Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oil et gas'
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Guisiano, Jade Eva. "Dynamic Methane Inventory for Oil and Gas Industry based on Artificial Intelligence." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS206.
Full textAtmospheric methane is responsible for roughly half of the global warming since pre-industrial times, relative to the net total human influence. The oil and gas sector ranks second among anthropogenic methane sources despite the possibility of a 39% reduction of its emissions at no net cost. However, the lack of reliable emissions data impairs the ability of governments to implement effective mitigation actions at the scale and speed needed to achieve the objectives set by the Global Methane Pledge. In order to define methane-specific targets, policies, and strategies, countries are used to rely on national methane emissions inventories. These last ones, mostly derived using bottom-up methods (emissions factors) are well-known in literature to demonstrated systematic underestimation of methane emissions from the oil and gas (O&G) supply chain. This calls into question the use of bottom-up methodologies to estimate emission inventories, which are then used to design regulatory guidelines for methane emissions mitigation. Incomplete and non accurate information about actual emission levels is a key barrier to reducing methane emissions. However, a growing amount of methane emissions data emerge through the regular launch of new point source satellites dedicated to methane concentration measurements with a higher resolution, greater coverage, and have more sensitive detection thresholds. With adequate processing techniques, the data issued from these satellites monitoring technologies is a key component to make possible the characterization of the level and nature of methane emissions. This thesis works then proposes an end-to-end framework for a novel dynamic inventory based on the use of artificial intelligence methods. This framework allows to automatically dress methane emissions profiles by oil and gas infrastructures, site and operators.The proposed framework is divided into two components :Automated detection and recognition of oil and gas infrastructures with the use of object detection algorithms;Automated association of point source methane detections to concerned oil and gas infrastructures, sites and operators with the use of a clustering based method. Our framework, when launched repeatedly over time, enables the automated constitution of multi-level emissions profiles (time series). These emissions profiles, acquired on a long term period will allow the characterization of emitting behaviors and then could be used at the base of methane mitigation regulation decisions
Pougy, Roberto. "Unconventional oil and natural gas supplies and the mitigation of climate change." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0075.
Full textThis thesis in energy and environmental economics extends the geological Hotelling-type extraction-exploration model from Okullo, Reynes and Hofkes (2015) in order to account for the bell-shaped reserve additions that were empirically observed by Laherrère (2003). The proposed model explains them as the result of geological “sweet spots”: premium areas within geological formations where the concentration of hydrocarbons is highest. The proposed theoretical formulation was programmed into the mathematical model LOGIMA – “Long-term Oil and Gas Images” – and calibrated on data covering the seven main unconventional oil and gas plays in the United States. Results indicate the need to learn the location of sweet spots through trial and error drillings leads to schedules of exploratory effort that allow the optimal “de-risking” of exploratory activities. As a result, the optimal response of producers to price shocks becomes contingent on the prevailing level of cumulative discoveries.We apply LOGIMA to investigate the impact, caused by the recent advent of large-scale supplies of unconventional oil and gas, in the United States, on the ongoing efforts to mitigate climate change. We do so by soft coupling long-term scenarios from LOGIMA with the integrated assessment model, IMACLIM-R, a recursive, computable general equilibrium model of integrated global energy, economy and environment systems. We analyze how different price targets, potentially pursued by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), would affect supplies of unconventional oil and gas from the United States. We control this interplay under three climate policy frameworks: business as usual (BAU), nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and 2°C scenario (2DS). The results of the exercise show that, despite having a significant potential to affect global energy markets, unconventional oil and gas supplies would have a limited potential to affect global cumulative greenhouse gas emissions to 2040, as the different effects triggered in different sectors approximately balanced each other out
Kilani, Meriam. "Multiple product-project decisions coordination support : application to oil and gas development projects." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST027.
