Academic literature on the topic 'Oil-shales Mechanical properties Testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Oil-shales Mechanical properties Testing"
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Kalu, Ifeanyi Emmanuel, Ericmoore Jossou, Emmanuel Kwesi Arthur, Simon Ja'afaru, and Edith Yohanna Ishidi. "Characterization and Mechanical Property Measurements by Instrumented Indentation Testing of Niger Delta Oil Shale Cuttings." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 59 (March 15, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2m9z7g.
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Oil shales have unstable mechanical and chemical properties, which makes their extraction for characterization and conventional mechanical testing uneasy and complex. Most often, mechanical property measurements are usually taken from core samples that are costly to extract and test using conventional testing methods. This paper presents a focused study carried out on oil shale cuttings obtained from the sidewalls of two different wellbore depths in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) characterization techniques, the morphology of these shales was studied. The results obtained clearly showed the composition, bonding and variations in the morphology of the studied shale samples. Furthermore, the heterogeneity associated with these shales across varied depths were revealed. An efficient and less expensive technique compared to conventional testing methods, instrumented indentation testing (IIT) was carried out to obtain essential mechanical parameters of the shale specimen. These properties are important parameters in determining the hydrocarbon storage space of shale formations, wellbore stability, and optimization of hydraulic fracturing which is necessary for efficient drilling operations.
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Minaeian, Vida, Vamegh Rasouli, and David Dewhurst. "A laboratory procedure proposed for mechanical testing of shales." APPEA Journal 54, no. 1 (2014): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13034.
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The authors have developed a laboratory procedure that uses a true triaxial stress cell (TTSC) to test cubes of rock instead of cylindrical-shaped samples. In this approach, three independent stresses are applied on the rock sample, which makes it possible to simulate field-conditions. Estimation of rock failure strength and deformation properties, while applying three stresses—rather than two as in case of conventional triaxial tests—is closer to the in-situ conditions. This is specifically important for shales due to their complicated transverse isotropic structure. The present study investigates the effect of minimum and intermediate principal stresses on the strength and elastic properties of gas shales. True triaxial experiments have been carried out on cubic shale samples from the Perth Basin under constant levels of minimum stress (~3 and 6 MPa) and varying magnitudes of intermediate principal stress (~3–40 MPa). Both minimum and intermediate stresses affect the rock strength through a non-linear trend. The behaviour of shales elastic modulus (E) with respect to varying σ2 tends to be similar to that of rock compressive strength. Poisson’s ratio in two directions along minimum and intermediate principal stresses (V13 and V12) does not show a simple dependency on the intermediate stress over the applied stress range. Finally, the observation of post-failure specimens revealed a significant influence of stress anisotropy on the failure mode, which evolves from dual to multiple shear faults.
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A, Sudalai Raja, and Jebakani D. "Experimental Analysis on Mechanical Properties of Natural Bio-Polymer Composite." Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37255/jme.v16i1pp012-017.
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Bio-composites are used in many engineering applications due to various desirable properties that they offer such as light weight, low cost, bio-degradable and bio-compatible. Bio-composites are used in many industries such as automotive, sporting goods, marine, electrical and household appliances. Kenaf, jute, banana, flux is used as fibers. The mechanical properties are evaluated by appropriate testing methods. The strength of material is important to each material so that bio-material to be evaluated by mechanical testing methods. In this study an attempt is made to prepare natural resin with neem oil and Thennamarakudi oil and to fabricate Bio-composite with fish shell and screw pine fiber as reinforcement and test for its mechanical properties such as tensile, Impact and Flexural. The pure resin samples have tensile and flexible properties. After taken testing. the neem oil-based biomaterial flexibility is higher than the oil-based biomaterial. The stiffness is higher in Tk oil-based biomaterial. The result is expected from the biomaterial as eco-friendly material and applicable for medical field as biocompatible
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Wannapakhe, Sakultala, and Khridsadakhon Booddachan. "The Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm by Using Semi-Damp Dryer." E3S Web of Conferences 302 (2021): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130201013.
