Academic literature on the topic 'Oil-dependent and non-oil-dependent countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Oil-dependent and non-oil-dependent countries"
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DENİZ, Pınar. "OIL PRICES AND RENEWABLE ENERGY: OIL DEPENDENT COUNTRIES." Journal of Research in Economics 3, no. 2 (October 27, 2019): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35333/jore.2019.52.
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Hazarika, Indrani. "An Analytical Study on the Impact of Recent Oil Price Plunge on Highly Oil Dependent Economies and Oil Exporting Countries." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 7, no. 5 (October 2016): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2016.7.5.523.
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Czech, Katarzyna. "AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE OF OIL-DEPENDENT ECONOMIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7729.
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The aim of the paper is to present the agricultural performance of oil-dependent economies. Based on oil rents as a share of GDP ratio, twenty of the most oil-dependent countries are selected. It is shown that food exports constitute a tiny part of total merchandise exports. It concerns all selected countries apart from Ecuador and Norway. Moreover, agriculture value added is a minor component of GDP for the majority of selected oil-dependent economies. Chad and Nigeria are distinguished by the highest agricultural value added to GDP ratio. Qatar, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, on the other hand, are among countries in which the ratio is lower than 1%. Many oil-dependent countries have neglected the rural economy since oil discovery. The agricultural sector is largely ignored in favour of the oil and gas industry. However, it should be emphasized that although agriculture constitutes only a minor share of GDP, in many oil-dependent developing countries, the agricultural sector still provides the main livelihood for most people.
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Kudrin, A. "Stabilization Fund: Foreign and Russian Experience." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 20, 2006): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2006-2-28-45.
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The article substantiates the necessity of non-renewable resources funds creation in oil exporting countries. It also provides the analysis of results and specific features of fiscal policy as well as of oil export windfall revenues allocation in countries dependent on fluctuations of non-renewables prices. The article contains Russia’s Stabilization Fund effectiveness assessment and provides guidelines for further improvement of its mechanism.
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Kaplan, Fatih, and Ali Rıza Aktaş. "The Impact of Real Oil Price on Real Exchange Rate in Oil Dependent Countries." Business and Economics Research Journal 7, no. 2 (April 21, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20409/berj.2016217498.
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Ghosh, T. P. "Oil Dependency of GCC Stock Markets: Co-integration of GCC Stock Market Indices and Oil Price." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n1p188.
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Oil dependent economies of GCC countries had passed through various cycles of boom and trough of oil price. In the aftermath of the economic recession of 2008 and oil price, the GCC countries have been pursuing plans for diversifying to non-oil revenues. The oil of 2014-16 raised the issue of stock market cointegration to oil price movement in the background of non-oil diversification.This research study analyzes long term cointegration of oil price and GCC stock indices, and also cointegration among the GCC stock indices per se in an attempt to investigate if there is any early sign of disintegration of GCC stock markets from oil price cyclicality. The study period is linked to cyclicality of oil price: the first period comprising of Jan 2006- Dec. 2011 that covers oil price cycle during economic recession of 2008, and the second period comprising of Jan 2012 –September 2016 which covers the post-economic recession oil price cycle. The null hypotheses is that oil price and stock market indices are co-integrated.Based on Johansen Cointegration test on Box Cox transformed data of oil price and seven stock market indices of GCC countries, it is found that oil price and GCC stock markets are co-integrated. Analysis using Augmented Dickey- Fuller test and Phillips –Perron test shows that data series are all I (1). This study establishes that efforts to reduce oil dependency in GCC countries is yet to result in decoupling of financial markets from oil price cyclicality. This study also establishes that GCC stock markets per se are co-integrated but factors of cointegration beyond oil price are not explored.
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Zou, Gao Lu. "Evidence of the Crude Oil Use Efficiency for the Four BRIC Countries: A Panel Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 2561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.2561.
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Crude Oil consumption for every unit of GDP output is a significant indicator for oil use efficiency. This study aims to investigate the long-run relationship between energy consumption efficiency across the four BRIC countries. We tested for panel unit root and panel cointegration. Oil consumption was of low efficiency in India. The cointegration suggests the common inefficiency of oil use. We may find out some common or similar determinants improving the oil use efficiency in the rapidly growing but heavy oil import-dependent countries.
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Czech, Katarzyna, and Ibrahim Niftiyev. "The Impact of Oil Price Shocks on Oil-Dependent Countries’ Currencies: The Case of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14090431.
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The paper aims to assess the relationship between Azerbaijani and Kazakhstani exchange rates and crude oil prices volatility. The study applies the structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model. The paper concentrates on Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, the post-Soviet countries considered as some of the most oil-dependent countries in the Caspian Sea region. The impulse response functions suggest that the rise of crude oil prices is associated with the exchange rates decrease and thus with an Azerbaijani manat and Kazakhstani tenge appreciation against the U.S. dollar. Moreover, the results suggest that an oil price increase leads to the rise of Azerbaijani international reserves. However, the results are insignificant for the Kazakhstani foreign exchange reserves. Additionally, the study reveals a negative and significant relationship between crude oil prices and USD/KZT in both pre-crisis and the COVID-19 crisis periods. We reveal that the correlation has been stronger during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the relationship is not significant in the case of the Azerbaijani manat. The USD/AZN exchange rate has been stable since 2017, and the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic has not caused a change in the exchange rate and a weakening of the Azerbaijani currency, despite significant drops in crude oil prices.
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Keikha, Alireza, Ahmadali Keikha, and Mohsen Mehrara. "Institutional Quality, Economic Growth and Fluctuations of Oil Prices in Oil Dependent Countries: A Panel Cointegration Approach." Modern Economy 03, no. 02 (2012): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2012.32030.
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Edwards, Zophia. "Boon or bane: Examining divergent development outcomes among oil- and mineral-dependent countries in the Global South." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 58, no. 4 (July 18, 2017): 304–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715217719313.
