óleo isolante em função dos pontos quentes, é discutida em detalhes com base nas normas técnicas estabelecidas pelo IEEE e IEC. As técnicas e procedimentos abordados ao longo dessa pesquisa foram obtidos a partir de um transformador com potência nominal de 120 MVA e relação de tensão 13,8/230 kV, projetado para integrar uma fazenda eólica ao Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN).
This research presents a methodology based on two noninvasive techniques for identification and diagnostic of hot spots in power transformers during operation or project development. The first is based on measurements of infrared radiation from the equipment during operation and recording by thermography. The second technique is possible from the previous knowing of the constructive characteristics of the power transformer, by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The second technique can be validated from measurements obtained using the first technique. The gas formation into the power transformers, because of the high temperatures in the insulating oil due to the hot spots, is discussed in details based on normative recommendations well established by the IEEE and IEC. All techniques and procedures to be approached in this research were obtained using a 120-MVA power transformer with voltage relationship of 13.8/230 kV that was projected to interconnect a wind farm to the Interconnected Brazilian System (Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN).
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Лушнікова, Марія Віталіївна. "Прогнозування впливу техногенного забруднення на води Чорного моря." Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/41751.

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Магістерська дисертація присвячена обґрунтуванню можливості створення нафтового бону який зможе ефективно фільтрувати нафтові плями в поверхневих водах акваторії Чорного моря. Проведено аналіз властивостей, характеристик і складу морської води. Запропоновано концепцію нафтового бону який буде складатись з синтетичних фільтрів, а також з природних матеріалів. Встановлено залежності дії антропогенного впливу на води Чорного моря; залежності від дії синтетичних та природних матеріалів на фільтрацію нафтових плям на поверхні води. Розроблено стартап-проект, основною ідеєю якого є виробництво нафтового бону який завдяки поеднанню двох матеріалів зможе ефективно очищувати воду. Розраховано, що для запуску проекту необхідно 697765 грн інвестицій.
The master's dissertation is assigned to the structure of the mobility of the stem of the naphtha bon, which can effectively filter naphtha in the surface waters of the Black Sea. The analysis of authorities, characteristics and warehouse of sea water was carried out. The concept of a naphtha boom, which will be composed of synthetic filters, as well as natural materials, is proponated. Deposits of anthropogenic plants were established in the waters of the Black Sea; deposits of synthetic and natural materials on the filtration of naphtha beaches on the water surface. A start-up project has been broken up, the main idea of which is the production of a naphtha boom, which means that two materials can be eaten efficiently. Rozrakhovano, scho for the launch of the project needs: 697765 UAH investment.
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Lock, Lillie Marlén. "Future fuel for worldwide tankershipping in spot market." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121509.

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Ship exhausts contain high levels of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and particles dueto the heavy fuel oil, HFO, used for combustion and the combustion characteristics of the engine.As a result of upcoming stricter regulations for shipping pollution, as well as growing attentionto greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and uncertainty of future petroleum oil supply, a shifttowards a cleaner burning fuel is needed.This work explores potential alternative fuels, both conventional and unconventional, and abatementtechnologies, to be used by tankers in the worldwide spot market to comply with upcomingenvironmental regulations in the near and coming future. As a reference the product tanker M/TGotland Marieann is used and recommendations for which fuel that shall be used by the referenceship in 2015 and 2020 are presented.The environmental assessment and evaluation of the fuels are done from a life cycle perspective usingresults from Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, studies.This study illustrates that, of the various alternatives, methanol appears to be the best candidatefor long-term, widespread replacement of petroleum-based fuels within tanker shipping. It does notemit any sulphur oxides nor particles and the nitrogen oxides are shown to be lower than those ofmarine gas oil, MGO. The global warming potential of the natural gas produced methanol is notlower than that of MGO, but when gradually switching to bio-methanol the greenhouse gas emissionsare decreasing and with methanol the vision of a carbon free society can be reached.For 2015 a switch towards methanol is not seen as realistic. Further research and establishment ofregulations and distribution systems are needed, however there are indications that a shift will bepossible sometime between 2015 and 2020. For 2015 a shift towards MGO is suggested as it involveslow investment costs and there is no need for infrastructure changes. As MGO is more expensivethan methanol, a shift is preferable as soon as the market, technology and infrastructure are ready.
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Okogu, B. E. "The spot market, inventory management and crude oil price behaviour : 1975-1983." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234327.