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Hot air drying of palm fruit is a simple method but results in low grade palm oil. The steaming of palm fruit results in high grade palm oil but it requires a wastewater treatment process. Both methods have both advantages and disadvantages, therefore if they were combined, it can result in the better grades of oil, which should be encouraged for farmers in Thailand to apply. This research aimed to determine mechanical characteristics of semi-damp dryer for oil palm. The results of a compression and relative humidity tests were used as the criteria for the tests. The oil palm semi-damp dryer was used in this research. The oil palm semi-damp dryer used the aerosolized technique with 100 °C hot water as a sprayer and a humidifier for the oil palm in the dryer. The purpose was to reduced palm fruit hardness. The study use tenera palm from Prachinburi province and neighborhood of Thailand. The drying time for testing was 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. The temperature for testing was 70, 90 and more than 100 °C. The results of the compression force of oil palm by using a semi-damp dryer were lower than using a hot air drying. The compression was lower than using hot air drying. The best of mechanical characteristics palm was baking with semi-damp dry at 90 °C in 3 hours. Compression force was 0.675 kN and relative humidity value was 57.18%. The palm oil was tested for the %FFA and DOBI and showed that the grade of palm oil by using semi-damp drying was fair but still edible grade.
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Rouainia, Mohamed, Majid Goodarzi, Tom Charlton, Andrew Aplin, and Pablo Cubillas. "Assessment of the elastic response of shale using multiscale mechanical testing and homogenisation." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020504013.
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Robust geomechanical characterisation of shale reservoirs is necessary for safe and economic resource exploitation but there is still a lack of mechanical data on well-characterised shale, partly due to the difficulties of obtaining high quality core samples for laboratory testing. The composition of shale also presents challenges when attempting to constrain the mechanical response. Multi-scale homogenisation techniques have recently been used to predict the macroscopic behaviour of shales based on quantitative mineralogical descriptions. However, there is a considerable amount of uncertainty associated with some key inputs into these homogenisation schemes. In particular, the organic matter of shale encompasses a range of scales, from nanometre to micrometre-size material, and its mechanical properties are not well understood. Here, PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (PF-QNM), a recently developed form of atomic force microscopy (AFM), is combined with nanoindentation testing to characterise the mechanical response of the organic matter and clay phases of Posidonia shale from north-west Germany. The nanoscale testing revealed a clear peak in the histograms of the reduced elastic modulus, which can be attributed to kerogen in the shale matrix. Upscaling of the mechanical properties through homogenisation showed a reasonable prediction when compared with experimental data, including capturing the inherent anisotropy of the shale response. The influence of factors such as the volume fraction of silt inclusions and the applicability of different homogenisation formulations warrant further investigation.
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Li, Hong Bo, Han Chi Cheng, Jing Wang, Xing Jun Su, and Chun Jie Li. "Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 35CrMnSiMo Cast Steel." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.94.
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In this article, the authors use of Si, Mn, Cr as the main alloying element, developed a tough wear resistant cast 35CrMnSiMo, after casting, to obtain a wear-resistant cast steel with a hardness and impact toughness mechanical performance testing, metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope analysis of the microstructure. The results show that, the cast 35CrMnSiMo 850 °C austenitizing insulation 30min and then quenched, the material water hardened degrees is much larger than the oil hardened degrees. The the water hardened than oil hardened degrees up 28.5%. Metallographic photo clearly see a lot of lath martensite, the small amount of lath martensite and retained austenite, the oil quenching microstructure edge outline is somewhat vague, while clear the water quenching microstructure edge contour darker, impact toughness with hardness is inversely proportional to the sample.
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De Almeida, Aliane C., Victor A. De Araujo, Elen A. M. Morales, Maristela Gava, Rafaele A. Munis, José N. Garcia, and Juliana Cortez-Barbosa. "Wood-bamboo particleboard: Mechanical properties." BioResources 12, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 7784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7784-7792.