Full textThe major challenge addressed in this research concerns the coordination of the multiple interdependent decisions that must be made during the project, either technical, financial, or contractual. Interdependence means that making one decision without considering the impacts for other decisions may imply some underperformance, or even dead ends, iterations, and rework.To overcome this challenge, a more adaptable multi-decision-making process has been proposed, consisting of three blocks: 1/ modeling the decision network and formulating the multi-decision problem; 2/ structuring the problem to propose relevant and plausible scenarios assembled from elementary decision alternatives; 3/ solving the problem by selecting and recommending scenarios.Building the multi-decision-making process is based on multiple possibilities for each block. The decision-maker selects from a set of possible choices to adapt the decision-making process to the precise context.For block #1, we have first articulated the need to build a global decision network that models the decisions under study and the interdependencies they may have with other decisions. We have then argued that graphs and matrices can be used to fulfill this need. Both methods allow to include all decisions and interdependencies of the decision network in one single model, each of them having its advantages and drawbacks, with a kind of complementarity.Then, to formulate the local multi-decision problem, two interactions-based clustering approaches are proposed: the top-down approach (considering decision interdependencies) and the bottom-up approach (with an additional due date-based grouping of decisions). Both help to delineate the focus of decision makers on a specific set of decisions, since considering the whole network of decisions at the same time can be challenging.In block #2, to structure the problem, two matrix-based and one graph-based methods have been proposed. These methods offer the possibility to generate possible scenarios considering compatibility and performance criteria, either sequentially (morphological analysis), simultaneously (QFD), or with a hybrid way (graph exploration). For the two matrix-based methods, an algorithm was proposed to facilitate the identification of plausible scenarios. As for the graph-based method, a lighter heuristic can be applied on live during a decision meeting.Finally, to solve the problem in block #3, several MCDA methods have been listed for evaluating and selecting a recommended scenario: absolute compensatory methods, relative pairwise comparison methods, and relative comparison to reference point methods.According to industrial actors, such a process could improve coordination mechanisms between the major decisions of their projects. Even though decisions were interdependent, they were not often considered as such, and our proposed process permits (according to them) to have a better vision of the decisions to be made together and of the consequences of the choices. A fictitious case study, inspired by real past projects, was used to illustrate the proposed multi-decision coordination process.We are convinced that our research will provide a solid basis for further studies on the coordination of multiple interdependent decisions in complex projects, although there are academic and industrial perspectives that need to be tackled
Durand, Alice. "L'exploration et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer et la protection de l'environnement." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND015.
Full textThe deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico was the most important ecological catastrophe of the United States of America. This event inspired us to study the current international law about the hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation at sea and the protection of the environment. Because this activity takes place on the continental shelf it leads to operational and accidental pollutions, because marine pollution does not have frontiers, therefore legal international control of this activity is necessary.The activity which begun at the end of the nineteenth century, knew a real development around the 70's. At that moment, States became aware of the necessity to protect the environment. At the same time, an international settlement supervising the activity is emerging from the 70's to the 90's. Thus we can distinguish the prevention settlement from the react settlement. First of all the activity must respond to the prevention requirements. Notwithstanding, there is no universal treaty exclusively dedicated to this activity. That is why we do observe a splited settlement through universal and regional treaties directly applicable, completed by treaties indirectly applicable relating to environmental protection. Despite this splitting, we observe that principal aspects constituting the life cycle of the activity, from exploration and exploitation delivery permitted to decommissioning of paltforms, are well controled.Despite this control, a pollution can occur against which one we have to fight.That is why in the second time States developped a react settlement in response to the operational and accidental pollutions. About operational pollutions, we observe around the current preventional settelement which sets limits, developing some new limits through an empirical struggle, essentially at the regional level. States become aware that the limits imposed for operational pollution have to be more restrictive.With reference to the accidental pollutions, a current international settlement is quite satisfactory since various treaties and particularly an universal treaty, decree measures to States, which they fullfil if pollutions occure. This kind of instrument do not significate that States do not have to make the law progress. Indeed the law needs to evoluate permanentaly that is why UE adopted a directive about major accidents.At the same time react settlement not only means fighting pollution but also identifying the liable of the pollution and repare the damage, specifically the per se ecological damage
Elmoussaoui, Abdeloihid. "Application de l’analyse factorielle et de la classification automatique à une étude chronologique multidimensionnelle : cas du marché pétrolier français." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066504.
Full textGUSMAO, DA SILVA JORGE. "Transformation catalytique des huiles vegetales en gazole : mecanisme et optimisation des reactions d'hydrocraquage." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066405.
Full textJalinier, Christian. "Etude comparative de l'inflammation et de la combustion de l'huile de coton brute et du gas-oil utilises comme carburant dans un moteur diesel a injection indirecte." Orléans, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ORLE2024.
Full textJalinier, Christian. "Etude comparative de l'inflammation et de la combustion de l'huile de coton brute et du gas-oil utilisés comme carburant dans un moteur diésel à injection indirecte." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614475j.
Full textAriankia, Reza. "La technique de la joint-venture au sein de l'industrie pétro-gazière internationale : contribution à l'étude juridique sur les architectures contractuelles pratiquées par les principaux acteurs pétro-gaziers en amont." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D004.
Full textThe joint venture is a legal technic closely related to the international upstream oil and gasindustry. Practically, it corresponds to very diversified contractual architectures based ondifferent legal engineering. Since its creation in the USA oil and gas industry, the technic ofjoint venture with its great congenital adaptability has generated various versions assistingthe legal relationship of international players in this field. Legal structure of each of itsvariants has its particularities formed according to the strategies, objectives, needs,experiences, means and technical, financial and managerial limits surrounded participants. Inthis context, the study of the role of this technic in the contractual framework between twooil and gas main players in the second half of the 20th century is very important. Indeed, uponit enters in the legal relationship between oil and gas producers countries and international oiland gas companies, the technic of "participating joint venture" has gradually become a keystrategy of producers countries in their upstream oil and gas sector. In other words,regardless of the principal contractual structure of the host-state in upstream oil and gassector, where it or its dismemberment participates with an international oil and gas companyin exploration and development projects, the use of legal technic of the joint venture isindispensable. The impact of such participation on the joint venture is considerable. Thepresence of a participant with public powers within a petroleum joint venture affect the paritybalance among participants and therefore influence its legal structure, and the process of itsformation and its functioning
Seguinot, Lucas. "Etude et développement d'une stratégie d'analyse des performances d'un dégazeur de turbine d'hélicoptère." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAL035.