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Nilsson, Mattias. "Is The Oil Market Efficient? : A Cointegration Study of Spot and Futures Prices." Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Social Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-527.

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The oil market is arguably the most influential commodity market in the world, in that it has an effect on all economic variables in one way or another. Due to oil’s central role in the world economy, it is of the utmost importance that all parts of society strive to increase the understanding of how the market works. This study has analysed the efficiency of the oil market in the period 1986 to 2008, with the efficient market hypothesis as the theoretical framework. Data on the prices of spot and futures contracts on crude and heating oil has been collected from the New York Mercantile Exchange, and tested for cointegration, with the underlying assumption being that cointegration is a sign of weak form efficiency. The results implies that the spot and futures prices have not been cointegrated during the studied period, and thus we conclude that the oil market has not behaved in accordance with the weak form of the efficient market hypothesis.

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Milligan, Gemma. "Fitness standards for the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the oil and gas industry." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/fitness-standards-for-the-maritime-and-coastguard-agency-and-the-oil-and-gas-industry(7c9bd4fa-fdd5-4e6f-9299-6769189decd9).html.

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The studies presented in this thesis were conducted to develop two minimum fitness standards, one for the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the second for the Oil and Gas Industry. This provided the opportunity to compare across the essential tasks and resultant standards. The following stages were used for both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and Oil and Gas Industry: a. Review the tasks requiring a significant physical fitness component (Task Analysis); b. Determine the importance of the physically demanding tasks and identify those which are critical for success and safe work (Task Assessment); c. Establish the method of best practice (Technique) for undertaking the essential tasks; d. Establish and agree the minimum performance standard for the essential tasks (Task Performance) when performed using the method of best practice; e. Assess the physical and physiological demands of these tasks (Task Quantification); f. Design and validate a simple-to-administer minimum fitness standard. The essential tasks and fitness requirements of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency fell into three groups, these were: Group 1 (All Operations): achieve a maximum aerobic score of at least 31 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ based on the aerobic demand of 21.8 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ required to carry a stretcher at the head-end 200 m at a speed of 3.2 km.h-¹; continuously lift a 3 kg sledge hammer 10 times above shoulder height, based on hammering a stake into the ground; pull a rope, with a resistance of 35 kg, and maintain this load for 15 s based on manning a main rescue-line; carry a 19 kg hand-held load 200 m in 3 min 45 s allow 3 min 45 s rest, then carry a 25.5 kg hand held load, 200 m in 3 min 45 s, based on the ability to carry a stretcher (89 kg) as part of a four person team. Group 2 (Rope Technicians) should complete all the tasks as Group 1, plus pass all the technical competencies currently in place for Rope Technicians. Group 3 (Mud Technicians) as Group 1, plus achieve a predicted maximum aerobic score of at least 39 mL.kg- ¹.min-¹ based on the aerobic demand of 27.4 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ required to pull a stretcher across the mud at 0.8 km.h-¹, (this equates to covering 200 m in 15 minutes), prior to performing a simulated mud rescue. The essential tasks and the minimum fitness requirements of the Oil and Gas Industry were: Stair and Ladder-Climbing, achieve a predicted maximum aerobic score of at least 31 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ based on the aerobic demand of 23.4 mL.kg- ¹.min-¹ required to climb a flight of stairs at a rate of 80 steps.min-¹ and 23.6 mL.kg- ¹.min-¹ to climb a ladder at 24 rungs.min-¹; Manual Handling, based on the requirement to climb a flight of stairs at a rate of 80 steps.min-¹ for a minute carrying a load of 10 kg, 20 kg or 25 kg; Valve Turning, based on the requirement to continuously turn a medium size valve (25.4 cm diameter) set at a torque of 8.3 N.m, for 5 min; Emergency Response Team, achieve a predicted maximum aerobic score of at least 41 mL.kg-¹.min ¹, based on the aerobic demand of 30.7 