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Mechanical characteristics were evaluated of wood-bamboo-based particleboard having the proportions of 100% wood and 0% bamboo, 75% wood and 25% bamboo, and 50% wood and 50% bamboo. This particleboard used Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis wood, Dendrocalamus asper bamboo, and castor oil-based polyurethane resin. Through destructive testing, the values of perpendicular tensile, static bending, modulus of elasticity, and screw pullout strength in the top and face surfaces were analyzed. For 0%, 25%, and 50% bamboo the values were 1.68 MPa, 1.37 MPa, and 1.4 MPa, respectively, for perpendicular tensile; 15.2 MPa, 17.6 MPa, and 18.5 MPa, respectively, for static bending; 2466 MPa, 2694 MPa, and 2922 MPa, respectively, for modulus of elasticity; 1256 MPa, 1922 MPa, and 1362 MPa, respectively, for screw pullout strength in top; and 1392 MPa, 1342 MPa, and 1414 MPa, respectively, for screw pullout strength in face. These results were superior to those presented by ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI 208.1 (1999). After performing a Tukey test at 5%, the values for each treatment did not show a significant difference among them.
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Zarina, Y., Hussin Kamarudin, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, I. Khairul Nizar, and A. R. Rafiza. "Influence of Dolomite on the Mechanical Properties of Boiler Ash Geopolymer Paste." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.8.
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The waste material from palm oil industry has been increasing since Malaysia was the world largest exported of palm oil mill. The waste such as palm fibers, nut shells, palm kernel and empty fruit bunches are the solid waste the obtained from palm oil processing for oil extraction. When these wastes were incinerated, the waste from the burning process known as boiler ash was obtained at the lower compartment of the boiler. The production of boiler ash was estimated to be over 4 million tones/ year. This paper investigates the influence of dolomite on the mechanical properties of boiler ash based geopolymer pastes. The boiler ash was calcined at 800oC for 1 hour. After that, the dolomite was replaced in boiler ash at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% wt where the geopolymer samples were cured 80 oC. Sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with concentration 12 Molar has been used as alkaline activator to synthesis the boiler ash to produce geopolymer paste. The ratio of solid/liquid and sodium silicate/NaOH was 1 and 2.5 for all geopolymer paste. The result showed the addition of dolomite has decrease the strength of boiler ash based geopolymer. The geopolymer sample without addition of dolomite showed the maximum compressive strength (19.4 MPa) at 28 days testing. Meanwhile the addition of 4% of dolomite into geopolymer paste has the maximum compressive strength (7.3 MPa) compared to others. Additions of dolomite into boiler ash based geopolymer have reduced the compressive strength at 28 days of testing.
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He, Ming Dan, Ming Li, Yong Jin Yu, Hao Wang, Wei Yuan Xiao, and Jun Lan Yang. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Epoxy Resin Enhanced Oil-Well Cement Stone." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 1103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.1103.
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To adequately understand the waterborne epoxy resin and enhance the compressive, tensile strength of oil-well cement stone, the cement composite materials were prepared with different addition of waterborne epoxy resin, and the specimens were cured for 3days, 7 days, 14days, 28days at 50°C thermostatic water bath to test the compressive strength and tensile strength, respectively. The results showed when the content of resin emulsion is 30%, the compressive strength and tensile strength of the cement are increased by 303.09% and 306.04% compared with pure cement, respectively. Obviously, in the mechanical performance testing, oil-well cement stone modified by waterborne epoxy resin have been significantly improved compared with the pure cement. To explore the enhanced microstructure of oil-well cement modified with waterborne epoxy resin, the cement specimens were prepared with 30% waterborne epoxy resin analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Mohd Hasdi, Nur Atheerah, Nurjannah Salim, Rasidi Roslan, and Siti Noorbaini Sarmin. "The Effects of Alkaline Treatment on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Trunk/Polypropylene Blends Composite." Materials Science Forum 1056 (March 14, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-lb9r7o.
