Journal articles on the topic 'Oil-shales Mechanical properties Testing'
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1
Kalu, Ifeanyi Emmanuel, Ericmoore Jossou, Emmanuel Kwesi Arthur, Simon Ja'afaru, and Edith Yohanna Ishidi. "Characterization and Mechanical Property Measurements by Instrumented Indentation Testing of Niger Delta Oil Shale Cuttings." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 59 (March 15, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2m9z7g.
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Oil shales have unstable mechanical and chemical properties, which makes their extraction for characterization and conventional mechanical testing uneasy and complex. Most often, mechanical property measurements are usually taken from core samples that are costly to extract and test using conventional testing methods. This paper presents a focused study carried out on oil shale cuttings obtained from the sidewalls of two different wellbore depths in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) characterization techniques, the morphology of these shales was studied. The results obtained clearly showed the composition, bonding and variations in the morphology of the studied shale samples. Furthermore, the heterogeneity associated with these shales across varied depths were revealed. An efficient and less expensive technique compared to conventional testing methods, instrumented indentation testing (IIT) was carried out to obtain essential mechanical parameters of the shale specimen. These properties are important parameters in determining the hydrocarbon storage space of shale formations, wellbore stability, and optimization of hydraulic fracturing which is necessary for efficient drilling operations.
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Minaeian, Vida, Vamegh Rasouli, and David Dewhurst. "A laboratory procedure proposed for mechanical testing of shales." APPEA Journal 54, no. 1 (2014): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13034.
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The authors have developed a laboratory procedure that uses a true triaxial stress cell (TTSC) to test cubes of rock instead of cylindrical-shaped samples. In this approach, three independent stresses are applied on the rock sample, which makes it possible to simulate field-conditions. Estimation of rock failure strength and deformation properties, while applying three stresses—rather than two as in case of conventional triaxial tests—is closer to the in-situ conditions. This is specifically important for shales due to their complicated transverse isotropic structure. The present study investigates the effect of minimum and intermediate principal stresses on the strength and elastic properties of gas shales. True triaxial experiments have been carried out on cubic shale samples from the Perth Basin under constant levels of minimum stress (~3 and 6 MPa) and varying magnitudes of intermediate principal stress (~3–40 MPa). Both minimum and intermediate stresses affect the rock strength through a non-linear trend. The behaviour of shales elastic modulus (E) with respect to varying σ2 tends to be similar to that of rock compressive strength. Poisson’s ratio in two directions along minimum and intermediate principal stresses (V13 and V12) does not show a simple dependency on the intermediate stress over the applied stress range. Finally, the observation of post-failure specimens revealed a significant influence of stress anisotropy on the failure mode, which evolves from dual to multiple shear faults.
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A, Sudalai Raja, and Jebakani D. "Experimental Analysis on Mechanical Properties of Natural Bio-Polymer Composite." Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37255/jme.v16i1pp012-017.
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Bio-composites are used in many engineering applications due to various desirable properties that they offer such as light weight, low cost, bio-degradable and bio-compatible. Bio-composites are used in many industries such as automotive, sporting goods, marine, electrical and household appliances. Kenaf, jute, banana, flux is used as fibers. The mechanical properties are evaluated by appropriate testing methods. The strength of material is important to each material so that bio-material to be evaluated by mechanical testing methods. In this study an attempt is made to prepare natural resin with neem oil and Thennamarakudi oil and to fabricate Bio-composite with fish shell and screw pine fiber as reinforcement and test for its mechanical properties such as tensile, Impact and Flexural. The pure resin samples have tensile and flexible properties. After taken testing. the neem oil-based biomaterial flexibility is higher than the oil-based biomaterial. The stiffness is higher in Tk oil-based biomaterial. The result is expected from the biomaterial as eco-friendly material and applicable for medical field as biocompatible
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Wannapakhe, Sakultala, and Khridsadakhon Booddachan. "The Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm by Using Semi-Damp Dryer." E3S Web of Conferences 302 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130201013.
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Hot air drying of palm fruit is a simple method but results in low grade palm oil. The steaming of palm fruit results in high grade palm oil but it requires a wastewater treatment process. Both methods have both advantages and disadvantages, therefore if they were combined, it can result in the better grades of oil, which should be encouraged for farmers in Thailand to apply. This research aimed to determine mechanical characteristics of semi-damp dryer for oil palm. The results of a compression and relative humidity tests were used as the criteria for the tests. The oil palm semi-damp dryer was used in this research. The oil palm semi-damp dryer used the aerosolized technique with 100 °C hot water as a sprayer and a humidifier for the oil palm in the dryer. The purpose was to reduced palm fruit hardness. The study use tenera palm from Prachinburi province and neighborhood of Thailand. The drying time for testing was 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. The temperature for testing was 70, 90 and more than 100 °C. The results of the compression force of oil palm by using a semi-damp dryer were lower than using a hot air drying. The compression was lower than using hot air drying. The best of mechanical characteristics palm was baking with semi-damp dry at 90 °C in 3 hours. Compression force was 0.675 kN and relative humidity value was 57.18%. The palm oil was tested for the %FFA and DOBI and showed that the grade of palm oil by using semi-damp drying was fair but still edible grade.
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Rouainia, Mohamed, Majid Goodarzi, Tom Charlton, Andrew Aplin, and Pablo Cubillas. "Assessment of the elastic response of shale using multiscale mechanical testing and homogenisation." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020504013.
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Robust geomechanical characterisation of shale reservoirs is necessary for safe and economic resource exploitation but there is still a lack of mechanical data on well-characterised shale, partly due to the difficulties of obtaining high quality core samples for laboratory testing. The composition of shale also presents challenges when attempting to constrain the mechanical response. Multi-scale homogenisation techniques have recently been used to predict the macroscopic behaviour of shales based on quantitative mineralogical descriptions. However, there is a considerable amount of uncertainty associated with some key inputs into these homogenisation schemes. In particular, the organic matter of shale encompasses a range of scales, from nanometre to micrometre-size material, and its mechanical properties are not well understood. Here, PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (PF-QNM), a recently developed form of atomic force microscopy (AFM), is combined with nanoindentation testing to characterise the mechanical response of the organic matter and clay phases of Posidonia shale from north-west Germany. The nanoscale testing revealed a clear peak in the histograms of the reduced elastic modulus, which can be attributed to kerogen in the shale matrix. Upscaling of the mechanical properties through homogenisation showed a reasonable prediction when compared with experimental data, including capturing the inherent anisotropy of the shale response. The influence of factors such as the volume fraction of silt inclusions and the applicability of different homogenisation formulations warrant further investigation.
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Li, Hong Bo, Han Chi Cheng, Jing Wang, Xing Jun Su, and Chun Jie Li. "Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 35CrMnSiMo Cast Steel." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.94.
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In this article, the authors use of Si, Mn, Cr as the main alloying element, developed a tough wear resistant cast 35CrMnSiMo, after casting, to obtain a wear-resistant cast steel with a hardness and impact toughness mechanical performance testing, metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope analysis of the microstructure. The results show that, the cast 35CrMnSiMo 850 °C austenitizing insulation 30min and then quenched, the material water hardened degrees is much larger than the oil hardened degrees. The the water hardened than oil hardened degrees up 28.5%. Metallographic photo clearly see a lot of lath martensite, the small amount of lath martensite and retained austenite, the oil quenching microstructure edge outline is somewhat vague, while clear the water quenching microstructure edge contour darker, impact toughness with hardness is inversely proportional to the sample.
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De Almeida, Aliane C., Victor A. De Araujo, Elen A. M. Morales, Maristela Gava, Rafaele A. Munis, José N. Garcia, and Juliana Cortez-Barbosa. "Wood-bamboo particleboard: Mechanical properties." BioResources 12, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 7784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7784-7792.
