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Journal articles on the topic 'Oil pollution of the sea Antarctica'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Golubev, Sergey. "Seabirds in Conditions of Local Chronic Oil Pollution, Davis Sea, Antarctica." Birds 2, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds2030020.

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Oil spills are rare in Antarctica. They threaten flying birds and penguins. This is the first report on the interactions of seabirds with oil in the area of the Mirny Station (East Antarctica). The purpose of the study is to determine the total number of seabird species interacting with oil in and around the Mirny Station, to assess the extent of pollution and to identify the most important sites of interactions. Oil pollution is found on the ground, on the continental ice and, on the seawater surface, both directly in the Mirny and beyond. Five species of seabirds were in contact with oil. Oil pollution threats have been identified for breeding and molting Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and vagrant Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus). Less affected by oil pollution during the breeding season were tube-nosed bird species and skuas. The most important places of interaction of seabirds with oil are at Cape Mabus, on the islands of Zykov, Tokarev, and Stroiteley. Evidence of long-term oil pollution of the environment is indicative of the chronic nature of the impacts on the coastal ecosystem.

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2

Pople, A., RD Simpson, and SC Cairns. "An incident of Southern Occean oil pollution: Effects of a spillage of diesel Fuel on the rocky shore of Macquarie Island (Sub-Antarctic)." Marine and Freshwater Research 41, no. 5 (1990): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9900603.

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On 3 December 1987, the Australian resupply ship Nella Dan ran aground at Macquarie Island, releasing approximately 270 000 L of oil, mostly light marine diesel, into the sea. This represented one of the few spills to have occurred in southern hemisphere cold waters. Following the spill, thousands of marine invertebrates were washed up dead on beaches along 2 km of the shore. Twelve months after the spill, a study was conducted to examine the shore community in 5 zones at 2 oil- affected and 2 control locations. Three sites were examined within each of these locations. Densities of marine invertebrates appeared to have been markedly reduced in the lower littoral and sublittoral zones in the vicinity of the wreck. In the upper littoral zones, algal cover and invertebrate abundance were similar at oil-affected and control locations. The significance of the spill and its long-term effects are discussed.

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3

Waldichuk, M. "Sea otters and oil pollution." Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, no. 1 (January 1990): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(90)90145-x.

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4

Teduka, Hiroki. "Serious oil pollution in the Japan Sea." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 103, no. 2 (1997): V—VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.103.v.

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5

Zhijie, Fan. "Oil pollution curbed in the Bohai Sea." Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, no. 8 (August 1990): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(90)90631-h.

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6

Earl, Bob. "Irish Sea oil pollution incidents—Winter 1994." Marine Pollution Bulletin 28, no. 5 (May 1994): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(94)90149-x.

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7

Konings, H. "Oil pollution monitoring on the North Sea." Spill Science & Technology Bulletin 3, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-2561(96)00028-x.

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8

Bruni, V., T. L. Maugeri, and L. Monticelli. "Faecal pollution indicators in the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica)." Marine Pollution Bulletin 34, no. 11 (November 1997): 908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(97)00050-7.

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9

Lim, Zheng Syuen, Rasidnie Razin Wong, Chiew-Yen Wong, Azham Zulkharnain, Noor Azmi Shaharuddin, and Siti Aqlima Ahmad. "Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Diesel Pollution in Antarctica and a Review on Remediation Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031123.

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Diesel is a fuel commonly used in Antarctica to supply vessels and domestic applications on site. The increasing human activities in the continent consequently have generated high fuel demand, which in turn has increased the occurrence of oil pollution due to accidental events during refueling. A related study received growing interest as more detrimental effects have been reported on Antarctic ecosystems. By adopting the bibliometric analysis, the research on diesel pollution in Antarctica collected in the Scopus database was systematically analysed. An increment in annual publication growth from 1980 to 2019 was observed and two research clusters were illustrated with “hydrocarbons” as the core keyword. Several attempts have been conducted over the past decades to remove anthropogenic hydrocarbon from previous abandoned whaling sites as well as recent oil spill incidents. However, the remote and polar conditions of Antarctica constrained the installation and operation of clean-up infrastructure. This review also briefly encompasses the approaches from past to present on the management of fuel pollution in Antarctica and highlights the potential of phytoremediation as a new bioremediation prospect.

