Journal articles on the topic 'Oil erosion'
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Hayder Al-Khayat, Rasha, Maher A. R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Ragad Aziz Neama, and Muhannad Al-Waily. "Optimization CFD study of erosion in 3D elbow during transportation of crude oil contaminated with sand particles." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14180.
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The oil industry transport the crude oil, but with entrained solid particles. Throughout the production operations of the upstream petroleum, crude oil as well as sand particles corroded from the zones of the formation are regularly conveyed through pipes as a mixture up to the well heads and among well heads and flow stations. In this study, a three-dimensional CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) model has been developed that describes a turbulent transport of solid sand particles as well as crude oil through elbows to predict the erosions rates, where various physical aspects have been combined together including flow turbulence, particle tracking, and erosion simulation. The model has been used to investigate the different parameters that effect for crude oil and sand particles on the erosive wear rate on the pipe walls. Where, the parametric studied for crude oil are viscosity, density, velocity and temperature, also, the parametric studied for sand particles are parti-cles size, particles density and mass flow rate. Therefore, the investigation included evaluated the erosive wear rate on the pipe walls with different parametric studding by using numerical method with CFD technique. This model includes simulation of the three dimensional for turbulent flow, sand particle, and erosion rates modeling. Where, used three methods to evaluating the erosive wear rate on the pipe walls, The Finite Model, The Erosion Rate (E/CRC) Model and The Erosion rate (DNV) Model. Also, in this work can be prediction of the ero-sion position occur on the pipe wall with various parametric effect. Then, the results presented shown that the rate of erosion is increase with increasing the friction between the oil and pipe wall by variable the parametric of crude oil or sand particles. Also, the results are shown that the position of erosion variable dependent on the parametric of oil and sand. Finally, the work shown that the CFD technique is good tool can be used to evaluating the erosion rate and erosion position on pipe wall with various crude oil and sand particles parametric.
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Xie, Jing Pei, Ai Qin Wang, Wen Yan Wang, Ji Wen Li, and Luo Li Li. "Erosion Wear Behaviors of Low Chromium Cast Iron Containing Nickel." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2984.
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The erosion wear experiments of low-chromium cast iron containing nickel were done by MCF-30 Erosion Abrasion Experimental Machine. The structure and surface morphology after erosive wear were analyzed by SEM and XRD. The results indicated that the distribution of carbide was reticular after tempering at 250and oil quenching at 960. The maximal erosion wear rate was appeared at 60 °erosion angle, high acid corrosion media have great influence on the abrasion resistance of experimental material and corrosion effects almost had no influence on the abrasion resistance of experimental material in the weak acid environment of pH≥3. The erosive wear mechanism of the experimental material was studied.
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Wang, Jia Shan, Ting Wang, and Rui Hua Wang. "The Effect of Oil and Gas Production and Construction on Soil Erosion and its Prevention Measures." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.644.
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Through researching the oil and gas in many companies, such as the Daqing Oilfield, Changqing Oilfield and the West-East Gas Pipeline Company and so on, we found that the production and construction of oil and gas at different stages influence the soil erosion vary greatly, including the exploration in oil and gas has a little effect on soil erosion, but oil and gas field surface engineering and pipeline construction impact on soil erosion greatly, and limited impact on soil erosion in oil and gas development, and long-distance pipeline operators had no effect on soil erosion.Oil and gas companies have taken appropriate preventive measures in the soil erosion and have achieved good control effect.
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Мурзакаев, А. М. "Эрозия катода в газовом дуговом разряде в области пороговых токов." Журнал технической физики 91, no. 11 (2021): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.11.51524.114-21.
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The results of experimental studies of the erosion rate of high-purity tungsten cathodes after pulsed arc discharges in a pure oil-free ultrahigh vacuum and in gases of various purities are reported. The erosion rate in high-purity argon does not change compared to the rate of erosion of electrodes in a pure oil-free vacuum. The rate of erosion in "technical" argon is 10% less than the rate of erosion of electrodes in an oil-free vacuum. The rate of erosion in "technical" nitrogen is 15-35% less than the rate of erosion of electrodes in vacuum. Particle sizes formed in gas arcs are smaller than those formed in vacuum arcs.
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Ming Bo, Wang. "Erosion of Elbows in Oil and Gas Production Systems." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 1129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.1129.
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This paper gives an overview of erosion mechanisms in elbows in oil and gas production systems. The nature of the erosion process itself makes it very difficult to develop some definitive methods or models to prevent or predict the erosion in elbows in all conditions. This paper provides a review of the subject which will help petroleum engineers to handle the erosion problems in oil and gas industry. This review is given of different erosion mechanisms connected with sand erosion and the factors that influence them, and then the review goes on to look at particulate erosion in elbows in more details. Conclusions are then drawn based on the above analyses.
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Gavardashvili, Givi. "Prediction of the Erosive Processes in the Corridor of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline and Development of Methods to Design the New Engineering Environmental Protection Measures." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.478.
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The aim of the study is to identify the areas over the mountain slopes along the international Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline corridor highly sensitive to erosion, and to evaluate and predict them by considering the topographic, geological, hydrological, hydraulic and climatic factors of the mountain slope, which are the main determinant of water erosion. Aiming at alleviating the erosive processes in the oil pipeline corridor, the new structures of the resource-saving engineering measures of the environmental protective structures are proposed, with the priorities of their scientific-technical novelty evidenced by the relevant patents of Georgia and Russia. The methods to design bunds with the polyethylene bags filled with ground and secondary vehicle tires as anti-erosive measures are proposed.
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Kmieć, M., B. Karpiński, and M. Szkodo. "Cavitation Erosion of P110 Steel in Different Drilling Muds." Advances in Materials Science 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2016-0009.
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Abstract The P110 steel specimens were subjected to ultrasonic cavitation erosion in different compositions of drilling muds and surfactant additive. The test procedure was based on ASTM-G-32 standard recommendations. API 5CT-P110 steel is used for pipes in oil and gas industry. The harsh environment and high velocity of flows poses corrosive and erosive threat on materials used there. The composition of drilling fluid influences its rheological properties and thus intensity of cavitation erosion. The erosion curves based on weight loss were measured.
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Vivek, HP, Seema Geetha, Sabari Chandramohan, Md Imranulla, and PB Srinidhi. "Effect of Mouthrinses containing Olive Oil, Fluoride, and Their Combination on Enamel Erosion: An in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 19, no. 2 (2018): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2226.
