Academic literature on the topic 'Oil spill drills'
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Journal articles on the topic "Oil spill drills"
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Levine, Robert A. "DRILLING FOR REALITY1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 1036–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-1036.
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ABSTRACT ARCO Marine, Inc. (AMI) has been holding regular oil spill drills for its spill team members since the mid-1970s. Over the years the drills have gotten more elaborate and more costly, employing equipment and testing initial response and transition management. By the 1993 drill, it was found, the drills were losing their educational benefits and for the most part had become well-rehearsed stage plays, with spill team members and other participants as actors and equipment as props. The drills were not providing the education necessary to develop team members for their roles as response managers. AMI rethought the drill process and, with the concurrence of the U.S. Coast Guard, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, and the Ship Escort and Response Vessel System, decided that it was time to “drill for reality.”
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Klumpp, Christopher J. "Slaying the Paper Tiger." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-255.
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ABSTRACT California's Oil Spill Response Organization (OSRO) and Plan-Holder Unannounced Drill Programs have provided an opportunity for state, Federal, and industry representatives to work together to ensure that the best achievable response for the State of California is attained. As a result of the success of these two initial programs, the Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) considers unannounced drills to be the cornerstone of response resource assessment. Unannounced drills present an opportunity to practice and improve how the OSROs and plan-holders (tank vessels, non-tank vessels, and facilities) respond to oil spills by testing contingency plans, reviewing the systems approach, and revealing issues that may hamper an oil spill response. The OSRO unannounced drills test the OSRO's response capabilities for the first six hours of a response, while the plan-holder drills test the owner/operator's ability to initiate a response to a spill incident, based on the owner/operator's contingency plan, for the first three hours of a response. Unannounced OSRO and plan-holder drills both require government agency notification, equipment activation and deployment, and response resources to be operated. Since the only way to evaluate how a plan-holder's team will respond in an emergency is to evaluate them in a non-emergency, adding the element of surprise allows the state to better make the determination as to the adequacy of their preparedness. Non-tank vessel, tank vessel, and facility operators are also required to conduct to plan-holder initiated drills, and these have also been highly successful. Part of the success of these drills is that they have revealed potential problems, for which plan-holder-initiated solutions or OSPR regulatory fixes have been identified and proposed. Through this process, the California Unannounced Drill Program has evolved from being planning standard-based to performance standard-based for OSROs. Under new legislation that reflects the OSRO performance requirements (Government Code 8670.29), plan-holders must now contract with one or more state-rated OSROs to meet contingency plan requirements and an OSRO will only be granted a state rating by participating in unannounced drills.
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Foley, Paul. "IMPROVISED RESPONSE SOLUTIONS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-413.
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ABSTRACT The one truly common learning point coming out of every oil spill debrief is the understanding that no two spills are ever the same. This inherent variety coupled with the unpredictable nature of oil spills ensures that we can only ever aspire to attaining a level of preparedness somewhere short of being fully ‘response-ready’. Indeed, as the search for oil takes the industry further into unknown and unpredictable regions, responders are increasingly reliant on their initiative as one of the primary tools in a response. Remote locations, inadequate logistical support, unpredictable customs and poor planning can all lead to an absence of dedicated operational oil spill equipment where and when you need it most. Attending training courses and acting out drill after drill can teach core skills and impart confidence through repetition, but perhaps the most important skill of any responder is the ability to improvise and adapt. Rather than dispelling the importance of oil spill training and drills, this paper explains how a thorough knowledge of response strategies and techniques can allow a responder to adapt and engineer an effective response using limited resources. Within this paper, corralling without boom, in-situ gravity separation and dispersant application, are some of the examples within the author'S experience that will highlight the importance of ingenuity during an oil spill where adaptation and innovation have ensured a successful response despite the absence of dedicated oil spill equipment. The author concludes by exploring the merits and shortfalls of this approach and asks, “Is the responder'S toolbox really only limited by his imagination?”
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Shinn, Cassidee, Joe Stewart, and Yvonne Addassi. "Unannounced Drill Program: Testing Spill Management Team Capability through Vessel & Facility Oil Spill Contingency Plans." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2017425. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.000425.