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Under neoliberal conditions that privilege foreign investors and call for the retreat of the state, some oil- and mineral-dependent countries in the Global South outperform others. To investigate what accounts for this variation in economic development among these countries, this study tests hypotheses derived from resource curse and dependency/world systems literatures using a dataset of 36 oil- and mineral-dependent countries in the Global South from 1984 through 2010 and panel methods of data analysis. The results show that state capacity and debt dependence shape uneven development outcomes among these countries. The implications for resource curse and dependency/world systems theories are discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oil-dependent and non-oil-dependent countries"
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Chambers, Kathleen Mailie. "Assessment of the nutritional properties of regular and low linolenic acid canola oil in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus subjects." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23244.pdf.
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Khilji, Faizullah. "External developments and policy choices facing the non-oil developing countries in the post-1973 period." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315002.
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Clark, Louise Frances. "The effect of long-term high-dose n-3 PUFA on glucose and protein metabolism in subjects with impaired glucose regulation." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192307.
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n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been postulated to improve the insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes since the 1960s when observational studies in the Alaskan Inuit noted a reduced prevalence of type 2 diabetes when this population consumed a traditional diet. These findings were supported by animal studies but results of human intervention studies have been variable with most showing no change in glucose metabolism. More recent studies in growing farm animals suggested that muscle membrane phospholipids required to be enriched to a minimum of 14% n-3 PUFA in order for a change in insulin sensitivity to occur. This study sought to establish the effect of long-term (9 month) high-dose (3g/day) supplement of the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on insulin sensitivity of glucose and protein metabolism. Thirty-three subjects with impaired glucose regulation underwent hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic-euaminoacidaemic clamps pre- and postintervention of n-3 PUFA or a control (maize) oil. A second cohort who all received n-3 PUFA supplementation underwent pre- and post-intervention muscle biopsies. Secondary outcomes included an assessment of inflammatory status and determining whether erythrocyte membrane phospholipid could act as a surrogate for muscle membrane phospholipid. In the clamp cohort, there were no changes in glucose metabolism postintervention; however, there was an increase in insulin-stimulated protein metabolism following the fish oil intervention. In the biopsy cohort, no subject achieved 14% PUFA enrichment in muscle membrane phospholipids; however, all subjects who received n-3 PUFA supplementation did achieve a minimum of 14% enrichment of n-3 PUFA in erythrocyte membrane phospholipid. In agreement with the majority of the literature, n-3 PUFA did not affect glucose metabolism. Insulin-stimulated protein metabolism was improved supporting the findings of another recent human study. These changes in protein metabolism may reduce the sarcopenia associated with aging, potentially delaying the progression of frailty.
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Woodman, Richard John. "The independent effects of purified EPA and DHA supplementation on cardiovascular risk in treated-hypertensive type 2 diabetic individuals." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0028.
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[Formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version of the Abtract for an accurate reproduction.] Type 2 diabetes at least doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease. This can partly be explained by the increased prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity. However, the underlying abnormality of insulin resistance and the presence of more recently identified risk factors including endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation, and increased oxidative stress might also contribute towards the heightened cardiovascular risk. Fish oil, which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), has wide-ranging beneficial effects on these and other abnormalities, and has reduced cardiovascular mortality in secondary prevention studies. Animal and human studies have recently established that in addition to EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) also has beneficial effects, and furthermore, may have less detrimental effects than EPA on glycaemic control which has worsened in some fish and fish oil studies involving Type 2 diabetic subjects. Study 1 : This intervention study aimed to determine the independent effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk factors and glycaemic control in individuals with Type 2 diabetes receiving treatment for hypertension. In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of parallel design, 59 subjects in good to moderate glycaemic control (HbA1c < 9%) were recruited from media advertising and randomised to 4 g/day of EPA, DHA or olive oil (placebo) for 6 weeks. Thirty-nine men and 12 post-menopausal women aged 61.2±1.2 yrs completed the study. Relative to placebo, and with Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons, serum triglycerides fell by 19% (p=0.022) and 15% (p=0.022) in the EPA and DHA groups respectively. There were no changes in serum total cholesterol, or LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, although HDL2-cholesterol increased 16% with EPA (p=0.026) and 12% with DHA (p=0.05). HDL3-cholesterol fell by 11% (p=0.026) with EPA supplementation and LDL particle size increased by 0.26±0.10 nm (p=0.02) with DHA. Urinary F2-isoprostanes, an in-vivo marker of oxidative stress was reduced by 19% following EPA (p=0.034) and by 20% following DHA. DHA but not EPA supplementation reduced collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation (16.9%, p=0.05) and thromboxane release (18.8%, p=0.03), but there were no significant changes in PAF-stimulated platelet aggregation. Fasting glucose rose by 1.40±0.29 mmol/l (p=0.002) following EPA and 0.98±0.29 mmol/l (p=0.002) following DHA. Neither EPA nor DHA had any significant effect on HbA1c, fasting serum insulin or C-peptide, insulin sensitivity, stimulated insulin secretion, 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate, markers of inflammation, and fibrinolytic or vascular function. Study 2 : This study aimed to examine the influence and causes of increased inflammation on vascular function in subjects recruited for Study 1. Compared with healthy controls (n=17), the diabetic subjects (n=29) had impaired flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (3.9±3.0% vs 5.5±2.4%, p=0.07) and glyceryl-trinitrate mediated dilatation (GTNMD) (11.4±4.8% vs 15.4±7.1%, p=0.04) of the brachial artery. They also had higher levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (2.7±2.6 mg/l vs 1.4±1.1 mg/l, p=0.03), fibrinogen (3.4±0.7 g/l vs 2.7±0.3 g/l, p<0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (20.9±13.4 pg/l vs 2.5±1.7 pg/l, p<0.001). In diabetic subjects, after adjustment for age and gender, leukocyte count was an independent predictor of FMD (p=0.02), accounting for 17% of total variance. Similarly, leukocyte count accounted for 23% (p<0.001) and IL-6 for 12% (p=0.03) of variance in GTNMD. Von Willebrand factor, a marker of endothelial cell activation was correlated with leukocyte count (r=0.38, p=0.04), FMD (r=-0.35, p=0.06) and GTNMD (r=-0.47, p=0.009), whilst P-selectin, a marker of platelet activation was correlated with fibrinogen (r=0.58, p=0.001). Conclusion : EPA and DHA have similar beneficial effects on triglycerides, HDL2 cholesterol and oxidative stress in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and hypertension. However, DHA also increases LDL particle size and reduces collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and thromboxane release, thus offering more potential than EPA as an anti-thrombotic agent. The beneficial effects of both oils were potentially offset by deterioration in glycaemic control. Neither oil affected blood pressure or vascular function. Longer-term studies with major morbidity and mortality as the primary outcome measures are required to assess the overall benefits and risks of EPA and DHA. The cross-sectional observations from Study 2 are consistent with the hypothesis that impaired vascular function in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and hypertension is at least in part secondary to increased inflammation, with associated endothelial and platelet activation.