Full textAir operators try to reduce ever more operation and maintenance costs of helicopters as well as to limit their environmental impact. Consequently, engine manufacturers such as Safran Helicopter Engines must constantly improve the performance level of the engines they develop. To achieve such an improvement, oil and kerosene consumption must be reduced. Oil consumption is mostly due the formation of an oil mist inside bearing chambers. As the air is continuously scavenged, it carries along oil droplets out of the engines. In order to limit the oil wastes, a separator is used which recovers oil drops carried by the owing air that is vented out. In order to predict with a better level of accuracy the oil consumption and the pressure losses induced by the separator, the present thesis develops a strategy to analyse the two-phase flow within the separator. This strategy relies in the first place on Euler-Lagrange numerical simulation of the oil mist which allow on the one hand to compute the turbulent air flow and the pressure drop induced by the separator and on the other hand to better understand the separation mechanisms and to predict the oil consumption for various operating conditions. Besides, thanks to the funding of the E-Break European project, a test bench has been designed in the framework of this PhD and set up at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. Cross comparisons between measurements and simulations allow validating the numerical methodology. However, even though pressure drops are correctly predicted by the simulation, improvements are still needed, regarding both the measurement accuracy and the two-phase numerical modelling, in order to provide a satisfactory prediction of the oil consumption
Lussac, Samuel. "L'Azerbaïdjan, les hydrocarbures et les pipelines : réseaux sociotechniques et régionalisation." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40060/document.
Full textThis dissertation looks at the socio-political impacts of the pipelines that have beenimplemented in the South Caucasus since 1991. It is based on a theoreticalframework mixing Actor-Network Theory, Norbert Elias’s sociology andmanagement approaches. It assumes that the construction of an Azerbaijanihydrocarbons transportation complex system sheds light into the evolution of theSouth Caucasian configuration. First, this research studies interactions that emergeLUSSAC Samuel | Science Politique | Doctorat | 201114around the implementation of export routes for Azerbaijani oil and gas resources.It highlights the development of new forms of governance, which mostly benefit tothe oil company BP. Second, this dissertation demonstrates that the sociotechnicalnetworks built around these new export routes contribute to the evolution of theSouth Caucasian configuration. These networks overflow the economic sphere tofoster regionalization between Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. Third, thisresearch underlines the benefits the Azerbaijani ‘state-company’ retrieves fromthis hydrocarbons-based regionalization. Baku takes advantage of oil and gasresources to increase its economic and political influence within the SouthCaucasian configuration. Therefore, the Actor-Network Theory helps to shed lightinto the economic and political role of hydrocarbons in the rise of Azerbaijan.From a failed state, this country has now established itself as a regional power
Thiéry, Régis. "Les systèmes eau-gaz-sels : modélisation des équilibres de phases et application aux fluides géologiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_THIERY_R.pdf.
Full textBoursier, Laure. "Caractérisation et réactivité en hydrotraitement des composés hétéroatomiques présents dans les distillats sous vide du pétrole." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00987560.
Full textTahchi, Belgacem. "Géopolitique de la Sonatrach : entre internationalisation diffuse et souveraineté en déclin." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040098.
Full textAlgeria is ranked as the ninth largest natural gas producing countries, representing 2.4% of the world natural gas roduction. It held the fifteenth place in the world and the third in Africa with 9.2 billion barrels of oil in terms of proven reserves, which represents 0.9% of world oil reserves. To the good quality of Algerian oil, ideal for its low sulfur content, which makes it very easy to refine, a clement geology and an advantageous nearness from the European markets are added. This proximity is enhanced by the new trans-mediterranean pipelines Medgaz, the future Galsi and by a fleet of LNG tankers. With an economy dependent on hydrocarbon revenues, constituting 97% of its exports, Algeria is set up in an energy trap. In this field the Algerian company responsible for the sector, Sonatrach, holds control of the hydrocarbons chain on all its levels. The law 2006-10, relating to hydrocarbons, at first sight responds to forward-looking development of the Sonatrach, knowing that the Company is looking also to break free from the state and to plan its own expansionist plan in a modern management model, aligning at the same time with the competitive offers proposed by the international firms leading in this field. The analysis of the policy of the company and the Algerian hydrocarbons sector in general, contribute to answer to problematic of the strategic choices available to the company
Jamshidi, Zahra. "Les contrats pétroliers et gaziers dans les pays du golfe persique : aspects de droit substantiel et processuel." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D081.