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ required to pull a trailer/foam monitor at a speed of 5 km.h-¹. If trailer/foam monitors are not used achieve a predicted maximum aerobic score of at least 39 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ based on the aerobic demand of 28.9 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ required to climb a ladder at 34.5 rungs.min-¹. Stretcher carry 89 kg either in a two or four person lift (dependant on the facility), rope haul the heaviest anticipated load (10 kg first aid kit) up 10 m gantry, roll out a 23 m fire hose. There were no time constraints recommended for hauling kit and rolling out a hose. For those essential tasks that could not be assessed by a direct task measurement or a direct task simulation, a Predictive selection test was recommended and validated. Prediction intervals were used to take into account the inherent error between the predictive tests and the direct measurements, to determine “Pass”, “Borderline” and “Fail” categories. As a result of this work a modular approach was adopted in which individuals only undertake those test applicable to their job, with a combination of direct task measurements, direct task simulations, and Predictive selection tests recommended. It is suggested that, where possible, the use of a direct task measurement or simulation should either be progressive e.g. stretcher-carrying, or performed after a Predictive selection test, in order to reduce the risk of injury when the individuals proceed to undertake the direct task measurement or simulation e.g. manual handling. This approach has meant that consideration is given to the health and safety of the individuals undertaking the fitness standard whilst maintaining a high level of face validity.
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Ramberg, David J. (David John). "The relationship between crude oil and natural gas spot prices and its stability over time." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59566.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-126).
The historical basis for a link between crude oil and natural gas prices was examined to determine whether one has existed in the past and exists in the present. Physical bases for a price relationship are examined. An econometric modeling exercise seeks to establish whether a stable price relationship exists and to define it through the use of a vector error correction model. The model identifies strong evidence of cointegration between the crude oil and natural gas spot price series in the United States. It conditions the predicted natural gas price volatility through exogenous variables related to weather and supply. Once identified, the relationship is clarified more efficiently through the implementation of a conditional error correction model. The model is then utilized to simulate the effects of weather shocks, seasonality, supply deviations and hurricane activity on the cointegrating relationship between crude oil and natural gas. Finally, an analysis is conducted to test whether the relationship shifts over time to new equilibria. The results of the series of exercises suggest that crude oil and natural gas prices have moved together historically and statistical analysis supports the assumption that the two price series continued to be cointegrated through the end of 2008. The analysis presents evidence that the relationship shifts over time to new equilibria, and the data suggest that these new eqilibria are likewise stable.
by David J. Ramberg.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Karaca, Haldun. "Prediction Of Hot-spot And Top-oil Temperatures Of Power Transformers According To Ieee Standards C57.110-1998 And C57.91-1995." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609140/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, the effects of Harmonics on the Top Oil and Hot Spot Temperatures of Power Transformers used in Turkish Electricity Transmission System have been investigated. Due to the solid state equipment, the harmonic levels increase. This effect raises the losses and temperatures in the transformer windings. None of the power transformers currently used in Turkey has measuring equipment suitable for measuring the Hot-Spot temperatures. In this study, a computer program is written in LABVIEW which measures the harmonics and calculates the temperatures in accordance with the methods recommended in IEEE Standards C57.110-1998 and C57.91-1995. Also for sample transformers the work has been verified by measuring the Top-Oil temperatures of the transformers and then comparing with the calculated results.
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Books on the topic "Oil spots"

1

Trowbridge, Charles E. Injury to Prince William Sound spot shrimp. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game. Commercial Fisheries Management and Development Division, 1992.