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California has approximately >10,000 vessels calling its ports each year, and 200–300 facilities state wide, many of which are required to have a California Oil Spill Contingency Plan (Contingency Plan) on file with Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR). Spill Management Teams (SMT), either staffed by Contingency Plan holders' employees or contracted out, and the use of the Incident Command System (ICS) structure must be described in these plans. OSPR introduced an unannounced SMT drill program (Program) in 2012 to ensure that Contingency Plan holders can successfully complete the proper initial notifications, activate their SMT, and use ICS in accordance with their approved Contingency Plan and California Code 820.01, Drills and Exercises. There are multiple goals of this Program, including the enhanced capability of SMTs, OSPR, and other partners. This Program provides continued education and training for Contingency Plan holders and SMTs in an effort to bolster the initial response phase of an actual incident. Through these drills, SMTs must demonstrate that they could make proper notifications and decisions during an actual incident and be staffed with trained personnel in ICS to fill positions before State and Federal representatives respond. Additionally, SMTs should deploy resources listed in their approved Contingency Plans and ensure those resources are up to date, available, and sufficient. Furthermore, drills provide an opportunity for OSPR and SMTs to build relationships through testing these procedures, which should make the initial response more efficient and effective. Lastly, the drills are often conducted with representatives from United States Coast Guard and Environmental Protection Agency, both of which have their own drill programs. Working in conjunction with federal partners ensures continuity and fewer required drills of SMTs. Since the beginning of the Program, SMTs continue to improve their response capabilities, validated by more successfully completed unannounced drills. OSPR has conducted 30 unannounced drills, all of which were on SMTs for marine facilities and vessels. With the expanded authority of OSPR to regulate facilities statewide in 2015, this Program will continue to grow. Ultimately, a more comprehensive Program should lead to enhanced SMT capability statewide, and therefore better protection of the State's natural resources overall. The goal of this poster will be to describe: 1) the history and purpose of this Program; 2) the lessons learned and improvements of SMTs and Contingency Plans; and 3) the expansion of the Program from marine to statewide.
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Kazmierczak, Leon J., and Thomas A. Crawford. "RESULTS OF A FULL-SCALE SURPRISE TEST OF SUN'S MAJOR SPILL RESPONSE PLAN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-623.
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ABSTRACT Sun Transport, the Marine division of Sun Refining and Marketing Company, a subsidiary of Sun Company, Inc., has conducted a series of drills to assess the effectiveness of its Oil Spill Response Plan. The latest drill, third in the series, was conducted in September 1982. Papers presented at the 1979, 1981, and 1983 Oil Spill Conference describe the plan, its rationale, and the previous two drills. This paper reviews the training progression of the previous exercises and reports on the findings and experiences of this latest exercise. As in previous drills, the planning committee and a few others were the only people in Sun Company with any prior knowledge of the drill. This simulation was the most extensive. It involved simultaneous and separate call-out scenarios, full-scale use of contractor cleanup crew and equipment, chartering aircraft, and participation by representatives of the Clean Caribbean Cooperative, the Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement Concerning Liability for Oil Pollution (TOVALOP), and the U.S. Coast Guard. The realism provided by this exercise allowed each participant to experience firsthand the problems on-scene at a major cleanup operation and to come away with confidence in managing them.
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Plourde, Kristy, Jean R. Cameron, and Vickie Huyck. "THE OIL SPILL FIELD OPERATIONS GUIDE (FOG)-NEW AND IMPROVED1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-987.
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ABSTRACT The original oil spill Field Operations Guide (FOG) was a product of the Standard Oil Spill Response Management System (STORMS) Task Force comprised of representatives of the U. S. Coast Guard, California Department of Fish and Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), other states, the petroleum industry, oil spill response organizations, and local government. The STORMS Task Force produced this first version of the “oilized” Incident Command System (ICS) FOG and Incident Action Plan (IAP) forms in 1994 and made subsequent revisions in 1995 and 1996. With 2 more years of ICS experience and facilitated by the States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force, a new group of representatives from federal and state governments, the petroleum industry, and oil spill response professionals met to review and update the 1996 FOG and IAP forms in October 1998. The overall goal was to remain consistent with the National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS) yet reflect the experience gained using ICS at actual oil spills and drills. The group met quarterly over an 18-month period, working collaboratively to reach a consensus on numerous changes. Some of the changes included adding an Environmental Unit to the Planning Section, revising the planning cycle diagram for the oil spill IAP process, and revising the IAP forms as appropriate to reflect the way oil spills are managed. All significant revisions/improvements will be highlighted in this paper and poster.
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Okolo, N. "Oil Spill Preparedness in Kenya." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-105.
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ABSTRACT Following oil spills and petroleum fire incidents in Kenya, and in light of the recent increase in environmental awareness worldwide, the oil industry in Kenya and its affiliates have taken tangible steps to enhance alertness and implement emergency response plans. A National Oil Pollution Committee was formed in 1989 and charged with (1) assessing the existing capability of the industry to cope with oil spills, and (2) defining the maximum credible incident that the industry can handle, including establishing stock levels of equipment and chemicals, setting up plans, and organization and development of regular practice drills. Since the oil industry in Kenya cannot provide resources capable of responding to, and effectively controlling all emergencies which might occur, the National Oil Pollution Committee includes representatives of two government corporations, Kenya Ports Authority and Kenya Pipeline Company, and the four government ministries of Transport and Communications, Energy, Tourism and Wildlife, and Environment and Natural Resources. The Kenya Ports Authority has been appointed as the oil spill coordinator responsible for manpower, storage and maintenance of the equipment stockpile, and equipment employment in case of an oil spill.