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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of mouthrinses containing olive oil, fluoride, and their combination on enamel erosion. Materials and methods An in vitro study of 45 enamel specimens, which were prepared from 45 extracted teeth, was employed. Each specimen was subjected to 10 alternative demineralization and remineralization cycles. Remineralizing cycle includes 5 minutes exposure with one of the mouthrinse, and demineralizing cycle includes 3 minute exposure to 1% citric acid. Mean surface roughness (Ra) was measured from surfometry before and after cycles. Statistical tests used were Student's unpaired t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results Among the three mouthrinses, Listerine and Xerostom showed maximum protection against erosion on enamel. The 2% olive oil mouthrinse showed the least protection against erosion on enamel. Conclusion The study indicated that the Listerine and Xerostom mouthrinses are valuable preventive measures. Clinical significance Mouthrinses are effective for lessening erosive demineralization and in aggregating remineralization of tooth surfaces which are the important factors to prevent enamel erosion. How to cite this article Vivek HP, Prashant GM, Geetha S, Chandramohan S, Imranulla M, Srinidhi PB. Effect of Mouthrinses containing Olive Oil, Fluoride, and Their Combination on Enamel Erosion: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):130-136.
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Liang, Na, Zhaohui Yuan, and Fuli Zhang. "Oil Particle-Induced Erosion Wear on the Deflector Jet Servo Valve Prestage." Aerospace 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010067.
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Severe oil particle-induced erosion to the prestage component progressively degrades the overall performance of the deflector jet servo valve (DJSV), even leading to valve failure. Herein, we present an approach for evaluating degradation in performance and predicting the erosion lifespan of the DJSV on different levels of oil pollution. Specifically, a mathematical model of the whole valve was built based on a previously established working principle and physical mechanism. In addition, considering the horizontal and rotational particle motions, combined with impact of particle size distributions under different oil contamination degrees, an erosion model was constructed. Then, after simulating and analyzing the pressure characteristics before and after the erosion of prestage, the performance degradation of the whole valve was examined, thereby predicting the erosion life of the valve. Investigations revealed that the maximum erosion rate occurred at the shunt wedge of the receiving holes, which increased with the contamination degree and accelerated after level 7. After erosion, however, the control pressure difference decreased significantly, and erosion life followed exponential distribution corresponding to the distribution of particles under different pollution levels. The aforementioned investigation can thus help diagnose faults and optimize the design of the servo valves in service.
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Edwards, Jeremy K., Brenton S. McLaury, and Siamack A. Shirazi. "Modeling Solid Particle Erosion in Elbows and Plugged Tees." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 123, no. 4 (June 7, 2001): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1413773.
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Predicted erosion patterns on the surface of a pipe fitting can now be obtained using a technique implemented into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. This comprehensive erosion prediction procedure consists of 1) generation of a flow field simulation, 2) computation of a large number of particle trajectories inside the flow field, and 3) erosion model equations applied as particles impinge the walls of the geometry. Other quantities related to erosion, namely the particle deposition rate as well as local average impingement angle and velocity components, are also stored in the procedure. All predicted quantities (flow solution, particle trajectories, and erosion profiles) are analyzed using a three-dimensional visualization tool that was also developed. The current work focuses on two pipe fittings commonly used in the oil and gas production industry: elbows and plugged tees. First, the flow field and erosion predictions are evaluated through comparisons with experimental data. Erosion predictions yield trends and locations of maximum wear that are consistent with experimental observations. Next, two 90-deg pipe elbows with centerline curvature-to-diameter ratios of 1.5 and 5.0 are analyzed under prescribed erosive conditions. Predicted erosion results are presented in the form of surface contours. Finally, a simulated plugged tee geometry placed under erosive conditions is studied and erosion rates are compared to that of the two elbow test cases.
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Li, Yuzheng, Jintao Du, Yijun Lan, Heng Du, and Hui Huang. "Numerical Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Erosion of the Valve Port of a High-Speed On/Off Valve." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2022): 6212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12126212.
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Aiming at the problem of valve port erosion caused by contaminated particles, a three-dimensional prediction model of valve orifice erosion was established based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and erosion theory, considering the influence of the valve port eddy current on the oil flow. The discrete phase model (DPM) of fluent is used to obtain the orifice erosion location and erosion rate, and the causes of erosion of the high-speed on/off valve are analyzed. On this basis, several factors influencing valve port erosion are simulated to investigate the relationship between particle collision behavior and valve port erosion morphology under different factors, and the change rule of valve port erosion under different factors is analyzed. The results show that the high-speed on/off valve service life decreases with a larger cone angle of the spool, a larger pressure difference at the valve port, a larger proportion of large particle contaminants in the oil, a higher oil contamination level, and a larger filter aperture. In addition, the grey relational analysis method is used to clarify the pressure difference at the valve port, the particle size, and the filter aperture as the three most important factors affecting the erosion of the valve port of a high-speed on/off valve.
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Journal, Admin. "KAJIAN EROSI, ALIRAN PERMUKAAN DAN KEHILANGAN HARA PADA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN UMUR YANG BERBEDA Study of Erosion, Runoff and Nutrient Losses from Oil Palm Plantation with Different Ages." AgriPeat 20, no. 02 (October 1, 2019): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/agp.v20i02.143.
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ABSTRACTErosion brings more fertile soil layers, rich in organic matter and nutrients causing loss of plantnutrients. The research aims to study the amount of surface runoff, erosion and nutrient loss in oilpalm plantations of different ages. This research was conducted at PT. Kalimantan Hamparan Sawit,Gunung Mas Regency, lasted for 4 months from May to August 2018. The method used wasmeasurement on an erosion plots of 15mx25m size, covering the amount of erosion, surface runoff andnutrient analysis in the laboratory. The results showed surface runoff on palm oil for 3 years, greaterthan palm oil for 5 years for each rainfall events. The surface flow in 3-year palm is 1.90mm and 5-year palm is 1.50 mm. The average erosion in 3-year palm is 0.07 tons ha-¹, whereas for 5-year palm is0.05 tons ha-¹. The total N-loss in surface runoff in 3-year palm is 0.0036 kg ha-¹ and 5-year palm is0.0017 kg ha-¹. P-available at 3-year palm at 0,0005 kg ha-¹, while 5-year palm at an average of0,0004 kg ha-¹. K loss in 3-year palm is 0.0292 kg ha-¹ and 5-year palm is 0.0108 kg ha-¹. Nutrientloss in erosion in oil palm for 3 years is greater than oil palm in 5 years. The total N-loss in 3-yearpalm is 13.53 kg ha-ha and in 5-year palm is 11.94 kg ha-¹. The 3-year palm oil P is 1.05 kg ha-¹,while the 5-year palm oil is 0.90 kg ha-¹. K loss in 3 years oil palm was 2.54 kg ha-¹ and 5 years palmoil was 2.42 kg ha-¹.Keywords: Runoff, erosion, oil palm, nutrient
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Medvedovski, Eugene, Gerardo Leal Mendoza, and Giovanny Vargas. "Influence of Boronizing on Steel Performance under Erosion-Abrasion-Corrosion Conditions Simulating Downhole Oil Production." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 293–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2020016.
