Dissertations / Theses: 'Oil-exporting and oil-importing countries'

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Jabal, Ameli Pouya. "Effects of oil price on monetary policy in major oil-exporting countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9286.

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This thesis investigates impacts of oil price on monetary policy in oil-exporting countries. The second chapter reviews the forward-looking new Keynesian model, to show the need for credibility and conservativeness in order to have less inflation, which are the theoretical foundations of central bank independence (CBI). Then by defining CBI in detail and reviewing indices for CBI, the thesis looks at the empirical works undertaken in countries to see whether or not theory is supported in the real world. In the third chapter, the thesis applies central bank independence index to assess empirically the impact of an oil price shock on monetary policy in oil-exporting countries. Two legal central bank independence indices are chosen and calculated for the top nine oil-exporting countries. Using a panel data set and a fixed effects model, it is shown that a monetary authority with higher central bank independence implements a more contractionary (or less expansionary) monetary policy after an increase in oil price compared to another central bank which is more dependent. Chapter four considers linearity and specification tests along with estimating in vector smooth transition regression (VSTR) models and tries to improve them. In the empirical section, a VAR model with time varying coefficients are proposed to analyse the relationship between inflation and monetary policy in Iran as an oil-based economy. The form of coefficients is a logistic smooth transition function and oil price is used as the transition variable. This VSTR model has two different regimes based on high and low oil price and they have different dynamic properties. The model supports the asymmetric effects of real money and oil price on inflation and shows that the central bank cares more about inflation in the regime with high levels of oil price. This chapter also shows that forecasting of inflation with the VSTR is superior to forecasting using the linear VAR.

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Kaffash, Sepideh. "Oil price and bank performance in the Middle Eastern oil exporting countries." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/9193.

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Banks as the most evident financial institutions which provide a range of financial services in their primary role as intermediary from lenders and borrowers of money to sophisticated tools concerned with credit and liquidity provision, risk management and remittance of funds play a vital role in the economy of countries. Measuring the performance of banks, and identifying the factors which impact it, is an issue of major interest for regulators, policy makers, stakeholders, investors and the general public. Oil price movement as an external factor influencing the performance of banks, may affect macroeconomic events which, in turn, influence cash flows significantly in the finance and banking industry. Examining the performance of banks and how oil price movement impact their performance significantly those operating in oil exporting countries, is of interest of bank managers and policy makers. It will help top level managers of banks to be aware of relationship between oil price movement and the performance of their banks and will help them in formulating better policies and strategies in taking on opportunities and avoiding possible risks which this movement may cause. Moreover, it will help policy makers in oil exporting countries to understand how the banking industry of an oil exporting country can reap benefits from economic booms as a consequence of an increase in the price of oil. Therefore, this thesis attempts to investigate the impact of oil price movement on the performance of banks under different operational styles in oil exporting countries. The sample is consisting of 98 commercial, investment and Islamic banks in eight Middle Eastern oil exporting (MEOE) countries during the period 2000-2011. The research applies a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis to examine the impact of oil price movement on performance of banks. In the first stage, four different efficiency scores of banks operating in the MEOE countries are derived and compared. The empirical results suggest that overall, MEOE banking industries mostly suffer from poor usage of and mal-location of resources by management to produce outputs, rather than a failure in operating at the most productive scale. A low level of overall technical efficiency in the MEOE banking industry means that management has poor skills in controlling operating expenses, marketing activities, absorbing deposits and the monitoring and effective screening of borrowers. In the second stage, to find out the impact of oil price movement on the performance of banks, technical efficiency scores obtained from the first stage are regressed over the oil price movement variable and environmental variables. The empirical results show that while oil revenue impacts the efficiency of the banks directly, positive oil price shocks impact efficiency of banks indirectly, and through inflation and economic growth. These findings suggest that when there is an increase in the price of oil, banks operating in oil exporting countries will derive benefit from the surplus income injected into the economy and their performance will be enhanced.

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Oberpriller, Christian M. "Global imbalances, exchange rates and oil exporting countries /." Zürich [etc.] : LIT-Verlag, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9783825818951.

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Oberpriller, Christian M. "Global imbalances, exchange rates and oil exporting countries." Wien Zürich Berlin Münster Lit, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992849322/04.

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Alzami, Anwar Al-Shriaan. "Banking, exchange rate, and oil prices: Essays on the economy of oil exporting countries." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3303845.

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Heiat, Abbas. "An econometric study of an oil-exporting country: the case of Iran." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/564.

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The main objective of this study is to contribute toward an analytical and empirical work on the oil-based developing economy of Iran. It focuses on the aggregate behavior of the Iranian economy through a simple linear econometric model. After a survey of the literature on the theoretical framework of macroeconomic models for the developing countries in general, and for the oil exporting developing countries in particular, a linear econometric model for the Iranian economy is formulated and its logical and economical aspects are explained. The proposed model consists of basic consumption, production, foreign trade, and employment relationships. Estimation of the behavioral equations are carried out by Ordinary Least Square and Two Stage Least Square estimators. The model is estimated over the period of 1959-76. Data published by the Plan and Budget Organization of Iran in the 1978 edition of the "Economic Trends of Iran" are used for the estimation of the parameters of the model. Historical simulation of the model has been performed to test the validity and the fitness of the model as a whole. The results obtained from the estimation of the consumption functions seem to indicate that the aggregate Iranian consumption behavior can be best explained by Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis. An attempt has been made to estimate the aggregate production function of the urban sector according to various Cobb-Douglas production functions and linear production function with constant returns to scale. All of these specifications gave implausible results. In general, the results of this study demonstrate that the links between different sectors of the Iranian economy are very weak and the import substitution strategy of the government during the period of study failed to establish a genuine domestic industrial base and to reduce its dependence on foreign resources.

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Waziri, Bukar Zanna. "An empirical investigation of the impact of global energy transition on Nigerian oil and gas exports." Thesis, Abertay University, 2016. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/245dc08e-05c2-423e-b455-737142d4b9fe.

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Net energy exporting countries (NEECs) and net energy importing countries (NEICs) depend on each other for mutual gains. However, NEICs pursue strategic policies to reduce consumption of energy from conventional sources and increase that of renewable energy in order to attain energy security and macro environmental and carbon accountability. On the other hand, NEECs such as Nigeria depend heavily on oil and gas exports to NEICs to generate revenue. As a result of this inter-dependent relationship, this PhD project adopts a dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework to underpin the study. Accordingly, the study approach is founded on the ideas of pluralism as a social reality and adopted pragmatism as the research approach. Consistent with these approaches, the study was undertaken by analysing both secondary and primary data, including macro-economic statistics of annual time-series dataset (1980-2014) and semi-structured interviews respectively. The quantitative part of the project used Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach. This method was used to investigate and analyse the effect of renewable energy consumption and carbon emissions reduction on Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. The qualitative part involved interviews with twenty senior government officials in Nigeria from six selected Federal Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), representatives of civil society groups and academicians, to support the quantitative results and answer certain research questions. The short-run quantitative results and qualitative findings show that renewable energy consumption in developed NEICs affects Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. However, the reverse holds true for emerging NEICs. Both the quantitative results and the qualitative findings show that carbon emissions reduction in developed NEICs affects Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. Also, the quantitative results show that renewable energy consumption in developed and emerging NEICs does not affect Nigerian oil and gas exports in the long run. However, the qualitative findings only support the quantitative results for emerging NEICs but do not support those of developed NEICs. Similarly, the qualitative findings indicate that other external and internal factors such as discovery of shale oil and gas; improvement in energy efficient technologies; the use of long-term contract in other NEECs; stringent nature of the Nigerian Content Law and lack of passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill amongst others currently contribute in affecting Nigeria’s oil and gas exports. Moreover, the qualitative findings show that global energy transition has an impact on the Nigeria’s oil and gas revenue, savings made to the Nigerian Sovereign Wealth Fund, budget financing and will continue to affect Nigerian revenue and budget if the economy remains undiversified. Finally, the qualitative findings indicate that global energy transition has negatively affected Foreign Direct Investment flow into Nigerian petroleum industry and discoveries of new oil and gas reserves. These findings have several implications. Firstly, Nigerian oil and gas exports are affected by the carbon emissions control regime, which makes future oil and gas revenues uncertain; thereby putting pressure on budget financing and socio-economic growth and development. On this note, there is the need for Nigeria to take cautionary position in the global climate change debate in order not to adversely affect the country’s economic interest. Secondly, the consumption of energy from renewable sources in both developed and emerging NEICs is an opportunity for Nigeria to export not only its conventional energy but also renewable energy if commercially harnessed. This suggests that Nigerian should also invest heavily in renewable energy production. Thirdly, the major findings of this study provide evidence in support of the relevance of dependency theory and strategic issue analysis framework within the context of energy transition in NEICs on one hand, and Nigerian oil and gas exports to these countries on the other. This implies the need for Nigeria to focus on developing internal market trajectories to increase domestic utilisation of its conventional energy rather than being dependent on external markets for the sale of the nation’s energy resources.