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Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are composites that incorporate plants composed up of wood and non-wood fibres blended with thermosets or thermoplastic polymers to form a composite. Oil palm trunk (OPT) is one of the wastes produced from the oil palm industry known as oil palm biomass (OPB). The OPT was utilized to turn oil palm biomass into a value-added product. In this research, oil palm trunk/polypropylene (OPT/PP) blends composite was produced by extrusion and injection molding techniques. Alkaline treatment was applied to the fibers to improve the interfacial adhesion of fibers. After alkaline treatment, treated OPT (T-OPT) and untreated (UT-OPT) together with PP were blended at 200°C with the speed of 85 rpm in the extruder to form a pellet. Pellets were then injected in injection molding at 200°C to form sample size for mechanical testing; tensile and impact testing. The physical testing conducted was Melt Flow Index (MFI), water absorption test and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results show that the mechanical properties of OPT/PP composite were improved by alkaline treatment. In the water absorption test, T-OPT composite demonstrated lower water absorption than that of UT-OPT composite. This indicated that the reduction of water absorption in T-OPT composite is due to alkaline treatment that degraded the lignin and cellulose structure subsequently reducing the OH groups in fibers to absorb water. For TGA, T-OPT composite had slightly higher thermal stability as compared to UT-OPT composite.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oil-shales Mechanical properties Testing"
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Миндюк, В. Д. "Розроблення методу оцінки якісних змін матеріалів нафтогазового обладнання за комплексом фізичних характеристик." Thesis, Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, 2014. http://elar.nung.edu.ua/handle/123456789/4680.
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Досліджено особливості мікроструктурих змін матеріалів металоконструкцій в процесі експлуатації. Встановлено основні фізичні параметри, що зазнають змін внаслідок змін в мікроструктурі. Проаналізовано сучасний стан методів та засобів проведення структуроскопії. Проведено дослідження якісних змін фізичних параметрів матеріалів в залежності від зміни мікроструктури. Проведено дослідження щодо для одержання основних параметрів мікроструктури з використанням нових методів обробки металографічних зображень, а також фізичних характеристик матеріалу з використанням методів і засобів, що грунтуються на різних фізичних принципах. Встановлений оптимальний комплекс фізичних параметрів, що найкраще корелюють з вибраними параметрами мікроструктури. З використанням алгоритмів штучних нейронних мереж одержані функції апроксимації параметрів мікроструктури, а саме співвідношення перліт/ферит та середній діаметр зірна, від твердості, коерцитивної сили та магнітного індукційного параметру, що характеризує частоту електромагнітних коливань індуктивного перетворювача. Розроблено методологію оцінювання якості матеріалу шляхом визначення параметрів мікроструктури за комплексом фізичних характеристик для подальшого їх використання для розрахунків механічних характеристик матеріалів та оцінювання ступеню деградації матеріалу.Диссертация посвящена вопросу оценки качества материалов нефтегазового оборудования путем оценки микроструктурных изменений за комплексом физических характеристик. Анализ процессов деградации структуры разных типов сталей и ее последствий показал, что показателями деградации структуры металла, которые стоит поддавать диагностике, есть изменение размеров и ориентации зерен отдельных структурных фаз со временем, морфологическое изменение отдельных фаз и изменение их соотношения в структуре, что значительно влияют на изменение отдельных физических свойств материалов, а, особенно, - структурно чувствительных параметров, выделение вторичных фазовых составляющих (например, карбидов легирующих элементов или низкотемпературных модификаций металла из высокотемпературной) из основных фаз и распределение их по границах зерен, группирования в отдельные зоны. Во втором разделе проведено качественное изучение процессов изменения физических структуруо чувствительных свойств ферритных сталей. На основе результатов изучения особенностей изменения магнитных свойств, электрического сопротивления, теплопроводной характеристику и твердости, избранные параметры выбраны для дальнейших исследований относительно определения корреляции между этими параметрами и параметрами микроструктуры. Третий раздел содержит методику и результаты экспериментальных исследований по установлению зависимости избранных информативных физических параметров от параметров микроструктуры отобранных образцов разных марок сталей. Определены зависимости отдельных физических свойств сплавов от характеристик микроструктуры - соотношения перлит/феррит и среднего диаметра зерна, а также определен оптимальный комплекс физических свойств с наилучшей корреляцией их с параметрами микроструктуры. Использование алгоритмов нейронных сетей позволило получить зависимости микроструктурных характеристик от комплекса физических свойств в аналитическом виде. Четвертый раздел посвящен разработке методологии оценки качества материала путем определения параметров микроструктуры за комплексом физических характеристик для дальнейшего их использования для расчетов механических характеристик материалов и оценки степени деградации материала, которая прошла успешную промышленную апробацию в условиях РВУ «Львовавтогаз» и НПФ «Зонд» и внедрена в нормативных документах нефтегазовой отрасли.