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Narin van Court, Wade A., and Mark B. Robinson. "Insights from Meta-Analysis of Recent Exercises." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1388.
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ABSTRACT Oil terminals maintain and assess their oil spill response readiness by conducting drills and exercises in general accordance with the Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) guidelines; however, they often do not realize the full benefits of the time and effort they invest in their exercise programs. Specifically, the way many terminals conduct and evaluate their drill and exercise programs does not provide an in-depth understanding of the capabilities and competencies of their personnel and their response contractors. URS Corporation (URS) recently performed a meta-analysis of tabletop exercises (TTX), equipment deployment exercises (EDX), and unannounced spill equipment deployment drills (UDD) that we facilitated at terminals around the United States. The meta-analysis was performed as a combined review of the after action reports from the various exercises to identify common lessons learned and areas for improvement. Specifically, the objective of the meta-analysis was to develop recommendations, based on an in-depth understanding of the identified common lessons learned and insights from our exercise facilitators, to enhance or improve terminals' oil spill response performance when implemented in the design of future drills and exercises. Based on our study, URS identified and developed recommendations to address the following areas for improvement: training/exercises did not build on previous efforts; TTX were “walk through” or discussion type of exercises and not conducted in “real time”; UDD were conducted in similar ways each time and did not “stress the system”; exercises and drills did not involve upper level (e.g., regional or corporate) personnel who may have significant roles in the response; terminal personnel did not have relationships with staff of industries, contractors, and/or agencies in their area; terminal personnel were not familiar with the Geographic Response Plans or Area Contingency Plans for their area; and exercise programs and post-exercise reviews and critiques did not effectively assess all 15 response plan components. By implementing the recommendations from our meta-analysis, terminals can expect to obtain significantly greater benefits in terms of competence and confidence to respond to oil spills for a modest investment in additional time, cost, and effort.
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Reimer, P. D., A. Lamarche, and E. H. Owens. "AUTOMATED SHORELINE OILING DATA GENERATION FOR SPILL DRILLS AND SCENARIOS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-905.
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ABSTRACT Realism during drills and exercises is sometimes difficult to achieve. A new technique to quickly and easily create data on “oiled shorelines” also generates displays that can be viewed on Google Earth™. Shoreline surveys are a fundamental aspect of any spill response and the data generated by these field surveys forms the basis for decisions by the spill management team regarding operational strategies, treatment tactics, and treatment end points. During an actual spill event these data are collected by field teams that survey the affected area and generate reports that are entered into a data management system. Oil spill drills and scenario exercises are a practical method to evaluate response functionality, train personnel and maintain readiness for both private sector organizations and regulatory agencies. Teams can be assembled, oil trajectories simulated, and all of the response decisions practiced. The one factor typically that is missing is actual oiled shoreline data to drive the decision process. Generation of this shoreline oiling data can be time consuming and require a level of effort that may not be considered warranted in terms of time and cost. A simple and rapid technique has been developed to create detailed and realistic oiling conditions on shorelines to address this deficiency. The data that is generated includes length, width, distribution, and thickness of oil within a selected tidal zone or zones; all of the typical SCAT data. This data can be easily transferred to GIS and database systems to generate the reports required by the management team and to track simulated cleanup activities. A similar application is to generate data for scenarios that commonly are included in oil spill response or contingency plans. This technique was used successfully during a major spill drill in Prince William Sound Alaska in May, 2007.
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Villoria, Carlos, and Rosa Pérez. "OIL SPILL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR THE VENEZUELAN OIL INDUSTRY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-905.
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ABSTRACT In 1991, the Venezuelan oil industry, through INTEVEP, its research and development subsidiary, started a project to implement an oil spill decision support system (DEPET 4.0) for the Venezuelan national oil spill contingency plan. For this primary tool for taking spill response actions in operational drills and real emergencies, the industry developed a database of possible scenarios in predetermined sites and for natural resource damage assessment. The system covers the entire Venezuelan coastline, with each of five management zones serviced by a separate base map and data.
Books on the topic "Oil spill drills"
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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., ed. Designing and conducting oil spill drills: Guidance document : overview of Department of Ecology's oil spill drill and exercise program for vessels and oil handling facilities. [Olympia, Wash.]: The Dept., 1998.