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Trowbridge, Charles E. Injury to Prince William Sound spot shrimp. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game. Commercial Fisheries Management and Development Division, 1992.

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Fesharaki, Fereidun. Spot oil, netbacks and petroleum futures: The emergence of a new oil market. London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1986.

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J, Economides Michael, ed. America's blind spot: Chávez, oil, and U.S. security. New York, NY: Continuum, 2012.

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Razavi, Hossein. The new era of petroleum trading: Spot oil, spot-related contracts, and futures markets. Washinton, D.C: World Bank, 1989.

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Boyd, Dennis. They call me Oil Can: My life in baseball. Chicago, Ill: Triumph Books, 2012.

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Hiett, Robert L. Economic impact of recreational fishing and diving associated with offshore oil and gas structures in the Gulf of Mexico: Final report. New Orleans: U.S Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 2002.

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Hiett, Robert L. Economic impact of recreational fishing and diving associated with offshore oil and gas structures in the Gulf of Mexico: Final report. New Orleans: U.S Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 2002.

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Hiett, Robert L. Economic impact of recreational fishing and diving associated with offshore oil and gas structures in the Gulf of Mexico: Final report. New Orleans: U.S Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 2002.

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Bachmann, Hugo, and Walter Ammann. Vibrations in Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed003e.

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<p>«Vibrations in Structures» concentrates on vibrations in structures as excited by human motion or machine operation. Man-induced vibrations may arise from walking, running, skipping, dancing, etc. They occur mostly in pedestrian structures, office buildings, gym­nasia and sports halls, dancing and concert halls, stadia, etc. Existing publications treat by and large some isolated aspects of the problem; the present one attempts, for the first time, a systematic survey of man-induced vibrations. Machine-induced vibrations occur during the operation of all sorts of machinery and tools with rotating, oscillating or thrusting parts. The study concentrates rather on small and medium size machinery placed on floors of industrial buildings and creating a potential source of undesirable vibrations. The associ­ated questions have rarely been tackled to date; they entail probiems similar to those of man-induced vibrations.</p> <p>The book is consciously intended to serve the practising structural engineer and not primarily the dynamic specialist. It should be noted that its aim is not to provide directions on how to perform comprehensive dynamic computations. Instead, it attempts the following:</p> <ol> <li>to show where dynamic problems could occur and where a word of caution is good advice;</li> <li>to further the understanding of the phenomena encountered as well as of the underlying principles;</li> <li>to impart the basic knowledge for assessing the dynamic behaviour of the structures or structural elements;</li> <li>to describe suitable measures, both preventive to be applied in the design stage and remedial in the case of rehabilitation.</li> </ol>
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Book chapters on the topic "Oil spots"

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Mazzoli, Roberto, and Enrica Pessione. "Ancient Textile Deterioration and Restoration: Bio-Cleaning of an Egyptian Shroud Held in the Torino Museum." In Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage, 199–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_9.

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AbstractAncient textiles are fragile and several factors can affect their integrity. In the present chapter, the main agents of deterioration of old and new textiles, namely physical-chemical (light, oxygen, heat, and humidity) and biological factors as well as human erroneous interventions will be explored. As far as the biological deterioration is considered, the effects of microbial growth, primary and secondary metabolites (acids, solvents, surfactants, pigments) and enzymes (lipases, proteases, and glycosidases) on textile strength and cleanliness will be described in details. The main fungal and bacterial species involved in the damage (textile discoloration, black and green spots, cuts) will be reported. Adhesive application during restoration procedures is discussed to highlight the risk of glue thickening giving rise to dull precipitates on the fabric.The main strategies for oil-stain and glue removal (both animal glue, such as fish collagen, and vegetal glue, i.e. starch) will be described in the paragraph devoted to biorestoration. Finally, a case study concerning an ancient Coptic tunic housed in the Egyptian Museum of Torino, Italy, and biocleaned by means of gellan-immobilized alpha-amylase from Bacillus sp. will be largely discussed by reporting historical data, adhesive characterization, methods for artificial aging of simulated sample and glue removal from the artwork.
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Tiller, Nicholas B. "Snake Oil for the 21st-Century." In The Skeptic’s Guide to Sports Science, 1–24. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429446160-1.