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Gomes, Gabriel. "Impacts macroéconomiques, financiers et environnementaux des fluctuations du prix du pétrole : trois éssais empiriques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100084.

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Cette thèse analyse comment les fluctuations du prix du pétrole affectent les économies des pays exportateurs de produits de base. Plus précisément, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les impacts macroéconomiques, financiers et environnementaux des fluctuations des prix du pétrole, en accordant une attention particulière à l'hypothèse de la monnaie du pétrole. À cette fin, cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres. Les premier et deuxième chapitres portent sur le taux de change réel des devises de plusieurs pays exportateurs de pétrole. Le troisième chapitre explore les liens entre le prix des biocarburants et le compte courant des pays émergents et en développement exportant ou important des matières premières agricoles contrôlant l'effet non linéaire potentiel exercé par le prix du pétrole sur cette relation. Ces chapitres montrent que si le prix du pétrole a un effet macroéconomique sur les économies exportatrices de pétrole et les pays exportateurs de produits agricoles, son impact varie d'un pays à l'autre et il n'y a pas de règle unique pour décrire le fonctionnement de ces économies
This thesis analyzes how fluctuations in the price of oil affect the economies of commodity exporting countries. More specifically, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the macroeconomic, financial and environmental impacts of oil price fluctuations, by paying particular attention to the oil currency hypothesis. To this end, this thesis is composed of three chapters. The first and second chapters deal with the real exchange rate of the currencies of several oil exporting countries. The third chapter explores the links between the price of biofuels and the current account of emerging and developing countries exporting or importing agricultural raw materials controlling for the potential nonlinear effect exerted by the price of oil on this relationship. Altogether these chapters show that while the price of oil has a macroeconomic effect on oil exporting and agricultural commodities exporting countries, its impact varies across countries and there is no one fits all rule

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Al-Seghyer, Mohamed. "OPEC : tested by fire - prepared for the future; a review of its development, history and an assessment of its effectiveness." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324766.

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Jazayeri, A. "Economic adjustment, prices, and output in two oil exporting countries : The case of Iran and Nigeria." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374905.

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11

Ahmed, Mazen. "Foreign direct investment (FDI) in oil-exporting countries : long-run determinants and causal relationship with economic growth." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39141.

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This thesis examines the long-run determinants of FDI in oil-exporting countries, and the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth in that group of countries. It focuses on the “traditional” determinants of FDI that have been examined within the literature as well as on a number of other determinants which specifically relate to oil-exporting countries, with a special focus given to political and institutional risk determinants. The thesis relies on two theories as a theoretical background; the Eclectic Paradigm and the Rentier State theory. It contributes to the existing literature of the determinants of FDI. That is to say, it is the first to investigate the long-run determinants of FDI in oil-exporting countries. It also provides a further test for the Eclectic Paradigm particularly by analysing the locational advantages (L) of that theory, taking into the account the long-run effect of these advantages upon FDI in host countries. Finally, it contributes to the literature on economic growth by empirically testing the relationship between FDI and economic growth; considering the impact of FDI on economic growth and vice versa. The data sample in the thesis comprises 44 oil-exporting countries over 30 years from 1984-2012. The thesis reports a number of findings regarding the determinants of FDI. It firstly finds that “openness to trade” and “composite risk” are the most important variables (amongst the overall determinants) for FDI inflows in oil-exporting countries in the long-run, while “law and order” is the most important variable amongst the institutional and political determinants. It also concludes that FDI does not contribute to economic growth in oil-exporting countries; the only contribution is observed within non-rentier and non-Islamic oil-exporting countries.

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Niknam, Esfahani Naser. "The impact of macroeconomic variables on the stock market of the oil-exporting countries| The case of Iran." Thesis, Alliant International University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10243507.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of oil income and the gold price fluctuation on the stock market of Iran, and to examine whether consideration of the oil and the gold markets followed by other investment markets, such as the real estate market and the foreign exchange market have any significant impact on the stock market behavior. This study examines the impact of the oil income and gold price fluctuation, as well as other macroeconomic indicators such as housing construction, deposit interest rate, foreign exchange rate, consumer price index, and gross domestic products on the Iranian stock market, as measured by the quarterly data from January 1990 to December 2012. First, regression analysis was applied for oil revenue, housing activities, deposit interest rate, foreign exchange rate, CPI, and GDP to examine the stock market reaction to each market activity. After this, ceteris paribus, oil revenue was replaced with gold price to examine whether the price of gold without consideration of the oil revenue had any impact on the stock market activity. Finally, the model was run to examine the impact of all variables, including oil revenue and gold price, upon stock market activity. In a separate model, this paper also examines the relationship between all of the above-mentioned variables and stock market volatility. In the next phase, the impulse response function based on the vector auto-regression model was generated to examine the behavior of the stock market followed by a shock to each independent variable. Because Iran is an oil-exporting country—not an oil-importing country—economic forces, market structure as well as the investment culture and investing policies are different in Iran than in Western nations or other oil-importing countries, it may not be wise or productive to analyze investment in the Iranian stock market from the same perspective or with the same methods used when analyzing investment in Western countries. Because gold, foreign currencies, and the real estate market are the most popular and common investment markets in Iran for domestic investors, this paper aims to determine whether there is any relationship between those markets and the stock market in general from an investment point of view.

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Lee, Joonbeom. "Emergency oil system and international cooperation /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012994.

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Antolík, Tomáš. "Ongoing Reforms in the Oil Exporting Countries of the Gulf and Their Impact on the Position of USA in the Region." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-2050.

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This work evaluates the current situation in the six member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The main areas of evaluation are the ongoing reforms, the proposed monetary union and the relationship with the United States. As for the reforms, the main focus is the transition from a closed to an open market economy and the mitigation of their oil dependence. Furthermore, the following chapter deals with an analysis of the Optimum Currency Area for the GCC region. Finally, the last chapter is aimed to provide a brief insight into the US-GCC relationship and its prospects in the near future.

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Yahia, Abdusalam Faraj. "The effects of the fluctuations in oil prices on the performance of the Libyan economy." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/95.

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Voth, Jeffrey Michael. "Oil price shocks and policy implications the emergence of U.S. tight oil production: a case study." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15054.

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How have shocks to supply and demand affected global oil prices; and what are key policy implications following the resurgence of oil production in the United States? Highlights: − The recent collapse in global oil prices was dominated by oversupply. − The future of tight oil in the United States is vulnerable to obstacles beyond oil prices. − Opinions on tight oil from the Top 25 think tank organizations are considered. Global oil prices have fallen more than fifty percent since mid-2014. While price corrections in the global oil markets resulted from multiple factors over the past twelve months, surging tight oil production from the United States was a key driver. Tight oil is considered an unconventional or transitional oil source due to its location in oil-bearing shale instead of conventional oil reservoirs. These qualities make tight oil production fundamentally different from regular crude, posing unique challenges. This case study examines these challenges and explores how shocks to supply and demand affect global oil prices while identifying important policy considerations. Analysis of existing evidence is supported by expert opinions from more than one hundred scholars from top-tier think tank organizations. Finally, implications for United States tight oil production as well as global ramifications of a new low price environment are explored.

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Wang, Han-Kuo. "Energy Policy in the Republic of China and Japan, 1970-1985: A Comparative Examination of Energy Politics and Policies." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22537170.html.

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Habibi, Baghi Mohsen. "The impact of petroleum exporting countries' membership of the World Trade Organisation on their economic development with an emphasis on the export dependency of these nations on crude oil." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2008. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/10551/.