Dissertation is devoted to assessing the quality of oil and gas equipment materials by evaluating complex microstructural changes with physical characteristics. The features of the microstructural changes of metal materials during operation are investigated. The basic physical properties that are experiencing changes due to changes in the microstructure are identified. The current state of methods and means of structurescopy are analized. The investigation of qualitative changes in the physical parameters of materials depending on the change of the microstructure are studied. The main parameters of the microstructure with using new methods of metallographic image processing were obtained, as well as the physical characteristics of the material using the methods and tools that are based on different physical principles were measured. The optimal set of physical parameters that best correlated with the selected parameters of the microstructure is established. Approximation functions of microstructure parameters such as a ratio of pearlite/ferrite and the average grain diameter with the hardness, coercitiviy, magnetic induction parameter which characterizes the oscillation frequency of the electromagnetic inductive transducer are obtained by using artificial neural networks algorithm. A methodology for assessing the quality of the material by determining the microstructure parameters with the complex of physical characteristics for further use in the calculation of materials mechanical characteristics and material degradation assessment is developed.
Book chapters on the topic "Oil-shales Mechanical properties Testing"
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Carrier, Benoit, Matthieu Vandamme, Roland Pellenq, and Henri Van Damme. "Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Thin Clay Films and Comparison with Molecular Simulations." In Advances in Laboratory Testing and Modelling of Soils and Shales (ATMSS), 78–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52773-4_8.
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Omar, Khalid Riyadh, Behzad Fatahi, and Lam Dinh Nguyen. "Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Low Plasticity Clay Contaminated with Engine Oil." In Infrastructure Sustainability Through New Developments in Material, Design, Construction, Maintenance, and Testing of Pavements, 21–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79644-0_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Oil-shales Mechanical properties Testing"
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Alabbad, Mohammed, Mohammad Alqam, and Hussain Aljeshi. "Geomechanical Properties Estimation Utilizing Artificial Intelligence Prediction Tool." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204672-ms.
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Abstract Drilling and fracturing are considered to be one of the major costs in the oil and gas industry. Cost may reach tens of millions of dollars and improper design may lead to significant loss of money and time. Reliable fracturing and drilling designs are governed with decent and representative rock mechanical properties. Such properties are measured mainly by analyzing multiple previously cored wells in the same formation. The nature of the conducted tests on the collected plugs are destructive and samples cannot be restored after performing the rock mechanical testing. This may disable further evaluation on the same plugs. This study aims to build an artificial neural network (ANN) model that is capable of predicting the main rock mechanical properties, such as Poisson's ratio and compressive strength from already available lab and field measurements. The log data will be combined together with preliminary lab rock properties to build a smart model capable of predicting advance rock mechanical properties. Hence, the model will provide initial rock mechanical properties that are estimated almost immediately and without undergoing costly and timely rock mechanical laboratory tests. The study will also give an advantage to performing preliminary estimates of such parameters without the need for destructive mechanical core testing. The ultimate goal is to draw a full field geomechanical mapping with this tool rather than having localized scattered data. The AI tool will be trained utilizing representative sets of rock mechanical data with multiple feed-forward backpropagation learning techniques. The study will help in localizing future well location and optimizing multi-stage fracturing designs. These produced data are needed for upstream applications such as wellbore stability, sanding tendency, hydraulic fracturing, and horizontal/multi-lateral drilling.
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Buranaj Hoxha, Bez, Justin Porter, and Eli Everhard. "Pressure Transmission Testing Confirms Performance of Aluminum Complex Fluids as Dynamic Borehole Stabilizer." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22558-ms.