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Mechanical characteristics were evaluated of wood-bamboo-based particleboard having the proportions of 100% wood and 0% bamboo, 75% wood and 25% bamboo, and 50% wood and 50% bamboo. This particleboard used Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis wood, Dendrocalamus asper bamboo, and castor oil-based polyurethane resin. Through destructive testing, the values of perpendicular tensile, static bending, modulus of elasticity, and screw pullout strength in the top and face surfaces were analyzed. For 0%, 25%, and 50% bamboo the values were 1.68 MPa, 1.37 MPa, and 1.4 MPa, respectively, for perpendicular tensile; 15.2 MPa, 17.6 MPa, and 18.5 MPa, respectively, for static bending; 2466 MPa, 2694 MPa, and 2922 MPa, respectively, for modulus of elasticity; 1256 MPa, 1922 MPa, and 1362 MPa, respectively, for screw pullout strength in top; and 1392 MPa, 1342 MPa, and 1414 MPa, respectively, for screw pullout strength in face. These results were superior to those presented by ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI 208.1 (1999). After performing a Tukey test at 5%, the values for each treatment did not show a significant difference among them.
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Zarina, Y., Hussin Kamarudin, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, I. Khairul Nizar, and A. R. Rafiza. "Influence of Dolomite on the Mechanical Properties of Boiler Ash Geopolymer Paste." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.8.
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The waste material from palm oil industry has been increasing since Malaysia was the world largest exported of palm oil mill. The waste such as palm fibers, nut shells, palm kernel and empty fruit bunches are the solid waste the obtained from palm oil processing for oil extraction. When these wastes were incinerated, the waste from the burning process known as boiler ash was obtained at the lower compartment of the boiler. The production of boiler ash was estimated to be over 4 million tones/ year. This paper investigates the influence of dolomite on the mechanical properties of boiler ash based geopolymer pastes. The boiler ash was calcined at 800oC for 1 hour. After that, the dolomite was replaced in boiler ash at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% wt where the geopolymer samples were cured 80 oC. Sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with concentration 12 Molar has been used as alkaline activator to synthesis the boiler ash to produce geopolymer paste. The ratio of solid/liquid and sodium silicate/NaOH was 1 and 2.5 for all geopolymer paste. The result showed the addition of dolomite has decrease the strength of boiler ash based geopolymer. The geopolymer sample without addition of dolomite showed the maximum compressive strength (19.4 MPa) at 28 days testing. Meanwhile the addition of 4% of dolomite into geopolymer paste has the maximum compressive strength (7.3 MPa) compared to others. Additions of dolomite into boiler ash based geopolymer have reduced the compressive strength at 28 days of testing.
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He, Ming Dan, Ming Li, Yong Jin Yu, Hao Wang, Wei Yuan Xiao, and Jun Lan Yang. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Epoxy Resin Enhanced Oil-Well Cement Stone." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 1103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.1103.
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To adequately understand the waterborne epoxy resin and enhance the compressive, tensile strength of oil-well cement stone, the cement composite materials were prepared with different addition of waterborne epoxy resin, and the specimens were cured for 3days, 7 days, 14days, 28days at 50°C thermostatic water bath to test the compressive strength and tensile strength, respectively. The results showed when the content of resin emulsion is 30%, the compressive strength and tensile strength of the cement are increased by 303.09% and 306.04% compared with pure cement, respectively. Obviously, in the mechanical performance testing, oil-well cement stone modified by waterborne epoxy resin have been significantly improved compared with the pure cement. To explore the enhanced microstructure of oil-well cement modified with waterborne epoxy resin, the cement specimens were prepared with 30% waterborne epoxy resin analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Mohd Hasdi, Nur Atheerah, Nurjannah Salim, Rasidi Roslan, and Siti Noorbaini Sarmin. "The Effects of Alkaline Treatment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Trunk/Polypropylene Blends Composite." Materials Science Forum 1056 (March 14, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-lb9r7o.
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Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are composites that incorporate plants composed up of wood and non-wood fibres blended with thermosets or thermoplastic polymers to form a composite. Oil palm trunk (OPT) is one of the wastes produced from the oil palm industry known as oil palm biomass (OPB). The OPT was utilized to turn oil palm biomass into a value-added product. In this research, oil palm trunk/polypropylene (OPT/PP) blends composite was produced by extrusion and injection molding techniques. Alkaline treatment was applied to the fibers to improve the interfacial adhesion of fibers. After alkaline treatment, treated OPT (T-OPT) and untreated (UT-OPT) together with PP were blended at 200°C with the speed of 85 rpm in the extruder to form a pellet. Pellets were then injected in injection molding at 200°C to form sample size for mechanical testing; tensile and impact testing. The physical testing conducted was Melt Flow Index (MFI), water absorption test and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results show that the mechanical properties of OPT/PP composite were improved by alkaline treatment. In the water absorption test, T-OPT composite demonstrated lower water absorption than that of UT-OPT composite. This indicated that the reduction of water absorption in T-OPT composite is due to alkaline treatment that degraded the lignin and cellulose structure subsequently reducing the OH groups in fibers to absorb water. For TGA, T-OPT composite had slightly higher thermal stability as compared to UT-OPT composite.
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Saleem, Junaid, Moghal Zubair Khalid Baig, Adriaan Stephanus Luyt, Rana Abdul Shakoor, Said Mansour, and Gordon McKay. "Reusable Macroporous Oil Sorbent Films from Plastic Wastes." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 4867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224867.
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Plastic waste comprises 15% of the total municipal solid waste and can be a rich source for producing value-added materials. Among them, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) account for 60% of the total plastic waste, mainly due to their low-end and one-time-use applications. Herein, we report reusable oil sorbent films made by upcycling waste PE and PP. The as-prepared oil sorbent had an uptake capacity of 55 g/g. SEM analysis revealed a macroporous structure with a pore size range of 1–10 µm, which facilitates oil sorption. Similarly, the contact angle values reflected the oleophilic nature of the sorbent. Moreover, thermal properties and crystallinity were examined using DSC, while mechanical properties were calculated using tensile testing. Lastly, 95% of the sorbed oil could be easily recovered by squeezing mechanically or manually.
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Lan, Hong, Qi Xue, and Cheng Yu Cui. "Analysis and Test: Impregnated Diamond Cutters for Oil Drilling Bit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.448.
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Systematic testing methods of the performance of diamond/metal composite drilling segments (impregnated diamond cutters) have not come into being. This article tries to test the mechanical properties, structures and component of a certain number of impregnated diamond cutters; focuses on analysis of the relationship between the performance of typical composite diamond cutters and materials’ structures, intends to study the testing methods of impregnated diamond cutters’ performance.
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Goh, Kheng Lim, Ye Seng Chen, Roy Jia Jun Chua, Tze Chow Fong, Yu Ker Woh, Eddie Zhi En Tan, and Rachel Wang. "Development of a novel mechanical tester for microfracture analysis." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4-2 (December 17, 2017): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4-2.802.
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The study of the mechanical properties of materials is important in the design and fabrication of any microscale product. Acquiring information such as the fracture toughness, fatigue limits, ultimate tensile and yield strength of these materials would help to determine the reliability of the final product made using the material. Traditionally, these material properties are obtained via mechanical testing on a macroscale tester such as the machines produced by Instron. However, mechanical testing of ‘softer’ materials with a microscopic size is more complicated as the test procedures and equipment have to address concerns such as clamping and alignment of specimen. Recent advancement in micromachining and micro-manufacturing has resulted in the availability of advanced and affordable instrumentation that can be applied to precisely manipulate the materials at microscopic dimensions; this provides the impetus to the development of microscale mechanical testers to study the micro-elasticity and micro-fracture mechanics of soft materials. The focus of this report is on the development of a micromechanical tester that can be used to study micrometer thick biomaterials and biological tissues. The tester can be mounted onto an X-Y stage of an inverted or compound microscope to observe the microscopic deformation and microfracture of the test specimen during testing. Three case studies are presented here to illustrate the performance of the mechanical tester. These studies address the characterisation of the mechanical properties of the flax fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre and coir fibre in dry and wet states.