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In the mid-1990s, most nations, including some major oil exporting countries, joined the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to create a global trading system that was more integrated than ever before. The basic motive behind membership of this organisation was economic growth and industrialisation based on international trade. The theoretical underpinnings which support the idea can be found in the literature review, yet despite these considerable efforts, the trade-development or industrialisation relationship still remains quite ambiguous. In this research we study industrialisation in selected oil exporting nations after they became members of the WTO based on a two-phase analysis approach. In the first stage, we investigate the change in crude oil share in the total annual exports of these nations as the crude oil export ratio (CER) which has been very high, and in the second phase we study export portfolio diversification as an industrialisation index. In fact, the considerable share of crude petroleum in the export portfolio of these countries persuades us to ask whether or not they have successfully changed their comparative advantage from primary to manufactured goods after WTO membership to maximise their benefits from international trade. To examine the change in the industrialisation level in oil exporting countries in two different time periods before and after membership of the WTO, we utilise the crude oil export ratio (CER) for the first phase and a variant of the Balassa revealed comparative advantage (RCA) measure for the second. The CER, tells us to what extent these nations have reduced (or may have increased) their economic dependency on crude petroleum exports after their membership of the WTO. Indeed, a high rate of such a dependency would not only create a more risky export portfolio in international trade but also could be considered as an important characteristic of underdeveloped or even non-industrialised economies. In simple terms, a meaningful shift in the comparative advantage from primary to complex commodities’ production could be revealed in the shape of export diversification in these nations. This shift may enable these nations to be industrialised mostly when such activities are accompanied by a meaningful decrease in the CER as a consequence of WTO-led trade liberalisation. Although it is difficult to change the export specialisation pattern in a nation, it initially could be affected by technology absorption, especially when the level of education and institutions created for the purpose of absorbing internationally diffused knowledge are high in a nation. Therefore, the key contribution of this study is to measure the impact of WTO membership using a new – and a much more comprehensive – method for the very first time. This research consists of seven chapters. The first chapter provides a brief explanation of the goals and objectives of the present study. This chapter also includes the methods which will be utilised to investigate the research questions. The history of trade development and industrialisation studies is discussed in the second chapter – as the literature review – to provide the background for the present research. Chapter three focuses on the methodology and its basic foundations to clarify the way which we investigate the research questions. In the fourth chapter we discuss the essential data and also the related data sources which have been utilised to analyse the economic dependency of the countries in the research population on crude petroleum exports. Chapter Five provides the results of CER analyses which indicate what really happened to economic dependency on crude oil in petroleum exporting nations after their membership of the WTO. Initial and terminal revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) has been analysed systematically based on a Galtonian regression in the sixth chapter to compare the distribution of the RSCA for each nation at two points before and after WTO membership. Finally, with regard to the results of the analyses, the research presents some recommendations in the last chapter.

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Dike, Jude C. "Climate change mitigation and OPEC economies." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19443.

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This thesis focuses on the relationship between the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) economies and global climate change mitigation policies with a view to determining the energy exports demand security risks of OPEC member states. The successful implementation of a universally adopted climate regime has been marred with controversies as different interest groups have raised their concerns about all the options presented so far. OPEC as the major crude oil exporting group in the world has been in the forefront of these debates and negotiations. OPEC’s major concern is the envisaged adverse impacts of the industrialised countries carbon reductions on its members' economies. Several studies have shown that when industrialised countries adopt carbon dioxide emissions reduction policies in line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, such as carbon taxes and energy efficiency strategies, OPEC’s net price of crude oil decreases at the same time as a reduction in the quantity of crude oil products sold. OPEC believes that such climate change policy-induced fall in crude oil exports revenues would have a significant negative effect on its members' economies. With the limitations related to the assumptions of the existing energy economy models on the impacts of climate change mitigation policies on OPEC’s economies (Barnett et al, 2004), this study opts for a risk based model. This model quantifies the energy exports demand security risks of OPEC members with special interest on crude oil. This study also investigates the effects of carbon reduction policies on crude oil prices vis-à-vis the impacts of crude oil prices on OPEC’s economies. To address these three main issues, this thesis adopts a three-prong approach. The first paper addresses the impacts of climate change mitigation on crude oil prices using a dynamic panel model. Results from the estimated dynamic panel model show that the relationship between crude oil prices and climate change mitigation is positive. The results also indicate that a 1% change in carbon intensity causes a 1.6% and 8.4% changes in crude oil prices in the short run and long run, respectively. The second paper focuses on the impacts of crude oil prices on OPEC economies using a panel vector auto regression (VAR) approach, highlighting the exposure of OPEC members to the volatile crude oil prices. The findings from the panel VAR model show that the relationship between OPEC members’ economic growth and crude oil prices is positive and economic growth in OPEC member states respond positively and significantly to a 10% deviation in crude oil prices by 1.4% in the short run and 1.7% in the long run. The third paper creates an index of the risks OPEC members face when there is a decline in the demand for their crude oil exports. To show these risks, this study develops two indexes to show the country level risks and the contributions to the OPEC-wide risks exposure. The results from the indexes show that OPEC members that are more dependent on crude oil exports are faced with more energy exports demand risks. The findings from this thesis are relevant for the development of a new OPEC energy policy that should accommodate the realities of a sustainable global climate regime. They are also useful to the respective governments of the countries that are members of OPEC and non-OPEC crude oil exporting countries. Finally, the outcomes of this thesis also contribute to the climate change and energy economics literature, especially for academic and subsequent research purposes.

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Omosola, Afolabi Akin. "An econometric model of the one million barrel tanker market." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312932.

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Boosalis, William. "Exporting Oil, Importing Education: The Politics of Education in the Arabian Peninsula." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104707.

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Thesis advisor: Kathleen Bailey
My thesis will be analyzing the politics of education in the Gulf in order to understand why education performance remains low. The problem extends beyond Islamic culture and rentierism. These are merely factors. The problem of education stems from the government itself in mismanaged bureaucracy and the ruling family that dominates politics. My thesis will be looking closely at Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar. My approach is looking at how the Ministry of Education or other departments responsible for implementing and enforcing education policy and how they function within the state and impact education performance for students. My thesis will cover a number of themes, such as; rentierism, culture (political, traditional, etc.), and other factors that impede education and development. My conclusion is that bureaucratic mismanagement with emphasis on rentier and cultural factors are the cause of generating the mismatch of skills making students ill prepared for the globalized world. The problems of education has differed since the 1960s to the present due to how oil shape politics and development. In addition, rentierism has changed and developed and forcing the Gulf to address more societal needs than previously before. The government is the main cause and will be discussed is how this mismanagement and centralized control over education does not prepare students for the workforce in a technologically advanced world.!
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Islamic Civilization and Societies

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22

Hemidet, Mohamed El Hadi. "Prix du pétrole et performances macroéconomiques dans les pays exportateurs de pétrole : trois essais empiriques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100026.

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L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier le lien entre le prix du pétrole et les performances macroéconomiques dans les pays exportateurs de pétrole. En adoptant une perspective d’économétrie appliquée, nous recourons à plusieurs techniques récentes de l’économétrie des données de panel. Pour cela trois thèmes sont envisagés. Nous identifions d’abord les fondamentaux de la croissance économique dans ces pays exportateurs de pétrole. En tenant compte du caractère dynamique de la croissance, nos résultats mettent en avant le rôle clé de la rente pétrolière dans l’explication de la croissance économique de ces pays. L’étude des interactions met en évidence qu’à court terme, un choc pétrolier positif améliore le compte courant et bénéficie à la croissance économique mais entraîne aussi une appréciation du taux de change dans les pays exportateurs de pétrole. Pour ce qui concerne les interactions hors prix du pétrole, celles-ci sont limitées. Nous montrons ensuite que les fondamentaux du taux de change effectif réel des pays exportateurs de pétrole reposent principalement sur les termes de l’échange, la productivité relative et les dépenses publiques. L’examen des mésalignements de change montre l’existence d’une forte hétérogénéité entre les pays étudiés. Nous montrons que le régime de change fixe est plus approprié pour diminuer l’ampleur des mésalignements dans les pays exportateurs de pétrole
The aim of the thesis is to study the link between oil prices and macroeconomic performances in oil exporting countries. Adopting an applied econometrics approach, we use recent techniques of panel data econometrics. For this, three themes are envisaged. We identify first the main determinants of economic growth of these countries. Considering the dynamic nature of growth, our results highlight the key role of the oil rent in explaining economic growth in these countries. The study of macroeconomic interactions highlights that, in the short term, a positive oil price shock improves the current account and boosts economic growth but also leads to an appreciation of the exchange rate in oil exporting countries. Regarding the interaction between macroeconomic variables excluding oil prices, we find that they are relatively weak. We then show that the fundamentals of the real effective exchange rates in oil exporting countries are mainly the terms of trade, the relative productivity and government expenditures. The study of exchange rate misalignments shows the existence of a strong heterogeneity among the countries studied. However, our investigations highlight the key role of exchange rate regimes in explaining the magnitude of these exchange rates misalignments. In particular, we show that the fixed exchange rate regime is more appropriate to reduce the magnitude of the exchange rate misalignments in oil-exporting countries

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Jain, Neera S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Somin Lee. "Peanut oil press for developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36750.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-35).
Despite the problems with obesity that the United States is facing today, malnutrition, caused in part by severely low dietary fat consumption, remains a problem among many people living in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the World Health Organization, one third of people in developing countries are malnourished as well as vitamin or mineral deficient. While villagers do not have access to commercially produced vegetable oil (a common source of dietary fat), nor are industrial scale oil extraction methods appropriate for small scale production. As a result, they turn to traditional methods, such as a mortar and pestle, to extract oil from peanuts, sunflower seeds, and other oil bearing seeds and nuts. This process is both time and labor intensive, and still does not yield sufficient amounts of oil to satisfy the need for it. The need for a small scale press is clear. This thesis introduces a simple design which achieves a yield of 46.9 mL per cup (U.S.) which matches the yield produced using industrial technologies. This corresponds to 153% increase in yield and 38.5% increase in rate over using traditional methods such as a mortar and pestle. The design consists of two fixed plates connected by four rods, with a third plate which slides along the four guide rods.
(cont.) A standard scissor jack is the mechanism by which the necessary pressure of 800-1000 psi is generated to extract the oil. A peanut container with a removable bottom holds the peanuts as they are pressed, and holes drilled into its cylindrical face allow the oil to spill out into a collection dish underneath the container. The entire design is compact, with a footprint of one square foot and a height of 22 inches. This is 12 times smaller than the Beilenberg ram press, the standard for small scale presses currently used in developing countries. Experimental results of the loading profile as function of time show that the jack does not need to be turned continuously once the oil begins to appear. This requires significantly less strength than current methods of oil extraction. Although future work is recommended to further develop and improve the press, it shows promise of alleviating the need for such a device in many impoverished parts of the world.
by Neera Jain and Somin Lee.
S.B.