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Downhole heavy oil production and oil sand processing are associated with severe damage and failures of production equipment components, e.g., production tubing and pumping systems, due to erosion-corrosion resulting in processing losses, production downtime, high maintenance and replacement cost. Protective coatings (layers) on the production components mostly fabricated from low-alloy steels can be applied to minimize these problems. In the present work, the performance of hard boronized coating on carbon steel obtained through the thermal diffusion process and consisted of two iron boride layers (FeB and Fe2B) was studied in synergistic erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions simulating oil production environment in comparison with bare steel. Special wear testing equipment was designed and fabricated. In this testing, the inner surface of tubular sections was subjected to high velocity erosive flows of water-oil slurries containing silica sand and salts combined with rotating and oscillating motions of steel pony rods. Structural examination of the studied materials’ surfaces and their profilometry after wear testing were conducted. The iron boride coating demonstrated significantly higher performance in abrasion and erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions compared to bare carbon steel due to its high hardness, high chemical inertness, dual-layer architecture and diffusion-induced bonding with the substrate. The boronized steel tubing and casing with inner surface protection can be effectively employed in the most critical operation conditions.
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Chen, He, Huihua Peng, Jian Duan, Jun Wang, Shengnan Li, and Yuejing Yang. "Creep Behaviors of Interlayers around an Underground Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) Cavern in Bedded Salt Rocks." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (November 15, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7003227.
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It is well known that the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in salt caverns is an important means to solve the potential petroleum shortage. However, salt mines in China are mainly lacustrine-layered structures with many mudstone interlayers. Meanwhile, the acid value of extracted crude oil has been increasing in recent years. The acid erosion of salt cavern interlayers by crude oil would affect the safety of bedded salt cavern oil storage. Therefore, combined with acoustic emission technology, the multistage creep mechanical behaviors of natural mudstone interlayer samples and the mudstone interlayer samples treated by oil erosion are studied in this paper. The internal structures of interlayer samples before and after oil erosion were systematically analyzed by SEM. The results show that petroleum acid (naphthenic acid) plays a significant deterioration role in the mechanical properties of mudstone interlayers during the petroleum reserve process. Compared with the uncorroded samples, the mudstone interlayers after oil erosion show obvious brittle failure characteristics. At low stress levels, the axial strain grows stepwise and the lateral strain is smaller than the axial strain. At high stress levels, however, the lateral creep is obviously higher than the axial creep. A large number of AE signals were generated at the initial loading stage for different stress levels. After the creep stabilized, the AE signals were significantly reduced. During the process of petroleum erosion, the internal pores in rocks continued to develop with the dissolution of many mineral particles. This suggests that crude oil storage in the bedded salt rocks could accelerate the deterioration of the surrounding rocks via erosion. This paper could provide basic research data and a reference for the construction of oil storage in the bedded salt rocks.
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Li, Qiang, and Bingcheng Liu. "Erosion-Corrosion of Gathering Pipeline Steel in Oil-Water-Sand Multiphase Flow." Metals 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010080.
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This work studies a series of factors influencing erosion-corrosion in oilfield gathering pipelines steel using the home-made testing pipe flow loop. Results showed that steel was corroded in oil-water flow. The corrosion rate increased with the flow velocity on the whole, and the addition of solid particles would intensify the localized corrosion. For the erosion-corrosion test added with 2 wt% quartz sand at the velocity of 2 m/s, the portion of pure corrosion and pure erosion accounted for 47.50% and 70.83%, respectively. The erosion-enhanced corrosion was 16.67% of the total weight loss, while the corrosion inhibiting the damage from erosion accounted for 35.00%, so negative synergistic effects appeared in the oil-water-sand multiphase flow conditions.
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Yan, Hao, Jing Li, Cunkun Cai, and Yukai Ren. "Numerical Investigation of Erosion Wear in the Hydraulic Amplifier of the Deflector Jet Servo Valve." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041299.
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Although possessing a remarkable anti-contamination capacity, the deflector jet valve is still confronted with erosion wear brought by solid particles in hydraulic oil. To describe the erosion wear mechanism in the hydraulic amplifier of servo valves, a RANS-based CFD simulation is conducted to obtain its internal wear distribution following the Oka erosion model, which shows the erosion wear in servo valves can be divided into four levels and the major wear happens on the shunt wedge, characterized by a regular and fluctuant distribution. Further, there exist multiple relative maximums of erosion rates, whose locations deviate from the jet center. On this basis, the correlation between the contamination level of hydraulic oil and the degree of erosion wear is established. Moreover, according to the working mechanism of the hydraulic amplifier, a new failure criterion of the deflector jet valve is proposed to carry out valve lifespan analyses. Then, a lifespan prediction formula is obtained, and calculations show that hydraulic oil must have a contamination level superior to NAS 5 if a lifespan of over 20,000 h is expected.
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Helgaker, J. F., S. IJzermans, T. J. Landheim, T. B. Eeg, S. M. Hverven, and P. Piotrowski. "Large-Scale Erosion Testing of an Unbonded Flexible Pipe." SPE Journal 22, no. 03 (August 18, 2016): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/181761-pa.
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Summary Unbonded flexible pipelines are commonly used in offshore field developments to transport oil and gas to production facilities. Sand is an inevitable byproduct from oil-and-gas production. Sand erosion has become an important concern for both design of new field developments and prolongation of existing oil-and-gas fields, especially for fields with low mixture density and high velocities. Erosion in smooth pipes can be determined with industry-standard erosion-prediction methodologies. However, these models are usually valid for smooth pipes only, with limited information available on erosion in flexible pipes. This paper presents experimental results from a large-scale erosion test of an unbonded flexible pipe. A 9.75-in. inner-diameter (ID) flexible pipe with a bending radius of 2.5 m was exposed to sand and proppant particles at velocities ranging from 30 to 47 m/s. Erosion was determined by performing weight-loss measurements at selected cut-out windows, at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80° along the outer periphery of the carcass. In addition, microscopy analysis was performed on selected eroded carcass pieces to determine the localized erosion contour of the flexible carcass geometry. Results show that the highest erosion is found at the leading edge of the carcass strip. Experimental results are compared with computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) simulations and industry-standard erosion-prediction methodologies.
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Duan, Long Chen, Anne Neville, and Yu Yan. "Experimental Research on Erosion and Corrosion of WC-Base Matrix Materials for Drill Bits under Impingement of Drilling Muds." Key Engineering Materials 359-360 (November 2007): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.359-360.171.