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Kabutey, Abraham, David Herak, Rostislav Choteborsky, Čestmír Mizera, Riswanti Sigalingging, and Olaosebikan Layi Akangbe. "Oil point and mechanical behaviour of oil palm kernels in linear compression." International Agrophysics 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0055.
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AbstractThe study described the oil point and mechanical properties of roasted and unroasted bulk oil palm kernels under compression loading. The literature information available is very limited. A universal compression testing machine and vessel diameter of 60 mm with a plunger were used by applying maximum force of 100 kN and speed ranging from 5 to 25 mm min−1. The initial pressing height of the bulk kernels was measured at 40 mm. The oil point was determined by a litmus test for each deformation level of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm at a minimum speed of 5 mmmin−1. The measured parameters were the deformation, deformation energy, oil yield, oil point strain and oil point pressure. Clearly, the roasted bulk kernels required less deformation energy compared to the unroasted kernels for recovering the kernel oil. However, both kernels were not permanently deformed. The average oil point strain was determined at 0.57. The study is an essential contribution to pursuing innovative methods for processing palm kernel oil in rural areas of developing countries.
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Al-Tahini, Ashraf M., Carl H. Sondergeld, and Chandra S. Rai. "The Effect of Cementation on the Mechanical Properties of Sandstones." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 9, no. 04 (August 1, 2006): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/89069-pa.
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Summary The variability in mechanical properties measured on sands from the Jauf and Unayzah formations of Saudi Arabia is observed to be dependent upon cementation. Understanding the role of cementation in controlling the mechanical properties can improve the design of hydraulic-fracture treatments and, hence, improve reservoir performance. Strength measurements from triaxial-testing data and examination of core in thin sections were used to relate the detailed microstructure and cementation to the variation of mechanical properties. Strength and elastic moduli were determined for 65 samples cored from five different wells. Forty-seven samples were analyzed in thin sections and point counted to determine and quantify cementation. Cements in these two formations have variable composition and habits; both affect the mechanical properties and strength. It is not sufficient to know that cements exist; it is also necessary to know where the cement occurs. Pure quartz over growths play a major role in increasing strength, while clay coatings play a minor role. Simple linear correlations were found relating cement concentrations to strength. Introduction The Jauf and Unayzah reservoirs (Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia) are deep sequences of thin sandstones and shales saturated with condensate-rich gas. These reservoir rocks display a wide variation in both permeability and porosity (Fig. 1) (Al-Qahtani and Buhidma 2001). Hydraulic fracturing has been introduced to enhance productivity in the Jauf sandstones within the Ghawar reservoir. The complex nature of tectonic stresses, geomechanical properties, and geology leads to problems of sand production and wellbore stability in the Unayzah and Jauf formations. Such problems make the development of these reservoirs challenging. The variations of mechanical properties such as Young's modulus (E), Poisson's ratio, (u), and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) have a direct impact on hydraulic-fracture design. The variation of these properties affects fracture propagation and geometry and, consequently, gas production.
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Hussain, Mazhar, Daniel Levacher, Nathalie Leblanc, Hafida Zmamou, Irini Djeran-Maigre, Andry Razakamanantsoa, and Léo Saouti. "Properties of Mexican Tropical Palm Oil Flower and Fruit Fibers for Their Prospective Use in Eco-Friendly Construction Material." Fibers 9, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9110063.
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The palm oil industry is the leading source of palm oil waste fibers. The disposal of palm oil waste fibers by burning or dumping causes environmental issues such as the emission of CO2 and a diminution in soil fertility. Natural fiber reuse in construction materials such as concrete, mortar and adobe bricks as reinforcement provides a possible eco-friendly solution for fiber waste management. Palm oil flower fibers (POFL) obtained from palm oil empty fruit bunches and palm oil fruit fibers (POFR) obtained from palm oil fruit are two important types of palm oil fibers. Valorization of palm oil fibers requires a detailed analysis of their physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics. In this research, tropical palm oil flower and palm oil fruit fibers from Mexico were studied. Fiber extraction, preparation and testing were performed to observe their characteristics, which include water absorption, density, length, section estimation, chemical composition, thermal conductivity, thermal analysis (ATG) and tensile strength. The length, diameter and density of natural fibers have a significant influence on the strength and quality of composite materials. The characteristics of fibers vary with their chemical composition. Mechanical testing of palm oil fibers indicates a large variation in the tensile strength of palm oil flower and fruit fibers. Both palm oil flower and palm oil fruit fibers exhibit bilinear tensile load–deflection behavior associated with the alignment of cellulose along their fiber axis. The thermal characteristics of fibers indicate low thermal stability and thermal conductivity, which are essential for their use in building materials.
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Seo, Kwan Ho, Gi Myeong Nam, Dong Gug Kang, Gi Hong Kim, Do Young Kim, and Dong Won Lee. "A Study of Mechanical, Oil Resistance, and Low Temperature Resistance of NBR Vulcanizates." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.165.
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In this study, mechanical properties, oil resistance of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) as material of an automotive were investigated at low temperature conditions. In order to find the optimum formulation used various grades of NBR with different contents of Acrylonitrile (ACN) such as NT1846F, DN407, B7150, B6240 and N215SL. The mechanical properties, oil and low temperature resistance of NBR were measured using moving die rheometer, durometer, universal testing machine, differential scanning calorimetry, and Gehman tester. The hardness was increased with an increased ACN contents. The low temperature resistance, and degree of swelling were increased that decreased ACN contents have lower Tg, lower value of Gehaman test.
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Nasruddin, Nasruddin, and Tri Susanto. "Study of the Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites with Synthetic Rubber Using Used Cooking Oil as a Softener." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 5 (July 18, 2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.42343.
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This research aims to study the mechanical properties of natural rubber composites with nitrile butadiene rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber. Composite fillers consisted of kaolin, and softener using used cooking oil. The study was carried out by the method of mastication, vulcanization, and maturation of the compound into rubber vulcanizates. The vulcanization and mastication process is carried out in the open mill. The maturation of the compound into rubber vulcanizates from the results of mastication and vulcanization was carried out using semi-automatic heat press and press at a temperature of 130 °C ± 2 °C for 17 min. Based on data from testing the mechanical properties of five samples from five formulas, the mechanical properties of composite rubber are affected by the ratio of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, kaolin, and used cooking oil as a softener. The difference in the results of vulcanizates rubber testing of natural rubber composites with synthetic rubber is not only influenced by the ratio of the composite, but also by the degree of cross-linking between the material molecules.
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Hron, Robin, Martin Kadlec, and František Martaus. "Mechanical Properties of Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Composites Exposed to Operating Fluids." Solid State Phenomena 278 (July 2018): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.278.82.
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Geopolymers are amorphous aluminosilicate materials which combine low temperature, polymer-like processing with high temperature stability and fire resistibility without toxic smoke generation. For larger expansion of geopolymer composites in aircraft industry, it is necessary to know how it behaves in contact with operating fluids. The specimens were divided into groups exposed to fuel, hydraulic oil, jet oil, and salt mist. Hot/Wet condition until saturation was also applied for one group. Mechanical testing was performed by means of tension, compression, in-plane shear, flexion and interlaminar shear on both reference non-treated and exposed specimens. The largest decrease in all measured strength values was caused by the salt mist. As the most significant, in-plane shear strength was decreased by 85 % by this environment. Operating fluids and hot/wet conditions decreased the shear strength approx. by 15 %. Geopolymer composites are an interesting alternative to existing polymeric and ceramic matrix materials and offers high potential for cost-efficient applications dealing with temperatures up to 1 200°C.
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Kalra, Anubha, Andrew Lowe, and Gautam Anand. "Bio Phantoms Mimicking the Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of Human Skin Tissue at Low-Frequency Ranges." Modern Applied Science 14, no. 7 (May 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v14n7p1.