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Khayyat, Samiha Hassan. "Should oil-producing countries go downstream?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c216b74b-c63c-45ee-b209-398b5c3adac2.

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The expansion of the refinery capacity in oil-producing countries is a rising trend. The fact that the majority of oil producers have already begun to vertically integrate into the downstream oil refining segment calls for a detailed examination of the implication of such investments. Oil-producing countries rely largely on the revenues from crude oil exports, while refining crude oil locally means increasing the use of crude oil domestically and/or possibly reducing oil exports. Such a decision can affect oil supply and demand balance and, thus, market stability. Although various factors can influence crude oil prices, the implication of the expansion of refinery capacity has not been explicitly examined in the literature. Therefore, the primary concern of this research is the increase in crude oil consumption in domestic refineries and the implications that can arise from this. Firstly, the expansion of existing refinery capacity or investing in new plants has an impact on crude oil net exports. It can reduce crude oil exports, and thus influence the price of oil depending on the magnitude of an oil producer’s crude oil supply (market power) in the world oil market. Secondly, there are the opportunity costs of not exporting crude oil and refining it locally. This research aims to investigate the decision of petroleum refinery investment in an oil-producing country. We develop a partial equilibrium static model to compare the cost of refining crude oil in a local refinery with the cost of importing refined products. The incorporation of the oil producers’ market power helps in determining the refining decision by evaluating the impact of the export capacity on the oil price in the world market. The results of the empirical test confirm the crude oil price responsiveness to the oil export levels of OPEC member countries and lend support to theories emphasising the existence of the market power in the world oil market. Furthermore, we evaluate the export decision on whether to export crude oil or refined products by assessing the economies of scale in the refinery investment and in the transportation costs of the refined products. The results of the numerical example indicate that petroleum refining exhibits economies of scale while there are diseconomies of scale in the refined products shipping. This means that the refining investment costs can offset the transportation costs, thus making the export of refined products profitable. However, we numerically find the optimal crude oil input capacity at which the oil producer is indifferent between the two export choices. Finally, despite the disparities in the petroleum refining segment in OPEC member countries, there are common challenges facing the industry in OPEC members. These challenges fall into policy-related (intrinsic) challenges and extrinsic challenges. The policy-related challenges mainly comprise: refinery size, refinery configuration, and subsidy. Extrinsic challenges are refinery-specific, such as construction cost, lack of skilled labour, political instability and insecurity. The research finds that large oil producers have ambitions to expand the capacity in their domestic refineries as, from their point of view, it would not just satisfy the domestic demand for refined products but also add value to the supply chain. This particular objective requires a detailed evaluation of the opportunity cost of first, the refining decision, and second, the export decision.

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Ackah, Ishmael. "Essays on energy consumption and oil resource management in oil producing African countries." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-energy-consumption-and-oil-resource-management-in-oil-producing-african-countries(5703d6fa-58c2-40fc-a130-c67da933bf04).html.

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In September 2011, the UN General Secretary declared his vision of making modern energy accessible to all by 2030. Unfortunately, less than 50% of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa have access to modern forms of energy. This implies that Africa requires sustained investment in the energy sector. In order to provide investment guide and policy recommendations, this thesis seeks to investigate the determinants of renewable energy, energy efficiency practices and natural gas demand in oil producing African countries. The choice of these types of fuel is dictated by the fact that, renewable energy, energy efficiency and natural gas have been considered the solution to the hydra-headed problems of energy security, energy access and climate change in Africa. The thesis contributes to the energy economics literature in four main ways. First, the thesis applies spatial analysis to the issue of ‗oil curse‘ which has often been associated with oil producing African countries since investments in energy will require finance which can be provided by proceeds from oil resources. Second, the effect of natural resource depletion and energy-related carbon emissions on renewable energy consumption is examined. Third, the natural gas consumption behavior of oil producing African countries is examined. Finally, the Product Generational Dematerialisation (PGD) is applied to the energy efficiency of fossil fuels and electricity consumption in Ghana. The thesis finds among other things that both economic and technical factors affect the demand for natural gas and renewable energy. Further, the results reveal that the consumption of both fossil fuel and renewables have not been efficient. Finally, the thesis confirms the oil curse hypothesis. However, how conducive the investment climate in a particular country has positive bearings on neighbouring countries. Whilst the study seeks to recommend for more investment into energy supply and demand, attention should be given to three factors: availability, the environment and finance. Whereas, renewable energy sources, natural gas and efficiency abound in Africa and are environmentally friendly, finance may be a major hindrance to investments. Therefore, the sixth chapter of this thesis, examines how oil resources are managed so that it can help fund investments in energy. The chapters are therefore linked by the need for oil producing African countries to harness the finances to invest in available and clean sources of energy. The thesis recommends that oil producing Africa should open their economies for international trade, invest in commercial sources of renewable energy, build strong accountability institutions, channel oil revenues into productive sectors and educate the public on energy efficiency not just electricity efficiency.

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Azhgaliyeva, Dina. "Fiscal policy decisions in oil producing countries." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605147.

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This thesis comprises theoretical and empirical models. In the first theoretical model, it is shown that the effect of taxes on oil production and exploration depends on how oil price rises relative to the interest rate. In the first empirical model, it is found that taxes on oil have negative effect on oil production and an oil revenue fund in Kazakhstan stabilized the government expenditure, but did not stabilize real effective exchange rates. In the second theoretical and empirical models, it is found that existence of a fund can stabilize exchange rates. Additionally, in the theoretical model, it is found that funds that follow the expenditure-based accumulation rule can stabilize exchange rates better than funds that follow the revenue-based accumulation rule. However , in the empirical model it is found that funds that follow the revenue-based accumulation rule can stabilize real effective exchange rates better than funds that follow the expenditure-based accumulation rule. In. the third theoretical model, the optimal rules for oil revenue funds that maximize intergenerational social welfare are derived under oil income certainty. ID addition, the theoretical model provides the optimal withdrawal rule for oil revenue funds after the oil is exhausted. Numerical simulations show that funds can improve intergenerational social welfare, though not always. Which rule yields the highest intergenerational social welfare depends on countries' parameters such as gross interest rate, relative risk aversion and growth rate of oil production. Some rules may be unaffordable for a government budget. If oil production does not decline, funds following expenditure-based accumulation rules yield higher social welfare than funds that follow other rules. If oil production declines, the Permanent Oil income model or "Bird-in-Hand" can yield the highest social welfare

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Lee, Daipan. "Peanut oil press redesign for Developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40491.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-29).
One of the causes of malnutrition among the rural inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa is the high cost of dietary fats that are necessary to maintain normal body functions. Though the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN recommends an annual intake of 9.6 liters of dietary fats a year per person, some areas of Africa consume only about 1.5 liters annually. Many members of these communities lack the resources to purchase imported edible oils; locally produced peanut oil would provide a cheaper alternative. In addition, peanut production is particularly beneficial to farmers, as peanut plants enrich the soil they grow in. Once they have a steady supply of peanuts, the problem facing farmers is the inability to efficiently extract the oil from the nuts. The current design for human-powered rapid extraction is the Bielenberg ram press, which uses a lever to generate the required pressure needed to extract the oil. However, this design is not optimal for two reasons: it requires significant upper body strength to operate, and also, incorrect operation of the lever leads to only a fraction of the peanuts' oil content being extracted. For these reasons, this thesis focuses on a design modification originally proposed by a team in D-Lab Spring 2006.
(cont.) While the oil extracting mechanism was kept intact, the lever was replaced by a cam-and-follower system driven by treadles. By moving the driving motion from the upper body to the lower body of the user, the new design aims to address the ergonomics issue present in the Bielenberg ram press. The cam also allows optimization of the pressure profile for the peanuts. Research performed by Ravi Patel in 2007 has shown that a rapid buildup followed by a long period of followed by a gradual advancing of the piston will create the desired pressure characteristics to maximize output. An earlier attempt to convert the Bielenberg ram press into a treadle design yielded several insights into how the design could be improved. These insights have led to many design modifications, which are incorporated into the proposed redesign. This redesign is aimed at improving performance, reducing cost, and increasing the manufacturability of the press.
by Daipan Lee.
S.B.