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Designing and conducting oil-handling facility spill drills & exercises: Guidance document. [Olympia, Wash.]: The Dept., 1995.
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Spill of National Significance (SONS) exercise 2010: March 22-26, 2010, exercise participant pamphlet. Washington D.C: US Coast Guard Headquarters, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Oil spill drills"
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Murphy, G. Ronald. "Snow White." In The Owl, The Raven, & The Dove, 113–32. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195136074.003.0007.
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Abstract In one of the several German versions of the story which they describe, a king and queen are riding along in a sleigh, and as the queen tries to peel an apple she accidentally cuts her finger, causing blood to spill on the snow. In others, it is a count and a countess in the sleigh. The countess makes a wish for a baby girl as white as the snow piles, as red as three pools of blood which they pass, and as black as three ravens who fly overhead. In still another version, the queen drives Snow White into the forest, has the carriage stop, and suggests that Snow White get out to pick a bouquet of red roses; as the girl is gathering them the carriage quickly drives off, abandoning Snow White in the woods.
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Bernardino, Angelo F., Erik E. Cordes, and Thomas A. Schlacher. "The natural capital of offshore oil, gas, and methane hydrates in the World Ocean." In Natural Capital and Exploitation of the Deep Ocean, 111–26. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841654.003.0006.
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Over half of the global energy consumption is based on fossil fuels that are now mainly extracted from ocean depths below 150 m. These hydrocarbon reserves are thus a significant natural capital from deep oceans that support human well-being. Technological advances have guided the offshore deep-sea explorations to virtually all major ocean basins with thousands of wells being drilled on the deep seafloor to reach reserves that now support a significant part of the global markets. However, the environmental footprint of the oil and gas industry is significant and arises from regional impacts of regular operations on deep-sea ecosystems, from major disasters, or day-to-day accidents that spill millions of gallons of oil into the oceans each year, and from a significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and its climate effects globally. This is despite the general compliance with a wide array of environmental and political regulatory frameworks globally. The contrast from energy and market demand for fossil fuels against a background of environmental costs and impacts into the deep sea as exploration advances has not previously been examined. Here we apply the natural capital concepts of stock value of hydrocarbon reserves and contrast their financial and human value to the social and economic costs of their exploration and social costs from impacts on ecosystem services. We suggest that the economic value of hydrocarbon resources is very limited when compared to its vast environmental costs, supporting the global transition to a green energy strategy.
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Mohammed, Shakeel Ahmed, Shahbaz Aman, and Bharat Singh. "FUTURISTIC BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR ROLE OF MICROBES IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION." In Futuristic Trends in Biotechnology Volume 3 Book 19, 35–57. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bjbt19p4ch1.
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Climate change and growing global population has needed increased demand for sustainable agricultural practices. Researchers and scientists are exploring innovative solutions to enhance agricultural productivity with minimal hazardous impact on environment. Beneficial microorganisms have emerged as promising candidates in this pursuit where potentially important microbes includes Rhodococcus strains that showed exceptional properties to produce biosurfactants, enabling fine-tuning for soil remediation and oil spill treatment. They contribute to the circular economy by converting waste materials into valuable extracellular glycolipids. Genetic engineering techniques further enhance biosurfactant yields, offering new drives in sustainable agriculture. Azotobacter, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, efficiently converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, providing an eco-friendly alternative to nitrogen-based fertilizers. It also produces plant growth-promoting substances that regulate plant development, improve nutrient uptake, and enhance resistance to environmental stresses. Bacillus subtilis, a biofilm-forming Rhizobacterium, stimulates plant growth through the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and siderophores, promoting nutrient availability for plants. Bacillus subtilis' metabolic capabilities and stress-response genes offer potential applications in organic farming and biotechnology. To address climate change's impact on agriculture, researchers and farmers are exploring innovative solutions, including the use of beneficial microorganisms as biofertilizers. Rhodopseudomonas palustris, a phototropic purple non-sulfur bacterium, shows promise in enhancing the plant growth, nutrient uptake efficiency, and soil contamination reduction. Siderophores, iron-chelating molecules, play crucial roles in regulating iron uptake by bacteria and plants. Heterobactins produced by Rhodococcus spp. have potential for iron sequestration and microbial interactions. However, implementation of genetic engineering tools can increase siderophore production, improving nutrient uptake and crop yields. Beneficial strains like Mst 8.2 and Alcaligenes faecalis enhance pathogen resistance and nutrient uptake in genetically modified crops, contributing to environmental sustainability and ecosystem health. In view of such important properties of these microbes we have attempted to summarize the agriculture and industrial values of bio-economical microbes and their respective byproducts.