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Tissue phantoms are widely used as substitute materials for real tissue validation of various newly emerging biomedical technologies such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, there is no specific recipe for fabricating skin-mimicking phantoms which can mimic both the mechanical and dielectric properties of human skin at lower frequency ranges.
The objective of this paper is to present a variety of tissue-mimicking materials for filling this research gap in the lower frequency range from 20 Hz to 300 kHz. The starting point of our experiments is based on the oil-in-gelatin based tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) that have shown to mimic the dielectric properties of human skin in higher frequency ranges. This paper examines the mechanical and dielectric performance of five major classes of tissue-mimicking materials (1) Oil-in-gelatin, (2) lignin and graphene nanopowder in gelatin, (3) gelatin and distilled water, (4) mixed oil in gelatin and distilled water, and (5) lignin in gelatin and distilled water.
Mechanical and electrical testing was performed using compression testing and parallel plate method respectively. The effect of electrode polarization was considered in the measured data and the intrinsic impedance values were found to be following the Cole-Cole equation. The Young's modulus range of all tissue-mimicking materials was within the range of skin.
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Hull, Katherine L., Younane N. Abousleiman, Yanhui Han, Ghaithan A. Al-Muntasheri, Peter Hosemann, S. Scott Parker, and Cameron B. Howard. "Nanomechanical Characterization of the Tensile Modulus of Rupture for Kerogen-Rich Shale." SPE Journal 22, no. 04 (February 13, 2017): 1024–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/177628-pa.
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Summary In the past decade, chemical, physical, and mechanical characterization of source-rock reservoirs has moved toward micro- and nanoscale testing and analyses. Nanoindentation is now widely used in many industrial and university laboratories to measure stiffness and strength as well as other mechanical properties of shales. However, to date, tensile failures of shales have not been studied at the micro- or nanoscale. In this work, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with a focused ion beam (FIB) and a special nanoindenter (NI) testing configuration (SEM-FIB-NI) is used to bring organic-rich shale samples (preserved Woodford shale from a wellsite in Ada, Oklahoma, USA) to failure in tension. Microcantilever beam geometries were milled and loaded to failure in tension while monitoring in situ with SEM. The force-displacement curves were generated while videos recording in-situ real-time displacements and failures were collected simultaneously. The microcantilever beam tests of this composite natural material demonstrate linear elastic behavior followed by elastic/plastic yield before complete failure. This behavior was clearly observed to correlate with the amount of organic matter (OM) at the fractured surface of the microcantilever beam supports. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were conducted along the prepared microbeam samples before loading. In addition, post-failure EDS analysis was performed on the resulting fractured faces of the failed microbeams, and the correlation between tensile behavior and shale OM content was shown. Large tensile moduli of rupture, or moduli of toughness, were associated with high OM, or kerogen, present at the failed supports of the kerogen-rich-shale (KRS) microcantilever beams. The moduli of toughness as a measure of work or energy needed to bring these samples into tensile failure were ten times less when OM was missing or barely present at the support, in terms of shale microbeam volume.
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Al-Samhan, Meshal, Salah Al-Enezi, Aseel Al-Banna, and Abdirahman Yussuf. "Effect of crude oil and well stream chemical on glass fiber epoxy composite pipes." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0183.
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AbstractGlass-reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipes are used as an alternative to carbon steel pipes in desert oil field applications owing to their good properties such as chemical resistance, thermal resistance and mechanical properties. In the desert oil field service, the pipes are exposed to different harsh environmental conditions such as high temperature, humidity and ultraviolet radiation. The harsh environmental conditions can affect the properties of GRE pipes, which, in turn, can impact their performance. The present study covers the effects of environment factors such as crude oil and well stream chemicals on the properties of GRE pipes. The pipe samples were aged in wet crude, effluent water and scale inhibitor to simulate the exposure to desert oil field service. The aged samples were evaluated for their mechanical properties, thermal stability and chemical resistance. The compositional change in the composite structures was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and matrix deterioration by scanning electron microscopy. Swelling studies revealed no significant diffusion by the chemical media. Tensile testing showed a slight change in tensile strength with aging in crude oil. In addition, all the pipe samples showed adequate thermal stability to withstand harsh environmental conditions.
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Alekseeva, Ekaterina, Margarita Shishkova, Darya Strekalovskaya, Dmitry Gerashchenkov, and Pavel Glukhov. "Ni-Based Coatings for Oil and Gas Industry Fabricated by Cold Gas Spraying." Materials Proceedings 3, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iec2m-09388.
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This paper presents the results of the study of nickel-based coatings fabricated by cold gas spraying. In this study, compositions based on Ni, Ni–Cu, Ni–Zn, and Ni–Al2O3/TiC coatings applied to low-alloyed steel bases were investigated. The composition, type of powder (mechanical mix or mechanically alloying), and thickness varied to choose the optimal characteristics for recovery, repair procedures, and specific applications in the oil and gas industry media. The second phase was added to Ni-based coatings to increase corrosion and wear resistance. Pure nickel coatings were also studied as a benchmark. Corrosion resistance was studied by means of electrochemical testing and autoclave testing in simulated oilfield conditions. Hydroabrasive resistance was studied using a unique testing bench. Scanning electron microscopy mappings, microhardness testing, and adhesion testing were used to correlate the results of the tests with the structure, continuity, and porosity of the studied coatings. It was shown that applying mechanical alloying of the powder did not lead to an effective increase of corrosion and hydroabrasive resistance. All the studied coating specimens have a sufficiently high adhesion. Ni–Zn coating has the lowest corrosion resistance and high hydroabrasive resistance. Ni–Cu coatings have high corrosion and the lowest hydroabrasive resistance. Al2O3/TiC additives give ambiguous results in the studied properties. A thickness of 40–60 microns provides sufficient performance of the studied coatings. Thus, varying chemical composition and thickness of coatings allows for obtaining the optimal qualities of Ni-based coatings made by cold gas spraying for use in the oil and gas industry.
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Al-Shurafat, Alaa, and Raid Banat. "Properties of Oil Shale Ash Filled Polypropylene Composite Material: Mechanical and Physical Characterization." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 9 (2021): 2175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23324.
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The outcome of oil shale ash (OSA) filler addition on the mechanical, morphological, thermal and water uptake properties of the polypropylene (PP) matrix was investigated. The test specimens were prepared with various ratios of the mixtures that contain OSA and polypropylene in the following weight percentages: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% OSA in polymer matrix. Composites specimens were produced by using a co-rotating twin screw extruder and a thermal press machine. The properties of the polymer composite specimens were characterized by using a universal testing machine (WDW-5) and izod impact testing machine (FI-68). The morphology of the composite samples was also characterized by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Impact strength and Young’s modulus of the OSA/PP composite formulations were consistently improved on OSA inclusion. On the other hand, addition of OSA to pure polypropylene had consistently reduced the tensile stress at yield, tensile stress at rupture, tensile strain at yield and tensile strain at break. Adding OSA to polypropylene decreased the maximum flexural stress and flexural strain of maximum force. The observed SEM confirmed that the addition of OSA to pure polypropylene resulted in a significant increase in its agglomerates and filler pullout. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results confirmed the addition of the OSA to pure polypropylene resulted in a significant decrease in normalized heat of crystallization, normalized enthalpy of melting. Where the degree of the crystallinity (Xc) of polymer composite decreased from 59% to 34% for 0% and 40% OSA addition, respectively. While melting temperature (Tm) of the composite did not change (167 °C) the crystallization temperature (Tc) increased from 116.6 °C to 127.1 ºC for 0% to 40% OSA addition, respectively. Water uptake, however, demonstrated different behaviour. The initial addition of OSA to polypropylene increased the water uptake property up to 4% for the 40% filler addition. The results of this study demonstrated that the OSA could be used as reinforcement material for polypropylene, as long as good mechanical properties and homogeneous morphology obtained.