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Farnoosh, Arash. "Power generation analysis in oil-producing countries." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD015/document.

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La composition des parcs électriques nationaux est basée sur le classement des différents moyens de production par rapport à leur coût marginal de génération d’électricité. Ainsi, les réserves considérables d’hydrocarbure dans les pays producteurs de pétrole ont favorisé l’usage abusif du pétrole ou du gaz naturel dans le parc de production d’électricité. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est d’analyser des parcs de production pour ces pays producteurs en construisant le parc optimal d’électricité concernant l’usage rationnel (du point de vue économique) des différents moyens de génération d’électricité. Dans ce travail, nous évaluons la situation actuelle et future de la production d’électricité en Arabie Saoudite, en Egypte et en Iran grâce à plusieurs approches de modélisation : linéaire, dynamique et statistique. Ensuite, nous allons mener une analyse de sensibilité afin d’évaluer l’optimalité et l’efficacité de la production d’électricité en tenant compte de l’intégration des autres ressources alternatives non-carbonées
National power generation mix composition is based on the ranking (merit-order) of the various means of production from their marginal cost of electricity generation. Thus, significant reserves of hydrocarbons in oil-producing countries favoured the abusive use of oil or natural gas in the electricity mix. The purpose of this research is to analyze the power generation mix of these countries by constructing an optimal electricity mix based on the rational use (from an economic point of view) of various electricity production means. In this work, we assess the current and future situation of electricity production in Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Iran, thanks to linear, dynamic and statistical modeling efforts. Thereafter, we will conduct sensitivity analysis to measure the optimality and efficiency of electricity generation by taking into account the integration of alternative non-fossil-fuel based resources

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Wahid, Latif. "An investigation into the supply behaviour of OPEC countries, 1970-94." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368079.

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30

Tekin, Josef, and Jens Hagman. "Oil Dependencies and Peak Oil's Effects on Oil Consumption : A case study of six countries." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1057.

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During the year of 2007, the world has experienced historically high oil prices both in nominal and in real terms, which has reopened discussions about energy sustainability. We therefore found it interesting to research oil dependencies and elasticities for Brazil, China, Norway, South Korea, Sweden and USA; and their possible oil consumption response to a Peak Oil phenomenon. Peak Oil in this thesis, implies that oil production will reach its climax and decline thereafter. To help draw conclusions, appropriate statistical analysis on macroeconomic variables was used as well as the modified Nerlove’s partial adjustment equation to calculate price and income elasticities both in the short and long-run. Regression results have shown that short-run price elasticities were low in all countries; in addition income elasticities were also inelastic but more elastic in relation to oil price elasticities. This indicates that oil consumption is more sensitive to changes in income than to changes in oil price. It was concluded that oil dependencies among nations differ and the trend is that developing countries are increasing their oil dependency while developed countries tend to decrease their oil dependency over time. Peak Oil will lead to higher oil prices, which in the short-run will change developing countries oil consumption to a greater extent than developed countries, but in the long-run their response are more similar. It was also noticed, that when GDP decreases in net-oil-importing countries, oil consumption will decrease even further. The opposite could be true for net-oil-exporting countries like Norway and Brazil.

Under år 2007 har världen upplevt historiskt höga oljepriser, både i nominella och reala termer, vilket återigen har lyft upp energiförsörjningen på agendan. Vi fann det därför intressant att undersöka oljeberoenden i Brasilien, Kina, Norge, Sydkorea, Sverige, USA och se hur dessa länders oljekonsumption kan påverkas av Peak Oil. Peak oil betyder att oljeproduktionen når sitt maximum och minskar därefter. För att kunna dra slutsatser har lämpliga statistiska verktyg använts på olika makroekonomiska variabler och applicerat ”Nerlove’s partial adjustment model” på data har pris-och inkomstelasticiteten av olja i varje land både på kort och lång sikt kunnat utvinnas. Från regressionen har framträtt; priselasticiteten var låg på kort sikt i alla länder och detta gäller även för inkomstelasticiteten, dock var inkomstelasticiteten relativt mer elastisk i alla länder. Detta indikerar att oljekonsumtionen är mer känslig för förändringar i inkomst än för förändringar i pris. Slutsatsen från studien är att olika länder har olika nivåer av oljeberoende och att utvecklingsländer tenderar att öka sitt relativa oljeberoende över tid medan de industrialiserade länderna tenderar att minska sitt relativa oljeberoende över tid. Peak Oil leder till högre oljepriser vilket på kort sikt kommer att påverka utvecklingsländernas oljekonsumtion mer än de industrialiserade ländernas, dock minskar skillnaden på lång sikt. En observering från denna forskning är att när BNP minskar hos olje-importörerna kommer även oljekonsumtionen att minska. För oljeexportörer som Brasilien och Norge kan oljekonsumptionen öka när BNP inkomsterna ökar från Peak Oil.

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Wong, Yin-mei Sheron. "MARPOL wastes in Hong Kong and other countries /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301505.

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32

Al-Ameri, Leyth. "Oil And The Macroeconomy : Empirical evidence from 10 OECD countries." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för nationalekonomi och statistik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-13036.

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This paper examines the oil price-macro economy relationship by means of analyzing the impact ofoil price on Industrial production, real effective exchange rate, long term interest rate and inflation rate for a sample of ten OECD countries using quarterly data for the period 1970q1-2011q1.The impact of oil price shock on industrial production is negative and occurs with a lag of one year. However, the impact has weakened considerably compared to the 1970s. The impact on real effective exchange rate is negative/positive for a net importer/exporter, and the magnitude of the shock depends on the county´s share of net import/export of total world demand/supply. Interest rates are affected negatively, through increase in inflation rates following the oil price shock. The effect tends to die out after 5-8 quarters following the shock for most of the variables and countries. This paper also applies alternative methods to test for unit root and cointegration, which takes into account for structural breaks in the data. The weakness of Phillips-Peron test is clearly demonstrated in the case of inflation rates and interest rates, where the test falsely considered the series to be non-stationary when they in fact are stationary around a structural break. There is also strong evidence of cointegration between oil price and inflation rates and between oil price and interest rates, especially when taking account for structural breaks.
This study also highlights the relevance of oil scarcity and oil peak theory. It is shown that these two terms should receive more attention than they have received so far as more oilexporters have reached their production peaks and more are likely to be followed. According to the data, renewable source of energy are not likely to dominate OECD countries energy mix in the short term, instead, there is a trend of increasing natural gas consumption among most of OECD countries. Natural gas markets are likely to play an equal role in the future as oil markets do today. The dilemma that importing countries are facing today, particularly in Europe, is whether to expose their markets to Russia or to the Middle East.

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Seghir, Majda. "Essays in oil and the economic development of resource rich countries." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0047.