Full textThe least that can best describe our world today is a world of oil and gas. If this evidence does not present itself today in the same way as it was a century ago, the events of recent years, in particular the two crises of the Persian Gulf, have demonstrated the strategic importance of these raw materials for the whole planet, especially for the countries of this region. One of the most important problems in this domain can be related to different types of contracts. However, it can be said that the contract is a basis that depends on the specific characteristics of each region and each country. Considering the international markets penetration, particularly in the domain of oil and gas contracts, related to political, economic and legal complexities, each host country or operating company seeks to select a particular contract and modify its status in order to get the most profit possible. In contrast with the political situations of the past experiences, the risks like the nationalization, the geological situation, the economic condition of the host country, the international reactions like the sanctions, the security of the oil region, etc. are the factors which determine the clauses and conditions of contracts. Contractual rights and obligations are normally specified by the contract itself to avoid the risk of a subjective interpretation of one of the parties. Disputes arising from the petroleum contract are never submitted to the domestic courts of the contracting countries and are subject to arbitration
Berkowitz, Héloïse. "Les méta-organisations rendent-elles performatif le développement durable ? Stratégies collectives dans le secteur pétrolier." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX055/document.
Full textDrawing on research in strategy and organization theory, this thesis focuses on the way an idea that was formulated by international instances as an imprecise doctrine – sustainable development, still managed to deeply change firms’ strategy, practices and even nature. This research uses the concept of performativity, i.e. the capacity of a theory to create the reality that it describes. However, all theories or doctrines do not necessarily succeed to perform behaviors and the thesis identifies three conditions of performativity. When the conditions are met, two performativity processes can occur, a framing and an overflowing process. Sustainable development can perform practices if it becomes operationalisable principles (first condition), if these principles are incorporated in devices at different levels, from meta-organizations to micro-local instruments in firms (second) and if these devices are efficient or irremediable (troisième). Among the studied devices, the accent was put on the role of meta-organizations, organizations which members are themselves organizations. The thesis constitutes the first empirical survey of this collective action device’s role in an industrial sector, the oil and gas. Using a comprehensive methodology, data collection consisted in 80 semi-structured interviews, constructing a database of about 100 meta-organizations and setting up an intervention-research device on the emerging issue of marine sound. The thesis highlights new forms, thematic and multi-stakeholder, that act like an inter-organizational negotiation space, as a strategic device for the legitimization of firms’ activities, and as a normalizing device participating to a distributed governance of business conduct and society. The thesis clarifies the concept of performativity by identifying its conditions of success and the two processes it can follow. The thesis also contributes to the literature on meta-organizations by showing its empirical diversity and by identifying types that we knew little about before. As such, the thesis has managerial implications for collective strategies of firms
Akchiche, Meziane. "Analyse exergétique et Optimisation dynamique des systèmes de production d’hydrocarbures dans la perspective de réduire les émissions de CO2." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3031.
Full textThis research project is part of an initiative to improve the energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions of oil and gas production systems within the Total Group. Exergy analysis has been developed and applied for the first time to the subsurface part (reservoir-well) and extended to the entire oil and gas production system, making it possible to quantify the different losses and destruction of exergy, the natural exergy provided by the reservoir ,and the artificially generated exergy (artificial lift and boosting), for theoretical and real examples. We have also proposed a representation with adapted Grassmann diagrams to display the results of the exergy analysis on the whole production system. Finally, the results of the exergy analysis allowed us to propose technological solutions to improve hydrocarbon production and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.In the second part of this project we developed a new methodology for the dynamic optimization of hydrocarbon production systems in a constrained software environment dedicated to petroleum production (in this case the IPM (Integrated Production Modeling) solution developed by PETEX). The objective is to propose a simultaneous optimization of the structure and operating parameters of the production system (natural or artificial ? what type of artificial lift and/or boosting system : gas-lift, pumps? Which type of pumps?) throughout its life cycle. Two objective functions are proposed to evaluate the performance of hydrocarbon production systems: (i) cumulative net exergy (CNE) and (ii) cumulative net profit (CNP). The stated problem is then solved using PETEX's IPM suite, coupled with the Simulis® Thermodynamics Calculator (PROSIM) for exergy calculations. The approach is sequential and the time-steps are in the order of a year, each time-step being simulated in quasi-static. The genetic algorithm included in the IPM suite is used to solve the mixed variables dynamic optimization problem with some adaptations. The results show that it is possible to find a compromise between profitability and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Khan, Muhammad Shoaib Ahmed. "Modeling of a pilot installation for the recovery of residual sludge from olive oil extraction, for the production of biofuel by catalytic pyrolysis, integrating a sorption machine driven by solar energy and / or waste heat recovered from pyrolysis gas." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/DDOC_T_2022_0002_KHAN.pdf.