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In oil drilling the failures of PDC drill bits are exhibited as erosive wear, dropping and breaking of cutters, so the erosion and corrosion resistance of the matrix is one of the key factors affecting the quality of PDC bits. In order to understand the degradation mechanism of matrix materials for drill bits, a kind of loop recirculation rig is adopted to measure total mass loss TML, mass loss E by pure mechanical erosion, and then through calculation the mass loss C+S by corrosion and synergy is obtained. The tested and calculated results show that TML of matrix materials is not only caused by pure mechanical erosion, but also by corrosion and their synergy of mechanical erosion and corrosion. In the discussed scope of this paper the volume loss produced by corrosion and synergy is 24.16% of the total volume loss (TVL) at most, which tells us that the corrosion resistance of matrix materials should be considered carefully besides their erosive resistance in the design and selection of PDC drill bits used in the corrosive drilling muds.
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Devianti, Irwansyah, Yuswar Yunus, Nunik Destria Arianti, Dewi Sartika Thamren, and Agustami Sitorus. "Influence of Biopores Infiltration Holes on the Level Erosion in Oil Palm Plantations Area." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170204.
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The extension of oil palm plantations in Indonesia has encroached on land with a slope of more than 15%, which impacts the possibility of erosion and landslides. However, conservation efforts to reduce erosion are yet to be fully established. Therefore, the present work studies the effect of biopores infiltration holes on erosion at oil palm plantations area with land slopes greater than 15%. Besides, surface runoff with erosion is modeled to find the relationship. The method used in this study is to combine mechanical conservation methods in the form of biopores infiltration holes in an area that already has cover crops, such as Mucuna Bracteata. Two experimental plots were designed, namely (i) plots without biopores infiltration holes and (ii) plots with biopores infiltration holes. The results showed that soil erodibility in the oil palm plantations area was of a high of 0.65. Applying biopores infiltration holes in the field reduced surface runoff and erosion rates by 31.81% and 29.66%, respectively. The relationship of surface runoff with erosion rates on the land shows a very close case where the coefficient of determination in each plot is 0.96 and 0.92.
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Saeid, N. H. "Numerical predictions of sand erosion in a choke valve." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 3988–4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.12.4.2018.01.0347.
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Two-phase turbulent flow of crude oil and sand in a choke valve is analysed in the present article using 3D computational fluid dynamics simulations. The discrete phase mathematical model is used to simulate the sand flow and its interaction with the oil flow in the system. Parametric study is done to identify the governing parameters to minimize the sand erosion in the system. The valve geometry and dimensions are taken from an industrial oil production project. The parameter considered in the present study are the percentage valve opening, flow rate of the sand and the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet pipes. The simulation results are presented to show the erosion rate variation with the valve opening, sand flow rate and the pressure difference. It is found that the erosion rate is high for small valve opening as well as large valve opening. Minimum erosion rate is found when the valve opening is between 20-30% for all the cases with various pressure differences. Locations of maximum erosion rate are predicted in the simulations.
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GLOEKLER, M. D., T. P. BALLESTERO, E. V. DAVE, I. P. GAUDREAU, C. B. R. WATKINS, and N. E. KINNER. "MOVEMENT AND EROSION OF ALBERTA BITUMEN ALONG THE BOTTTOM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE, WATER VELOCITY AND SALINITY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2306–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2306.
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Abstract While many trajectory models exist to predict the movement of oil floating in or on water, few are designed to address heavy oil on the bottom of water bodies. In addition, remobilization (erosion) of the material into the water column is also difficult to predict. While properties such as adhesion, viscosity and density of oil may be readily measured, the critical shear stress (CSS) and the effect of (current) velocity, salinity, and temperature are virtually unknown for most heavy oils. The Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC) has a 4,000 L annular flume, with a water depth of 0.43 m. An inner rectangular flume (1.2 m length, 0.2m width, 0.9 m height), placed inside the annular flume, was preceded by two flow straighteners to reduced turbulence and produce a uniform, one dimensional flow field. The current is generated by an electric thrust motor and measured in 3D by a Nortek AS (Norway) Vectrino II Profiling Velocimeter. A 20g circle of Alberta bitumen (API ~ 10°) was placed on a laminated grid (1cm2 square pattern) at the bottom of the straight flume. A total of 2.3m3 of water was then gradually added to the flume. The electric motor was started and the profiler began collecting data. Two cameras, placed along the side and above the oil, collected video of the erosions and length/width changes of the oil. Conditions were held steady for one hour once the desired current velocity was achieved. Temperatures, current velocity (X, Y, Z), and digital videographic data were collected during each run. Erosions and percent lengthening of the oil was monitored as a function of water temperature, salinity and velocity. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) method was used to calculate the bed shear stress (BSS). In addition to the expected impact of higher temperature on the movement along the bed and erosion into the water column, the viscoelastic and shear-thinning properties of the bitumen played a role in its behavior (lowering of viscosity at higher BSS slowing erosions and movement) and must be considered when predicting its behavior during a spill.
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Eich, G. "Erosion Corrosion on Oil Coolers for Navy Ships." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 12, no. 5 (August 4, 2012): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-012-9600-2.
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Cuamatzi-Meléndez, Ruben, MA Hernandez Rojo, AO Vázquez-Hernández, and Francisco L. Silva-González. "Predicting erosion in wet gas pipelines/elbows by mathematical formulations and computational fluid dynamics modeling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 10 (December 4, 2017): 1240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117745418.
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Sand erosion has been identified as a potential damage and failure mechanism in pipelines/elbows employed to transport gas from wells to terminals. Erosion can cause localized material loss decreasing the structural integrity of pipelines/elbows leading to failure. As a result, sand erosion has been the object of much research work in the oil and gas industry. The prediction of erosion caused by sand transported by hydrocarbons flow is a difficult task due to the large number of variables involved. At present, a great number of empirical models have been developed to predict sand erosion in smaller diameter pipelines under laboratory conditions. Therefore, such formulations generally present uncertainties for their application in larger diameter pipelines employed to transport oil and gas because there is no fundamental basis showing how the empirical formulations can be extrapolated to large diameters pipelines as most of the models have been developed on the basis of elementary laboratory experiments, which may not represent the real sand erosion conditions. Furthermore, most of the analytical/empirical models were developed for specific pipeline/elbows diameters and cannot be employed to predict erosion in different engineering structures. Hence, in the present work a computational fluid dynamic modeling strategy is proposed, which incorporated fundamental physically erosion parameters to predict erosion in larger diameter pipelines/elbows. The methodology was applied to different elbows/pipelines diameters in order to investigate how pipeline's diameter, sand production rate, and sand particles sizes affect the erosion mechanism and the erosion rate. The results showed the importance of including fluid and flow conditions, sand particles trajectory, and self-particles movement. The computational fluid dynaimcs results were compared with those obtained with the most employed empirical models to predict sand erosion in the oil and gas industry models published in the literature, and it was shown that the proposed modeling strategy can be used to predict erosion in larger diameters pipelines/elbows with good results.