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La richesse naturelle est-elle un gage de prospérité ou se révèle-t-elle être une malédiction? Comment le pétrole a-t-il façonné l'évolution économique des pays producteurs ? Dans le prolongement de ces interrogations, l'objectif de cette thèse est de progresser dans la compréhension des mécanismes qui font que le pétrole est, pour les pays exportateurs, aussi souvent une malédiction qu'une bénédiction. Les travaux empiriques qui constituent notre thèse permettent ainsi de répondre à trois questions distinctes : (i) quelle est la contribution du pétrole en tant que ressource énergétique (ou source d'énergie) au processus de croissance économique ? (ii) quels sont les effets directs et indirects de la dépendance aux revenus pétroliers sur la croissance économique et (iii) la malédiction pétrolière n'est-elle pas une question qui renvoie à la stabilité macroéconomique?Notre analyse met ainsi en évidence les résultats suivants : (i) une richesse pétrolière abondante et la surconsommation de pétrole observée dans une large majorité de pays exportateurs de pétrole contribuent positivement au processus de croissance économique. Ce résultat n'est toutefois valable que sur le court terme. En effet, sur le long terme, la consommation de pétrole s'avère être une conséquence de la croissance économique ; (ii) le pétrole en tant que source de revenus impacte la croissance économique directement et indirectement via ses effets sur le montant et la qualité des dépenses publiques ainsi que sur l'ouverture commerciale. Au regard de ces mécanismes de transmission, nos résultats montrent qu'au-delà d'un certain seuil de dépendance aux revenus pétroliers, la croissance économique est entravée par les effets directs et indirects de la rente pétrolière. Toutefois, ces effets peuvent être contenus, tout d'abord, en réduisant la dépendance aux revenus pétroliers, en améliorant, ensuite, la gouvernance et, enfin, en allant vers davantage de stabilité politique ; (iii) les revenus pétroliers, de part leur extrême instabilité peuvent nuire à la croissance économique en induisant des distorsions macroéconomiques. Cette instabilité se traduit plus précisément par une appréciation du taux de change réel, une hausse des dépenses publiques et de l'inflation. Les pays les plus tributaires de la rente pétrolière sont les plus exposés à cette instabilité macroéconomique. De même, les pays où l'efficacité et la crédibilité du gouvernement sont moindres sont ceux où la croissance économique pâtit le plus de cette instabilité macroéconomique.Le pétrole est ainsi un atout pour les économies des pays exportateurs de pétrole dont il faut maitriser les effets indésirables sur l'économie. Une première solution consisterait alors à réduire le niveau de dépendance de l'économie aux revenus pétroliers pour diminuer le risque d'exposition à la volatilité des prix du pétrole et en réduire le risque de contagion à l'économie. Une autre solution nécessiterait d'améliorer la capacité des gouvernements à mettre en place des politiques économiques efficientes
Is natural wealth a guarantee of prosperity or is it a curse? How has petroleum shaped growth economic process in oil producing countries? To the extent that these questions have to be raise, the purpose of this thesis is to move towards a better understanding of the mechanisms that make oil becoming a curse as often as a blessing, in oil exporting countries. The empirical studies conducted in this thesis help answer three main questions: (i) What is the contribution of oil as energy (or an energy source) in the process of economic growth? (ii) What are the direct and indirect effects of dependence to oil revenues on economic growth? (iii) Is the oil curse a question of macroeconomic stability?Our contributions thus highlight the following results. (i) Abundant oil wealth and overconsumption observed in the vast majority of oil exporting countries contribute positively to the economic growth process. This result is, however, valid only in the short term. Indeed, in the long term, oil consumption appears to be a consequence of economic growth. (ii) Oil as a source of revenue impacts economic growth directly and indirectly through its effect on the amount and quality of public spending as well as on trade openness. Given these mechanisms, our results show that beyond a certain threshold of dependence on oil revenues, economic growth is constrained by the direct and indirect effects of oil revenues. However, these effects can be contained, first, by reducing dependence on oil revenues; then, by improving government effectiveness; and finally by increasing political stability. (iii) Oil revenues, due to their extreme instability may harm economic growth by inducing macroeconomic distortions. This instability results more precisely by an appreciation of the real exchange rate, a rise in public spending and inflation. The most dependent are countries, the most they are exposed to macroeconomic instability. Similarly, countries with an efficient and credible government are the one which suffer economic growth suffers the less from macroeconomic instability.Oil is, thus, a vantage for oil exporting countries but the adverse effects of such a natural resource on the economy must be mastered. One solution would, then, be to reduce the level of dependence of the economy on oil revenues to reduce the exposure to volatile oil prices and to reduce the risk of contagion to the economy. Another solution would be to improve the ability of governments to implement efficient economic policies

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34

Peck, Jennifer Randolph. "Essays in oil, conflict, and the development of resource-rich countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84909.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 141-145).
This thesis examines three topics in the political economy of global oil markets and the development of resource-rich countries. The first chapter examines the effect of Saudi Arabia's crude pricing policies on the political behavior of U.S. firms. Between 1991 and 2003, Saudi Aramco sold its crude to U.S. refineries at a substantial discount relative to Asian refineries at a total cost of approximately 8.5 billion dollars. Using variation in discount receipts across refineries over time, I find that the discount rents were entirely captured by refiners as profits and were not passed through to consumers in the form of lower retail gasoline prices. There is also evidence that the discount policy affected refiners' political action. In particular, I find that discount receipts are associated with an increase in refiners' overall political donations, and that other types of profit shocks were not associated with changes in political giving. This suggests that the effect of the discount was not simply a consequence of the increase in refining profits. Finally, I show that the discount resulted in a reallocation of contributions toward members of congressional committees that reviewed bills of interest to Saudi Arabia and away from those who received donations from pro-Israel interest groups. In the second chapter, I assess the impact of a nationalization quota policy in Saudi Arabia on workers and private-sector firms. In the past two years, Saudi Arabia has dramatically extended its active labor market policies in order to address the issue of growing youth unemployment and low Saudi participation in the private sector workforce. This paper studies the 2011 introduction of the Nitaqat program, which imposed a quota system for Saudi hiring at private firms. The analysis uses a unique dataset from the Saudi Ministry of Labor on the full universe of Saudi private-sector firms and exploits kinks in firm incentives generated by the program to examine the effects of this quota policy on nationalization, firm size, and firm exit. I complement the regression kink results with a differences-in-differences approach to estimate the overall effects of the program. The analysis finds that the program succeeded in increasing native employment but also had significant negative effects on firms. Program compliance rates were high, with firms increasing their Saudization rate by 0.2 percentage points on average for every percentage point increase required by the quota. Quota compliance was primarily accomplished by hiring Saudis, and Nitaqat was responsible for the addition of an estimated 52,000 Saudi workers to the private sector workforce over the 16 month period. There were also significant costs, however, and the program caused approximately 11,000 firms to shut down, raising exit rates by nearly 50%. Among surviving firms, the program decreased total employment by 198,000 workers. The third chapter investigates the direct effect of conflict-related supply disruptions on the downstream U.S. oil industry. The security of petroleum supplies is a major issue in U.S. domestic and foreign policy. Although conflict in oil-exporting countries affects the entire global downstream industry, supply disruptions may also have an additional effect on refiners who are dependent on these crude streams. This study uses variation in the sources of oil supplies across refineries to estimate the effect of conflict-related supply disruptions on refiner profits and local retail gasoline prices. The analysis shows that while conflicts do cause supply interruptions, these shortfalls have little effect on the refiners and markets exposed to these disruptions. On average, then, refineries appear to adjust quickly to unexpected changes in their supplies without significant increases in their input costs.
by Jennifer Randolph Peck.
Ph.D.

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Yatong, Wang. "China’s aid to african oil-producing countries : is there any link?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16436.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Os doadores emergentes de ajuda pública ao desenvolvimento, designadamente países membros non-tradicionais do Comitê de Ajuda ao Desenvolvimento, têm atraído um amplo interesse. Tendo em consideração os estudos anteriores que analisaram os motivos diferentes dos doadores tradicionais e emergentes, e a controvérsia sobre a APD da China, o meu trabalho escolhe uma área específica, o petróleo como objeto, e investiga o doador emergente representativo, a China, a fim de verificar se a sua assistência para os países produtores de petróleo bruto africanos é estimulada pelo petróleo daqueles países. O trabalho utiliza dados de APD e da importação de petróleo bruto de 2000-2014 da China em termos de 6 países produtores de petróleo africanos. Aplicando análise bivariada de correlação e análise de regressão linear, não se descobre correlação nem causalidade entre estes variáveis. Portanto, demonstra-se que o recurso de petróleo não tem influência significante à ajuda ao desenvolvimento da China para os países africanos.
Official development aid of emerging donors, namely non-traditional DAC countries, has attracted a wide concern. Taking into consideration former studies which have analyzed different motives of traditional and emerging donors' development assistance and the controversy on Chinese ODA, this work chooses specifically one area, the oil resources, and studies one representative emerging donor, China, in order to find out if its aid flows to African oil-producing countries are stimulated by their oil resources. The study works on data of Chinese ODA from 2000 to 2014 and of crude petroleum imports during the same period of time, with regard to 6 main African oil-producing countries. Using bivariate correlation test and linear regression test, no correlation or causality between these variables is observed. Hence, the test result demonstrates that the oil resources condition doesn't have a significance influence to Chinese development assistance to African countries.
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Mohalhal, Fathi M. "Oil Price Movements and Equity Returns: Evidence from the GCC Countries." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1001.

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This study examines to what extent how oil movements differently affect equity returns in general and sectoral levels of the GCC countries stock markets. Modeling the equity returns volatility requires using GARCH-type models. These models help to explore the pronounced differences of the conditional variance structures across sectors and markets. Chapter 1 compares the effects of changes in oil price return and its volatility on equity returns and volatility across sectors. The findings of this chapter show that despite the GCC states dependency on oil revenues, equity market performance at the sectoral level do not exactly associate with oil movements. Our results, in particular, show that the GCC stock markets do not always move hand-in-hand with oil market movements. In chapter 2, we explore the relationship within a specific sector, i.e. Banks sector in Saudi Arabia Stock market. We examine if oil price changes affect Islamic banks differently than conventional ones. The findings show a decrease in degree of co-movement between these two types of banking system and oil market, meaning that they are less integrated. Although the Islamic banks kept a higher degree of co-movement with oil, limitations of Shari'ah restrictions on Islamic banks have little impact on the relationship between oil and those banks. Chapter 3 examines whether the level of corruption influences how oil changes affect the GCC stock markets. The findings of chapter 3 show that dissimilar levels of corruption between GCC countries have inconsiderable differences on the oil return effects on the GCC stock markets. Oil returns affect both low and high level of corruption groups. The oil return innovation affects the equity volatility for Saudi Arabia and Kuwait more than other four GCC countries.

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Rafiq, Shuddhasattwa. "Oil consumption, pollutant emission, oil proce volatility and economic activities in selected Asian Developing Economies." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/693.