Full textOil mill sewage sludge (OMWS) is a major environmental problem for olive oil producing countries. Various OMWS elimination strategies have been proposed, in particular rapid pyrolysis which is considered a promising technique and whose main product is bio-oil which finds its application as green diesel in internal combustion engines.In rapid pyrolysis, bio-oil vapors are cooled using a compression refrigeration machine. The objective of the thesis is to integrate an absorption refrigeration machine by recovering the heat of the process, replacing the compression refrigeration machine and thus reducing electricity consumption.It turns out that the sorption refrigeration process allows for better energy efficiency. The ratio of bio-oil exergy to electrical exergy goes from 27 to 102 from the conventional system to the sorption system.An economic analysis is performed to determine the minimum selling price of bio-oil as fuel (MFSP). It is observed that the MFSP is reduced from 3.63 € / GGE to 2.99 € / GGE between the conventional system and the sorption system. The difference comes from the electricity consumption avoided. The economic sensitivity analysis shows that the production cost of bio oil decreases more rapidly than the increase in the investment cost induced by this increase in production
Germain-Piaulenne, Emeric. "Characterization of regional Middle Eastern methane sources using light hydrocarbon tracers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ016.
Full textMethane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) and an important lever for mitigating global warming in the near future. Understanding its sources is therefore crucial, yet the anthropogenic fraction (60 %) appears to be underestimated in inventories. CH4 emissions retain large uncertainties at a regional scale. Current measurement networks such as ICOS (for GHG) and ACTRIS (for reactive compounds) provide data that could ultimately be used to separate the sources in time and space. However, approaches to synergistically use these data are lacking.Uncertainties in emission rates are particularly marked in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME), where large emissions occur. This region is known to be sensitive to climate change, has major concerns about air pollution and is undergoing significant development and hence GHG emissions. In the Middle East, oil and gas (OG) related CH4 emissions are expected to dominate other emission sectors.Among the volatile organic compounds, Non-Methane HydroCarbons (NMHC) such as light alkanes, are co-emitted with CH4 in OG supply chains. Thus, they have been identified as relevant tracers for characterizing CH4 emissions from this key sector.To address the challenges posed in the EMME region, our research in this thesis has been focused on investigating the capability of combined CH4/NMHC set of atmospheric remote measurements with source-receptor methodology to deliver insight into the CH4 emissions of the EMME region.A high-precision Picarro G2401 analyzer and two gas chromatographs with flame ionization detector were deployed during several field campaigns in the EMME region. Extensive datasets were obtained with co-localized observations of GHG and NMHC (C2 to C12). They can be used to identify and characterise local and regional sources of CH4 using hydrocarbon trace gas signals. Combined with Lagrangian modelling of the atmosphere, they can be used to further investigate the contribution of long-range transport to local sources and to assess the accuracy of CH4 emission inventories in the EMME region.The island of Cyprus is ideally located to document the chemical composition of contrasted air masses in the EMME region. The first continuous CH4 observations were performed on the island between February 2020 and November 2021 at a suburban site of the capital, Nicosia. NMHC measurements joined CH4 in February 2021. Over a period of several months between cold and warm periods, this campaign enabled the combined CH4 and NMHC measurement methodology to be evaluated and applied to the study of specific local emissions.Secondly, measurements were performed at a background site at the southeastern edge of Cyprus between December 2021 and February 2022. This three-month campaign set up in a mobile laboratory at a rural site during the winter aimed to focus on long-range regional signals originating from the Middle East (with as little local interference as possible). This work suggests that Middle Eastern emissions from the upstream OG stage are underestimated by almost half in the study area.Finally, a campaign carried out from a research vessel from Vigo (Spain) to Abu Dhabi (UAE) and around the Arabian Peninsula in November-December 2022 help to clarify, document and assess the regional emission influences. It also identified targets for future research on CH4 emissions and showed the major spatial discrepancies remaining within this specific region, especially in the estimation of the emissions from fuel exploitation activities.Ultimately, the experimental results obtained during this thesis provide an assessment of local and regional CH4 emissions sources in the EMME region. We highlighted the importance of ground-based observations for understanding CH4 emissions and targeting mitigation efforts. The use of light alkanes to disentangle sectoral contributions to CH4 emissions is promising and should be applied to long-term monitoring measurements
Cavelan, Amélie. "Rôle de la maturité thermique et des propriétés chimiques de la matière organique sédimentaire dans la structuration du réseau poral d'argilites pétroligènes à gaz." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3008.