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Abstract Testing the interaction between drilling/completion fluids and the formation is the key critical concept to understand the fundamental mechanism to borehole stability. Unfortunately, most industry tests lack the down-hole conditions to give realistic results. However, there is one advanced testing that can be used to directly and quantitively provide realistic borehole stability interpretations. Specifically, the pore pressure transmission (PPT) test has increasingly gained popularity providing results on how to stabilize troublesome shales by facilitating proper fluid design. In this study, precipitating aluminum chemistry is employed to develop a high-performance water-based mud (HP-WBM) that is tremendously robust and versatile – demonstrating that it can stabilize multiple shale type formations. PPT evaluations on the alumiumum complex HP-WBM was performed at 250°F with a high simulated overbalanced 1000 psi pressure differential, to fully confirm that the system can withstand high pressure influx and prevent pressure transmission into the shale pore matrix, essentially reducing induced borehole instability. PPT testing was performed on two different types of shales, Pierre Type II and Mancos shale exhibit noteworthy differences in physical, chemical, mineralogical, and mechanical properties, making them ideal shales to study the versatility of the aluminum complex drilling fluid. Because of the pore-plugging capabilities, the fluid can establish, an improved semipermeable membrane, allowing for the counterbalance of hydraulic flow into the shale via osmotic backflow. When compared to the base (water-based mud), a significant delay factor is observed using the aluminum complex fluid, indicating significant reduction in pressure transmission into the shale pore matrix. An invert emulsion system was also tested for comparison and showed the Al-HPWBM's was able to perform similarly at stabilizing these shales. Advantages of precipitating aluminum chemistry over other methods will be further discussed.
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Zhu, X., M. Serati, E. Mutaz, and Z. Chen. "True Triaxial Testing of Anisotropic Solids." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-2125.
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ABSTRACT: Accurate determination of rock mechanical properties (particularly sedimentary shales, mica and schists with foliation and bedding planes) is critical to the safe design and excavation of underground mines and tunnels. Traditional techniques to calculate rock elastic properties often involve testing cylindrical or disc-shaped specimens under uniaxial compression or diametrical loading. But, these stress conditions may not represent the actual stress state under which rock is subjected at depth. A true triaxial testing technique on cubed specimens are, therefore, preferred as it better represents field stress conditions. This paper introduces and verifies a modified step-compression true-triaxial based technique to measure the elastic constants in fibre-reinforced epoxy samples, selected as a low-porosity anisotropic solid. The elastic constants obtained from the proposed method (even under higher stress levels) are found to be in good agreement with results from the benchmark tests with uniaxial compression but in the meanwhile offers other anisotropic parameters, which cannot be obtained from conventional measurements. 1. INTRODUCTION Accurate determination of rock directional elastic properties has always been a hot topic in rock mechanics with immediate applications in most geotechnical and mining engineering (Eberli et al., 2003). While rock is frequently treated as a CHILE (continuous, homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic) medium, this assumption provides only limited insight into the true rock mass deformations (Chou & Chen, 2008; Serati, Alehossein, & Williams, 2016). A more practical rock behavior is therefore the consideration of rock anisotropy, since many rocks exposed near the Earth’s surface show various levels of directionally dependent properties due to bedding, stratification, foliation, fissuring, schistosity, jointing, and faulting (Amadei, 1996). In the stress-strain relationship study for a loaded rock sample, rock behavior can be generally classified into four categories: isotropic, transversely isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic. The number of elastic constants to represent the stress-strain relation of a complete anisotropic rock is 21. However, due to the elastic symmetry of three isotropic planes, the number of stiffness constants of an orthotropic material can be reduced to nine (9) constants only. It can be further reduced to five elastic parameters for a transversely isotropic material (E1, E2, ν1, ν2, and G2) and two (namely the Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus) for a perfectly isotropic material, where the subscripts "1" and "2" refer to in-plane and out-of-plane directions in transversely isotropic materials (Ding et al., 2006).
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Baker, K. C., R. M. Thompson, and T. C. Gorrell. "Mechanical Properties of Vanadium Microalloyed High-Strength ASTM A694 Forgings." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65803.