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Benchaita, Mohamed T. "Erosion of a Two-Dimensional Channel Bend by a Solid-Liquid Stream." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 2 (June 1985): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1985-0014.
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A theoretical study on “Erosion of a two-dimensional channel bend by a solid/liquid stream” is presented. The problem of erosion involves two interdependent phenomena: the fluid mechanics of the solid/liquid phase and the wear of materials by collisions and friction of solids on the metallic surface. By combining the theories of fluid mechanics of suspended particles in a liquid stream and a simple model of material weight loss by a single abrasive, one can determine the rate of erosion depth along the two-dimensional channel bend. The influence of erosion parameters such as abrasive size and stream velocity (at the bend inlet) is discussed. The generalized model could then be used to evaluate erosion rates in industrial equipment such as pipe-bends, tees and elbows, catalytic cracking of oil, and oil-well casing.
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Zhu, Hongjun, Guang Feng, and Qijun Wang. "Numerical Investigation of Temperature Distribution in an Eroded Bend Pipe and Prediction of Erosion Reduced Thickness." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/435679.
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Accurate prediction of erosion thickness is essential for pipe engineering. The objective of the present paper is to study the temperature distribution in an eroded bend pipe and find a new method to predict the erosion reduced thickness. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations with FLUENT software are carried out to investigate the temperature field. And effects of oil inlet rate, oil inlet temperature, and erosion reduced thickness are examined. The presence of erosion pit brings about the obvious fluctuation of temperature drop along the extrados of bend. And the minimum temperature drop presents at the most severe erosion point. Small inlet temperature or large inlet velocity can lead to small temperature drop, while shallow erosion pit causes great temperature drop. The dimensionless minimum temperature drop is analyzed and the fitting formula is obtained. Using the formula we can calculate the erosion reduced thickness, which is only needed to monitor the outer surface temperature of bend pipe. This new method can provide useful guidance for pipeline monitoring and replacement.
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Asbur, Yenni, Sudirman Yahya, Kukuh Murtilaksono, Sudradjat Sudradjat, and Edy Sigit Sutarta Sigit Sutarta. "The Roles of Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson and Ridge Terrace in Reducing Soil Erosion and Nutrient Losses in Oil Palm Plantation in South Lampung, Indonesia." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.3.2.49-55.
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Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson is a weed commonly found on oil palm plantations and can be used as cover crop for mature oil palm plantations due to its tolerance to shading. The use of cover crop is a soil conservation technique to support sustainable availability of soil nutrients by reducing erosion and nutrients loss, particularly during the rainy seasons. This research aims to determine the roles of A. gangetica as cover crop for measures against erosion and nutrients loss in mature oil palm plantation. This research was conducted in oil palm plantation, Unit Rejosari, PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) VII, District of Natar, South Lampung Regency from August 2014 to April 2015. The research used split block design in randomized complete block design with two factors and six replications. The main plots were ridge terrace, namely with and without ridge terrace. The sub plots were cover crops, namely with and without cover crops A. gangetica. The results show that using A. gangetica as cover crops in mature oil palm plantations effectively minimized erosion and loss of organic C, N, P, and K by 95.7%, 93.4%, 96.0%, and 90.0 %, respectively. The use of cover crop became more effective when combined with ridge terrace and reduced erosion by 94.1% and loss of organic C, N, P and K by 99.1%, 99.2%, 90.0% and 98.5%, respectively.
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Ri, Jong, Razvan-George Ripeanu, and Alin Dinita. "Erosion modeling in parallel gate valve." FME Transactions 48, no. 4 (2020): 808–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2004808h.
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Gate valves, which are widely used in oil production and transportation processes, can be eroded by high fluid pressures and sand particles contained in crude oil during operation. This erosion can result in loss of valve thickness and shutdown of the operating system. Erosion is not uniform on valve elements, and it is different depending on the stages of opening the valve. In this paper, flow analysis and erosion rate analysis for the fluid flowing through the valve in different stages of opening were performed by using ANSYS Fluent 19.2. The gate valve model was designed by using AutoCAD, and the geometric dimensions and physical properties of the material required for modeling were determined according to the specifications of the gate valve installed in the oil pipeline. By the Reynolds calculation, it was disclosed that the fluid which flows in the valve has the characteristic of turbulent flow, and based on this calculation, the inlet length of the valve was determined. For the CFD analysis, the Euler method and the method of Lagrange were used. Using the k - e and DPM models according to the fluid characteristics of the turbulent flow, it was predicted the erosion rates of the surface generated by the sand which is the solid phase dispersed in the multiphase fluid. In addition, based on the von Mises method and the pressure distribution, data obtained by fluid analysis, the process of calculating the stress on the closing elements was presented. The fluid used in the analysis was petroleum with sand particles.
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Wu, Huanhuan, Xiaoyu Liang, and Zhiqiang Deng. "Numerical simulation on typical parts erosion of the oil pressure pipeline." Thermal Science 17, no. 5 (2013): 1349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1305349w.
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Unscheduled shut-downs of oil pipeline caused by erosion have great negative influence on production efficiency of enterprises. In this article, a computational fluid dynamics software is applied to simulate flow in bend and sudden expansion pipe to analyze erosion distribution of inner wall under different conditions.
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Johnson, C. M., J. M. Cullen, and M. C. Roberts. "Morphologic Characterization of Castor Oil-induced Colitis in Ponies." Veterinary Pathology 30, no. 3 (May 1993): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589303000305.
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Ten ponies (160-250 kg, ages 17 months to 20 years) developed severe diarrhea within 24 hours of castor oil administration (2.5 ml/kg orally). The diarrhea was most severe between 24 and 48 hours post-dosing and subsided by 72 hours. Ponies were euthanatized at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-dosing and intestine was evaluated histologically and ultrastructurally. Twenty-four hours after dosing, the mucosa of the cecum and ventral colon had extensive superficial epithelial erosion and neutrophil infiltration. In the ileum, the epithelium of villous tips was separated from the lamina propria. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the cecal mucosa revealed that basement membranes were exposed in most areas except within necks of crypts. Ultrastructurally, changes in superficial enterocytes of the cecum and ventral colon were characterized by loss of microvilli, distortion of the cytoplasmic terminal web, expansion of the cytoplasmic matrix with formation of precipitates, and widening of intercellular spaces between junctional complexes. Enterocytes located within necks of crypts were flattened along the basement membrane and extended to margins of erosions. Venules within the superficial lamina propria were occluded by fibrin thrombi. Erosions in the cecum and ventral colon of ponies examined 48 hours after treatment were less extensive than those of ponies examined at 24 hours. At 48 hours post-dosing, basement membranes adjacent to crypts were covered by cuboidal enterocytes characterized ultrastructurally by sparse, irregularly shaped microvilli located on broad cytoplasmic protrusions and by numerous free ribosomes. These features indicated that immature enterocytes had migrated from crypts to resurface the eroded mucosa. By 72 hours post-dosing, the entire mucosa was covered by columnar epithelium, although cells were shorter and had decreased density of microvilli than cells of control animals. A single dose of castor oil consistently produced transient diarrhea associated with neutrophilic inflammation and mucosal erosion in the cecum and ventral colon. Resolution of diarrhea occurred shortly after epithelial restitution.