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Arslan-Ayaydin, Özgür, and Inna Khagleeva. "The Dynamics of Crude Oil Spot and Futures Markets." In Energy Economics and Financial Markets, 159–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30601-3_9.

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Campbell, David. "The Biopolitics of Security: Oil, Empire, and the Sports Utility Vehicle." In The Logics of Biopower and the War on Terror, 129–56. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04379-5_7.

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Heryán, Tomáš. "Oil Spot Prices’ Next Day Volatility: Comparison of European and American Short-Run Forecasts." In Financial Environment and Business Development, 285–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39919-5_22.

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de Leeuw, Willem C., Hans-Georg Pagendarm, Frits H. Post, and Birgit Walter. "Visual Simulation of Experimental Oil-Flow Visualization by Spot Noise Images from Numerical Flow Simulation." In Eurographics, 135–48. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9425-6_13.

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Casares, Antonio, Alexandre Duret-Lutz, Klara J. Meyer, Florian Renkin, and Salomon Sickert. "Practical Applications of the Alternating Cycle Decomposition." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 99–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99527-0_6.

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AbstractIn 2021, Casares, Colcombet, and Fijalkow introduced the Alternating Cycle Decomposition (ACD) to study properties and transformations of Muller automata. We present the first practical implementation of the ACD in two different tools, Owl and Spot, and adapt it to the framework of Emerson-Lei automata, i.e., $$\omega $$ ω -automata whose acceptance conditions are defined by Boolean formulas. The ACD provides a transformation of Emerson-Lei automata into parity automata with strong optimality guarantees: the resulting parity automaton is minimal among those automata that can be obtained by duplication of states. Our empirical results show that this transformation is usable in practice. Further, we show how the ACD can generalize many other specialized constructions such as deciding typeness of automata and degeneralization of generalized Büchi automata, providing a framework of practical algorithms for $$\omega $$ ω -automata.
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M. Yunus, Zulkifli, Ahmad Faizal Zuli, Norasrudin Sulaiman, Rahmat Adnan, and Shariman Ismadi Ismail. "A Study on Factors Associated with Physical Fitness Status Among Emergency Response Team of Oil and Gas Company in Peninsular Malaysia." In Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology 2014 (ICoSSEET 2014), 69–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-107-7_8.

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Adewole, E. Steve, and O. A. Olafuyi. "Comparison between Pressure Drop Profile of a Horizontal Well as a Water Injector and as an Oil Producer in a Five-Spot Waterflood Pattern." In Advanced Materials Research, 265–70. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-450-2.265.

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Batchelor, Tony, and Robin Curtis. "Geothermal energy." In Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.003.0005.