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Edwards, Zophia. "Boom and gloom: comparing diverse development outcomes among oil- and mineral-dependent developing countries." Thesis, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/16001.
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This dissertation examines the contrasting development outcomes among countries in the Global South that depend on revenue from oil and mineral exploitation. According to the conventional "resource curse" perspective, developing countries rich in oil and minerals paradoxically suffer from poverty and underdevelopment. However, a closer look at these economies reveals substantial variation in their levels of economic and social development. Drawing on theories of globalization, development, and political sociology, this dissertation addresses: Why do some oil- and mineral-dependent developing countries end up with relatively high levels of development while others remain underdeveloped? To answer this question, my research uses a multimethod research design involving three phases and both quantitative and qualitative methods. The first phase draws on evidence from quantitative cross-section time-series regression analysis using national development data on 26 oil- and mineral-dependent developing countries for the period from 1985 to 2010. For the second phase, I conduct an in-depth comparative-historical analysis of two similar oil-rich developing countries with divergent development outcomes - Trinidad and Tobago, and Gabon - using more than 100 national documents and secondary sources that I collected during 13 months of fieldwork. In the third phase, I conduct abbreviated case studies of three mineral-dependent developing countries - Guyana, Niger, and Zambia - using secondary data. My explanation for why some countries outperform others consists of two nested claims. First, I find that strong state institutions matter the most for economic and social development, but, unlike previous studies, I also show that the negative impacts of dependence on foreign direct investment and foreign debt on development cannot be ignored. Therefore, the divergence in outcomes among these countries depends on a particular constellation and intersection of local and global factors. Second, the construction of strong state institutions is not solely driven by the legacies of European colonial agents, as is often cited in existing literature, but rather, by the strength of local labor movements. My dissertation thus provides critical intervention into broader debates within the development literature about the relative roles of natural resources, domestic political conditions, and global economic structures in effecting development.
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Zondi, Phato. "An economic evaluation of physical activity in the management of type 2 diabetes in developing countries." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/44458.
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In Sub-Saharan Africa, the rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes has resulted in significant public health and socioeconomic liability in the face of scarce resources. Faced with a growing pandemic of non-communicable diseases, developing countries need to be proactive in investigating alternative cost-effective interventions, with the primary aim being to minimize illness and maximize health benefits relative to the limited available resources.
The aim of this research study was to quantify the economic impact of an exercise intervention as a preventative strategy for type 2 diabetes in a developing country. The research also sought to investigate if there was an economic case for physical activity as a primary and secondary preventative measure in the management of non-communicable diseases.
The study was quantitative in nature and used both primary and secondary data to conduct the cost analysis. A questionnaire was administered to 40 patients at a diabetic clinic in a peri-urban community health care centre. Secondary data, consisting of clinic records and an extensive literature review, was used to source the remaining inputs needed for the cost analysis.
Results revealed that the implementation costs of a physical activity intervention exceeded the costs of a pharmaceutical programme. Physical activity resulted in decreased productivity loss, with significant economic implications at a household level. Evidence reviewed in the literature suggested that physical activity could be used in primary prevention as a viable substitute to pharmaceutical therapy. For secondary disease prevention, however, physical activity was complementary in the production of health benefits, limiting disease progression and morbidity caused by illness.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
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Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
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Books on the topic "Oil-dependent and non-oil-dependent countries"
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International Conference on "Diabetes and Nutrition: a South Asian Perspective" (2000 Velha Goa, "India). Epidemiology and determinants of type 2 diabetes in South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. New Delhi: ILSI-India, 2000.
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$Barnett, Steven. Operational aspects of fiscal policy in oil-producing countries. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department, 2002.
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Fasano, Ugo. Fiscal expenditure policy and non-oil economic growth: Evidence from GCC countries. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Middle Eastern Department, Policy and Development Review Department [sic], 2001.
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Romsom, Etienne, and Kathryn McPhail. Capturing economic and social value from hydrocarbon gas flaring: evaluation of the issues. 5th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/939-6.
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Atmospheric emissions urgently need to reduce for natural gas to fulfill its potential role in the energy transition to achieve the Paris Agreement on climate change. This paper establishes the magnitude and trends of flaring and venting in oil and gas operations, as well as their emissions and impact on air quality, health, and climate. While global flaring and venting comprise 7.5 per cent of natural gas produced, their combined impact on health and climate (in terms of Social Cost of Atmospheric Release) accounts for 54 per cent. Many low- and middle-income countries are economically dependent on oil and gas production. Most premature deaths from air pollution in 2016 were in developing countries. Most natural gas losses and emissions are avoidable. If all natural gas flared and vented globally is captured and brought to market, it could supply annually more than the total South and Central America gas consumption, plus all of Africa’s power needs. If 75 per cent of these volumes are captured, it provides an additional natural gas sales value of US$36 billion per annum (assuming an average gas price of US$4/MMBtu).
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Pomfret, Richard. The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182216.001.0001.
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This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. The book examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. The book considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of UN sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.
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Kim, Jun Il, Alun H. Thomas, and Aqib Aslam. Equilibrium Non-Oil Current Account Assessments for Oil Producing Countries. International Monetary Fund, 2008.