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Alsultani, Dr Kadhim F., Dr Ahmed A. Jasem, and Duaa Amer Ali. "Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Low Carbon Steel Oil Pipelines." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i1.164.
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The research aims at investigating the corrosion behavior of low Carbone steel pipelines welds and mechanical properties of weldment . The corrosion behavior was investigated in crude oil and water extraction from oil to study the effect of water chemistry on corrosion employing electrochemical and weight loss measurements.
Corrosion and erosion-corrosion have important role in oil fields especially in oil pipelines . The experimental work tests of erosion- corrosion were done using special device which was designed and manufactured according to (G 73) ASTM . The work tests were achieved using traditional weight loss technique to measure weight loss rates in (mpy) Unit, the tests above were done in pumped media and pumped media had constant pressure of 1 bar, flow rate Q = 36 L/min, temperature ≈25 ºC and pH = 6.56 for erosive-corrosive media.
Weight loss method was used in which test specimens of carbonsteel, with a known weights, were immersed in the oil for a total exposure time of 60 days. The weight loss was measured at an interval of 10 days, whereas in water specimens immersed for 30 day at an interval 2 days. The corrosion rate was determined using (mpy) unit. Metallographic observations and micro-hardness measurements were also performed on specimens taken from the parent metal, heat affected zone and weld metal. The obtained results clearly indicate a degradation of the mechanical properties of steel welds.
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Martin, Jean-Marie. "From the erosion of crude oil prices to reorganization of the oil industry." Natural Resources Forum 13, no. 2 (May 1989): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00328.x.
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AL-Zubaidi, Aseel B., and Reem Alaa Mohammed. "Coating of Oil Pipes Products with Erosion-Resistant Composite Materials Reinforced with Carbonates and Natural Wastes." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v9i4.321.
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Polymer - based components are exposed to many damage influences during their lifetime. One of these influences erosion, which is a crucial problem in many industrial applications such as pipes, boats, sewage…etc. Due to impingements of solid particles being suspended in the fluids flowing at high velocity. This work reports an investigation of erosion wear characteristics and their resistance to erosion wear after coated by using (spin coating) with rice husk ash – mixed (epoxy resin). Composites specimens have been prepared by (Hand lay-up) molding method. The composite specimens are composed of epoxy resin as the matrix, and 6% vf of glass fiber as reinforcing material and filler powders from natural wastes and industrial processed powders at 3% and 6% vf. The natural wastes are rice husk ash (RHA), carrot waste and sawdust (wood powder) while industrial processed powders are Na2CO3, CaCO3 and K2CO3. Solid particles erosion wear tests and coating after erosion are also carried out. The coating specimens with RHA-mixed epoxy resin at an optimized size of the particles 1.4-4.2 µm improvement erosion wear resistance. The optical microscope results of the coated specimens show those coatings are resistant to erosion parameters.
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Sunarti, Naik Sinukaban, Bunasor Sanim, and Suria Darma Tarigan. "Konversi Hutan Menjadi Lahan Usahatani Karet dan Kelapa Sawit serta Pengaruhnya terhadap Aliran Permukaan dan Erosi Tanah di DAS Batang Pelepat." Journal of Tropical Soils 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2008.v13i3.253-260.
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Forest conversion to some land use happened in all watershed, includes Batang Pelepat watershed. The objectives of this research are to know effect of forest conversion to land of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and palm oil (Elaeis guinensis Jack) farming on run off and soil erosion and different of erosion rate on agro technology of rubber and palm oil farming in Batang Pelepat watershed. The research was carried out during 3 months, begin October to December 2006. Run off and soil erosion measured plot with gutter in the lower of plot. Experimental design for this research is randomized complete block design, with land use type as treatment and slope class as replication or block. Data analyzed statistically by variance analysis (F-test) and Duncan New Multiple Range Test on confidence 95% (α = 0.05). The results of this research show that area of forest coverage in Batang Pelepat watershed was decreasing. In 1986 this area still 94,50% of watershed area, but in 1994 area of forest only 78,17% and in 2006 forest area 64,20% of watershed area. Forest conversion was carried out to land of rubber and palm oil farming with some actual agro technologies. Land of monoculture rubber I resulted the highest run off and soil erosion more than the other land use type and showed different of run off and soil erosion on land of secondary forest.
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Shimizu, Seiji, and Atsushi Yamaguchi. "CAVITATION EROSION IN HYDRAULIC OIL, HWCFs, AND TAP WATER." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 1989, no. 1 (1989): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.1989.497.
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Nøkleberg, L., and T. Søntvedt. "Erosion in choke valves—oil and gas industry applications." Wear 186-187 (August 1995): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(95)07138-5.
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Lin, Nan, Jianbo Ju, and Hao Zhang. "Effect of flow field on particle erosion in eroded square elbows." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 984, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/984/1/012008.
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Abstract Erosion often occurs on the inner wall of gathering pipelines. Even if the particle size is small, the cumulative erosion may also cause serious erosion on pipelines and even leads to leakages. In order to learn erosion on elbows of pipelines in natural gas stations, mechanisms analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method were used to investigate erosion on square elbows based on a case of elbows erosion in a gas gathering station. The results show that there are erosion sensitive areas on the eroded surface of elbows which are more likely to be eroded, erosion prediction of elbows could be obtained through CFD method. It is concluded that researches on erosion are important in oil and gas gathering industry and could be a good guiding for life prediction, inspection and operational safety protection of gathering pipelines.
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Chase, D. P., E. F. Rybicki, and J. R. Shadley. "A Model for the Effect of Velocity on Erosion of N80 Steel Tubing due to the Normal Impingement of Solid Particles." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905921.