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10

Kasoulides, George. "North sea oil platform hit." Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, no. 5 (May 1988): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(88)90219-6.

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11

Kristiani Purwendah, Elly. "SEA PROTECTION FROM OIL POLLUTION BY SHIP TANKER." Ganesha Law Review 2, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/glr.v2i1.122.

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Wilayah pesisir dan pulau-pulau kecil dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesai Tahun 1945. Pengelolaan wilayah pesisir dan pulau-pulau kecil belum memberikan kewenangan dan tanggung jawab negara secara memadai atas pengelolaan perairan pesisir dan pulau-pulau kecil sehingga beberapa pasal perlu disempurnakan sesuai dengan perkembangan dan kebutuhan hukum di masyarakat. Perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Pasal 2 Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (UUPPLH) dilaksanakan berdasarkan asas; tanggung jawab negara, kelestarian dan keberlanjutan, keserasian dan keseimbangan, keterpaduan, manfaat, kehati-hatian, keadilan, ekoregion, keanekaragaman hayati, pencemar membayar, partisipatif, kearifan lokal, tata kelola pemerintah yang baik dan otonomi daerah. Perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup meliputi; perencanaan, pemanfaatan, pengendalian, pemeliharaan, pengawasan dan penegakan hukum. Pengendalian lingkungan hidup dalam hal ini dimaksudkan meliputi pencegahan, penanggulangan dan pemulihan yang dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah, pemerintah daerah dan penanggung jawab usaha dan/atau kegiatan sesuai dengan kewenangan, peran dan tanggung jawab masing- masing. Salah satu instrumen pencegahan pencemaran dan/atau kerusakan lingkungan hidup terdiri atas; instrumen ekonomi lingkungan, peraturan perundang-undangan berbasis lingkungan hidup, anggaran berbasis lingkungan hidup dan instrumen lain sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan/atau perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan.

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12

Khatoonabadai, Ahmad, and Ahmadreza R. Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh. "Oil pollution in the Caspian Sea coastal waters." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 26, no. 4 (2006): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2006.009326.

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13

Krek, Elena V., Alexander V. Krek, and Andrey G. Kostianoy. "Chronic Oil Pollution from Vessels and Its Role in Background Pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 4307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214307.

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The results of long-term satellite monitoring of oil pollution of the sea surface in the southeastern Baltic Sea (SEB) are discussed in this paper. From June 2004 to December 2020, in total, 2780 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from different satellites were received and analyzed. There were 788 oil spills detected in the study area. The oil spills were concentrated along the main shipping routes in the SEB. The volume of the detected oil spills was estimated. The average size of the spill was about 2 km2 or 0.8 m3. Seasonal variability of oil pollution shows a decrease in the number of oil detections in the autumn–winter period, which is associated with the prevalence of unfavorable wind conditions that limit the use of SAR technology for oil spill detection and navigation for small ships. In situ measurements show that seasonal variation in the concentration of oil products in seawater is characterized by a maximum in April and a minimum in July. Since 2007, a decrease in oil detections has been observed for the entire Baltic Sea, including the study area. The interannual variability also shows a decrease in the concentration of oil products in the water column. In the southeastern Baltic Sea, the volume of oil products released yearly to the sea surface from ships does not exceed 0.1% of the average instantaneous presence of oil products in the water column.

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14

Gupta, R. Sen. "Arabian Sea and Gulf Oil Spill." Marine Pollution Bulletin 24, no. 2 (February 1992): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90727-n.

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15

Side, Jonathan. "North Sea oil and fisheries developments." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 6 (June 1986): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90035-4.

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16

Barnett, Eugene R. "4531860 Deep sea oil salvage means." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 1 (January 1986): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90808-8.