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Kim, Jun Il, Alun H. Thomas, and Aqib Aslam. Equilibrium Non-Oil Current Account Assessments for Oil Producing Countries. International Monetary Fund, 2008.
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Kim, Jun Il, Alun H. Thomas, and Aqib Aslam. Equilibrium Non-Oil Current Account Assessments for Oil Producing Countries. International Monetary Fund, 2008.
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Romsom, Etienne, and Kathryn McPhail. Capturing economic and social value from hydrocarbon gas flaring and venting: solutions and actions. 6th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/940-2.
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This second paper on hydrocarbon gas flaring and venting builds on our first, which evaluated the economic and social cost (SCAR) of wasted natural gas. These emissions must be reduced urgently for natural gas to meet its potential as an energy-transition fuel under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and to improve air quality and health. Wide-ranging initiatives and solutions exist already; the selection of the most suitable ones is situation-dependent. We present solutions and actions in a four-point (‘Diamond’) model involving: (1) measurement of chemicals emitted, (2) accountability and transparency of emissions through disclosure and reporting, (3) economic deployment of technologies for (small-scale) gas monetization, and (4) an ‘all-of-government’ approach to regulation and fiscal measures. Combining these actions in an integrated framework can end routine flaring and venting in many oil and gas developments. This is particularly important for low- and middle-income countries: satellite data since 2005 show that 85 per cent of total gas flared is in developing countries. Satellite data in 2017 identified location and amount of natural gas burned for 10,828 individual flares in 94 countries. Particular focus is needed to improve flare quality and capture natural gas from the 1 per cent ‘super-emitter’ flares responsible for 23 per cent of global natural gas flared.
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Page, John, and Finn Tarp, eds. Mining for Change. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851172.001.0001.
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For a growing number of countries in Africa the discovery and exploitation of natural resources is a great opportunity, but one accompanied by considerable risks. In Africa, countries dependent on oil, gas, and mining have tended to have weaker long-run growth, higher rates of poverty, and greater income inequality than less resource-abundant economies. In resource-producing economies, relative prices make it more difficult to diversify into activities outside of the resource sector, limiting structural change. Economic structure matters for at least two reasons. First, countries whose exports are highly concentrated are vulnerable to declining prices and volatility. Second, economic diversification matters for long-term growth. This book presents research undertaken to understand how better management of the revenues and opportunities associated with natural resources can accelerate diversification and structural change in Africa. It begins with chapters on managing the boom, the construction sector, and linking industry to the resource—three major issues that frame the question of how to use natural resources for structural change. It then reports the main research results for five countries—Ghana, Mozambique, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zambia. Each country study covers the same three themes—managing the boom, the construction sector, and linking industry to the resource. One message that clearly emerges is that good policy can make a difference. A concluding chapter sets out some ideas for policy change in each of the areas that guided the research, and then goes on to propose some ideas for widening the options for structural change.
Book chapters on the topic "Oil-dependent and non-oil-dependent countries"
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Tullberg, Rita McWilliams, and Victor L. Urquidi. "Military-related Debt in Non-oil Developing Countries, 1972–82." In Peace, Defence and Economic Analysis, 302–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18898-7_14.
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Rajan, S. Irudaya, and H. Arokkiaraj. "Return Migration from the Gulf Region to India Amidst COVID-19." In Migration and Pandemics, 207–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_11.
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AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic has directly affected the millions of migrant workers in Gulf countries, mostly employed as temporary labour in construction and allied sectors. The Gulf region historically has been the most favoured destination for such jobs. However, the pandemic crisis has halted construction projects in these countries as the drastic fall in oil prices has affected Gulf oil and non-oil economies severely. This has had an adverse effect on Indian migrant workers as they face the threat of unemployment, leading to their voluntary or forced return to India. For example, at the end of 2020, half a million Kerala emigrants, most of them in the Gulf, had lost their jobs abroad due to the pandemic, making their return inevitable given their temporary status in these countries. This chapter examines how India is prepared to handle the changing trends in Indo-Gulf migration corridor and the subsequent return emigration from the Gulf. The chapter highlights major sending-state perspectives, such as that of Kerala and others, and their responses towards Gulf returnees. Moreover, it provides insights by revisiting the existing economic and social security measures for returning migrants and their families within the framework of state welfare schemes, thereby examining rehabilitation and re-integration mechanisms for return migrants at the central and state levels in India.
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Tapsoba, Tebkieta Alexandra, and Dabiré Bonayi Hubert. "International Remittances and Development in West Africa: The Case of Burkina Faso." In IMISCOE Research Series, 169–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_9.
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AbstractRemittances are one of the precious spin-offs of international migration in developing countries. They have been fast growing for the last decade, but like any other income, they fluctuate with economic conditions which are affected by several shocks, such as the ongoing covid 19 pandemic. Nevertheless, these transfers sometimes exceed Official Development Aid (ODA) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in some parts of the World such as Sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrating their importance for promoting socio-economic development. This chapter focuses on Burkina Faso, a West African country where more than 80% of the population practice subsistence agriculture, and bear heavily the consequences of poor climatic conditions, exacerbated by the ongoing climate change. The country also has a great history of migration mainly written by its colonial past. Using data from several sources such as the World Bank indicators and national surveys, this chapter aims firstly to understand the trends of remittances flows in the country for the last decade. Secondly, using a national survey on migration conducted in the country, we found that receiving international remittances increases the probability of setting up a non-agricultural business. This result suggests that remittances can help households to set up businesses and be less dependent on climatic conditions.
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Meadowcroft, James. "Governing the transition to a new energy economy." In Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.003.0015.