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Lai, Jau Choy, Azman Hassan, Mahbub Hasan, Farid Nasir Ani, and Faisal Amri Tanjung. "Heat distortion temperature and mechanical properties of agricultural wastes-reinforced phenolic composites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 6 (August 1, 2016): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0259.
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Abstract Phenolic composites containing three different types of agricultural waste fillers (i.e. oil palm shell flour, rice husk flour, and coconut shell) have been prepared consecutively using the two-roll milling and hot pressed methods. The resulting granules were compression molded before mechanical testing. Mechanical properties of the agro-fillers/phenolic composites were investigated by means of flexural test, impact test, and heat distortion temperature measurement. Flexural test was conducted following ASTM D790, impact test was carried out according to ASTM D-256, while heat distortion temperature was measured using ASTM D648. The stiffness of the composites is insensitive to the increasing of the filler loading. The incorporation of the three different types of agro-waste fillers into the phenolic matrix produced composites with better heat distortion temperature as compared to that of the neat resin. Overall, coconut shell flour was superior in improving the flexural strength of the composites, while oil palm shell composites exhibited the most apparent improvement in heat distortion temperature.
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Aji, Seno, Teguh Satria Mahlindo, and Sari Anggraini. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT SEBAGAI BAHAN CAMPURAN TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK KUAT TEKAN DAN POROSITAS BATU BATA." Jurnal Agro Fabrica 1, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47199/jaf.v1i2.91.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of oil palm fronds addition as a mixture to the mechanical properties of bricks in terms of porosity testing, and compressive strength, and to determine the proper percentage of oil palm frond additions. This research is a type of experiment with a randomized block design (RBD) arranged non-factorial and the data is processed using the SPSS 20 Tukey test program. This study used a brick-shaped sample with a length of 19 cm, a width of 9.5 cm and a height of 4.5 cm. Variations in the composition of the added oil palm fronds are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Parameter mechanical properties of bricks included porosity, and compressive strength tests. The addition of oil palm fronds with a composition percentage of 0% to 10% affected the mechanical properties of the bricks by reducing porosity and increasing the compressive strength of the bricks. Based on the test results obtained by each of the best test values, namely the minimum porosity value achieved in the percentage of oil palm fronds as much as 10%, which is 18.4%. The optimum compressive strength value is achieved on the percentage of oil palm fronds as much as 10% which is equal to 20.5 N / mm².
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Mineart, Kenneth P., Cameron Hong, and Lucas A. Rankin. "Decoupling of Mechanical and Transport Properties in Organogels via Solvent Variation." Gels 7, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7020061.
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Organogels have recently been considered as materials for transdermal drug delivery media, wherein their transport and mechanical properties are among the most important considerations. Transport through organogels has only recently been investigated and findings highlight an inextricable link between gels’ transport and mechanical properties based upon the formulated polymer concentration. Here, organogels composed of styrenic triblock copolymer and different aliphatic mineral oils, each with a unique dynamic viscosity, are characterized in terms of their quasi-static uniaxial mechanical behavior and the internal diffusion of two unique solute penetrants. Mechanical testing results indicate that variation of mineral oil viscosity does not affect gel mechanical behavior. This likely stems from negligible changes in the interactions between mineral oils and the block copolymer, which leads to consistent crosslinked network structure and chain entanglement (at a fixed polymer concentration). Conversely, results from diffusion experiments highlight that two penetrants—oleic acid (OA) and aggregated aerosol-OT (AOT)—diffuse through gels at a rate inversely proportional to mineral oil viscosity. The inverse dependence is theoretically supported by the hydrodynamic model of solute diffusion through gels. Collectively, our results show that organogel solvent variation can be used as a design parameter to tailor solute transport through gels while maintaining fixed mechanical properties.
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Rogoś, Elżbieta. "THE NON-NORMATIVE TESTS OF THE OPERATIONAL SUITABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE HYDRAULIC OILS." Tribologia 288, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7773.
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The paper presented the results of tests on the operational properties of industrial oils based on plants carried out by methods not covered by subject standards. It was a method for testing the thermo-oxidative resistance of oils using an actual hydraulic stand and a method for testing the resistance of oils to the action of microorganisms in an aqueous environment. The results of tests on biodegradable hydraulic oil based on a mixture of rapeseed and castor oil were presented. The usefulness of methods for assessing the operational properties of oils was demonstrated, in particular at the stage of composition.
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Ibrahim, M. S., A. A. Faieza, S. M. Sapuan, and S. M. Tahir. "Effect of Filler Loading and Coupling Agent on Tensile and Impact Properties of Polypropylene with Oil Palm Ash Composites." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 1130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.1130.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of filler loading and using coupling agent on tensile and impact properties of thermoplastic polypropylene composite with oil palm ash (OPA) powder. This research is intended to discover the dependant various effect of loading percentage weight of filler OPA and coupling agent maleated anhydrate polypropilene (MAPP) on tensile and impact properties of thermoplastic composite. This materials is weighed as OPA loading percentage 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% while the loading percentage of coupling agent MAPP 0%, 3%, 6%, 10% and 12% affect the mechanical properties of thermoplastic composite. Mixture process has been carried out using double-screwed extruder machine at constant speed and temperature,while board manufacturing of PP/OPA composite are made used hot press and cold press machine. Loading OPA and MAPP effect on polypropylene composite were tested through mechanical testing , specifically for tensile and impact properties. All testing methods are predicated from ASTM's standard (American Society for Testing and Material). Results showed lower OPA content and highest MAPP in ratio giving the highest tensile and impact strength of the composite.
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Alqahtani, Bader, Wael Hoziefa, Hussein Mohammed Abdel Moneam, Mohamed Hamoud, Sachin Salunkhe, Abou Bakr Elshalakany, Mohamed Abdel-Mottaleb, and João Paulo Davim. "Tribological Performance and Rheological Properties of Engine Oil with Graphene Nano-Additives." Lubricants 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10070137.
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Nanoparticles dispersed in lubricants are being studied for their ability to reduce friction and wear. This paper examines SAE 5W-30 oil enhanced with dispersed graphene nanoplates for tribological and rheological properties. Graphene nanoplate (GNs) concentration effects on the rheological and tribological properties of 5W-30 base oil (0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, and 0.15 wt percent) were tested. Under various loads, a four-ball testing model was used to conduct a tribological analysis (200, 400, 600, and 800 N). Kinematic viscosity is calculated, and base oil and nanofluid-added 5W30 lubricant are compared for thermal conductivity and flashpoint. Wear scar and coefficient of friction improved by 15% and 33% with nano-additives. When related to the base oil, the flashpoint, thermal conductivity, kinematic viscosity, and pour point all increased, by 25.4%, 77.4%, 29.9%, and 35.4%, respectively. The addition of GNs improved the properties of 5W30 engine oil.
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Sahari, J., and M. A. Maleque. "Effect of oil palm ash on the mechanical and thermal properties of unsaturated polyester composites." e-Polymers 16, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0079.
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AbstractThis research was carried out to evaluate the effect of oil palm ash (OPA) on the mechanical and thermal properties of biocomposites. Different compositions of OPA (i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 30 vol%) were introduced to unsaturated polyester (UPE) by using simple casting method with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as a hardener. The specimens were prepared based on ASTM D5083 standards for tensile testing. From the results, it was found that the mechanical properties of UPE/OPA composites were improved in modulus with increasing the OPA content. The physical properties of UPE/OPA were also investigated where the density of biocomposites decrease with increasing OPA while the water absorption of UPE/OPA increase with increasing OPA. The thermal and morphological characterization of the UPE/OPA composites have been done using TGA, DSC and SEM.
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Mohtar, Mohd Afiq, Norul Hisham Hamid, and Mohd Hamami Sahri. "Effect of Linear Chain Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), Acacia, (Acacia spp.), and Oil Palm (Tinnera spp.) Woods." Journal of Composites 2014 (May 22, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/983634.