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17

Metro, Stephen, and Dale Carr. "4655946 Sea water resistant turbo oil." Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, no. 9 (September 1987): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(87)90369-9.

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18

Siewert, Marcus, Martin Powilleit, and Fokke Saathoff. "BioBind - Airborne clean-up of oil pollution at sea with biogenic oil binders." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1431.

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ABSTRACT The success of oil spill response operations is mainly dependent on the response time and the weather and sea state conditions. That's where the research project “BioBind” is setting the focus: To develop an oil spill response system fast to apply and sea state independent. Within this project a network of eight different partners from universities, research institutes and medium sized companies work from summer 2011 to summer 2014. The paper provides an overview on the oil spill response research project “BioBind” and focuses on a large scale field experiment carried out in summer 2013 with the RV “E.M.Borgese” at the Baltic Sea.

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19

Bettoli, M. G., L. Cantelli, G. Queirazza, M. Roveri, L. Tositti, O. Tubertini, and S. Valcher. "Distribution of226Ra in the Ross Sea—Antarctica." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 63, no. 1 (April 1996): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319608039807.

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20

Redmond Roche, Benjamin Heikki, and Martin D. King. "Quantifying the effects of background concentrations of crude oil pollution on sea ice albedo." Cryosphere 16, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): 3949–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3949-2022.

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Abstract. Sea ice albedo plays an important role in modulating the climate of Earth and is affected by low background concentrations of oil droplets within the ice matrix that absorb solar radiation. In this study, the albedo response of three different types of bare sea ice (melting, first-year, and multi-year sea ice) are calculated at increasing mass ratios (0–1000 ng g−1) of crude oil by using a coupled atmosphere–sea ice radiative-transfer model (TUV-snow; Tropospheric Ultraviolet–Visible) over the optical wavelengths 400–700 nm. The different types of quasi-infinite-thickness sea ice exhibit different albedo responses to oil pollution, with a 1000 ng g−1 mass ratio of oil causing a decrease to 70.9 % in multi-year sea ice, 47.2 % in first-year sea ice, and 22.1 % in melting sea ice relative to the unpolluted albedo at a wavelength of 400 nm. The thickness of the sea ice is also an important factor, with realistic-thickness sea ices exhibiting similar results, albeit with a weaker albedo response for multi-year sea ice to 75.3 %, first-year sea ice to 66.3 %, and melting sea ice to 35.9 %. The type of oil also significantly affects the response of sea ice albedo, with a relatively opaque and heavy crude oil (Romashkino oil) causing a significantly larger decrease in sea ice albedo than a relatively transparent light crude oil (Petrobaltic oil). The size of the oil droplets polluting the oil also plays a minor role in the albedo response, with weathered submicrometre droplets (0.05–0.5 µm radius) of Romashkino oil being the most absorbing across the optical wavelengths considered. Therefore, the work presented here demonstrates that low background concentrations of small submicrometre- to micrometre-sized oil droplets have a significant effect on the albedo of bare sea ice. All three types of sea ice are sensitive to oil pollution; however, first-year sea ice and particularly melting sea ice are very sensitive to oil pollution.

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21

Beraud, Alain, and Jean-Claude Sainlos. "ACCIDENTAL MARINE OIL POLLUTION: FRENCH POLICY AND RESPONSE." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-97.

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ABSTRACT To avoid large-scale marine oil pollution, France took certain legal and technical measures to protect its coastline and to implement an organization specifically to respond to oil slicks. These measures emphasize the prevention of accidents. They entail, on one hand, a legal basis integrated with international maritime regulations, and, on the other, methods for surveillance of navigation and for intervention. The organization for marine pollution control distinguishes pollution at sea from pollution on land and allocates responsibilities accordingly. On the local level, unity of action is based on the competences of the two authorities who have state authority for civilian action, at sea for one, and on land for the other (the “Préfet Maritime” at sea and the “Commissaire de la République du Département” on land).

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22

Harris, Chris. "THE SEA EMPRESS INCIDENT: OVERVIEW AND RESPONSE AT SEA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-177.