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Babasaheb, Jige Sandipan. "CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON HEALTH." In Futuristic Trends in Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano Technology Volume 2 Book 12, 187–96. Iterative International Publishers, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v2bs12p2ch3.
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The chemical has wide range in the environment which has contaminate our earth’s land, water and air. This chemical also shows impact environment and human health. Among this containments many comes from the industry and commercial area like roads, parking, oil and chemical spills and storm drains like non point sources. The waste water treatment plants and sewage system also produces chemical containments in the environment. In the ecosystem food chain some containment entered by breakdown and accumulating. The containment accumulated by fish or any other wildlife has been eaten by human and thus it enters into the food chain system. The environmental pollution refers to unwanted or undesirable change in the chemical, physical and biological characters of water, air and soil. It has harmful for living organisms. The noise, heat or light are the chemical substance or energy form of pollution. A contaminate are enters into the body of human by four main route like inhalation, injection, ingestion and absorbed by the skin and eyes. A contaminate substance occurs by absorption via respiratory tract, and it absorbed into blood stream and distributed into throughout of body. The chemicals inhaled into the body in the form of vapors, mists, fumes, fine dust and as aerosols. The symptoms of this chemicals occur through inhalation include eyes, nose and throat irritation. It also shows the symptoms like coughing, headache, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, confusion and collapse. The mixture of many chemical species occurs in air borne particulate so it is not single particle of pollutant. It has solid core with liquid coating shows the complex mixture of aerosols contain liquid small drops and dry solid fragments and solid mixture. It has different in size, shape and chemical composition. It found in earth’s crust from, organic compounds, element of carbon, inorganic ion and metallic compounds. The air quality regulatory the air borne particle defined by his diameter. In the environment many pollutants has affect on human health and also cause different environmental problems like global warming, climate change and acid rain formation. The common surface water and ground water pollutants on lands are organic matter, bacteria, industrial waste, hydrocarbons, agrochemicals, pesticides and household products. The pollutants on the earth occur everywhere it can found in water that we drinks, it occur in air that we breathe and it also found in the food that we can it, these pollutant takes toll on our health. In the year 2015 pollution estimated about nine millions deaths worldwide , the malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS like diseases combined together but pollution has shows three time more deaths. This type of dangerous effect of chemicals condiments occur on the human health
Conference papers on the topic "Oil spill drills"
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Burton, Sharon. "How Oil Spill Response Management, Exercises And Drills Have Changed Since The Gulf Of Mexico Incident And The Lessons Learnt." In SPE Middle East Health, Safety, Security, and Environment Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/151158-ms.
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Seligman, Bruce, and Frank Bercha. "ARKTOS New Developments." In SNAME 10th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2012-140.
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The ARKTOS vehicle is an amphibious craft system capable of operation in a wide range of Arctic ice conditions and seastates. It is approved as an evacuation system by various regulators, including the US Coast Guard (USCG), and is currently operational in several marine cold regions as an EER and utility system. Following is a description of recent additional operational and ergonomical tests of the 52 Person USCG Approved ARKTOS Evacuation Craft. This description is followed by a summary of some of the ongoing developments for the system in oil spill control, ice management, and its extension to new applications in forestry and pipeline construction in swampy locations. As part of a reliability investigation of the ARKTOS EER capability, a series of non-Arctic calm condition manoeuvrability and performance drills were carried out to focus on both global performance and operator ergonomic factors. These tests were carried out at a temperate location in the Fraser River Delta and Robert’s Bank, near Vancouver, B.C. Operation of the Craft in deep water with jets only, shallow water using both tracks and jets, and on tidal flats above water using tracks only. The planned utilization of the Craft by ENI Petroleum, Inc. in the Beaufort Sea is described. Next, descriptions of some other current new developments for oil spill cleanup, river and sea ice management, and disaster response applications are given. Conclusions and recommendations for further developments and reliability improvements are given.
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Zulqarnain, Muhammad, and Mayank Tyagi. "Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) of an Exploratory Drilling Oil Spill in Deepwater Gulf of Mexico." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24685.