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The physical and mechanical properties of Rubber wood, Acacia wood, and Oil palm wood that reacted with acetic, propionic, and butyric anhydrides using a microwave heating for 4 minutes were investigated. A sample dimension of 300 mm × 100 mm × 25 mm (L×W×T) was used for modification and they were cut into smaller specimens for different testing method. This study found that the density increment and void volume changes were not significantly different from anhydrides. The modification of wood with anhydrides was not significantly affected by the static bending properties, except for the Oil palm. The compression strength for any anhydrides shows an improvement for the Rubber wood and Acacia spp. but not Oil palm. The hardness was also not significantly different from anhydrides for all wood species. The impact strength of Rubber wood and Oil palm significantly increased compared to the untreated wood, but this was not the case for Acacia spp. Generally, the highest improvement in mechanical properties was obtained by modification of Rubber and Acacia woods with butyric anhydride.
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Dykha, O., A. Staryi, V. Dytyniuk, and M. Dykha. "Determination of the dynamic hardness of greases as a characteristic of deformation properties in a tribocontact." Problems of Tribology 27, no. 1/103 (March 29, 2022): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2022-103-1-65-75.
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The efficiency of plastic oil is determined by the duration of its retention on the surface. Evaluation of the effectiveness of plastic lubricants depends on their mechanical properties. It is proposed to use the dependence of hardness on time when pressing a spherical indenter as one of the basic characteristics of the mechanical properties of plastic oils. The method of determining the function of oil hardness is based on the mechanics of contact interaction of a solid ball and a plane presented in this work, which has the property of creep according to the flow theory. One of the main methods of testing the deformation properties of plastic lubricants is to determine the number of penetrations. The number of oil penetrations is determined by the depth of indentation of the indenter; more informative for such a process is the ultimate pressure (hardness), which actually reflects the phenomenon of resistance to indenter indentation in the material. For uniform distribution of pressure under a spherical indenter the technique of construction of function of dynamic hardness of plastic materials is defined and on the basis of tests results of construction of dynamic hardness are received. Tests on contact creep of plastic lubricants are carried out, functions of dynamic hardness are received and the analysis of influence of character of change of dynamic hardness on wear processes in the presence of lubricants is carried out. To analyze the influence of deformation properties on the tribological properties of lubricants, comparative tests of the two above-mentioned types of lubricants on a four-ball friction device were performed. It was found that Litol-24 oil has the best wear resistance. The nonlinear period of running-in for this oil is practically absent that, obviously, under the given conditions of tests is connected with more stable in time deformation properties.
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Iqbal, Muhammad, Remco Knigge, Hero Heeres, Antonius Broekhuis, and Francesco Picchioni. "Diels–Alder-Crosslinked Polymers Derived from Jatropha Oil." Polymers 10, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101177.
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Methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and jatropha oil were fully epoxidized using in situ-generated performic acid. The epoxidized compounds were further reacted with furfurylamine in a solvent-free reaction to obtain furan-functionalized fatty esters which, then, functioned as oligomers for a network preparation. Thermoreversible crosslinking was obtained through a (retro) Diels–Alder reaction with bismaleimide, resulting in the formation of a brittle network for furan-functionalized methyl linoleate and jatropha oil. The furan-functionalized fatty esters were mixed with alternating (1,4)-polyketone reacted with furfurylamine (PK-Furan) for testing the mechanical and self-healing properties with DMTA and DSC, respectively. Full self-healing properties were found, and faster thermoreversibility kinetics were observed, compared to PK-Furan.
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Poh-Yap, S., U. Johnson-Alengaram, K. Hung-Mo, and M. Zamin-Jumaat. "High strength oil palm shell concrete beams reinforced with steel fibres." Materiales de Construcción 67, no. 328 (October 23, 2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.11616.
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The utilization of lightweight oil palm shell to produce high strength lightweight sustainable material has led many researchers towards its commercialization as structural concrete. However, the low tensile strength of Oil Palm Shell Concrete (OPSC) has hindered its development. This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties and flexural behaviours of OPSC by the addition of steel fibres of up to 3% by volume, to produce oil palm shell fibre-reinforced concrete (OPSFRC). The experimental results showed that the steel fibres significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of OPSFRC. The highest compressive strength, splitting tensile and flexural strengths of 55, 11.0 and 18.5 MPa, respectively, were achieved in the OPSFRC mix reinforced with 3% steel fibres. In addition, the flexural beam testing on OPSFRC beams with 3% steel fibres showed that the steel fibre reinforcement up to 3% produced notable increments in the moment capacity and crack resistance of OPSFRC beams, but accompanied by reduction in the ductility.
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Ding, Yongjie, Baoshan Huang, Xiang Shu, and Boming Tang. "New Method for Detecting Oil Contaminants in Asphalt Mixtures through Chemical Testing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 6 (May 3, 2019): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119843100.
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In this study, an analytic method was developed for detecting potential oil contaminants in asphalt mixtures using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This study was initiated when the authors were contacted by a major contractor whose field crew reported spots of loose asphalt pavement and suspected the pavement surface was being contaminated with spills of petroleum-based oils or other soluble chemicals. Oil contamination would change the content and performance grade of the asphalt binder in the mixture, thus compromising the properties and performance of the asphalt pavement. The proposed method involved extracting asphalt binders from potentially contaminated asphalt mixtures using the solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), testing the extracted binders using GPC and FTIR, and comparing their results with those of the pure asphalt binder and oil contaminants. This study first verified the proposed method by testing artificially contaminated asphalt binders at different contamination contents and then evaluated seven potentially contaminated asphalt mixtures from the job site, as well as six possible oil contaminants. The study shows that the GPC results yielded convincing evidence whether or not asphalt mixtures were contaminated and that the FTIR results were effective in detecting specific oil contaminants using their characteristic peaks.
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Gürdil, Gürkan Alp Kağan, Abraham Kabutey, Kemal Çağatay Selvi, Petr Hrabě, David Herák, and Adéla Fraňková. "Investigation of Heating and Freezing Pretreatments on Mechanical, Chemical and Spectral Properties of Bulk Sunflower Seeds and Oil." Processes 8, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040411.
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The present study examined the effects of heating and freezing pretreatments on the mechanical, chemical, and spectral characteristics of sunflower seeds and oil under a linear compression process involving a universal compression-testing machine and a pressing vessel of diameter 60 mm with a plunger. The heating temperatures ranged from 40 to 80 °C and freezing temperatures from −2 to −36 °C at constant heating time of 30 min. The pretreated samples of initial height of 80 mm (22.6 × 10−5 m3) were compressed under a preset load of 100 kN and a speed of 5 mm/min. The results showed that oil expression efficiency significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increased heating temperatures but decreased with freezing temperatures. The lowest energy per volume oil of 22.55 ± 0.919 kJ/L was recorded at 80 °C compared to 26.40 ± 0.307 kJ/L noticed at −2 °C and control (25 °C) of 33.93 ± 3.866 kJ/L. The linear regression equations expressing oil expression efficiency, energy per volume oil, peroxide value, and free fatty acid, dependent on heating and freezing temperatures, were described with coefficients of determination between 0.373 and 0.908. Increased heating temperatures increased the UV absorption rate of the oil samples at a wavelength of 350 nm. The study is part of the continuing research on linear compression modeling of all processing factors, whereby the results are intended to be applied to the non-linear process dealing with a mechanical screw press to improve the oil extraction process.
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Sukarman, F., M. H. Ismail, M. A. M. Shah, N. H. Ramli, and I. Tharazi. "Welding Quality Assessment for Oil and Gas Industry by Comparison of Mechanical Testing Properties and Microstructure Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 834 (June 23, 2020): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/834/1/012046.