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Recent upstream oil and gas industry experience has raised attention to substandard properties with high strength carbon steel forgings manufactured to the requirements of ASTM A694 and MSS-SP-44. As part of an internal investigation into quality of commodity pipeline flanges, three flanges certified as ASTM A694 grade F60 to F70, were purchased off-the-shelf from three different manufacturers for microstructural and mechanical property investigation. All three flanges were supplied with material test certificates indicating acceptable material properties. Tensile and Charpy impact specimens were extracted from various locations and orientations in each flange. All three flanges failed to meet yield strength requirements for the specified grade. The impact energy and shear area values were well below those reported on the material test certificates. The discrepancy between the sacrificial testing results and the material test certificates is attributed to the use of separately forged test blocks for quality testing instead of integral prolongations or a sacrificial production part, which is permitted by ASTM A694 and MSS-SP-44. Further investigation was made into the chemical composition and heat treating practices. The chemical composition can be characterized as high strength, low alloy steel (HSLA) by virtue of 0.05–0.08 wt. pct. vanadium added to a carbon-manganese steel with CE(IIW) ranging from 0.43 to 0.45. Advanced microscopy showed that the morphology of the vanadium precipitates was inadequate as a strengthener and deleterious to Charpy impact properties for the size of the flanges and the heat treatment practices applied.
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McColl, Dave, and Adam Whiting. "Qualification Testing of Mechanical Pipe Joining Method." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33655.
Full textAbstract:
Pipeline infrastructure is the backbone of the energy industry and remains the safest and most cost effective method for transporting oil and gas. For decades corrosion has presented a significant challenge to pipeline operators. According to Alberta Energy Regulator data, internal corrosion is considered to be the root cause for more than 54% of all documented pipeline failures in Alberta [1]. Spoolable composite pipeline technologies have become a mainstream corrosion solution over the last 10 years, however these products are limited to smaller pipelines, typically less than 6 inches in diameter. Traditional slip-lining (field installed plastic lined steel pipe) is used for internal corrosion protection of larger pipelines, however it is costly, requiring labour intensive field construction, often completed in inhospitable environmental conditions. As a result project delays and cost over-runs are commonplace. Recognizing the need for a cost effective pipeline corrosion solution for larger gathering pipelines, an innovative technology was developed that combines a unique mechanical pipe joining system with an integrated electro-fusion coupler. The new joining system enables insertion of an HDPE liner in a factory environment where costs and quality can be tightly controlled. The new joining system eliminates conventional welding of the pipeline in the field and instead uses a custom field press to quickly energize the mechanical pipe joint. Field scope is significantly reduced, construction completed in less time, and associated costs greatly reduced. This paper discusses the testing completed to qualify the new joining system for use in oilfield gathering pipelines. The qualification test plan includes all requirements identified in applicable regulatory standards (primarily CSA Z662-11), and prudent engineering requirements based on anticipated field handling and anticipated operating conditions. The test regime was ultimately designed to ensure the suitability of the pipeline system for intended service. Testing included hydrostatic burst, static gas pressure, bend, cyclic pressure and thermal, vacuum, tensile, and compressive tests on the joint. The test results show that in all cases the jointing system successfully met the established design performance criteria and in most cases exceeded the actual mechanical properties of the parent pipe, thus proving the joining system ready for field installations.
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Patel, Hasmukh, Kenneth Johnson, and Roland Martinez. "Triazine Polymers for Improving Elastic Properties in Oil Well Cements." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204333-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The oil well cement placed in the annulus between casings and the formations experience high stresses under downhole conditions. These frequent stresses deteriorate the mechanical properties of cement and lead to the formation of micro-cracks and fractures, which affect production and increases the cost of operation. Although several polymeric materials have been employed to improve tensile properties of the cement, these additives have also adversely affected the compressive strength of the cement. A highly stable polymeric additive, triazine-based polymers, is designed, synthesized, and compounded with the cement to improve the tensile properties of the well-cement. Triazine polymer was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The triazine polymer was mixed with cement and the cement slurries were cured at 180 °F under 3000 psi for 3 days. The set-cement samples were subjected to mechanical testing under high temperature and high pressure to study the elastic properties of the cement. The introduction of this polymer into the cement has improved the elastic properties of the cement with minimum reduction in compressive strength. The thickening time, dynamic compressive strength development, rheology, fluid loss properties, and brazilian tensile strength of the control and cement with triazine polymers were studied to understand the effect of this newly developed polymeric additive. The molecular interaction of the triazine polymer with cement particles has shown formation of covalent linkage between the polymer and cement particle. We have observed a 15 % decrease in Young's modulus for cement compounded with 2%wt. of triazine polymer, indicating the introduction of elastic properties in wellbore cement.