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The term ‘geothermal energy’ describes all forms of heat stored within the Earth. The energy is emitted from the core, mantle, and crust, with a large proportion coming from nuclear reactions in the mantle and crust. It is estimated that the total heat content of the Earth, above an assumed average surface temperature of 15◦C, is of the order of 12.6×1024 MJ, with the crust storing 5.4×1021 MJ (Armstead, 1983). Based on the simple principle that the ‘deeper you go the hotter it gets’, geothermal energy is continuously available anywhere on the planet. The average geothermal gradient is about 2.5–3◦C per 100 metres but this figure varies considerably; it is greatest at the edges of the tectonic plates and over hot spots–where much higher temperature gradients are present and where electricity generation from geothermal energy has been developed since 1904. Geothermal energy is traditionally divided into high, medium, and low temperature resources. Typically, temperatures in excess of 150◦C can be used for electricity generation and process applications. Medium temperature resources in the range 40◦C to 150◦ C form the basis for ‘direct use’ i.e. heating only, applications such as space heating, absorption cooling, bathing (balneology), process industry, horticulture, and aquaculture. The low-temperature resources obtainable at shallow depth, up to 100–300 metres below ground surface, are tapped with heat pumps to deliver heating, cooling, and hot water to buildings. The principles of extracting geothermal energy, in applications ranging from large scale electrical power plants to smallscale domestic heating, are illustrated in Fig. 3.1. Geothermal energy can be utilized over a temperature range from a few degrees to several hundred degrees, even at super critical temperatures. The high temperature resources, at depth, are typically ‘mined’ and are depleted over a localized area by extracting the in situ groundwaters and, possibly, re-injecting more water to replenish the fluids and extract more heat. Although natural thermal recovery occurs, this does not happen on an economically useful timescale.
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Conference papers on the topic "Oil spots"

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Maende, Albert, and W. David Weldon. "Pyrolysis and TOC Identification of Tight Oil Sweet Spots." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/urtec2013-268.

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Hashmy, Khaled Husain, Tonner David, Samir Abueita, and Jos Jonkers. "Shale Reservoirs: Improved Production From Stimulation Of Sweet Spots." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/158881-ms.

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Stright, D. H., and R. J. Bottjer. "Long-Term Linear Flow Analysis: Finding Infill Sweet Spots in Underperforming Oil and Gas Fields." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/169095-ms.

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Juri, J. E., Guillaume Dupuis, G. Pedersen, A. Ruiz, V. Serrano, P. Guillen, F. Schein, et al. "Agile Scalable Distributed Polymer Injection Achieves 23% of Manantiales Behr Oil Production 2 Years; Worldwide Examples of this Game Changer Strategy." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209364-ms.

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Abstract Implementing a polymer flooding plan from laboratory studies to expansion and optimization takes around 8 to 12 years. What is the best approach to increase the project return on investment (ROI) and reduce the risk? EOR is facing, more than ever before, the importance and impact of timing. The oil demand is under rapid replacement because the energy transition is being accelerated by the pandemic. We built our strategy around a distributed polymer injection rather than a centralized infrastructure to massively inject polymer at full-field scale. The distributed polymer injection with modular mobile polymer injection units (PIUs) targets the richest zones/sweet- spots of by-passed oil. In this case, the logistics, the construction of small modular mobile polymer injection units along with a cluster of ten injectors and nineteen to twenty-five producers ensure that the development cost will be below $5/bbl. The distributed polymer injection not only is efficient in kg of polymer per incremental barrel but also rationalizes OPEX. Progressing this scenario is simple and depends mainly on the engineering and construction to move and mount rapidly the PIU from one sweet-spots to the next one. Our development strategy focused on speed over scale: less use of water, less footprint, less infrastructure, optimize OPEX (polymer is being consumed along four to seven years, there is scope to optimize along the project lifetime) on the contrary infrastructure an upfront cost (there is less scope to optimize in the project lifetime). We prioritize small/mobile facilities knowing the specific location of the best reservoir targets in the subsurface to inject polymer. This offered the opportunity to standardize engineering and materials for mounting the modules, and it provides a way to focusing on one type of infrastructure to optimize. Grimbeek Field, case study shows how we have increased the return of investment by identifying the sweet-spots of by-passed oil using reservoir simulation. In each of the main sweet-spots, we installed a modular mobile polymer injection unit. Reservoir simulation shows that only 38% of the reservoir affected by polymer injection produces more than 60% of the incremental oil. Grimbeek Field produced 4100 BOPD in 2019. Development of sweet-spots by modular polymer injection has driven the production of over 9700 BOPD incrementing production in more than 100% (more than 5000 BOPD) which now represents 23% of Manantiales Behr total production in less than two years including 2020. In the next 10 months, the project will have delivered 60% of the total cumulative production rationalizing the operative expenditure. This strategy is a game-changer in polymer flooding, not only because other companies worldwide are adopting the distributed polymer injection concept but also because companies that initially adopted centralized infrastructure to massively inject polymer are now abandoning this concept and shifting towards distributed polymer injection. This strategy can be implemented efficiently in many mature fields since it will improve efficiency and speed across the whole value chain: 1)construct a small polymer injection units off-site, 2) mount on-site a modular installation, 3) inject polymer in relatively short injection cycles (3 to 4 years rational increase in OPEX) and 4)focus cluster production and move the PIU to the next zone.
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Hwang, Long‐Far, and Peter J. Lellis. "Bright spots related to high GOR oil reservoir in green canyon." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1988. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1892427.