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As part of a combined experimental and computational study of erosion for gas and oil production conditions, a semi-empirical model has been developed to predict erosion ratio behaviors of metals due to solid particle impingement. One use of the model will be to reduce the total number of experiments needed to characterize erosion behavior. The model represents material property information associated with both the target material and the impinging particles, as well as impingement speed. Five different models are examined in terms of ability to predict erosion ratio behavior as a function of impingement speed. The model selected is based on a conservation of energy formulation and fracture mechanics considerations to predict the amount of material removed due to solid particle impingement. The resulting equation to predict the erosion ratio for a given particle size contains one unknown coefficient which is determined through comparison with experimental data. Illustrative examples are presented for data for two different sizes of glass bead solid particles in an oil carrier fluid impinging on an API (American Petroleum Institute) N80 grade steel target at an impingement angle 90 deg to the target surface. Using erosion data at one impingement speed to determine the unknown coefficient, the model was used to predict erosion behavior at a range of other speeds. Good agreement between the erosion ratio data and the values predicted by the model were found for two solid particle sizes. Recommendations for expanding the capabilities of the model are pointed out.
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Fang, Zhou, Puan Shi, Junjie Fu, Ce Song, Jun Yuan, and Jin Deng. "Research on the Prediction Method of the Areas of Fluorine Chemical Pipeline Susceptible to Erosion." Processes 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2022): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040657.
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A prediction method applicable to erosion-prone areas of fluorine chemical pipelines is herein proposed. By summarizing the common working conditions in the fluorine chemical industry, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for industrial pipelines is established, and three-dimensional numerical calculations of the flow field in the pipelines are carried out to analyze the characteristics of the hydrodynamic parameters and phase distribution in the flow field, as well as the erosion rate distribution in different areas of the pipelines. The areas in the pipeline that are susceptible to erosion are predicted based on the results. The method has universal applicability and has been applied in many large petrochemical companies. It achieves the function of predicting the areas of severe pipeline erosion in a scientifically sound manner. This paper also details the application of the method in a distillation oil and gas pipeline of a large oil and gas company in western China.
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Dewi, Rika Andriati Sukma, Lilik Tri Indriyati, Bandung Sahari, and Supiandi Sabiham. "Loss of Soil Organic Matter, Lignocellulose and Microbial Population in Oil Palm Plantations Located at Different Slopes." Journal of Tropical Soils 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2017.v22i3.175-181.
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Loss of soil organic matter can be caused by erosion triggered by soil compaction and high rainfall. The aims of the study were to determine (1) the loss of soil organic matter, lignocellulose, and soil microbial population due to erosion and (2) the contribution of organic matter from oil palm fronds. In the current study, the erosion plots were built on the accessible inter-row (gawangan hidup) and inaccessible inter-row (gawangan mati) of oil palm plantations located at the slope of 6-10% and >10%. Soil organic matter, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents and total soil microbial populations were measured in the sediments collected from the erosion plots. The results showed that the loss of organic matter was higher in the accessible inter-row than that in the inaccessible inter-row. The addition of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose from oil palm fronds into the soil are 2.06 Mg ha-1 yr-1, 1.13 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and 1.02 Mg ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Total bacterial population in the sediments taken from the accessible inter-row was higher than that from the inaccessible inter-row, while the total fungal population in the sediments from the inaccessible inter-row was higher than that from the accessible inter-row.
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Lipscomb, T. P., R. K. Harris, R. B. Moeller, J. M. Pletcher, R. J. Haebler, and B. E. Ballachey. "Histopathologic Lesions in Sea Otters Exposed to Crude Oil." Veterinary Pathology 30, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589303000101.
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Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, sea otters ( Enhydra lutris) that appeared to be contaminated with oil, that were in danger of becoming contaminated, or that were behaving abnormally were captured and taken to rehabilitation centers. Exposure to oil was assessed by visual examination when otters arrived at the centers. Degree of oil exposure was graded according to the following criteria: oil covering greater than 60% of the body—heavily contaminated; oil covering 30–60% of the body—moderately contaminated; oil covering less than 30% of the body or light sheen on fur—lightly contaminated. If there was no oil visible, otters were considered uncontaminated. Tissues from 51 oil-contaminated sea otters (14 males, 37 females) and from six uncontaminated sea otters (three males, three females) that died in rehabilitation centers were examined histologically. Among oil-contaminated sea otters, 19/46 had interstitial pulmonary emphysema, 13/40 had gastric erosion and hemorrhage, 11/47 had centrilobular hepatic necrosis, 14/47 had periportal to diffuse hepatic lipidosis, and 10/42 had renal tubular lipidosis. Of the uncontaminated sea otters, 1/6 had gastric erosion and hemorrhage and 1/6 had diffuse hepatic lipidosis. Histologic examinations were performed on tissues from five sea otters (three males, two females) found dead with external oil present 15 to 16 days after the spill. Periportal hepatic lipidosis and renal tubular lipidosis were found in 3/5, and interstitial pulmonary emphysema was found in 1/5. Tissues from six apparently normal sea otters (four males, two females) collected from an area not affected by an oil spill were examined histologically, and none of these lesions were found. We conclude that interstitial pulmonary emphysema, centrilobular hepatic necrosis, and hepatic and renal lipidosis of sea otters were associated with exposure to crude oil. Gastric erosion and hemorrhage may have been associated with stress of captivity and/or oil exposure.
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Owens, Edward H. "FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERSISTENCE OF STRANDED OIL ON LOW ENERGY COASTS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-359.
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ABSTRACT Mechanical dispersion by waves is usually considered to be the primary factor that controls the persistence of spilled oil reaching the coast. This assumption is accurate for stable coasts that are not subject to net erosion or accretion and beaches where oil would not be buried by onshore, offshore, or alongshore movement of sediments. On high energy coasts, oil can be rapidly buried or eroded, depending on the stage of beach changes. Similarly, oil stranded on coasts subject to rapid net accretion or erosion is likely to be buried or dispersed. Rapid shoreline changes can occur in areas of low wave energy, so wave energy levels cannot be used alone as an indicator of oil persistence. Sections of the North American Beaufort Sea coast are undergoing net long term changes on the order of 10 meters per year, despite the short (3 month) open water season and the small fetch areas. Beach migration or cliff retreat on these low energy coasts often has a net rate on the order of one meter per month. In these situations, the changes in shoreline location due to sediment erosion and transport reflect the integrated effect of coastal processes and the materials on which the processes act. Rates of shoreline changes can be used as an indicator to estimate the residence time of stranded oil, irrespective of the shoreline character or the wave energy levels at the shoreline. Wave energy levels alone are an inadequate basis for estimating the residence time of stranded oil.
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Mele, Claudio, Francesca Lionetto, and Benedetto Bozzini. "An Erosion-Corrosion Investigation of Coated Steel for Applications in the Oil and Gas Field, Based on Bipolar Electrochemistry." Coatings 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020092.