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ABSTRACT The oil tanker Sea Empress spilled more than 72,000 tons (23 million U.S. gallons) of crude oil when she grounded at Milford Haven, United Kingdom, on February 15, 1996. The response at sea by the U.K. government through the Coastguard Agency's Marine Pollution Control Unit involved aerial surveillance, the spraying of dispersants from aircraft, and the recovery of several thousand tons of oil from the sea surface. This paper by the overall commander presents an overview of the incident and the response operation at sea.

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23

Susantoro, Tri Muji, Suliantara Suliantara, and Djoko Sunardjanto. "Oil Spill Pollution Detection Using Palsar Data In Timor Sea." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 33, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.33.2.817.

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The processing of Palsar imagery has been conducted for detecting an oil spill in Timor Sea. Three series of Palsar imageries i.e. Sept 2nd, Oct 3rd and Oct 6th, 2009 are used to analysis in this area. At September 2nd, 2009 based on Palsar Imagery, oil spill was detected around of Montara Platform. Oil spill seen appeared as dark tone The area that has been covered by oil spill is more than 100 km2. At September 24rd, 2009 oil spill was dispersed to North and West Montara Field. At October 3, 2009 showed that oil spill was detected in the north of Seba Coast, Sawu Island. Oil spill in this area clearly showed in Palsar Imagery base on a long dark lines. Oil spill at October 6th, 2009 were still dispersed in Timor Sea. Based on Palsar imagery, oil spill is identified in South Rote Island about 150 km long, appeared as dark lines in Palsar imagery

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24

Stout, Scott A., and James R. Payne. "Macondo oil in deep-sea sediments: Part 1 – sub-sea weathering of oil deposited on the seafloor." Marine Pollution Bulletin 111, no. 1-2 (October 2016): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.036.

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25

Side, Jonathan, Charles Herd, and Wells Grogan. "OIL SPILL POLLUTION: THE NORTH SEA EXPERIENCE OF COOPERATIVE MEASURES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-615.

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ABSTRACT The North Sea is a relatively small yet intensely used area, rich in various resources. It is bounded by six highly industrialized states and contains the world's busiest shipping channel. It exemplifies the problems of control and management of marine resources, in particular in relation to oil pollution. This paper summarizes major sources of hydrocarbon pollution in the North Sea, discussing the levels and different types of oil pollution arising from different activities. The international and regional conventions bearing on hydrocarbon pollution in the North Sea are documented with reference to some recent comments on the adequacy of the existing legal regime. Initiatives to improve and develop scientific and technical knowledge and cooperation among North Sea states are examined. Specific measures to establish arrangements for monitoring and remedial action in the event of an oil spill are discussed. The paper also describes the implementation of MARPOL 73/78 for the North Sea, documents European Economic Community responses to oil pollution, and, finally, discusses the most recent initiative, the International North Sea Conference (November 1984) that will address the complex problem of oil pollution in the North Sea.

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26

Stepanyan, O. V., and V. M. Kharkovsky. "Oil pollution in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea (2012-2017)." STUDIES OF THE SOUTHERN SCIENTIFIC CENTRE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 8 (2020): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/1993-6621-2020-8-213-224.

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27

Carpenter, Angela. "Oil pollution in the North Sea: the impact of governance measures on oil pollution over several decades." Hydrobiologia 845, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3559-2.

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28

Awad, Hassan. "Oil in Saudian Red Sea territorial waters." Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, no. 6 (June 1988): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(88)90601-7.

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29

Cormack, D. "Using oil spill dispersants on the sea." Marine Pollution Bulletin 20, no. 10 (October 1989): 534–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(89)90148-3.

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30

Tran, Cong Tri, and Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen. "Some Main Causes of Marine Pollution in Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1214.

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Vietnam is a coastal country located in the central region of Southeast Asia, Vietnam has a sea area connecting the important sea transport route between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, especially the East Vietnam Sea are oil and container shipping routes from other countries to Japan, South Korea and China, which are consuming huge amounts of energy. Vietnam is in a position to have a potential for marine economic development such as shipbuilding, sea transport, port development, and waterworks, marine product exploitation, marine and oil and gas resource exploitation, marine tourism and islands, sea services, and other related industries. With such a potential position, the exploitation of the sea and the protection of the marine environment is an extremely important issue.