Full textThe quality of mudstone reservoirs is closely dependent on the volume and the arrangement of the pore system as they control both the pathways for hydrocarbon flow and their storage capacity. It is thus primordial to identify the factors at the origin of this porosity. It has been well documented that thermal maturation of OM with burial is the main factor controlling the development of OM-hosted pores in organic-rich mudstones. Relationship between maturity and porosity is however, not always clear and contradictions exist between pore evolution models suggesting the influence of other factors such as the OM content and composition. The objective of this work was therefore, to investigate how the geochemical composition of the OM and its thermal degradation processes during maturation influence the development and the evolution of the porosity of organic-rich source rocks. This work was carried out on natural organic-rich mudstones selected from the “Kimmeridge-Clay- formation (KCF)” (UK) and the “Vaca Muerta-formation” (Argentina). To this end, the variations of the OM composition with increasing thermal maturity were assessed by different techniques (maceral and palynofacies analyses, Rock Eval pyrolysis, GC/MS, GC-TCD) and brought into relationship with the variations of the structure and the porosity observed (SEM, TEM) and quantified (nitrogen adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry, small angle X-ray scattering, Raman spectroscopy) in the bulk rock and/or the isolated kerogen. Thermal maturation experiments of KCF mudstones compared with natural analogues, show that the OM thermal degradation processes are, indeed, responsible for significant changes in porosity, and plays a major role in the organic-rich source rocks pores development. These variations are closely tied with the formation of OM-hosted pores, which became the major contributor to the porosity in thermally matured rocks in response to the production of oil and gas. Our TEM studies show that these processes are accompanied by a progressive variation of the kerogen and residual bitumen structure at the nanoscopic scale. Nevertheless, this study reveals for the first time that slight differences of the OM composition between samples can strongly influenced the ability of the rock to form and preserve pores from compaction leading to different pore evolution models. Hence, contrary to what is generally accepted in the literature, these results show that the ability of the studied mudstones to preserve pores strongly decreases with the increase of the amount of the hydrocarbons gases generated during maturation and thus, with the original OM oil generation potential. Finally, comparison between the two series of laboratory thermal maturation using different temperature-duration pairs show that the increase of the duration of the experiments lead to variations of the composition of bitumen and gas. These factors have however a very limited influence on the OM thermal degradation processes and pore development. These results, compared with natural samples, show that the influence of the kinetic of thermal degradation processes on porosity are very weak. Our results should thus be applied to natural gas shale systems
Mammeri, Massinissa. "Méthodologie d’aide à la décision pour l’élaboration et la sélection de la stratégie contractuelle des projets pétroliers complexes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC074.
Full textA development project of a new oil and gas facility starts when the exploration and the appraisal studies estimate the exploitation of the hydrocarbon deposit is economically viable. The complexity and the size of the projects encountered in the industry impose to split them into several pieces, which represent the scope of future contracts. Each scope is then awarded to a contractor with a specific type of contract and selection mode, forming the contractual strategy to adopt in the project. During the contractual strategy selection process, oil companies encounters three recurring difficulties related to: 1) the identification of a reasonable and relevant set of alternatives; 2) the evaluation of potential alternatives, which depends on criteria from different scales and natures; and, 3) the need to substantiate the chosen contractual strategy solution. The research problem is to propose a decision aiding methodology for the development and selection of the most appropriate contractual strategy. It has to be the most performing in terms of cost and schedule, but should also consider the risks associated with these performances. In addition, the interfaces between the different contracts should also be considered, because the collective performance of the whole strategy may be degraded compared to the performance of each individual contract. Thereby, our work seeks to implement both technical and practical solutions to answer on the one hand the question of identification and generation of a relevant set of alternatives, at contracts and contractual strategy levels. On the other hand, to build and implement a system of estimation and evaluation of contractual strategies, allowing to come up with the most performing proposal to the upstream development project
Reiche-De, Vigan Stéphanie. "Le droit et l'espace souterrain. Enjeux de propriété et de souveraineté en droit international et comparé." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3044.
Full textUntil today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes
Aby, Romain. "Analyse géopolitique des relations bilatérales entre l'Arabie saoudite et la Chine (1990 2017)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080020.
Full textIn July 1990 Saudi Arabia was the last Arab state to establish diplomatic relations with China. Since then, the two countries have seen a remarkable rise in their energy and trade partnerships, with trade rising from dollars 500 million in 1990 to nearly dollars 74 billion in 2012. This rapid development was largely achieved through the increase in oil exports making China the largest customer of Saudi oil, while Saudi Arabia established itself as its main supplier. However, media coverage of the energy issues led to an increase in the analysis of this bilateral relationship through the oil prism which obscured the diversity of commercial, political, religious and cultural ties. This research, based on a 16-month field survey in Saudi Arabia, proposes through a multi-scale geopolitical analysis method to bring out the diversity of the actors and the stakes of this Saudi-Chinese relationship on an international, regional and national scale while systematically carrying out an analysis of Saudi centered perceptions
Berthet, Guillaume. "Revêtements diamant pour surfaces actives sur capteurs du domaine pétrolier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066660.