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In this research, a simple experimental apparatus based on a bipolar electrode (BPE) configuration was set up, in order to tackle erosion-corrosion problems of materials of interest in the oil and gas field. As a case study, the resistance to erosion and corrosion of carbon steel samples coated by Electroless Nickel Plating and by thermo-sprayed coating with the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process was investigated. The main objective was to demonstrate if this simple, contactless technique could be applied to effectively discriminate the erosion-corrosion behavior of different materials in a vast range of experimental conditions. In fact, by means of polarization curves, visual inspection and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the effects due to erosion-corrosion by solid particles, by fluid and those due to simple erosion were evaluated.
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Satriawan, Halus, Erwin Masrul Harahap, and Abubakar Karim. "Effectiveness Of Soil Conservation To Erosion Control On Several Land Use Types." Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2015-0011.
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Abstract The erosion plot method for direct evaluation in agriculture became necessary to (1) quantify soil erosion on cocoa, areca and oil palm, (2) determine the most effective soil conservation, and (3) calculate nutrient content in sediment. The experiment was treated with three conservation practices and the conventional treatment as control in a completely randomised block design. The results showed for the areca land use, that soil conservation with ridges + maize produced the lowest erosion (1.68 t/ha). For cocoa land use, the ridges + groundnut treatment produced the lowest erosion (8.2 t/ha). For oil palm land use, the cover crop of Mucuna bracteata had lowest erosion yield (12.2 t/ha). Soil conservation techniques significantly affected the levels of organic C and available P under the cocoa land use, where ridges + maize have the lowest content of organic C and available P in soil sediment (1.03% and 0.69 ppm). Soil conservation at areca land use also has a significant effect on the levels of organic C and available N, but it did not affect significantly the levels of available P and exchangeable K sediments, where ridges + groundnut have lowest organic C and available N in sediment (1.4% and 0.18%). Furthermore, soil conservation on the land use of oil palm showed a significant effect on the levels of available P, but did not significantly affect the levels of organic C, available N and exchangeable K sediments. Soil conservation with cover crops Mucuna bracteata showed the lowest available P in sediments (0.86 ppm).
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Chen, Chang Jun, Yan Zhan Su, Qin Cao, and Min Zhang. "Study on Cavitation Erosion Properties of Stainless Steel Vane Wheel Enhanced by Electro-Spark Deposition (ESD) Technology." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2229.
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In this paper, Electro-Spark Deposition (ESD) technology was used to enhance the cavitation erosion resistance of the stainless steel. The microstructure and composition of the deposition layers were studied by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) on cavitation erosion resistance was investigated. The microhardness was measured too. The cavitation erosion resistance was measured in ultrasonic equipment. The preliminary study confirmed that the cavitation erosion resistance of the deposition layer was enhanced compared to the untreated substrate. Now, vane wheel made of cast-iron, stainless steel and oil bump damaged by cavitation erosion have been repaired by ESD. And the properties of the repaired vane wheels were the same as the new ones.
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Wang, Qing’e, Kai Zheng, Huanan Yu, Luwei Zhao, Xuan Zhu, and Junqian Zhang. "Laboratory experiment on the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2020): 922–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0072.
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AbstractOil leak from vehicles is one of the most common pollution types of the road. The spilled oil could be retained on the surface and spread in the air voids of the road, which results in a decrease in the friction coefficient of the road, affects driving safety, and causes damage to pavement materials over time. Photocatalytic degradation through nano-TiO2 is a safe, long-lasting, and sustainable technology among the many methods for treating oil contamination on road surfaces. In this study, the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution was evaluated through the lab experiment. First, a glass dish was used as a substrate to determine the basic working condition of the test; then, a test method considering the impact of different oil erosion degrees was proposed to eliminate the effect of oil erosion on asphalt pavement and leakage on cement pavement, which led to the development of a lab test method for the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of oil pollution on different road surfaces.
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Wang, Dong, Cheng Yi Huang, and Jun Ming Huang. "Application of New Materials in Water Hydraulic Pump." Applied Mechanics and Materials 552 (June 2014): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.552.76.
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In water hydraulic piston pump, poor lubrication is more likely to happen than in oil hydraulic one because of difference in properties between water and oil. So there are some key problems such as corrosive wear and erosion, which are investigated briefly in this paper. Many new materials have been developed, which give longer life expectancies with water without corrosion and erosion. Recently, a new type of water hydraulic piston pumps with better suction characteristics had been developed. Much of this research has concentrated on new materials, structure and experiments, which are also specially introduced in this paper.
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Ma, You Ping, Xiu Lan Li, Lei Yang, and Xi Peng He. "Erosion Wear Property of Surface Diffusion Alloyed Coatings on Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 682 (March 2011): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.682.217.
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Erosion wear tests under different erosion slurry mediums were carried out to investigate erosion properties of the treated samples of ZM5 magnesium alloy by surface diffusion alloying processing (SDAP).The result indicated that the micro-hardness (HV172) near the surface of alloyed specimen was about twice more than that of its substrate(HV82) after treated at 390°C for 8h.The erosion wear resistance β (0.68×104 mm2/g) of the treated specimen was better than that of untreated specimen (0.48×104mm2/g) under the conditions of erosion slurry of oil and quartz. The difference of erosion wear resistance between them was primary due to cutting wear mechanism. While erosion mediums was changed to the slurry of water and quartz, the wear resistance β of the treated specimen increase up to 0.24×104 (mm2/g), and that of the untreated specimen was only 0.09×104 (mm2/g),the difference between them resulted from corrosion wear mechanism predominating, which worsen the erosion wear resistance β.
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Xie, Jing Pei, Ai Qin Wang, Wen Yan Wang, and Luo Li Li. "Study on Erosion Wear Property of Nickel-Chromium Cast Iron." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.1084.
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Erosion wear experiments on Nickel-Chromium cast iron were tested by MCF-30 erosion test machine. The structure and surface morphology of these samples were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and XRD. The influences of the impact angle and acidity on erosion wear property were analyzed. The discipline of the erosion wear property was discussed as well. The experimental results indicate that after oil quench at 960°C and temper at 250°C, the alloy carbide (Fe, Cr)3C which works as the wear resistance skeleton distributes uniformly in the matrix ; the shape of erosion wear curve is “M”. and the biggest wear loss is when the impact angle is 60°; the erosion wear property is affected greatly by the strong acid, but is little even can be ignored when pH≥3. The erosion wear mechanism of Nickel-Chromium cast iron is selective wear.
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Kazama, Toshiharu, Kento Kumagai, Yasuhiro Osafune, Yukihito Narita, and Shohei Ryu. "Erosion of Grooved Surfaces by Cavitating Jet with Hydraulic Oil." Journal of Flow Control, Measurement & Visualization 03, no. 02 (2015): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jfcmv.2015.32005.
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Wu, Xinqiang, Heming Jing, Yugui Zheng, Zhiming Yao, and Wei Ke. "Erosion–corrosion of various oil-refining materials in naphthenic acid." Wear 256, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(03)00370-3.
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