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Major offshore accidents such as Macondo well incident highlight one of the possible failure modes and subsequent disasters when an offshore engineering project could go wrong. Such events can potentially happen during any phase of an offshore well’s life — starting from the exploratory drilling phase to the final phase of plug and abandonment. Major factors that significantly contribute in defining such accident scenarios are the geological and operational complexities, equipment reliability, human factors, geographical/economy location, and environmental conditions. The path taken by the reservoir fluids to reach the sea floor is also an important factor in determining the worst case discharge rates. It is expected that the environmental risks from an oil/gas spill would also be function of the type of hydrocarbons released and duration of the spill. A representative Neogene well is studied for quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for spill in exploratory phase from the Mississippi Canyon in the Gulf of Mexico with a water depth of 3,000ft and total vertical depth of 16,726 ft and the representative reservoir properties for this area are selected from the literature. Due to the large variation of reservoir properties, lognormal distributions have been assumed for some of the reservoir properties and from the Monte Carlo simulations P10, P50 and P90 values are estimated. Based on P50 and P90 values, the worst case discharge rates are calculated using a commercially available multiphase flow simulator with black oil model. Based on historical trends, release of hydrocarbons during blowouts are simulated for the following circumstances: seabed and topside releases, restricted and unrestricted flow through BOP, flow with drill pipe inside the wellbore and open hole flow without drill pipe and flow from the reservoir when it is either fully or partially penetrated. To incorporate the technological improvements and study their effects on the reduction of the overall risk associated with deepwater drilling activity, two cases are considered and compared to each other. First case is based on the historical data and the second case is a modified version of the first case by incorporating some of the recent technological improvements and newly built oil spill response systems e.g. capping stacks. The historical kick statistics and the equipment reliability data available in the literature is used to analyze various scenarios and corresponding flow rates. Risk is analyzed using the failure probability and consequence analysis and is presented in the form of a risk matrix for the different case studied and for the overall drilling activity as well.
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Goeury, C., J. M. Hervouet, M. Benoit, I. Baudin-Bizien, and D. Fangeat. "Numerical modeling of oil spill drifts for management of risks in continental waters." In WATER POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp120241.
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Bassey, Bassey Okon, and Ekpenyong Anakari Ana. "Abatement of Operational Discharges from Offshore Vessels and Structures in an Emerging Zero Spill Regime." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210879-ms.
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Abstract The petroleum industry must satisfy energy demand while safeguarding the environment as global interest in sustainability rises and more zero discharge regimes emerge. Operational discharges from offshore vessels and structures cause untold damage to ecosystems but rarely make news headlines as these acts are mostly perpetuated in the open sea, at night and impacts are less visible due to advection. Oil spill response is complex, expensive and long-lasting. Chemical releases are more difficult to clean and the environment is seldom completely restored, making prevention more desirable. This paper was informed by this scenario and identified gaps in the literature, which mostly reports accidental spills. The nature, sources, causes and effects of operational discharges are highlighted; existing preventive and remediation measures are critically evaluated, and the imperatives of recent regulatory changes for process safety are examined. Live cases are cited from across the globe to assess typical solutions and/or penalties deployed. Relevant local, regional and international regulations are juxtaposed with developments in design, operating procedures and asset integrity measures for selected case studies. Since the ratification of MARPOL 73/78 by certain countries, subsequent decades have seen the continual operation of tankers without segregated ballast tanks, double hulls and other spill prevention design features at major oil loading and unloading hubs across the Gulf of Guinea. Several discharges go unreported and the penalties are barely enforced by regulators. Taking a cue from mature zero discharge regimes such as Norway, discharge prevention measures would be economically viable, address environmental considerations and enhance the corporate image of operators. In a comparative analysis of the value of energy production, social and environmental concerns often indicate great disparity. Creating a good balance on the economic scale will possibly show a different and more realistic perspective on the cost of production. This paper advocates a proactive and preventative, rather than the reactive and curative approach typical of most previous studies. Implementation of recommended engineering and administrative controls are hoped to aid the industry's drives towards zero harm, self-regulation and social license-to-operate in a world apprehensive about oil and gas. They will strengthen regulators in developing economies with heavy dependence on hydrocarbons and poor enforcement, where operators often overlook regulations.
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Triananda, Ade Hamzah, Muhamad Aji, Ramdhan Ari Wibawa, Meita Silaban, Rinaldi Pasaribu, and Ria Ayu Rifani. "Managing Safety Risk and Oil Spill During Pre-Breakthrough Steam Flood by Steam Early Detection with Artificial Intelligent." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215439-ms.