Full textIn the field of oil and gas industry, Inconel alloys are largely used for their high strength and good corrosion resilience to H2S, CO2 and carboxylic acids. However, those of despite their excellent properties compare to other alloys, some specific oil and gas parts such as the sensitive areas of some sensors may require a special attention as high pressure high temperature (HPHT) environment, corrosion and abrasion may affect their performances in the long term. Additionally, oil and gas sensors may often be exposed, during the same drilling work, to various drilling fluids containing hydrophilic solid particles or heavy molecules such as asphaltenes, resins or heavy alkanes which tend to aggregate on hydrophilic alloy surfaces. Diamond coatings have thus been identified as attractive candidates to protect sensor used during drilling operations. Indeed, diamond materials due to their excellent hardness and wear, low friction coefficient, corrosion resilience and chemical inertness further to high natural resilience to fouling are especially suitable to be used in harsh environments. However, diamond coating on Ni-alloy such as Inconel could not be done by MP-CVD common processes. The current study has proposed solutions, and namely the development of three different processes aiming at a strong and adherent diamond coating on Inconel718. These three processes differ by their roughness and their difficulties of implementation. Their advantages for density-viscosity sensors have been assessed in various drilling fluids, and two specific approaches have been identified as particularly promising to mitigate fouling, namely (i) to create a diamond superhydrophobic surface through micro-structuration to get the antifouling Lotus properties, and (ii) the optimization of an electrochemical treatment aiming at cleaning in situ the diamond surfaces downhole. This study has led to propose reaction mechanisms and demonstrated the role of degraded water on the electrochemical treatment. The thesis has demonstrated the potentialities and identified the limits of those approaches. Efficiency of the electrochemical process applied to drilling fluids and crude oils fouling have been successively demonstrated
Sambemana, Herizo. "Adaptation d'un nez électronique pour le contrôle de la concentration et de l'humidité d'une atmosphère chargée en huile essentielle destinée à un effet thérapeutique médical." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0054/document.
Full textRecent clinical studies have demonstrated the stimulating or relaxing effects of odorous stimulation on subjects suffering from neuro-sensoriel deficiencies. These studies concern generally the variation measurement of physiological parameters or psychological indicators in relation with odorous stimuli. To evaluate quantitatively the odorous effects of natural oil stimulations on the subject behavior or his cognitive performance, it is necessary to control automatically and accurately the quantity of the active substances present in the air inhaled by the patient. The aim of this work is to conceive a gas ?diffuser/detector? system to generate fixed concentration of an essential oil in an experimental chamber atmosphere. Diffusion unit is based on the control of the air flow arte bubbling through the liquid oil (pin, lavender, orange), and the range of the employed concentration range is determined after physic-chemical and sensorial analysis. The detection of volatilized substances is obtained using a matrix of commercial metal oxide gas sensors. The study of the sensor responses to different pin oil concentrations showed, after an adequate digital filtering, a good cross sensitivity of the sensors. So, we have extracted from each sensor response, several characteristic parameters, firstly classical ones, and then new ones representing the dynamic phase of the signal response, to create the learning data base. The analysis of these data using pattern recognition methods (non-supervised and then supervised) permitted us to highlight a set of parameters for a reliable and rapid identification of closed diffused oil concentrations. The application of the system with the two other oils was decisive: we can now carry out the realization of a prototype for the therapeutic tests
Perakis, Nikolaos. "Separation et detection selective des composes soufres dans les fractions lourdes des petroles : geochimie des benzo (b) thiophenes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13093.
Full textSambemana, Herizo. "Adaptation d'un nez électronique pour le contrôle de la concentration et de l'humidité d'une atmosphère chargée en huile essentielle destinée à un effet thérapeutique médical." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0054.
Full textRecent clinical studies have demonstrated the stimulating or relaxing effects of odorous stimulation on subjects suffering from neuro-sensoriel deficiencies. These studies concern generally the variation measurement of physiological parameters or psychological indicators in relation with odorous stimuli. To evaluate quantitatively the odorous effects of natural oil stimulations on the subject behavior or his cognitive performance, it is necessary to control automatically and accurately the quantity of the active substances present in the air inhaled by the patient. The aim of this work is to conceive a gas ?diffuser/detector? system to generate fixed concentration of an essential oil in an experimental chamber atmosphere. Diffusion unit is based on the control of the air flow arte bubbling through the liquid oil (pin, lavender, orange), and the range of the employed concentration range is determined after physic-chemical and sensorial analysis. The detection of volatilized substances is obtained using a matrix of commercial metal oxide gas sensors. The study of the sensor responses to different pin oil concentrations showed, after an adequate digital filtering, a good cross sensitivity of the sensors. So, we have extracted from each sensor response, several characteristic parameters, firstly classical ones, and then new ones representing the dynamic phase of the signal response, to create the learning data base. The analysis of these data using pattern recognition methods (non-supervised and then supervised) permitted us to highlight a set of parameters for a reliable and rapid identification of closed diffused oil concentrations. The application of the system with the two other oils was decisive: we can now carry out the realization of a prototype for the therapeutic tests
Marais, Arthur. "Détection de traces d’éléments lanthanides par fluorescence en temps résolu : application industrielle au marquage anti contrefaçon et à l'analyse chimique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1012/document.
Full textTime-resolved fluorescence is an advanced spectrophotometric analysis method which allows the selection of emitted luminescent photons on a time-based parameters. It is possible to extract the signal of long-lived luminescent species even in complex and polluted matrix from the industry. This type of analysis is especially fitted for the detection of lanthanide ions. During this thesis two technologies based on time-resolved analysis were designed to answer specific industrial problematics. The first one yields the residual concentration of chemical additives used during oil and gas extraction. The second one aims at protecting crude oils and refined fuels from counterfeiting. They both rely on the use of lanthanide complex and the measurement of their luminescent properties. A prototype of time-resolved spectrofluorimeter was also built to transfer the technologies from the laboratory to the industrial world
Kere, Axelle. "Essays on fiscal policy and domestic resource mobilization in resource-rich developing countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAD002.