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It is now well established in the literature that oil consumption, oil price shocks, and oil price volatility may impact the economic activities negatively. Studies identifying the relationship between energy and/or oil consumption and output primarily take two different approaches. One approach includes energy or oil consumption in addition to output, labour, and capital. The other approach takes energy and/or oil, output and prices. Based on these two models most of the previous studies suggest energy conservation policies for different economies. However, none of the previous studies considered both of these models jointly to make policy implications and there are not many studies investigating oil consumption-output relationship in a multivariate model in the context of developing economies. Furthermore, one of the important variables in making any conservation policies, carbon emission, is omitted from the models.Similarly, there has been a large body of literature investigating the impact of oil price shocks in different economies. Nevertheless, studies analysing the impact of oil price volatility on economic activities are very limited. More importantly, studies analysing the impact of oil price volatility in developing economies are almost non-existent. In the light of increasing demand for oil from the developing nations, comprehensive studies on identifying the impact of oil consumption, oil prices, and oil price volatility on developing economies is warranted.Hence, in this thesis, the contribution of oil in economic development is investigated with the help of two different models. The first model, termed as supply-side approach, analyses the contribution of oil consumption in economic activities within the traditional production function framework. The second model, termed as demand-side approach, analyses the contribution of energy consumption in economic activities in two stages. In the first stage, oil consumption demand is analysed by a tri-variate model having oil prices as the third variable in addition to oil consumption and GDP. In the second stage, carbon emission output is determined in a tri-variate model with carbon emission as the third variable along with oil consumption and output. This thesis also performs a unique task of analysing the impact of volatility on world crude oil prices on the economic activities of six Asian developing economies.With respect to the oil consumption-output relationship, despite dissimilarities in results for causality relationships between oil consumption and output in three different models for different countries, one common result emerges. Except for the Philippines, all other countries are found to be oil dependent either from supply-side or from demand-side or from both of the sides. This implies that for all the considered developing economies, except for the Philippines, oil conservation policies seem to be harder to implement as that may retard their economic growth. In addition to that, one very important findings of the empirical analysis based on the equation regarding pollutant emission output is that for all the countries, except for Malaysia, output Granger causes pollutant emission (CO2) both in the short run and long run.With respect to the impact of oil price volatility on economies, this study finds that oil price volatility seems to impact all the economies in the short run. According to the results, oil price volatility affects GDP growth in China and Malaysia, GDP growth and inflation in India and Indonesia, while in the Philippines volatility in oil prices impacts inflation. However, in Thailand the impact channels are different for pre- and post-Asian financial crisis period. For Thailand, it can be inferred that oil price volatility impacts output growth for the whole period; however, after the Asian financial crisis the impact seems to disappear.Based on the comprehensive study within three different theoretical frameworks the policy implications regarding oil consumption-output relationship can be summarised as follows. For the Philippines, where uni-directional causality from income to oil consumption is found, she may contribute to the fight against global warming directly implementing energy conservation measures. The direction of causality indicates that the oil conservation policies can be initiated with little or no effect on economic growth. For rest of the oil dependent countries where either bidirectional causality or uni-directional causality from oil consumption to output is found in any of the models, since oil is a critical determinant of economic growth in these countries, limiting its use may retard economic growth. Nevertheless, all of these countries may initiate environmental policies aimed at decreasing energy intensity, increasing energy efficiency, and developing a market for emission trading. These countries can invest in research and development to innovate technology that makes alternative energy sources more feasible, thus mitigating pressure on the environment.According to the impact analysis of oil price volatility on economic activities, the policy implications are as follows. In Thailand, the results after the financial crisis show that adverse effect of oil price volatility has been mitigated to some extent. It seems that oil subsidization of the Thai government by introduction of the oil fund and the flexible exchange rate regime plays a significant role in improving economic performance by lessening the adverse effect of oil price volatility on macroeconomic indicators. For all other countries, the impact of oil price volatility is also of short term. Hence, the short-term impact of oil price volatility on the concerned economies may be exerted though the uncertainty born by the fluctuations in the crude oil price in the world market. As far as the impact on GDP growth is concerned, the short-run impact may also be transmitted through the investment uncertainties resulting from increased volatility in oil prices. However, from the Thai experience it can be inferred that flexible exchange rate regime insulate the economy in the short run from any adverse impact from oil price volatility on growth. Hence, it can be suggested that good subsidization policy with considerable knowledge on international currency market, both spot and future, may shield the economies from adverse consequences due to the fluctuation in oil prices in the short run. Nevertheless, this may affect other sectors of the economy like, inflation, interest rate, government budget deficit, etc.

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Alotaibi, Bader. "Oil price fluctuations and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, 1960-2004 /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1147183881&sid=28&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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39

Navacelle-de, Maack Laetitia de. "Economic analysis of the oil producing countries’ strategies in the refining industry." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10001/document.

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La tendance sur le marché mondial du raffinage est à la fermeture ou aux réductions de capacités en Europe et en Amérique du Nord pendant que les nouveaux pays consommateurs, comme le sont certains pays producteurs, développent leur industrie. Depuis quelques années, les pays producteurs de pétrole ont annoncé la construction de "mega-projets" de raffinage et de pétrochimie de base. La question de la localisation des raffineries a été maintes fois posée depuis les années 1970 et plusieurs courants de la littérature proposent des éléments d'analyse selon les conditions économiques et politiques des pays. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les enjeux et les limites de l'intégration verticale des pays producteurs dans l'aval pétrolier, compte tenu des évolutions et perspectives sur l'offre de brut, la localisation de la demande et la mise en place accrue de politiques environnementales. Une analyse empirique des caractéristiques pétrolières et macroéconomiques des pays producteurs de pétrole permet d'identifier dans quel cadre théorique d'investissement les projets annoncés s'inscrivent. La revue de littérature permet de comprendre l'intégration dans l'aval, mais le développement de certains projets est plus difficile à expliquer. De ces analyses théoriques et empiriques, une typologie des pays producteurs est proposée selon leurs stratégies d'investissement. Par ailleurs, afin de mieux comprendre les marchés auxquels s'adressent ces nouveaux projets, une analyse économétrique des prix des produits pétroliers sur les marchés mondiaux majeurs est menée. Si la relation entre les prix des produits raffinés et le pétrole brut est significative, conformément à la littérature, la hiérarchie des prix entre les produits traduit une évolution de la demande. Une analyse de portefeuille est développée pour identifier les choix industriels efficaces qu'un pays producteur peut envisager pour assurer son développement économique en maîtrisant l'exposition aux risque de variation de ses revenus. Avec l'augmentation des enjeux industriels et financiers associés à ces nouvelles raffineries, la coopération des pays producteurs avec des Majors internationales permet de partager le risque et de répondre à leurs enjeux respectifs de développement économique. Chacune des parties maîtrise, en effet, certains facteurs de production essentiels à la réussite d'un projet qui, réunis, augmentent la valeur globale du projet
On the whole, the refining industry in North America and Europe is reduced as new consuming countries, like producing countries, are developing their industry. In the past years 'mega-projects' in refining and basic petrochemicals have been announced by petroleum producing countries. Since the 1970s the question of location is repeatedly asked and authors have presented elements to analyze its implementation in different economical and political contexts. This thesis intends to review the incentives and limits to vertical integration by the producing countries, given the current evolutions and future prospects for supply, location of demand and increasing environmental regulation. An empirical analysis of the petroleum and macro economical conditions in producing countries enables the positioning of current projects in the theoretical context. The literature review helps understand current developments, but some projects cannot as easily be explained. Based these theoretical and empirical analyses, a typology of petroleum producers is built according to their refinery investment strategies. Moreover in order to understand the opportunities for refiners on the world markets an econometric analysis of world refined oil prices is undertaken. The strong correlation to crude oil price is confirmed, as in historical literature, but with different hierarchies between products explained by evolution of demand. Based on the observations of petroleum countries and their opportunities on world markets, a portfolio analysis is developed to identify the efficient industrial choices a producing country may proceed with in order to ensure the local development while containing risk on variations of revenue. Because the industrial and financial stakes of these refining projects are greater than before and they represent a lion's share of the future offer in refining, joint cooperation of producing countries with International Oil Companies enable a share of risk while also benefiting both players in their development objectives. Indeed each party detains different factors of production, essential for the success of a refining project that, brought together, increase the global value of the project

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40

Wong, Yin-mei Sheron, and 黃燕媚. "MARPOL wastes in Hong Kong and other countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254421.

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41

Gabbani, Zenab Saad. "Trade and diversification : the case of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21433.