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31

Tran, Cong Tri, and Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen. "Some Main Causes of Marine Pollution in Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.3.1214.

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Vietnam is a coastal country located in the central region of Southeast Asia, Vietnam has a sea area connecting the important sea transport route between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, especially the East Vietnam Sea are oil and container shipping routes from other countries to Japan, South Korea and China, which are consuming huge amounts of energy. Vietnam is in a position to have a potential for marine economic development such as shipbuilding, sea transport, port development, and waterworks, marine product exploitation, marine and oil and gas resource exploitation, marine tourism and islands, sea services, and other related industries. With such a potential position, the exploitation of the sea and the protection of the marine environment is an extremely important issue.

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32

Krek, Elena V., Andrey G. Kostianoy, Alexander V. Krek, and Aleksander V. Semenov. "Spatial Distribution of Oil Spills at the Sea Surface in the Southeastern Baltic Sea According to Satellite Sar Data." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0024.

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Abstract Statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of oil spills detected using Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) in 2004-2015 at the sea surface in the Southeastern Baltic Sea was conducted. Number, area, and shape of oil pollution division between Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of Poland, Russia, and Lithuania were estimated for the first time. The most polluted area of the Southeastern Baltic Sea is Russian EEZ, where 55% of the total amount of detected oil spills, and 52% of the total area of oil pollution were located. The average area of an oil spill detected within Territorial Sea (TS) and EEZ was estimated. Tail-shaped spills associated with oil discharge from the moving vessels are prevailed, and their amount and area within TS and EEZ were estimated.

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33

Krek, E. V., A. V. Krek, and A. G. Kostianoy. "Seasonal variability of oil pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea." Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa 15, no. 2 (2018): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21046/2070-7401-2018-15-2-171-182.

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34

Lavrova, O. Yu, M. I. Mityagina, A. G. Kostianoy, and A. V. Semenov. "Oil Pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2009-2011." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 15, no. 4 (December 19, 2014): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2014-0029.

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Abstract From January 2009 to April 2012 a satellite survey of the central and southeastern parts of the Baltic Sea was carried out by the Space Radar Laboratory at the Space Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The main attention was focused on the detection of oil pollution as well as biogenic and anthropogenic surfactant films. The basic data are high resolution radar images obtained by advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) on board of the Envisat satellite of the European Space Agency. Remotely sensed data in visual and infrared (IR) bands acquired by sensors MERIS Envisat, MODIS-Terra and -Aqua, and AVHRR NOAA nearly simultaneously with the ASAR images, were processed and analysed in order to facilitate the discrimination between different types of surface pollutants, to understand a comprehensive features of meteorological and hydrodynamic processes in the sea area of investigation, and to reveal factors determining pollutants spread and drift. The regions of the most intense oil pollution are outlined.

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35

Zhou, Xuan, Jie Kou, Hao Chao, and Taiyang Wang. "Evaluating pollution degree of oil spills on the sea surface." E3S Web of Conferences 293 (2021): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129301020.

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This article analyses influencing factors of pollution degree of oil spills on the sea surface and establishes corresponding evaluation system, thus combines fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and analytic hierarchy process to evaluate pollution degree of oil spill accidents in the Bohai Sea. Based on the evaluation system, oil spill accidents in Penglai 19-3 oilfield and Suizhong 36-1 oilfield central platform are classified as serious pollution and light pollution respectively, which is consistent with relevant institutions and scholars, proving the rationality of the evaluation system and parameter selected.

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36

Stelmaszewski, Adam, and Zbigniew Otremba. "SHIP AS A SOURCE OF THE SEA POLLUTION WITH OIL." Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1137458.

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37

박영준. "A Study on Civil Liability for Sea Oil Pollution Damage." CHUNG_ANG LAW REVIEW 10, no. 3 (October 2008): 173–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.21759/caulaw.2008.10.3.173.