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Abstract Delta Area-X is the newest steam flood project in Delta Heavy Oil Field in Riau Province of Sumatra, Indonesia. The area currently produces 12,000 BOPD from 450 oil producers and 145 steam injectors that are supported by high proactive optimization that consists of steam cyclic stimulation, chemical stimulation, and pump optimization. The steam flood life cycle is divided into three general phases: immature phase, transition/steam breakthrough phase, and mature phase. Delta Area-X is currently entering the transition period. The transition phase is the most challenging period because steam has broken through for some producers. Many producer failures experiencing sanding problems, holes in pipes, rapid production changes, scale problems, etc. These are the challenges to completely heat the project area. At this period, the team is supposed to maintain and continue steam injection, conduct cyclic steam in cold producers to connect steam zones, and mitigate steam breakthrough impact on producers by building a fluid level and pinch casing valve. Steam rate reduction in this phase may delay heating area. Delta Area-X has experienced several steam breakthroughs events that caused the production casing line to be cut out and cause oil spills. To prevent similar cases, similar events should be identified earlier to know which wells, where and when for later on leading preventive actions. Identification started by integrating data from surveillance data from field such as artificial lift, field operation pressure and temperature survey and production performance trend. Artificial intelligence was introduced to the identification process by pattern recognition artificial lift surveillance data to determine indication of steam. The result of Artificial Intelligence combines with dynamic well condition drives condition to meet: gradually detection and sudden detection to oil producer. Since there are many wells operated in the area, an exception signal is required to alert engineers only on wells that has potential issues. Since application of steam breakthrough signal, the team can quickly make recommendations to manage steam by installing chokes, size up casing choke, reduce stroke per minute (SPM), reduce stroke length (SL) or the most massive action: shut in well oil producer / steam injector. Managing the steam will help controlling the steam causing casing cut out or oil spill and in term of steam flood management, it will redistribute steam to other wells or redirecting steam growth in order to have good sweep efficiency. Since the implementation of this approach, the team has identified more than hundred wells that were captured by steam breakthrough signals, then it followed up with appropriate action that successfully prevented potential safety hazard.
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Theophilus, Tubi O., Olugbenga Falode, and Adenike A. O. Ogunshe. "2010 Gulf of Mexico Macondo Oil Spill Disaster: HACCP Lessons for Nigeria's Gulf of Guinea." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212035-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Dealing with potentially vast and serious environmental incidents has remained a challenge for the Oil and Gas Industry, thus, the aftermath of April 20, 2010, Macondo disaster, deserves a holistic overview of events responsible for, or associated with, the disaster. The study adopted and adapted the HACCP analysis and drew lessons by not only identifying and tracing the immediate and remote causes of the spill but also making appropriate recommendations on prevention and remediation measures to be adopted at similar operating points in the Gulf of Guinea area, like Shell's Bonga FPSO facility and Chevron's Agbami. Using detailed extrapolation as a basis for the establishment of material conditionalities and similarities existing between the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of Guinea, the study was conducted with the aid of an extensive and exhaustive review of literature, technical reports, and other de-classified materials to determine, amongst other things, the how, why and lessons learned. The results show that there are still technological, legal, and administrative lapses in our jurisdiction, causing shortcomings in the applicable administration of rules, regulations, and enforcement procedures in the Oil and Gas sector, which has been and is still being exploited negatively by industry players. Hazard Analyses Critical Control Points addressed particularly include, causes of explosions, nature of fire, loss of well control, blowout, vessel sinking, casualties, modes of evacuation, vessel safety systems, oil spillage, environmental damages, systems deficiencies, maintenance of electrical equipment, gas alarms and automatic/emergency shutdown systems, the inadequacy of crew blast protection equipment barrier, inadequate intractable command, and control hands-off, lack of requisite training for personnel on emergency preparedness, to shut down engines and disconnect, risk-based decisions, abilities to prevent or limit the magnitude of the disaster. The study concluded that an immediate review of some identified outdated rules and operational guidelines of the DPR be undertaken, namely: procedure guide for the construction and maintenance of fixed offshore platforms; procedure guide for construction & maintenance of surface production facilities; flexible pipes, SCR, and mooring chain systems. requirements for the maintenance and inspection of flexible pipes, SCR, and mooring chain systems; operation & maintenance of pipelines. guidelines etc. Adding more pre-installed blowout preventer (BoP) systems per rig/drill line, as well as call for a review of proposed PIB, EGASPIN 2018, and a further strengthening of NOSDRA.
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Paolozzi, Antonio, Ferdinando Felli, Cristian Vendittozzi, Claudio Paris, and Hiroshi Asanuma. "Analysis of FBG Sensors Data for Pipeline Monitoring." In ASME 2016 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2016-9260.
Full textAbstract:
Pipelines for oil distribution may affect the environment when natural disasters such as landslides and earthquakes damage the infrastructures. Besides natural causes, illegal extraction of oil from the pipelines can produce significant environmental damage and sometimes loss of lives from explosions. During the spill, the fuel flow of the main stream theoretically reduces, but this variation is within the normal flow fluctuation and so it is not possible to detect this illegal activity using fuel flow measurements. Transducers based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are very attractive for pipeline monitoring. In two previous works we proposed a new transducer for increasing the sensitivity of FBG sensors to detect illegal activities on the pipelines (drilling). In fact FBG sensors attached directly on the surface of the pipe are not capable to detect strain variations induced by a drill. This paper reports an update on the experimental results obtained on a real size pipeline and a theoretical study aimed to explain why a surface attached sensor does not work.