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Over the next two or three decades a new energy economy should begin to take shape in the developed industrial countries. This will not be a post-fossil fuel economy. But it could be an economy in which non-fossil sources play a more important role; where efficiency in the production, distribution, and use of energy is significantly enhanced; where new storage and carrier technologies are being adopted; and where the fossil sector is being transformed by the imperative of carbon sequestration. Such an energy economy would represent a critical staging post in a much longer transition towards a carbon neutral, low-environmental impact, energy system. The extent to which a new energy economy actually materializes will depend on many factors including the pace and orientation of international economic development, the rate and direction of technological innovation and diffusion, as well as patterns of geo-strategic cooperation and conflict. But there is no doubt the trajectory will be significantly influenced by political decisions and government action on the energy file. This is the issue with which this chapter is concerned. At the moment there are two main political drivers for the move to look beyond oil. First, there are supply concerns. Increasing global demand, production bottlenecks, and political instability have pushed oil prices towards historic highs. Although the oil intensity (oil consumption per unit of GDP) of the OECD economies is less than during the oil crises of the 1970s (IMF, 2005), there is no doubt that the long term economic impact of high oil prices would be considerable. There are also critical issues associated with the geographic distribution of reserves. Production from areas opened up following the turbulence of the early 1970s (such as the North Sea) is peaking. In coming years the United States will be more heavily dependent on imported oil, with an increasing percentage of these imports destined to come from politically volatile areas in the Middle East and Asia. And this presents a serious risk of supply disruption.
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Kamar, Bassem, and Raimundo Soto. "Exchange Rate Regimes and Economic Performance in Resource-Dependent Economies." In Institutions and Macroeconomic Policies in Resource-Rich Arab Economies, 183–217. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822226.003.0007.
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This chapter presents empirical findings on the relationship between resource rents, alternative exchange rate regimes, and economic performance. It shows that resource abundance leads to higher growth, while oil dependency, captured by a high level of export concentration and/or being an oil exporter, reduces economic growth relative to diversified and/or non-oil exporters. Resource rents, including oil and gas, lead to higher inflation, while oil dependence has a dampening effect. The results confirm that exchange regimes matter for the long-term performance of a resource-rich economy (RRE). Countries with floating exchange regimes tend to have lower growth and higher inflation than those with intermediate exchange rate systems but being an oil exporter helps mute the inflationary effect of floating exchange rate regimes. On the other hand, while fixed exchange rates do not have a significant direct effect on growth, they help dampen the negative effect of inflation on growth and lead to lower inflation.
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Elbadawi, Ibrahim, Mohamed Goaied, and Moez Ben Tahar. "Threshold Effects of Fiscal-Monetary Interdependence and Exchange Rate Regimes in Oil-Dependent Arab Economies." In Institutions and Macroeconomic Policies in Resource-Rich Arab Economies, 73–116. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822226.003.0004.
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This chapter contributes to the literature on fiscal-monetary interdependence in resource-dependent economies in the Arab World, specifically during the post-mid-1990s oil boom. It also provides empirical evidence on threshold effects for oil rents per capita. These findings support differentiated exchange rate regime choices in economies with low rent per capita, such as Sudan and Yemen, relative to wealthier Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies and Algeria. The first group suffers from fiscal dominance, which explains their choice of soft pegged exchange rate regimes and their failure to sustain credible exchange rate-based stabilization programs. GCC countries, however, managed to maintain credible de facto pegged exchange rate regimes and convertible currencies, while Algeria graduated to a successfully managed exchange rate regime. Nevertheless, in contrast to Chile and Norway, Arab oil economies still need to establish credible fiscal rules for conducting monetary policy in order to withstand the effects of permanently lower oil prices.
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Farzanegan, Mohammad Reza. "Demographic Transition, Oil, and Institutions." In Foreign Direct Investments, 1522–53. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch068.
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We examine political and economic drivers of demographic transition and the moderating role of institutions, macroeconomic instability and oil rents dependency in the final effects of increasing working age population on economic development and internal conflict. Using panel data estimations for more than 100 countries from 1984 to 2012 we find that demographic transition may lead to demographic dividend only if the country enjoys good quality of economic and political institutions, a diversified economy and stable consumer prices. Otherwise demographic dividend is not guaranteed. By contrast, we may expect a demographic curse. These results have important policy implications for the case of Iran which is expecting a significant transition in its population age structure since 1990s. Future of Iran is highly dependent on the proper use of potential demographic rent which can turn against the political stability if the wrong policies and institutions are in place and country dependence on oil rents continues as before.
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Farzanegan, Mohammad Reza. "Demographic Transition, Oil, and Institutions." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 261–91. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9601-3.ch012.
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We examine political and economic drivers of demographic transition and the moderating role of institutions, macroeconomic instability and oil rents dependency in the final effects of increasing working age population on economic development and internal conflict. Using panel data estimations for more than 100 countries from 1984 to 2012 we find that demographic transition may lead to demographic dividend only if the country enjoys good quality of economic and political institutions, a diversified economy and stable consumer prices. Otherwise demographic dividend is not guaranteed. By contrast, we may expect a demographic curse. These results have important policy implications for the case of Iran which is expecting a significant transition in its population age structure since 1990s. Future of Iran is highly dependent on the proper use of potential demographic rent which can turn against the political stability if the wrong policies and institutions are in place and country dependence on oil rents continues as before.
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Olawuyi, Damilola S. "Advancing Resilience to Price Volatility in Oil and Gas Markets." In Resilience in Energy, Infrastructure, and Natural Resources Law, 135—C9.P49. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864574.003.0009.
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Abstract The issue of disaster risk reduction and resilience (DRRR) in the oil and gas industry has been high on the agenda in oil- and gas-dependent countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region for a while. For many years, the economic well-being and sustainable development of several MENA countries have been highly susceptible to cyclical swings, due to frequent social and economic disruptions associated with oil price volatility. The paralysing disruptions to MENA oil and gas markets in light of the COVID-19 pandemic have further exacerbated these concerns. The uncertain levels of finance for energy projects during the ‘boom or bust’ cycles result in disruptions to projects and efforts aimed at promoting energy security and decarbonization across the region. This raises the need for holistic DRRR frameworks to anticipate, mitigate, and absorb the impacts of oil price volatility on energy availability, affordability, and accessibility at local levels. This chapter examines legal and governance aspects of designing and implementing DRRR frameworks to better address the disruptive impacts of oil and gas volatility in MENA markets. Various legal and institutional challenges that arise with extant DRRR frameworks in the region are discussed to identify how an integrative legal framework on resilience planning can help close these gaps.