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38

Zhijie, Fan, and Y. F. Zhang. "Levels and trends of oil pollution in the Bohai Sea." Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, no. 11 (November 1988): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(88)90021-5.

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39

Bulycheva, Elena, Igor Kuzmenko, and Vadim Sivkov. "Annual sea surface oil pollution of the south–eastern part of the Baltic Sea by satellite data for 2006–2013." Baltica 27, special (February 20, 2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2014.27.10.

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The annual average features of the spatial distribution of oil pollution at the sea surface in the south–eastern part of the Baltic Sea were determined for the first time. It was shown that the most polluted areas are the seawaters west of the Sambian Peninsula and Vistula Spit, including the coastal zone that is connected to the Baltiysk, Gdansk, and Gdynia ports. The sea surface near the oilfield Kravtsovskoye D-6 (Russia) and oil terminal Būtingė (Lithuania), as well as the coastal zone near the Curonian Spit, do not suffer from oil pollution. A lower estimation of the annual average amount of oil products at the sea surface was performed. The lack of correlation between the location of the oil slicks and main navigation routes by Automatic Identification System (AIS) was explained by the infrequent but large spillages from ships that occur outside of the main traffic lanes. A significant contribution to the oil pollution of the sea surface from nonconventional ships not equipped with AIS was discovered.

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40

Neubauer, Johann, and Klaus G. Heumann. "Nitrate trace determinations in snow and firn core samples of ice shelves at the weddell sea, Antarctica." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 22, no. 3 (January 1988): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90197-7.

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41

Janiot, Lucio Jose, Jose Luis Sericano, and Omar Marcucci. "Evidence of oil leakage from the Bahı́a Paraı́so wreck in Arthur Harbour, Antarctica." Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, no. 12 (December 2003): 1619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00376-x.

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Baokang, Pu. "COMBATING OIL POLLUTION IN CHINA1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-197.

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ABSTRACT China is accelerating its economic growth now, but prevention of pollution also has been put on the priority agenda of the government and has become a basic policy of the country. The first National Environmental Protection Law (for trial implementation) was adopted in 1979. Since then, more than five national laws and regulations relating to the prevention of marine pollution, as well as other laws for the prevention of air and land pollution have been approved. The focus of this paper is on the marine pollution situation which China is facing, the problems China is dealing with, and the difficulties remaining. Regulations for the prevention of oil pollution have been published in The Regulations Concerning The Prevention Of Pollution Of Sea Areas By Vessels Of The People's Republic Of China, based on those of The International Convention For The Prevention Of Pollution From Ships, 1973, As Modified By The Protocol Of 1978 Relating Thereto (MARPOL 73/78). The pollution control organization from national to regional levels, their activities and achievements, difficulties in implementation of both national and international regulations, and the technical assistance available from international bodies, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and foreign countries such as Norway and Sweden are introduced.

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Afenyo, Mawuli, Faisal Khan, Brian Veitch, and Ming Yang. "Modeling oil weathering and transport in sea ice." Marine Pollution Bulletin 107, no. 1 (June 2016): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.070.

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Blackman, R. A. A. "Oil in the sea: Inputs, fates, and effects." Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, no. 1 (January 1986): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(86)90806-4.

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Ellis, Derek. "Environmental atlas for Beaufort Sea oil spill response." Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, no. 5 (May 1988): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(88)90245-7.

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Wardley-Smith, J. "The impact of North Sea Oil on the environment of Scotland." Oil and Petrochemical Pollution 2, no. 2 (January 1985): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-7127(85)90553-8.

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Yuan, Lingling, Longxi Han, Wenjie Bo, Hua Chen, Wenshen Gao, and Bo Chen. "Simulated oil release from oil-contaminated marine sediment in the Bohai Sea, China." Marine Pollution Bulletin 118, no. 1-2 (May 2017): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.065.