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Elmohandes, M. A., M. M. Algaiar, and M. Y. Farahat. "Resolving Critical Build-Up Section Challenges in a Major Oilfield in the Middle East Using Enhanced Oil-Based Mud Solution." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214754-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Drilling mixed lithology formations of Shales, soft/hard Carbonates, and long Anhydrite intervals in a single section that comprises directional drilling from vertical to well landing with elevated mud weights and high overbalance represents numerous challenges including wellbore stability, tight hole, formation ledges, differential sticking, high torsional and lateral vibration levels, erratic drilling torque, poor rate of penetration, and failure to run the 7" liner to bottom. Controlling such formations with water-based mud system is difficult, even with large percentage of water-based lubricant, thus leading to multiple downhole tools failures and failing to drill this challenging section in one run. Due to the fact that drilling this section falls under a lumpsum turnkey project and the section performance and cost are crucial to the well delivery, the drilling engineering and drilling fluids teams worked together to address the section challenges by replacing the water-based mud system with a customized oil-based mud system. All associated risks for this replacement including the spill control measures and environmental hazards were discussed and presented in a risk assessment form. Wireline and logging-while-drilling formation characteristics logs in different field locations, offsets drilling performance, stuck pipe incidents, and tripability data were gathered and a rigorous lab testing was performed to formulate an efficient oil-based mud formulation with optimum bridging design to control the formation challenges whilst maintaining a competitive system cost compared to the previous water-based mud system. The optimized bridging materials design in accordance with the very low lubricity coefficient of the oil-based mud system helped strengthening the weak formations, reduced the stuck pipe risks and intensely minimized the drilling vibrations thus helped in applying full drilling parameters, improved the rate of penetration well after well, and delivered the section in one run without downhole tools failure. In addition, the controlled filtration showed exceptional tripability compared to the old mud system and saved more than 8 hours to pull the directional assembly back to surface. The 7" liner was run smoothly to the planned depth with an improved section delivery time and operational costs.
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Saw, Li Juan, Hanalim Linda, and Tolioe Amelio William. "Noise Logging Application for Well Integrity Evaluation: A Case Study in Peninsular Malaysia." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31401-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Objectives/Scope Field-X was first discovered in 1979, comprising of saturated oil reservoirs with several shallower non-associated gas reservoirs. Field-X is currently producing from several oil producers. X8 well was recently drilled, completed, and produce from A and B reservoirs. However, 5 months later, the oil rate has been reduced by half with gas oil ratio (GOR) increased up to 5 times. Consequently, the well had to be shut-in due to reservoir management plan (RMP) violation. X9 well was drilled and completed, but 5 years later the well started experiencing the sustained production casing pressure (PCP) and was forced to shut-in in the following year with the locked-in potential of both A and B reservoirs. To diagnose the root cause of high GOR (HGOR) in X8 well and sustained PCP in X9 well, the Spectral Noise Log (SNL) was deployed. The main advantage of utilizing SNL is its capability of detecting fluid movement behind tubing and casing. High differential pressure creates lots of fluid movement, which generates higher noise amplitude. Meanwhile, smaller pores or leaks generate higher frequency noise that can be easily picked up by SNL. SNL tool was run in flowing condition for X8 well and the results indicated the HGOR zones were mainly contributed by the shallower B05 sand which was flowing through the leaked 4-1/2″ liner packer. Temperature deflections also indicated that the liner packer seal was leaking and B05 reservoir was contributing to the production. The liner packer leak and B05 reservoir flow would not have been detected by conventional production logging tools as the flow was happening beyond the tubing and casing. For X9 well, SNL was run in the wellbore whilst pumping water via annulus, through the leaks and flowing back up the tubing. Three tubing leaks were successfully detected from the SNL run, whereas previous conventional noise log only managed to detect 2 leaks. It is possible that the third small leak was very small, hence the conventional tool was unable to detect it. X8 well successfully back online with 8.4% rate increase than last production with GOR reduced back to initial GOR and X9 well successfully back online as per last production rate. The liner packers which are not permanent barriers for reservoir isolation and allocation can be validated, moreover, verifying that tubing leakage is mainly contributed by tubing joints, which can be used as the main input in tubing materials selection in the future. Well integrity issues can cause significant loss of production, oil spill or worst case, even loss of lives. Proper selection in data acquisition tools helps to accurately diagnose well integrity issues that can be swiftly addressed. In the low oil price environment, skimming down on data acquisition costs may not uncover the true underlying well issues or reservoir issues, but might jeopardize future projects to be undertaken in years to come.