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Motarjemi, Afshin. "Using Small-Scale Testing in Integrity Assessment of Clad Pipes." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61704.
Full textAbstract:
Utilization of clad pipes has significantly improved the performance of components used in the oil and gas industry because of their potentially higher corrosion resistance. However, a clad pipe has more complexity than a solid pipe in terms of fracture mechanics based fitness for service (FFS) assessment. To be able to properly address this issue, precise mechanical data, such as tensile properties and fracture toughness values of the both cladding and the backing materials should be known. However, as the cladding layer is normally thinner than the backing material, conventional specimens are unable to provide the required mechanical data and instead small-scale tensile and fracture toughness specimens should be used. Current paper will introduce some of the small-scale mechanical testing techniques that may be used to determine the required input data for performing a fracture-mechanics based FFS assessment of a clad pipe.
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Garci´a, Jaime, Jorge Giraldo, Antonio Bula, and Adria´n A´vila. "Simulation of a Biodiesel Continuous Production Process Using HYSYS®." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43502.
Full textAbstract:
Elements of Chemical Process Engineering were used in this research to design and simulate two continuous transesterification processes for the production of biodiesel from palm oil, using the chemical simulator, HYSYS®. This design specified the operating conditions of all the equipment required for the continuous production of biodiesel using ethanol and methanol as alcohols. The palm oil was modeled as a mixture of the triglycerides that compose it in greater proportion, estimating the chemical properties of the substances that take part in the transesterification reaction, with group contributions and group interactions theories. Finally, the quality specifications for biodiesel obtained in both simulations were analyzed to verify the fulfillment of the properties required by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and EN (European Norms) standards.
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Kumawat, Hemant. "Use of Graphene-Based Composite Pipe Materials for Transportation of Oil and Gas." In ASME 2015 India International Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2015-7952.
Full textAbstract:
Graphene is emerged as superior reinforcing filler for the polymer matrix due to its superior mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. The present study relates to new graphene-based tubes, pipes or risers, whose specificities of geometry, chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties allow its use for transporting oil and gas. This technical solution aimed at improving the structural integrity of such tubes, pipes, or risers produced according to an exclusive method of manufacturing, and that have qualities much higher than those without graphene. Such products can be used for petroleum and gas transportation, including in deepwater submarine riser systems (>1500 m), with direct application in the oil industry. This project will be carried out in two stages, first is to establish the high concentration dispersion of graphene using the suitable surfactant, and second is to use this high concentration dispersion of graphene for the preparation of epoxy nanocomposites. The graphene dispersion and its nanocomposites will be characterized using various characterization techniques such as UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, Flexural testing, Tensile testing, SEM studies.
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Magdadaro, Miceh Rose D., Rey Y. Capangpangan, Arnold A. Lubguban, and Arnold C. Alguno. "Effects of N-Octadecane as PCM on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foams Utilizing Coconut-Based Polyols." In International Conference on Advances in Materials Science 2021. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2ih4l3.
Full textAbstract:
The utilization of vegetable oil in producing bio-based polyol, as an alternative replacement to petroleum-based polyol in making polyurethane (PU) foam has gained a lot of interest due to its finite supply and low production cost. In this study, bio-based polyol using coconut oil as raw material produced PU foam as thermal insulation material. The vegetable oil-based polyol was prepared using a two-step method, while PU foams were prepared by the free-rise method. In order to enhance the thermal properties of the produce PU foams, phase change material (PCM) was added to the PU foam formulation. FTIR spectra result showed peaks at 2920 cm-1 and 2850-1, which signifies the CH2 asymmetric stretching, indicating that n-octadecane was successfully incorporated into PU foams. Moreover, heat flow meter (HFM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) show PU foam with 1% n-octadecane shows better thermal properties than other produced PU foams. Furthermore, the universal testing machine (UTM) result shows an enhancement in the mechanical properties of the produced PU foam. These results demonstrate that the addition of n-octadecane to the PU foam formulation improved the mechanical properties of PU foams while enhancing their thermal properties.