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Syafri, Rahmadini, Chairil Chairil, Muhammad Rizqi Pratama, Muhammad Alfayed, Kardina Febriani, and Hardi Rahayu Saputra. "Utilization of Rubber seed shell and Palm Oil Fronds as Composite Materials for Automotive Industry." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 4 (March 20, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.4.102-108.
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Rubber seed shell (RSS) and Palm Oil Fronds (POF) are types of solid waste produced from rubber and palm oil plantation that has not been fully utilized. Meanwhile, in the automotive industry, composites have been the material of choice in some of its components. For example, composite body panels have been widely used in sports cars and passenger cars. This study aimed to utilize RSS powder and POF fiber waste as reinforcing fillers for the composite matrix. The matrix used was liquid polyester resin with the addition of catalyst as a hardener. RSS, which has been carbonized, was then activated using H2SO4 while POF fiber was pre-treated with 5% NaOH, then characterized both fillers by FTIR and SEM. Composites filled by RSS and POF in 4 variations were tested for mechanical properties with matrix composites without fillers as controls. FTIR testing of RSS carbonized powder found that carbonyl group consisting of tar compounds and remnants of carbon dioxide compounds that lost after activation with the H2SO4 solution. Meanwhile in POF fibers found that carbonyl group consisted of lignin and hemicellulose disappear after pre-treatment by 5% NaOH. SEM testing of RSS and POF fillers showed changes in surface morphology. The RSS and POF surface became coarser and porous, and the fibrils of POF fiber more obvious. The mechanical properties showed that the optimum result obtained in the composition of Matrix/POF/RSS (92.5/2.5/5).
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Kaiser, Trent M. V., Victor Y. B. Yung, and Russ M. Bacon. "Cyclic Mechanical and Fatigue Properties for Oil-Country-Tubular-Goods Materials." SPE Journal 13, no. 04 (December 1, 2008): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/97775-pa.
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Summary This paper describes differences between actual material behavior and idealizations used for modeling purposes and discusses some of the implications for interpreting model predictions. Much of the design for well structures subjected to high-amplitude cyclic loading is based on material assumptions that extrapolate strength properties from uniaxial, tensile tests to conditions where multiaxial, cyclic stresses are imposed. This paper presents results from cyclic testing on a common oil-country-tubular-goods (OCTG) material and demonstrates differences between the physical behavior measured under cyclic loading conditions and theoretical behavior extrapolated by numerical modeling. Modeling theories for plastic deformation are discussed with their limitations and relevance in a cyclic-loading environment. The implications of these limitations for design choices in thermal wells also are discussed with example applications of cyclic material behavior and fatigue-life prediction. Material fatigue properties for the high-amplitude, low-cycle application of thermal operations have not been investigated in much depth previously, particularly for OCTG. Along with characterizing cyclic mechanical properties, the tests discussed here also assessed the low-cycle fatigue properties of the sample OCTG steel. The consistent fatigue measurements, combined with analysis results using representative cyclic mechanical properties, can provide a basis for estimating fatigue life. Depending on analysis-model assumptions, substantial variation in predicted fatigue life can occur; therefore, exact fatigue-life predictions are not anticipated. The primary value in such modeling is in evaluating the relative effectiveness of mitigation options for extending well life. Introduction Most thermal enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) wells in western Canada operate using either the cyclic-steam-stimulation (CSS) or the steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD) method. In both methods, operational factors result in thermal cycles being imposed on the well structures, particularly in the intermediate casing (Placido et al. 1997). Thermal expansion is constrained by the formation and cement in CSS and SAGD wells, producing loads that exceed the yield strength of the tubulars when the well is heated. Localization mechanisms also might amplify the strain magnitude, imposing additional plastic fatigue load at discrete locations along the well structure. Thermal-well casing designs have evolved during more than 30 years of operating experience, and much of the computer modeling that describes casing performance is based on measured uniaxial tensile material properties that are extrapolated to multidimensional cyclic behavior through engineering models. Cyclic material-properties data are sparse, particularly in the temperature regime common in thermal-recovery wells. Furthermore, plastic fatigue-life information for materials commonly used in well construction is difficult to obtain. Such information, however, is required to make reliable predictions of certain deformation mechanisms and the associated fatigue life for wells exposed to cyclic, thermally imposed loading. A test program for characterizing cyclic material properties was implemented to evaluate both cyclic mechanical properties and low-cycle fatigue life. Test-result consistency indicates a reliable material characterization that can be applied in constitutive analysis models and component-life assessments. The observed cyclic-stress-strain material behavior also demonstrates different characteristics from those predicted through engineering models using uniaxial monotonic material properties for input. This has important implications for thermal-well design and operations.
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Hussain, Arshad, and Mohammed Al-Yaari. "Development of Polymeric Membranes for Oil/Water Separation." Membranes 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010042.
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In this work, the treatment of oily wastewater was investigated using developed cellulose acetate (CA) membranes blended with Nylon 66. Membrane characterization and permeation results in terms of oil rejection and flux were compared with a commercial CA membrane. The solution casting method was used to fabricate membranes composed of CA and Nylon 66. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was done to examine the surface morphology of the membrane as well as the influence of solvent on the overall structure of the developed membranes. Mechanical and thermal properties of developed blended membranes and a commercial membrane were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and universal (tensile) testing machine (UTM). Membrane characterizations revealed that the thermal and mechanical properties of the fabricated blended membranes better than those of the commercial membrane. Membrane fluxes and rejection of oil as a function of Nylon 66 compositions and transmembrane pressure were measured. Experimental results revealed that the synthetic membrane (composed of 2% Nylon 66 and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent) gave a permeate flux of 33 L/m2h and an oil rejection of around 90%, whereas the commercial membrane showed a permeate flux of 22 L/m2h and an oil rejection of 70%.
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Hussain, Arshad, and Mohammed Al-Yaari. "Development of Polymeric Membranes for Oil/Water Separation." Membranes 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010042.
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In this work, the treatment of oily wastewater was investigated using developed cellulose acetate (CA) membranes blended with Nylon 66. Membrane characterization and permeation results in terms of oil rejection and flux were compared with a commercial CA membrane. The solution casting method was used to fabricate membranes composed of CA and Nylon 66. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was done to examine the surface morphology of the membrane as well as the influence of solvent on the overall structure of the developed membranes. Mechanical and thermal properties of developed blended membranes and a commercial membrane were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and universal (tensile) testing machine (UTM). Membrane characterizations revealed that the thermal and mechanical properties of the fabricated blended membranes better than those of the commercial membrane. Membrane fluxes and rejection of oil as a function of Nylon 66 compositions and transmembrane pressure were measured. Experimental results revealed that the synthetic membrane (composed of 2% Nylon 66 and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent) gave a permeate flux of 33 L/m2h and an oil rejection of around 90%, whereas the commercial membrane showed a permeate flux of 22 L/m2h and an oil rejection of 70%.
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Godwin I, Antony, Nancy Deborah S, Julius Ponraj I, Vinslin Blessho R, and Stephen C. "Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Concrete with Agro-Waste." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.12 (July 20, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.15858.
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Due to ever-increasing disposal problems of agricultural wastes in developing countries have created opportunities for use of agricultural wastes in the construction industries. An attempt has been carried out by partial replacement of cement with areca-nut shell, fine aggregate with coconut shell powder by pulverizing it into ashes and coarse aggregate with oil palm shell9. Concrete specimens were cast and cured for 28 days, a detailed comparison is made with conventional concrete and concrete with agrowaste by testing the specimens to finding the mechanical and durability properties like compressive, tensile flexural and rapid chloride penetration test. From the experimental results, it is found that the combination comprising of 10% of areca nut ash (ASA), 5% of coconut shell charcoal powder (CSCP) and 5% of oil palm shell (OPS) shows desirable results in enhancing the properties of agro waste concrete. The detailedmicrostructural investigation has been done to find the reason for enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete with agro waste by using the Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDAX) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) methods.Due to the presence of CSH gel and Ca(OH)2in concrete with agro waste specimens which attributes the strength and other properties.