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Yanping, Li, Lei Dewen, Gao Xinfeng, Huang Yun, and Wu Jian. "Identification of Tight-Oil Sweet Spots in Northern East Junggar Basin." In Beijing 2014 International Geophysical Conference & Exposition, Beijing, China, 21-24 April 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Chinese Petroleum Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/igcbeijing2014-250.

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Brun, Victoria, Elodie Morgan, Brad Gerl, Luis Cardozo, and Jeremie Batias. "Aplicability of an Innovative and Light Seismic Approach to Monitor SAGD Operations in Surmont: A Blind Test." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206127-ms.

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Abstract Surmont is a heavy oil field located in northeast Alberta which is currently being developed by a joint venture between ConocoPhillips and Total using Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). To monitor the enhanced oil recovery process and caprock integrity, highly repeatable 4D seismic surveys using dynamite have been completed over the years. In order to maximize the value of information while controlling costs, a novel light seismic monitoring approach has been "blind-tested" on existing 4D data. The concept requires the use of only one source and one receiver couple, optimally placed in the field to monitor one or several subsurface spots, using time redundancy to detect 4D changes in these zones of interest. Three spot locations have been defined by the client on a well pad for which the history was not provided. For each of these spots, specific series of seismic processing steps have enabled the identification of the optimum source/receiver locations. Then, these optimum raw seismic traces extracted from different 4D campaigns have been analysed to detect potential time shift changes in the selected horizon induced by the growth of the steam chamber. Time-shift changes were plotted for all 3 spots. An increase was observed for one of the spots (Spot 3) from the first 4D monitor in 2010 up to the last monitor in 2015. An increase was also plotted between March 2013 and September 2013 for another spot (Spot 1), changes attributed to the dynamics of the steam chamber. On the contrary, spot 1 did not see any effect of the steam. These time-shift changes were then successfully cross-checked with temperature data from observation wells, confirming the qualitative variations attributed to the effects of the steam chamber evolution. It demonstrated the viability of this innovative seismic and focused monitoring approach to monitor the evolution of the steam chamber in Surmont. This also paves the way for a simpler and yet reliable and cost-effective way of monitoring the evolution of the steam chamber to further optimize production and increase rentability.
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Oppermann, Ralf H. J. "Finding Sweet Spots Through Seismic Fracture Extraction - Unconventional Case Studies From Around The World." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/158786-ms.

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Wu, Danni, Hao Guo, and Jubai An. "Research on Multi-Feature Fusion for Discriminating Oil Spill and Look-Alike Spots." In 2017 4th International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icisce.2017.132.

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Schmied, Joachim, Josef Pozivil, and Joseph Walch. "Hot Spots in Turboexpander Bearings: Case History, Stability Analysis, Measurements and Operational Experience." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51179.