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Page, John, and Finn Tarp. "Overview." In Mining for Change, 1–24. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851172.003.0001.
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For a growing number of African economies the discovery of natural resources is a tremendous opportunity, but one accompanied by considerable risks. Many African countries dependent on oil, gas, and mining have weaker long-run growth, higher rates of poverty and greater income inequality than their less resource-dependent neighbours. One major risk comes from the structure of resource-rich economies themselves. Relative prices make it more difficult to diversify into internationally competitive activities outside the resource sector, thus narrowing the scope for structural change. This chapter focuses on how countries can use natural resources to diversify. Drawing on country-level evidence it explores three key themes: the institutions needed to manage a resource boom, the construction sector, and linking industry to the resource.
Conference papers on the topic "Oil-dependent and non-oil-dependent countries"
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Mucuk, Mehmet, Mustafa Gerçeker, and Ahmet Ay. "The Relationship between International Oil Prices and Current Account Deficit: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00810.
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In developing countries such as Turkey, the current account deficit, occuring due to the lack of national savings, is considered to be one of the determinants of economic crisis. At the same time owing to Turkey is dependent on foreign countries for energy resources, current account deficit is highly sensitive to fluctuations in the prices of these resources. This paper, investigates the causal relationship between international oil prices and current account deficit for Turkey using Johansen cointegration and causality tests. The empirical findings show that there is a relationship between two variables in the long term.
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Khera, Ashish, Rajesh Uprety, and Bidyut B. Baniah. "Self Directed Integrity Assessment of Non-Piggable Pipelines." In ASME 2015 India International Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2015-7949.
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The responsibility for managing an asset safely, efficiently and to optimize productivity lies solely with the pipeline operators. To achieve these objectives, operators are implementing comprehensive pipeline integrity management programs. These programs may be driven by a country’s pipeline regulator or in many cases may be “self-directed” by the pipeline operator especially in countries where pipeline regulators do not exist. A critical aspect of an operator’s Integrity Management Plan (IMP) is to evaluate the history, limitations and the key threats for each pipeline and accordingly select the most appropriate integrity tool. The guidelines for assessing piggable lines has been well documented but until recently there was not much awareness for assessment of non-piggable pipelines. A lot of these non-piggable pipelines transverse through high consequence areas and usually minimal historic records are available for these lines. To add to the risk factor, usually these lines also lack any baseline assessment. The US regulators, that is Office of Pipeline Safety had recognized the need for establishment of codes and standards for integrity assessment of all pipelines more than a decade ago. This led to comprehensive mandatory rules, standards and codes for the US pipeline operators to follow regardless of the line being piggable or non-piggable. In India the story has been a bit different. In the past few years, our governing body for development of self-regulatory standards for the Indian oil and gas industry that is Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) recognized a need for development of a standard specifically for integrity assessment of non-piggable pipelines. The standard was formalized and accepted by the Indian Ministry of Petroleum in September 2013 as OISD 233. OISD 233 standard is based on assessing the time dependent threats of External Corrosion (EC) and Internal Corrosion (IC) through applying the non-intrusive techniques of “Direct Assessment”. The four-step, iterative DA (ECDA, ICDA and SCCDA) process requires the integration of data from available line histories, multiple indirect field surveys, direct examination and the subsequent post assessment of the documented results. This paper presents the case study where the Indian pipeline operators took a self-initiative and implemented DA programs for prioritizing the integrity assessment of their most critical non-piggable pipelines even before the OISD 233 standard was established. The paper also looks into the relevance of the standard to the events and other case studies following the release of OISD 233.
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Amoako, Fredrick Opare Baah, Hannah Donkor, Ella Kwarteng, and Emmanuel Fordjour. "Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Oil and Gas Sector in Ghana." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211911-ms.
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Abstract Historically, the petroleum industry has been a significant contributor to global economic growth. The drop in oil and gas demand, coupled with travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a drop in global oil market prices. This has resulted in a drop in the output in the global economy. These drop-in output means that there were losses associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is to evaluate and investigate the economic effect of the coronavirus pandemic on the oil and gas industry in Ghana. The evaluation was done using economic performance indicators such as GDP and Crude oil prices. In addition to this, a loss function-based algorithm was used to model the projected economic loss during this period. To demonstrate the model, data was collected from a study site and used in the model. The study is useful for decision making on the preparedness for future pandemics, especially in oil dependent countries.
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Schmidt, Dušana Alshatti. "ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL EMPLOYMENT CONSEQUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS: CASE OF KUWAIT." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2020.25.
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The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has already left a mark on the economic activities and labor markets in both advanced and developing countries. While the impacts on the economy vary considerably, the oil dependent economies have been hit harder. Along with the impact of the pandemic disease, they have been contending with a major collapse in oil prices. Kuwait is the world’s seventh largest exporter of oil. Falling oil demand might affect the future growth of Kuwait’s economy in the long run, and if the crisis continues, possibility to provide employment opportunities will be challenged. The aim of this paper is to analyze potential pandemic’s impact on employment in Kuwait in comparison with the financial crisis from 2008-2009, what is of crucial importance for the businesses in the region to understand. The paper is based on a systematic review of the secondary data gathered by international institutions.
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Niftiyev, Ibrahim. "A comparison of institutional quality in the South Caucasus." In The European Union’s Contention in the Reshaping Global Economy. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/eucrge.2022.9.