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Mityagina, Marina I., Olga Yu Lavrova, and Andrey G. Kostianoy. "Main Pattern of the Caspian Sea Surface Oil Pollution Revealed by Satellite Data." Ecologica Montenegrina 25 (November 8, 2019): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.25.9.

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Over the years, oil pollution has been the primary environmental problem of the Caspian Sea. In this paper, we present the results of our satellite survey in 2019 of the whole aquatic area of the Caspian Sea. These results reveal the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrocarbon films of various origins on the sea surface. Our primary attention was focused on the main types of petroleum hydrocarbon films polluting the sea surface. They get into the aquatic area via several different ways: (i) from natural marine hydrocarbon emissions from the seabed; (ii) from the mouths of numerous mud volcanoes; (iii) from offshore oil production and transportation; (iv) from oily wastewaters discharged by ships. We mapped the petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of the Caspian Sea surface on the base of satellite data. For each type of pollution, specific manifestation features were revealed, regions of regular pollution occurrence were outlined, and polluted areas were estimated. The relative contribution of every kind of pollution to the total oil pollution of the Caspian Sea is assessed on the base of satellite data. Comparison with the previous results of our long-term survey of the Caspian Sea is made. The problem of reliability of quantitative estimates of surfaced oil volumes on the base of slick areas seen in the satellite images is discussed.

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Bulycheva, Elena V., Aleksander V. Krek, Andrey G. Kostianoy, Aleksander V. Semenov, and Aleksandar Joksimovich. "Oil Pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea by Satellite Remote Sensing Data in 2004-2015." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ttj-2016-0015.

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Abstract The results of satellite monitoring of oil pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea in 2004-2015 are discussed in the paper. Interannual and seasonal variability of oil pollution is investigated. A steady decrease in total oil pollution was observed from 2004 to 2011. After a sharp increase of oil pollution in 2012, oil pollution level has established at 0.39 PI Index. Maximum of oil spills is observed in the spring and summer, which is probably due to favorable weather conditions for the detection of oil spills on radar images. According to the analysis of the shapes of the detected oil spills, it was concluded that the main polluters of the sea surface are vessels. No oil spills originated from the oil platform D-6 was detected in 2004-2015. Results of numerical experiments with the Seatrack Web oil spill model show that in the case of potential discharge of oil from the D-6 platform, oil will not reach the Curonian Spit beaches during 48 h after an accident.

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Ryan, P. Bernard, and Derek J. S. "OIL POLLUTION CONTROL AND SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN THE ROPME SEA AREA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-9.

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ABSTRACT The ROPME sea area as defined in this paper is the scene of some of the world's most intensive offshore oil exploration and production and the associated crude oil refining and tanker terminaling for oil exportation. The potential for oil pollution in the area is high, with its confined nature making it especially vulnerable to the effects of oil pollution. Awareness of this problem is well developed in the region in both government and industry, and good progress has been made in recent years toward preparing for the big oil spill which has so far not materialized, but which most experts consider inevitable at some time. Two distinct groups share the concern for oil pollution. The oil industry has well over 40 companies active in the area in some way. Many of these have a 15 year history of cooperation in oil spill response and continue to play a full role in protecting the environment from the adverse effects of oil pollution. More recently, nations bordering the area have taken an active interest in the problem and have demonstrated an impressive record of commitment and action over the past five or six years. While government and industry have maintained their separate identities, a good working relationship exists between them, and there is good information exchange and practical cooperation between the two groups, most especially at the national level. Future years should see this trend develop even further. A very impressive arsenal of oil pollution response equipment has been built up in the sea area since two major oil spill incidents in 1980. What is especially noticeable now is the proportion of this equipment that is owned and operated directly by the government agencies. This stands in marked contrast to the situation in 1980. In addition to the equipment resources available, the pool of personnel trained in oil spill response technology and methods is rapidly expanding as a result of seminars, workshops, and training courses that are being organized on a regular basis. The development of national and regional legislation to control the main sources of man-made pollution, for example, from tanker operations and offshore exploration and production, is in a very active stage and the oil industry is expected to have clear operational guidelines within the next few years.

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