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Vibration induced hot spots in radial fluid film bearings can cause spiral vibrations. The phenomenon is known as Morton effect. Various authors have described the phenomenon of spiral vibrations caused by rubbing in general [1 – 4] and specifically by the differential viscous shearing in fluid film bearings [5 – 8]. The history of the case of a turbo-expander for the cryogenic industry is described. The investigated machine has a single relatively stiff rotor with two overhung impellers. The rotor is supported on two tilting pad bearings, as they are commonly used for these applications. It was designed in line with API 617 7th edition [11]. During internal factory testing excessive vibration at high speed suddenly developed, in spite of very high damping and comfortable separation margins of the relevant rotor vibration modes. The vibrations evolution in a polar plot had the appearance of a spiral, as they are typically observed in case of vibration induced hot spots. The tilting pad bearings were suspected as the most likely cause for the hot spots. In parallel to the tests, hot spot stability analyses with a rotor dynamic model of the turbo-expander were carried out. The applied method, introduced by Schmied [5] allows the handling of general rotor systems. The hot spot model is based on the theory of Kellenberger [3] using a thermal equation between the shaft’s thermal deflection and the shaft displacement at the hot spot location. The analytical results gave evidence of the instabilities and confirmed the fluid-film bearings as the source of the hot spot. The model was used to assess changes for the solution of the problem. The following measures were studied: Reduction of the oil viscosity, stiffening of the rotor and reduction of the bearing width. The final successfully implemented solution was a combination of lower bearing width and reduced viscosity. Apart from this thoroughly studied case, an overview of further turbo-expanders regarding their hot spot behavior is given.
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Reports on the topic "Oil spots"

1

Considine, Jennifer, Kang Wu, Ziyad Alfawzan, and Sammy Six. Placing a Value on Spot Sales from a Joint Oil Stockpiling Facility. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2019-dp82.

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Considine, Jennifer, Kang Wu, and Abdullah AlDayel. Securing New Markets in Asia: The Value of Strategic Spot Crude Oil Sales to Teapot Refiners. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2019-dp79.

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Michael, Eric. Spot reanalysis of vitrinite equivalent reflectance of cuttings (2,770' and 6,520') and of core (8,242') from Gulf Oil Corporation Colville Delta State #1 well, and of cuttings (6,000-6,200', and 7,000-7,200') from the Atlantic Richfield Company Itkillik River Unit #1 well. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/19037.

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Methodology of sports working capacity level increase in basketball players on the basis of stimulation and rehabilitation means. Viktor V. Andreev, Igor E. Konovalov, Dmitriy S. Andreev, Aleksandr I. Morozov, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-1-5-11.

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Abstract:
The increased level of modern sport development increases the demands claimed on different aspects of the training process with further rehabilitation organization and realization. That is why we still have the problem of an adequate and effective integral system creation. The mentioned direction has a direct connection with the activity of scientists, coaches- practitioners and sports clubs. They have to work within one mechanism of interaction. Materials. Studying the level of working capacity influence stimulation and organism rehabilitation means on an organism of basketball players from higher educational establishments on the basis of a wildgrowing plant root “snowdon rose” (Rhodiola rosea), classical massage with special oils and contrast shower application. Research methods. The following methods were used in the experiment: scientific-methodical sources analysis concerning the level of working capacity and athletes’ functional rehabilitation increase; functional tests; the received video material with the indices analysis; mathematical statistics. The research realization was on the basis of N.F. Katanov State University, Khakassia and Khakassia Technical Institute (branch) of Siberian Federal University in Abakan. Results. During the research work we stated qualitative and quantitative indices of athletes’ coordinating endurance with the help of video together with other mentioned above rehabilitation means; the received results were handled and we revealed positive changes in the studied information values of basketball players’ motor sphere and respiratory system. Conclusion. The results analysis, received after the research, helped to come to the following conclusion: out of the presented components the biological factor in a form of a wild-growing plant root “snowdon rose” (Rhodiola rosea) has the main influence on the working capacity and functional rehabilitation of basketball players’ organisms.
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