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Fu, Biao, Lin Xiao, Long Jiang Yu, and Guang Yang. "Preparation of Lactic Acid Based Polyurethanes Modified by Castor Oil." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1458.
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A series of biodegradable lactic acid based Polyurethanes modified by castor oil (PLBA-PUs) have been successfully prepared by using a two steps method as follow: Firstly prepolymers with hydroxyl terminated are synthesized by copolymerization of L-lactic acid and 1, 4-butandiol (BD), and then react with castor oil (C.O.) and hexamethylene diisocynate (HDI). The effects of BD/LA monomer ration and C.O./prepolymers mole ratio on the molecular weight and mechanical properties of PLBA-PUs are investigated. The polymers obtained are characterized by gel permeation chromatography, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 13C NMR, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and tensile testing. Their average molecular weight is over 280,000. They display excellent mechanical properties, such as a tensile strength as high as 31MPa, a tensile modulus as low as 20 MPa, and an elongation at break of 176%. Due to the biocompatibility, these PUs could find applications in biomedical fields, such as soft-tissue engineering.
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Xu, Bo, Mark Redmond, Ahmed Hammami, and Pierre Mertiny. "In Situ Testing of Polymers Immersed in Aging Fluids at Elevated Temperature and Pressure." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072690.
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A novel elevated-temperature and high-pressure in situ punch-shear-test cell was developed to qualify materials for reliable service in harsh environments representative of those typically encountered in oil and gas operations. The proposed modular and compact test device is an extension of the ASTM D 732 punch-shear method. Conventionally, materials are first exposed to harsh environments, then removed from the aging environment for mechanical testing. This practice can lead to the generation of unrealistic (often optimistic) mechanical properties. This is especially true in the case of materials for which fluid ingress is reversible. The present contribution elaborates on the developed in situ punch-shear device that has been successfully used to realistically assess the tensile yield strength and modulus properties of in-service polymer materials based on experimentally established correlations between shear and tensile tests.
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Nes, O. M., Per Horsrud, E. F. Sonstebo, R. M. Holt, A. M. Ese, Dag Okland, and Halvor Kjorholt. "Rig Site and Laboratory Use of CWT Acoustic Velocity Measurements on Cuttings." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 1, no. 04 (August 1, 1998): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/50982-pa.
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This paper (SPE 50982) was revised for publication from paper SPE 36854, first presented at the 1996 SPE European Petroleum Conference held in Milan, Italy, 22-24 October. Original manuscript received for review 8 November 1996. Revised manuscript received 21 May 1998. Paper peer approved 1 June 1998. Summary A continuous wave technique (CWT) for measurement of acoustic phase velocities on cuttings is presented. The equipment is particularly well suited for testing of small samples like cuttings, and measurements, even on sub-mm-thick shale cuttings, have been performed. This yields potential access to a new source of data on the drilled formation that can also be attained in quasireal time at the rig site. The prototype equipment developed is portable, fast, and easy to use. Tests have been performed both at the rig site and in the laboratory. Potential applications include estimation of mechanical properties of shales, effects of various fluids and drilling muds, estimation of seismic parameters, and estimation of pore pressure. P. 282
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MAZURKOW, Aleksander, Wojciech HOMIK, and Łukasz KONIECZNY. "STUDY OF RADIAL SLIDE BEARINGS WITH A FLOATING RING CONSIDERING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL." Transport Problems 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/tp.2022.17.4.03.
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Radial slide bearings are typically used in turbochargers (among other applications), owing to their simple design and advantages, such as good heat dissipation from the working zone, high stability of operation and low resistance to motion. The current research is both experimental and theoretical. In a state of static equilibrium, the operation of a bearing can be described using a system of five coupled differential equations. The bearing’s operating parameters are related to the type of oil used. Two types of oil, VG46 and VG68, were used for testing. In accordance with the applicable standard, the tolerance of kinematic viscosity of oils is ±10%. The results imply a significant influence of the oil class and viscosity tolerance on the resistance to motion caused by internal friction forces in the oil. In conclusion, it seems advisable that the calculation procedures currently in use should include the slide bearing design optimisation by taking the resistance to motion in the bearing into account.
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Alqam, Mohammad H., Hazim H. Abass, and Abdullah M. Shebatalhmad. "New insight on studying the effect of both chemical sensitivity and rock mechanical properties in shale formation to minimize wellbore instability problems." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020503012.
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Historically, many of the wells drilled in in shale formations have experienced a significant rig downtime due to wellbore instabilities. Most of the instability problems originated from the encountered shale formations. The objectives of this study include (1) to measure the properties governing shale strength and drilling fluid/shale interaction, and (2) to establish a reliable and efficient rock mechanical testing procedures related to wellbore stability. Preserved shale core has been recovered from shale formation and special core handling procedure was implemented. Mineral oil was used for plugging and core preservation. Rock mechanical characterization was conducted on core samples using both XRD/SEM techniques to study the core mineralogy. In addition, shale permeability was determined by two methods: flow testing and pressure transition methods. The results indicated that shale has high percentage of quartz (30-40%) which causes the shale to have high porosity and high permeability. The unconfined compressive strength of shale is very low which any drilling fluid that contains water phase further reduces. The Young’s modulus is very low which makes near wellbore deformation high. Based on the shale swelling testing, the all-oil fluid show no volume change occurred to the shale. When the same shale was exposed to the 7% KCl, about 16% increase in core volume occurred in 48 hours. This means that all samples allowed the water to flow into the shale formation.
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Qamar, Sayyad Zahid. "Heat Treatment and Mechanical Testing of AISI H11 Steel." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.434.
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Belonging to the class of chromium tool steels, AISI H11 possesses very good toughness and hardness, and is therefore suitable for hot metalforming jobs performed at very high loads. Mostly used in fabrication of helicopter rotor blades, H11 also has great potential as a die steel in hot-work forging and extrusion. This alloy steel can be heat treated to increase the service life and dimensional accuracy of the die and tooling. Main aim of the current investigation was to formulate an optimum heat treatment strategy for H11 steel, especially for hot work applications. High-speed milling and electric discharge machining were used to fabricate samples for tensile and impact testing. After various types of heat treatment (annealing, austenitizing, air cooling or oil quenching, single and double tempering), these samples were tested for hardness, toughness (impact), yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility. Microstructural analysis was also performed to analyze the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties. As tempering temperature increases, hardness initially increases and then starts to gradually decrease; impact strength first decreases and then increases; and yield strength exhibits a fluctuating pattern of initial decline followed by an increase and another decrease. Even though H11 steel is highly suitable for both hot and cold-work, it is surprisingly not a common choice for metalworking dies and tools. Results presented here can encourage die designers and hot-work practitioners to explore the versatility of this tool steel, and to adopt appropriate heat treatment strategies for different applications.
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Zain, Norazwani Muhammad, Wan Amirul Ashraf, and Suzana Ali Ernie. "Scratch Hardness Properties of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Based Polycaprolactone Urethane Coatings." Materials Science Forum 947 (March 2019): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.947.178.
Full textAbstract:
Polyurethane has been widely used in various coating industries due to its good weathering resistance, promising appearance, excellent elasticity and good mechanical properties. The present work reports the development of polycaprolactone urethane coatings based on waste palm cooking oil (WPCO). WPCO was recycled to synthesis polycaprolactone (PCL) polyol using two-steps methods; transesterification and ring opening polymerization with various ratios of ε-CL to WPCO based polyesteramide. The WPCO based PCL polyols were reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to produce polycaprolactone urethane coatings. FTIR analyses were employed to confirm the formation of polyols and the scratch resistance properties of coatings were characterized by scratch hardness testing. The results revealed that the scratch resistance of polycaprolactone urethane coatings increased by increasing the ε-CL composition in the formulation.