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Much has happened in the three countries of the South Caucasus-namely, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia-since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Political events, institutional reforms, and economic development have resulted in greater economic welfare in these countries after the painful transition period of the 1990s. However, it remains to be seen whether they have achieved any solid results or whether they still have much to accomplish. While the answer is ambiguous, each country has followed a different political, geopolitical, economic, and institutional path and achieved different economic outcomes despite their close geographical proximity to each other. This paper compares the available data on economic and institutional quality in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia to portray the overall situation in terms of changes in institutional patterns. Then, special attention is given to Azerbaijan, as the country is considered to be oil-rich and thus resource-dependent. A comparative perspective on institutional quality suggests that Georgia has been a leading country in terms of institutions and effective bureaucracy-building, despite having lower economic indicators compared to Azerbaijan. Moreover, while Armenia is positioned between Georgia and Azerbaijan in terms of institutional quality, its economic growth is similar to Georgia's. Lastly, institutional variables (e.g., control of corruption, rule of law, and government effectiveness, and human rights) in Azerbaijan are negatively correlated with oil-related variables. This result aligns with the natural resource curse and Dutch disease theories, which posit that oil boom periods in mineral-rich countries are associated with a deterioration in institutional quality, thereby leading to slower growth. Also, the results are important to build up analytical frameworks to address the Dutch disease or resource curse studies in the case of Azerbaijan in a comparative manner with oil-poor countries even if the scope is limited to the South Caucasian former Soviet Union countries.
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Bal, Harun, Mehmet Demiral, and Emrah Eray Akça. "Mediating Effect of the Governance Indicators in the Relationship between Natural Resources Abundance and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from the." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00950.
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This study purposes to identify the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and natural resources abundance, focusing on the mediator roles of governance indicators for selected 21 MENA and Caspian countries. Governance indicators used in the study are World Bank’s six global governance indicators. Annual panel data for the period of 1996-2012 are used. In this context, the study estimates the impact of crude oil production per capita (independent variable) on GDP per capita (dependent variable) at first, and then hierarchical panel regression analyses are conducted to determine the mediator variable roles of the governance indicators in this relationship. Sobel test is also applied to confirm whether the mediation effect is significant. Results from the pairwise panel regression analyses reveal that crude oil production per capita is negatively associated with all worldwide governance indicators, mostly with control of corruption, voice and accountability and regulatory quality. The progressive improvements of all dimensions of governance indicators, especially control of corruption, rule of law and government effectiveness, seem to promote GDP per capita. Results from the hierarchical regression analysis demonstrate that governance indicators play an important role as a partial mediator in the relationships crude oil production and GDP per capita. This evidence supports that weak governance indicators tend to hinder natural resources abundance to contribute economic growth. Overall findings highlight the increasing importance of policies intending to reduce corruption and violence, together with stimulating legitimacy, transparency and institutional quality for the countries investigated.
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Duran, Hasan, and Kadir Kürşat Yılmaz. "The Ties That Binds the Giant: China’s Interests in Energy Sources of Central Asia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00336.
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Following the collapse of Soviet Union, the interest of China towards the Central Asia first revolved around the security and border issues. Then the fast growing economy of China since 2000 needs energy more she can produce. Becoming one of the biggest energy users, China has become more and more dependent on other countries to fill her energy deficit. Thus China has identified Central Asia as her prime area to built cooperative relations. In this respect, China started new relationships with Turkmenistan and Kazakistan in order to secure and sustain the procurement of oil and natural gas.
Thanks to its rich oil and natural gas reserves, Central Asia has become a region in which the great powers compete; with the years 2000s China joined to the rush. The rivalry in the region has a potential to change the balance of power in the World. This study evaluates this rivalry in terms of political and economic effects on China.
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Bal, Oğuz. "The Developing Countries External Debt and Growth Issues and Example of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01645.
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Today; country economies are dealt with from a global perspective. International capital, and technological developing, had accelerated the flow of factors also. This case demonstrates the international economic interdependence. In industrialized countries after the Second World War, while exports of industrial products increased by busy; In 1970's years, the oil crisis shocks had been lived. In the 1980s, in the world debt problems emerged. In the 1990s, world economy, has become multi-polar world with together globalization, and in order to the crisis by IMF and World Bank were began effective interventions, in the 2000s there has been a global crisis together with debt crises. The economic problem is a basic reason of the main of all crises. These crises are occurring frequently in emerging markets such as Turkey. For Turkey the real economy to financial fragility adversely affects and therefore the Current Account Balance / GNP status is important. This problem cited above, were discussed in five parts in the article. In the first part; In the case of Turkey was discussed; in general, the increase causes in imports were discussed. In the second chapter; increase in exports and imports coverage rate was examined. In the third chapter, the growth phenomena of dependent to import was discussed. In the fourth chapter; borrowing requirements, growth and debt relations were discussed. In the fifth chapter, conclusions and recommendations took place. The method used; the deductive method. CBT, Treasury data, World Bank data, Turkey Statistical Institute data were used.
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Okoroafor, Esuru Rita, Chinyere Princess Offor, and Ekeoma Isaac Prince. "Mapping Relevant Petroleum Engineering Skillsets for the Transition to Renewable Energy and Sustainable Energy." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212040-ms.
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Abstract In the last century, the global energy mix has been primarily dominated by fossil fuels. However, commitments to tackling climate change have accelerated the conversations on transitioning to a lower-carbon future. This is beginning to influence governmental policies, investors' and shareholders interests, workforce preferences, academic curriculum adaptations, and student choices. Given the coordinated approach from government, industry, and academia necessary to facilitate this transition, it becomes increasingly essential to map the relevant skillsets for the energy transition. This paper aimed to identify the skill sets oil and gas students and professionals have that will be relevant in advancing a renewable and sustainable energy future. The study focused on students and professionals within Nigeria to address the conditions unique to the country and other fossil-fuel-dependent developing and emerging countries. First, a survey was conducted on students and young professionals to identify the knowledge gap in clean energy technologies and digitalization technologies. Subsequently, the skills oil and gas professionals have were mapped with the different renewable and sustainable energy technologies to identify overlaps between the oil and gas industry and low-carbon energy technologies. The results showed that the technical competencies of oil and gas industry professionals were most relevant in carbon storage, hydrogen storage, and geothermal energy. On the other hand, non-core oil and gas competencies such as project management, HSE (health, safety, and environment), and business development skills, cut across all low carbon technologies. These competencies appeared to be more relevant for renewable energy resources like solar, wind, and hydropower. Data science and digital skills cut across all the new energy technologies. The main deliverables of this study were a skillset map and a progressive curriculum that embraces digitalization, entrepreneurship, and clean energy technologies. This study provides a skillset map where students and professionals can identify their competency gaps for renewable and sustainable energy technologies. This will enable them (and organizations) to know how to develop upskilling and reskilling strategies and provide academia with insights on how to modify the current oil and gas engineering curriculum in universities. Although the paper drew on data-driven insights within Nigeria, the findings apply to schools and organizations globally.