Full textThis thesis examines the effect of extractive natural resources on the macroeconomic environment of developing countries and addresses the issue of domestic resource mobilization in these countries. After reviewing the existing theoretical and empirical literature on the natural resource curse, it explores empirically the impact of giant oil and gas discoveries on the fiscal policy of developing countries and tests the effect of a solution promoted by multilateral institutions and governments to alleviate the challenges of the management of such resources. The first chapter highlights the negative impact of oil and gas discoveries on the likelihood of sovereign debt crises in sub-Saharan countries. This effect occurs mainly in countries with a high concentration of exports; conversely, it disappears for so-called diversified countries. This result is noteworthy because the countries in our study have already received debt relief through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). The second chapter shows the impact of oil and gas discoveries on the composition of public expenditures in developing countries. It emphasizes the harmful effects of these discoveries on health and education spending. In addition, governments privilege less productive and more discretionary categories of spending, like military and social protection spending. The results of this chapter raise concerns about whether the first of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) about economic growth will be achieved.The third chapter analyzes the impact of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) as a solution promoted by several governments. This article shows that SWFs, particularly stabilization funds, have a significant impact on addressing the deterrent effect of non-resource tax mobilization. Furthermore, imposing an additional fiscal constraint on resource-rich states encourages better revenue mobilization across non-resource sectors. This last result contributes to the discussion of options for achieving the objectives of the Marrakech Consensus, which emphasized the importance of better domestic revenue mobilization.Finally, we conclude by providing practical economic policy recommendations to address the multidisciplinary problem of natural resource curse
Meunier-Christmann, Claude. "Geochimie organique de phosphates et schistes bitumineux marocains : etude du processus de phosphatogenese." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13200.
Full textGrasso, Jean-Robert. "Fluides et instabilités sismiques : implications pour le comportement mécanique de la croûte supérieure." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703292.
Full textMatskova, Natalia. "Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de l'espace poreux des réservoirs pétroliers argileux non conventionnels." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2276.
Full textGas shale reservoirs are characterized by pore systems, associated with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of mineral and organic phases at multiple scales. This high heterogeneity requires a multi-scale & multi-tool approach to characterize the pore network. Such an approach has been developed on 7 cores from the Vaca Muerta formation (Argentina), which belong to areas with various hydrocarbon maturities, but with comparable mineral compositions. 3D µtomography and quantitative 2D mapping of the connected porosity by autoradiography have been applied at the core scale, in aim to localize and analyze the spatial heterogeneities, and to identify similar homogenous areas for localizing comparable sub-samples.The correlative coupling of various techniques was applied to achieve quantitative balance of porosity and pore size distribution, from mm to nm scales on representative sub-samples and for the first time, on preserved blocks rather than crushed powders, even for nitrogen gas adsorption experiments. Results of autoradiography are in very good agreement with other total bulk porosities, indicating that all pores are connected and accessed by the 14C-MMA used for impregnation. Decreased total porosity and pore throat/body sizes were also observed as organic matter maturity increased. An innovative approach for electron microscopy images acquisition and treatment provided large mosaics, with the distribution of mineral and organic phases at the cm scale. The correlative coupling with the autoradiography porosity map of the same zone, revealed the spatial correlations between mineralogical variations and porosity
Shabelnikova, Olga. "Evolution de la politique de l'Union Européenne en Azerbaïdjan : 1991-2014." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG047.
Full textThe PhD thesis considers the European Union’s policy towards the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-2014). It studies the evolution of the EU - Azerbaijan relationship and the main factors that influence on its dynamics. Special attention is given to the main programs of the cooperation - the «European Neighborhood Policy» and the «Eastern Partnership». The main documents regulating the relations are reviewed
Chouchi, Dalida. "Extrographie : couplage in situ entre extraction et chromatographie supercritique, application à la déterpénation et à la détoxification des huiles essentielles d'agrumes." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL022N.
Full textArtigaud, Cécile. "Le développement d’hydrocarbures dans l’océan Arctique et l’obligation d’entreprendre une évaluation environnementale." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24443.
Full textAs the ice melts, the Arctic Ocean becomes progressively accessible. It brings a renewed interest for a region that has long been forgotten by states. The new licenses granted for the exploration and the exploitation of hydrocarbons evidence a globalization of the Arctic. However, before accepting an economic project, it must undergo an environmental impact assessment (EIA). This procedure is intended to inform the public authorities about the impacts that a project will have on the environment. The goal of an EIA is to move towards a conscientious and ecological decision. Thus, the scope and the type of information collected is of a crucial importance as it will influence the stakeholders’ choice. Therefore, the globalization of the Arctic raises the question of the relevance of such a procedure because new hydrocarbon development projects are generally accepted even if they take place in an environment characterized by its fragility and uniqueness. As a consequence, it is legitimate to ask whether the international and national obligations to undertake an environmental assessment (E.A) for hydrocarbon projects are adapted to the specific environment of the Arctic.