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This study sets out to investigate the causal relationship between concentration and exports in the Saudi economy, to explain the pattern of diversification over time in relation to planning periods, to examine the effectiveness of the diversification policy in achieving growth, and to consider the implications of the GCC groupings on the diversification argument. In the course of this investigation, the theoretical foundations of trade policy and economic integration are discussed and the economic features of Saudi Arabia and the GCC countries. The Saudi Government has sought to diversify the economy, and these efforts have been reinforced by greater regional integration with the GCC member countries. Yet, attempts at diversification do not appear to have produced substantial effects on the pattern of production and trade. The study employed the Gini-Hirschman coefficient to measure concentration and has related values of these coefficients to measures of fluctuations in total earnings. In addition, the study applied a proportionate contribution statistics model, which is based on the Markowitz-type model, to investigate more directly the extent to which instability in total export earnings of Saudi Arabia is related to concentration. For this purpose, the work focused on Saudi GDP, exports and markets for a period of 26 years from 1970 to 1994. The general conclusion of this study was that there is ample theoretical and practical justification for diversification policies in terms of commodity and geographic markets. When the concentration and instability measures were applied to the Saudi economy, the following were indicated: (a) while the thrust of policy is based on a widening of the composition of export products and market zones to achieve a fall in export instability, it is found instead that the level of instability has been falling in the more recent part when Gini-Hirschman coefficients indicated increasing levels of commodity concentration and decreasing levels of geographic concentration; (b) according to the results from the proportionate contribution statistic, Saudi oil exports and traditional markets contributed disproportionately to total earning instability; and, (c) the GCC market is more stable than other markets, although there are several impediments that delayed the establishment of customs union among member countries.

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42

Jibril, Halima Munzali. "Oil prices and the trade balance of Sub-Saharan African countries : the roles of oil price volatility, real exchange rates, and financial integration." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15597/.

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This thesis empirically examines the effects of oil prices on the trade balances of oil importing and exporting Sub-Saharan African countries. These countries depend heavily on international trade for foreign exchange and economic growth, and fluctuations in oil prices have direct implications for their terms of trade. This thesis contributes to the oil price-trade balance literature by focusing on three aspects of this relationship that are unexplored. First, this thesis introduces the issue of nonlinear oil price effects to the trade balance literature. Using a Threshold Vector Autoregressive Model, it estimates asymmetric and threshold effects of oil prices on the trade balance, focusing on oil price volatility as the source of nonlinearity. Nonlinearities are shown to be stronger in the effects of oil price volatility shocks than oil price level shocks: volatility shocks have larger effects on the trade balance when they occur in an already volatile environment, and decreases in oil price volatility have larger effects than increases. Second, this thesis pioneers the empirical investigation of the role of real exchange rates in determining the effects of oil prices on the trade balance. Using a Cross Section Dependence robust panel data method, this thesis shows that real exchange rate depreciations reduce the effects of oil prices on the trade balances of SSA countries, while real appreciations reinforce these effects. Third, this thesis is the first study to empirically investigate how higher international financial risk sharing affects the response of the trade balance to oil prices. To do this, it employs a Panel Smooth Transition Regression model. The results show that oil importing SSA countries that are well integrated in global financial markets, with higher access to foreign funds, fare better when the oil price is high: they are able to avoid large fluctuations in their nonoil trade balances by smoothing nonoil consumption.

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Munro, Hugh M. "The impact of national oil companies on the energy security of OECD countries." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186098.

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National oil companies (NOCs) control over 80 percent of world oil reserves and over 50 percent of gas reserves and hold exclusive rights to exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within their home countries. Because of host government involvement and supervision, NOCs may also act as instruments of state, implementing government foreign and domestic policies such as wealth re-distribution through the provision of subsidised oil products, job creation, and economic development. Such activities can lead to restricted availability of funds for finding and developing reserves for future production and to inefficiencies in current production and distribution. This thesis assesses the geopolitical factors that influence the conduct, strategies and priorities of NOCs and how these may impact on the continuing security of energy supplies to countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It will focus on ten NOCs supplying oil to world markets and two which supply gas to the European market. The study will also review the activities and .scope for influence as state instruments of Sovereign Wealth Funds which have been established by states with NOCs, in particular, those which have earned substantial petro-dollar surpluses, during the period of high oil and gas prices of2006-2008. In an age of global interdependence between nations, specific objectives of this thesis are to consider the implications of anticipated growth in world demand for oil and gas supplies over the next 20 years, whether world production capacity is likely to grow to meet increases in world demand, the potential impact on world oil and gas supplies of the policies and practices of NOCs, in particular, the desire of host governments to require NOCs to follow non- commercial objectives, and the responses from OECD countries to threats to their energy security from potential restrictions on supplies.

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Soile, Ismail. "Economic effects of fuel subsidy in oil producing countries : the case of Nigeria." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/740ad02f-04a3-4d92-afa6-f3192d53fe57.

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The thesis conducts a specific to general investigation on petroleum product subsidies in oil exporting countries. Starting with a specific focus on Nigeria, I examine the benefit incidence and the economic effects of fuel subsidies using the 2009/10 Harmonized Nigeria Living Standard Survey and the 2011 input-output table respectively. I then proceed to conduct a general analysis by empirically estimating the effects of subsidies on fuel consumption, CO2 emission and social welfare for OPEC and member countries. Results from the Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) show that the richest household quintile enjoys twice as much the benefit of fuel subsidies as the poorest household quintile on the aggregate. Both the gasoline and kerosene subsidies are found to be more regressive than the per capita expenditure suggesting the inefficiency of fuel subsidy as a mechanism for income redistribution. Using the Input-Output and SAM multiplier approach, I study the effect of reducing gasoline subsidy as implemented in January 2012 on sectorial outputs, household expenditure and government spending under two scenarios. When there is no reinjection from the reduced subsidy spending, the results show that the 49% increase in gasoline price would lead to a 0.01% and 0.18% reduction in GDP and government spending respectively. There is also a fall in labour and capital income by 0.29% and 0.34% respectively while household expenditure increased by 0.33%. When the savings from subsidy reduction is re-injected to the economy, the results show that labour and capital income increased by 0.24% and 0.17% respectively while both GDP and government expenditure increased by 1% and 0.12% respectively. In the general analysis, I apply the Pesaran, (2007) cross-sectionally augmented Im, Pesaran, and Shin Panel unit root test to check for cross sectional dependence, the four panel cointegration tests developed by Westerlund, (2007) to inspect long-run relationship and the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) Mean Group estimation to obtain consumption elasticities for OPEC and member countries. The results confirm that subsidies on fuel prices in these countries are quite large while products are highly price inelastic suggesting that price reforms and fuel taxes can help improve revenue, reduce wasteful consumption and CO2 emission.

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Kapoor, Aanchal. "The Economic Impact of Oil Price Shocks on Emerging Markets." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/139.

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Recent spikes in oil prices have thrown light on how economic activity in emerging markets may be impacted by oil price shocks. This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the effect of oil price shocks on emerging markets. It tests for the existence of an asymmetrical relationship between oil prices and economic activity using a model developed by James Hamilton. It also assesses the impact of structural shocks to the real price of oil on output as proposed by Lutz Kilian. While our models find no consistent pattern within emerging markets, they do suggest that oil price shocks have a greater significance in 2000-2009 than in the full sample of 1974-2009. We also find that emerging economies are impacted by changes in oil specific demand but unaffected by changes in aggregate demand for industrial commodities.

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Al-Utaibi, Abdullah T. M. "Towards a unified system of Zakat accounting : the case of the GCC countries." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324966.

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47

Thorne, Richard St John. "The assessment of river pollution in developed and less developed countries using macroinvertebrates and multivariate techniques." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264999.

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Park, Jung Wook. "Oil price shocks and stock market behavior empirical evidence for the U.S. and European Countries /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4886.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 28, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Kuznetsova, Evgenia. "osition and perspectives of the oil-refining industry - comparison of Central and Eastern European Countries." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76376.

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Being non-renewable source of energy, oil maintains the largest contributor to the energy mix of all counties in the world. Consequently, oil-refining industry is a field of particular concern for the governments and society. This work focuses on oil-refining industry in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe. This topic is very sensitive for CEE counties due to continuously rising energy prices, vulnerability of the supply security and current EC regulations concerning emissions trade and common environment policy. This thesis aims to answer to question what will happen to the industry in CEE counties after implication of new EC regulations and development of the renewable sources of energy. For this purpose, SWOT analysis of the industry in different counties was performed, highlighting major strengths and potential threats. Further analysis describes major mergers and acquisitions in the industry, FDI and current problems of trade imbalance. Particular attention is given to the security of supply and dangerous dependency on the crude oil imports. The results show that some EC policies and regulations could be potentially perilous for the counties which have large crude reserves and developed oil-refining and petrochemical industry, influencing such factors as cost of production and competitiveness of the product in the market. However, further development of renewable sources is often the only option available for the counties with no fossil fuel reserves and poor developed refining infrastructure, aimed to eliminate ever-increasing energy dependency.

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Rosas, Francisco Flores. "The build-up of Mexico's external public debt, 1976-82 : context, management, and crisis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389828.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oil-exporting and oil-importing countries'

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