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Gadalla, Mohamed, and Amani Al Hammadi. "Thermodynamic Analysis of an Integrated Solar-Based Cooling System in UAE." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32170.
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Renewable energy resource is considered by many developed and developing countries as a promising and a cost effective candidate to provide energy. The operation of cooling systems in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have some operating problems especially in summer such as severe grid dependent, excessive energy consumption, high emissions and high costs. So, more economically and environmentally friendly HVAC systems are desired to provide the required electricity demands for cooling loads while saving energy and having low emissions to the environment. In this paper, a parabolic trough solar collector is integrated with a triple effect absorption cooling system for sustainable development. A computer code is developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software to obtain all required thermodynamic properties of water-lithium bromide (H2O/LiBr) solution and to optimize all operating parameters and carry out all detailed energy and exergy analyses for a 10 kW cooling capacity. In addition, the parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) is also designed for the required cooling load and its overall dynamic behavior is also investigated. The solar irradiance available in the UAE on a monthly basis is used in the analysis of a PTSC-based HVAC cooling system. Energetic and exergetic efficiencies of the PTSC for every month are also evaluated under different operating conditions. The Overall monthly energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated PTSC-based HVAC system for a constant mass flow rate of Therminol-66 and concentration ratio are calculated. The dynamic variation of the coefficient of performance of the integrated system with the solar irradiance and mass flow rate of the oil are also evaluated. Results show that both energetic and exergetic COPs are decreased with increasing the solar irradiance for a constant mass flow rate of oil and constant concentration ratio. It is found that increasing the mass flow rate of the oil from 0.1 to 0.5 kg/s results in decreasing the energetic COP from 2.15 to 1.98 and the exergetic COP from 2.05 to 1.93.
Reports on the topic "Oil-dependent and non-oil-dependent countries"
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Javid, Muhammad, Fakhri Hasanov, Carlo Bollino, and Marzio Galeotti. Sectoral Investment Analysis for Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp011.
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This study aims to investigate the determinants of short- and long-run investment behavior in Saudi Arabia for eight non-oil sectors. Saudi Arabia is currently proceeding with its historic Vision 2030 reform plan, which aims to significantly increase the private sector’s contribution to the country’s gross domestic product. Thus, analyzing investments at the sectoral level is important for Saudi Arabia. Such an analysis can provide policymakers with a deeper understanding of potential opportunities for boosting private sector growth.
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Osidoma, Japhet, and Ashiru Mohammed Kinkwa. Creatively Improving Agricultural Practices and Productivity: Pro Resilience Action (PROACT) project, Nigeria. Oxfam, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7260.
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Since April 2016, The European Union and the Oxfam Pro-Resilience Action Project in Kebbi and Adamawa States, Nigeria, have supported poor smallholder rural farmers to improve their agricultural productivity. The project has a specific focus on increasing crop yields per hectare for better land usage, as well as ensuring farmers possess the skills they need to maintain good agricultural practices, such as inputs utilization and climate mitigation strategies, as well as an information-sharing system on weather and market prices. The project uses a Farmer Field School model that continues to serve as a viable platform for rural farmers to access hands-on skills and basic modern farming knowledge and techniques. The case studies presented here demonstrate a significant increase in farmers’ productivity, income and resilience. This approach should be emulated by governments and private sector players to achieve impact at scale in Nigeria’s agricultural sector, which is the country’s top non-oil revenue stream.
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Just, David, and Amir Heiman. Building local brand for fresh fruits and vegetables: A strategic approach aimed at strengthening the local agricultural sector. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600039.bard.
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Abstract The debate about whether to reduce import barriers on fresh produce in order to decrease the cost of living and increase welfare or to continue protecting the local agricultural sector by imposing import duties on fresh vegetables and fruits has been part of the Israeli and the US political dialog. The alternative of building a strong local brand that will direct patriotic feelings to support of the agricultural sector has been previously discussed in the literature as a non-tax barrier to global competition. The motivation of consumers to pay more for local fresh fruits and vegetables are better quality, environmental concerns, altruism, and ethnocentrism. Local patriotic feelings are expected to be stronger among national-religious consumers and weaker among secular left wing voters. This project empirically analyzes consumers’ attitude toward local agricultural production, perceptions of the contribution of the agricultural sector to society and how these perceptions interact with patriotic beliefs and socio-political variables perhaps producing an ethnocentric preference for fruits and vegetables. This patriotic feeling may be contrasted with feelings toward rival (or even politically opposing) countries competing in the same markets. Thus geo-political landscape may help shape the consumer’s preferences and willingness to purchase particular products. Our empirical analysis is based on two surveys, one conducted among Israeli shoppers and one conducted among US households. We find strong influences of nationalism, patriotism and ethnocentrism on demand for produce in both samples. In the case of Israel this manifests itself as a significant discount demanded for countries in conflict with Israel (e.g., Syria or Palestine), with the discount demanded being related to the strength of the conflict. Moreover, the effect is larger for those who are either more religious, or those who identify with right leaning political parties. The results from the US are strikingly similar. For some countries the perception of conflict is dependent on political views (e.g., Mexico), while for others there is a more agreement (e.g., Russia). Despite a substantially different religious and political landscape, both right leaning political views and religiosity play strong roles in demand for foreign produce.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.
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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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Macroeconomic Stability and Economic Diversification in Oil-Dependent Countries. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2019-wb28.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor