Journal articles on the topic 'Oil collection point'
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1
Hasibuan, Chalis Fajri. "The Instensity Measurement And Noise Mapping in Fatty Acid Plant Area At PT. XYZ." Simetrikal: Journal of Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jet.v2i1.3556.
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PT. XYZ is a factory engaged in processing of palm oil derivatives in producing a fatty acid. The machines used in the processing process at PT. Permata Hijau Palm Oleo KIM II Mabar generate the noise. This research aimed to find out the existing noise level and noise mapping, also the proposal of noise control on the production floor. Then, the data collection method conducted through observation using the equivalent noise level (Leq) method and noise mapping was through surfer 14. The data collection conducted in 16 points on the production floor. Furthermore, the result and noise distribution pattern showed that the high noise level was in several points, those were point 5 (85.77); point 6 (86.82); point 7 (86.33), point 8 (88.18); point 10 (86.96); point 13 (86.85); point 14 (87.67). The allowed threshold value refers to the Decree of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration No.Per.13/MEN/X/2011 is 85 dB. Thus, the company needs to perform noise control such as barrier usage, regularly and scheduled machine maintenance to prevent and decrease the effect of the noise
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Yan, Bai Quan, Xiao Lei Tian, Hong Qing Kang, and Long Wang. "Spatial Distribution of Thin Interbeds in Point Bars of Meadering Channels: Case Study of Block X in Daqing Oilfield." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.199.
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Reservoirs in point bars of meandering channels account for a high proportion in oil and gas reservoirs, with much impact of complicated architecture on remaining oil accumulation and distribution. Thus study on inner architecture of point bars and its impact on remaining oil distribution are important. This paper selects Unit III in Block A in Daqing Oilfield with data in filled well patterns and cores to study inner architecture of subsurface single sand bodies, and analyzes 3D structural features of meandering point bars in Xingbei deltaic plain in Daqing Placanticline. Architecture parameters of lateral accretion shale interbeds are: eastward dip averagely 7°, the upper, middle and lower dip in same accretion face are respectively 10°, 7° and 3°, the width is 15-42m. They are vertically imbricated series and areally corner points of abandoned channels on both sides of meandering rings as track collection intersections, and progressive and curvature reducing arc sets with abandoned channels of meandering rings as outer boundary. This pattern provides geologic basis for successive study on remaining oil.
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Jarret, Robert L., Irvin J. Levy, Thomas L. Potter, Steven C. Cermak, and Laura C. Merrick. "Seed oil content and fatty acid composition in a genebank collection of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne and C. argyrosperma C. Huber." Plant Genetic Resources 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2013): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000512.
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Data on intra-specific variability for seed oil content, physical characteristics and fatty acid composition in Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita argyrosperma are lacking in the scientific literature. We examined 528 genebank accessions of C. moschata and 166 accessions of C. argyrosperma – which included members of both subsp. argyrosperma and subsp. sororia – for seed oil content, oil physical characteristics and fatty acid composition. The oil of both species had near-identical viscosities, viscosity indices, colour and oxidative stabilities while the oil of C. argyrosperma had a slightly higher pour point, cloud point, percentage of free fatty acids and acid value when compared with C. moschata. Mean oil content values of the two species were similar at 28.7 ± /2.7 and 29.8 ± /2.6% for C. moschata and C. argyrosperma, respectively. The mean seed oil content of C. argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma var. palmeri (32.1%) was significantly higher than that of the other taxa examined. The average (mean) percentage of total seed weight attributable to the kernel was 77.2% in C. moschata (n= 34) and 74.5% in C. argyrosperma (n= 46). The percentage of total seed weight attributable to the hull was correlated with seed oil content, in both species. Linoleic was the predominant fatty acid in all the samples analysed. Means for individual fatty acids in C. moschata were linoleic 48.5%, oleic 22.6%, palmitic 20.7% and stearic 7.5%. Means for individual fatty acids in C. argyrosperma were linoleic 47.3%, oleic 27.5%, palmitic 16.5% and stearic 8.0%.
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N, Prof Eze,Anthony, and Dr Okoye,Peter I. "Investigation of the Dielectric Strengths of Locally Sourced Vegetable Oil as an Alternative to Mineral Based Transformer Oil." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (June 27, 2020): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun170.
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The main purpose of the study was to investigate the dielectric strengths of locally produced vegetable oils from Nigerian farms to compare the dielectric strength of the vegetable oil with the mineral oil to see if vegetable oil can be used as an alternative for insulating and cooling of transformers. It was an experimental research. The experimental procedures adopted in carrying out the investigation were sample collection, processing of sample and storing and testing for different properties such as pour point, flash point, peroxide value determination (aging), moisture content, and breakdown voltage test were conducted and results obtained. The findings of the study indicated that vegetable oil has the highest dielectric constant when placed on the same temperature with the mineral oil. One of the recommendations was that owners and managers of electrical transformers should see the urgent need of using vegetable oil as alternative to mineral oil.
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Warneke, C., F. Geiger, P. M. Edwards, W. Dube, G. Pétron, J. Kofler, A. Zahn, et al. "Volatile organic compound emissions from the oil and natural gas industry in the Uinta Basin, Utah: point sources compared to ambient air composition." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 8 (May 13, 2014): 11895–927. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-11895-2014.
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Abstract. The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with oil and natural gas production in the Uinta Basin, Utah were measured at a ground site in Horse Pool and from a NOAA mobile laboratory with PTR-MS instruments. The VOC compositions in the vicinity of individual gas and oil wells and other point sources such as evaporation ponds, compressor stations and injection wells are compared to the measurements at Horse Pool. High mixing ratios of aromatics, alkanes, cycloalkanes and methanol were observed for extended periods of time and short-term spikes caused by local point sources. The mixing ratios during the time the mobile laboratory spent on the well pads were averaged. High mixing ratios were found close to all point sources, but gas wells using dry-gas collection, which means dehydration happens at the well, were clearly associated with higher mixing ratios than other wells. Another large source was the flowback pond near a recently hydraulically re-fractured gas well. The comparison of the VOC composition of the emissions from the oil and natural gas wells showed that wet gas collection wells compared well with the majority of the data at Horse Pool and that oil wells compared well with the rest of the ground site data. Oil wells on average emit heavier compounds than gas wells. The mobile laboratory measurements confirm the results from an emissions inventory: the main VOC source categories from individual point sources are dehydrators, oil and condensate tank flashing and pneumatic devices and pumps. Raw natural gas is emitted from the pneumatic devices and pumps and heavier VOC mixes from the tank flashings.
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Saragih, Winda Adelita, Bayu Krisnamurthi, and Netti Tinaprilla. "TITIK KRITIS PRODUKSI MINYAK SAWIT BERKELANJUTAN DI PT.XYZ." Forum Agribisnis 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.7.2.191-211.
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The change of business paradigm towards sustainable development requires industry players to produce palm oil in a sustainable manner. One of them is to follow the guidelines of Principles and Criteria (PnC) of sustainable palm oil production endorsed by Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Researchers interested to know the constraints (critical point) of the company in meeting all the principles and criteria for sustainable palm oil production. Identification of critical points will have an important role to know how far the performance and constraints faced by the company in fulfilling all the principles and criteria to produce sustainable palm oil. The purpose of this study is to analyze the critical point on sustainability criteria and indicators in PT.XYZ. Methods of data collection research conducted by interview and observation in the field. Researchers use RSPO Principles and Criteria (PnC) parameters as parameters of sustainable palm oil production implementation. Method of data analysis using FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis ) method with 2 stages, namely FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) and CA (Criticality Analisis). The FMECA analysis shows that there are 5 critical criteria and 6 critical indicators in fulfilling all the principles and criteria of sustainable palm oil production in PT.XYZ.
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Millien, Kawira. "Characterization of Local Nano-Heat Transfer Fluids for Solar Thermal Collection." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (August 7, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6105879.
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Performance of organic oils in solar thermal collection is limited due to their low thermal conductivity when they are compared to molten salt solutions. Extraction of organic oils from plants can be locally achieved. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of use of copper nanoparticles in some base local heat transfer fluids (HTFs). Addition of volume fraction of 1.2% of the copper nanoparticles to oil-based heat transfer fluids improved their thermal conductivity as deduced from the thermal heat they conducted from solar radiation. The oil-based copper nanofluids were obtained by preparation of a colloidal solution of the nanoparticles. Impurities were added to increase the boiling point of the nano-heat transfer fluids. Stabilizers were used to keep the particles suspended in the oil-based fluids. The power output of the oil-based copper nano-heat transfer fluids was in the range of 475.4 W to 1130 W. The heat capacity of the steam in the heat exchanger was 93.7% dry and had a thermal capacity of 5.71 × 103 kJ. The heat rate of flow of the oil-based copper nano-heat transfer fluids was an average of 72.7 Js−1·kg−1 to 89.1 Js−1·kg−1. The thermal efficiency for the oil-based copper nano-heat transfer fluids ranged from 0.85 to 0.91. The average solar thermal solar intensity was in the range 700 Wm−2 to 1180 Wm−2. The heat exchanger used in this study was operating at 4.15 × 103 kJ and a temperature of 500.0°C. The heat transfer fluids entered the exchanger at an average temperature of 381°C and exited at 96.3°C and their heat coefficient ranged between 290.1 Wm−2°C and 254.1 Wm−2°C. The average temperatures of operation ranged between 394.1°C and 219.7°C with respective temperature efficiencies ranging between 93.4% and 64.4%. It was established that utilization of copper nanoparticles to enhance heat transfer in oil-based local heat transfer fluids can mitigate energy demand for meeting the world’s increasing energy uses, especially for areas inaccessible due to poor land terrain.
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Yang, Songwei, Guotian Li, Chuanqi Wang, Zenghui Yin, and Enxing Zhang. "Effect of different lubricating oil formulas on the adaptability of cGPF aftertreatment." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801009.
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Based on two different components of lubricating oil, this paper analyzes the filtration efficiency, ash accumulation speed, vehicle WLTC emissions, fuel consumption, and CT scan on a National V emission standard engine equipped with a cGPF aftertreatment device. The results show that both oils can ensure that cGPF meets the emission and fuel consumption requirements of National VI emission standard, but oil F accumulates ash quickly before the ash accumulation of 33% in the discharge, which has a significant effect on PN reduction, and oil C accumulates ash faster after the accumulation of 33%. The effect of reducing the PN is accelerated. Oil F is based on a full calcium detergent system, which has a trend of first to slower for the collection efficiency; while oil C is based on a mixed Ca/Mg detergent system, which has a trend of first slowing and then fasting the collection efficiency. The critical point is generally about 33% of accumulated ash. For oil F, less ash is deposited in the front and middle of the cGPF, while more ash tends to deposit towards the outlet. In contrast, cGPF aged with Oil C has a relatively uniform deposition distribution.
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Alatefi, Saad, and Abdullah M. Almeshal. "A New Model for Estimation of Bubble Point Pressure Using a Bayesian Optimized Least Square Gradient Boosting Ensemble." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 2653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092653.
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Accurate estimation of crude oil Bubble Point Pressure (Pb) plays a vital rule in the development cycle of an oil field. Bubble point pressure is required in many petroleum engineering calculations such as reserves estimation, material balance, reservoir simulation, production equipment design, and optimization of well performance. Additionally, bubble point pressure is a key input parameter in most oil property correlations. Thus, an error in a bubble point pressure estimate will definitely propagate additional error in the prediction of other oil properties. Accordingly, many bubble point pressure correlations have been developed in the literature. However, they often lack accuracy, especially when applied for global crude oil data, due to the fact that they are either developed using a limited range of independent variables or developed for a specific geographic location (i.e., specific crude oil composition). This research presents a utilization of the state-of-the-art Bayesian optimized Least Square Gradient Boosting Ensemble (LS-Boost) to predict bubble pointpressure as a function of readily available field data. The proposed model was trained on a global crude oil database which contains (4800) experimentally measured, Pressure–Volume–Temperature (PVT) data sets of a diverse collection of crude oil mixtures from different oil fields in the NorthSea, Africa, Asia, Middle East, and South and North America. Furthermore, an independent (775) PVT data set, which was collected from open literature, was used to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed model to predict the bubble point pressure from data that were not used during the model development process. The accuracy of the proposed model was compared to several published correlations (13 in total for both parametric and non-parametric models) as well as two other machine learning techniques, Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Networks (MPL-ANN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The proposed LS-Boost model showed superior performance andremarkably outperformed all bubble point pressure models considered in this study.
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Ostrensky, Antonio, Walter A. Boeger, Luiz Fernando Duboc, Fabio Xavier Wegbecher, Robert William Pilchowski, and Ernani Zamberlan. "Effect of The Oil Spill from the Presidente Getúlio Vargas Refinery, Brazil, in July of 2000, on the Populations of Fishes of the Rivers Saldanha, Barigüi, and Iguaçu." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 971–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-971.
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ABSTRACT In July of 2000, an accident occurred in the Refinery Presidente Getúlio Vargas (REPAR), located in the Municipality of Araucaria, Southern Brazil, and involved a spill of about 4 million liters (25,160 barrels) of crude oil. This was considered the largest oil spill in the history of Brazil. Despite the use of containment barriers, the oil slick reached up to 45 km downstream of a small creek (Arroio Saldanha) and two important rivers of the region (Rio Barigüi and Rio Iguaçu). In this stretch, both of the latter rivers are highly polluted, having crossed the City of Curitiba, a city of about 2+ million inhabitants. The spatial and temporal distribution of fishes of these streams after the accident was analyzed in 10 collection sites (in a river stretch of 250 km) located upstream Rio Barigüi and Rio Iguaçu) or downstream (all streams) from the point of oil introduction. Fishes were captured monthly with cast nets, traps, hook and line, and/or gill nets. Immediately after the event, sites close to the point of introduction of oil presented a less diverse fish fauna. However, one year later, the fish fauna of the Arroio Saldanha, showed signals of recovery, while no fish were collected during the entire year from the sites located upstream in the Rio Barigüi and Rio Iguaçu. The results strongly suggests that the impact of the oil spill on the fish fauna of these streams was minimized due to the previous highly polluted state of the streams, as indicated by the absence of fish species in the upstream collection sites, which were never directly exposed to the oil spot.
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Sagdatullin, Artur. "Multidimensional Fuzzy Control System Development of Oil Transportation and Treatment Technological Processes Based on the Input/Output Parameters Model in the Precise Terms Set Form." Applied Mechanics and Materials 756 (April 2015): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.756.626.
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As pumps and pumping stations of oil collecting, maintaining reservoir pressure, transportation and treatment processes account for over 50 % of oil and gas enterprises estimated total cost of electricity, relevant issue is the development and application of intelligent control systems for energy efficiency of these processes. For the booster pump station as a multivariable nonlinear control object are proposed: a structure in which the function of regulating valves transferred to the pumps with frequency speed control; conceptual model with seven inputs and five outputs (adjustable) variables, which is the basis for constructing three-dimensional fuzzy controller with not-fuzzy terms to stabilize and improve the energy efficiency of oil transportation and treatment processes and minimize energy losses. In this paper we propose a control system of pumping station on the basis of multidimensional fuzzy logic controller with compensation of the mutual influence of control loops in the form of an additional system of production rules that helped to stabilize the liquid level at 2.5 m given level with an absolute error of ± 0.2 m and thus improve quality oil emulsion on the installation of oil and gas refining central collection point.
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Warneke, C., F. Geiger, P. M. Edwards, W. Dube, G. Pétron, J. Kofler, A. Zahn, et al. "Volatile organic compound emissions from the oil and natural gas industry in the Uintah Basin, Utah: oil and gas well pad emissions compared to ambient air composition." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 20 (October 17, 2014): 10977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10977-2014.
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Abstract. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with oil and natural gas production in the Uintah Basin, Utah were measured at a ground site in Horse Pool and from a NOAA mobile laboratory with PTR-MS instruments. The VOC compositions in the vicinity of individual gas and oil wells and other point sources such as evaporation ponds, compressor stations and injection wells are compared to the measurements at Horse Pool. High mixing ratios of aromatics, alkanes, cycloalkanes and methanol were observed for extended periods of time and for short-term spikes caused by local point sources. The mixing ratios during the time the mobile laboratory spent on the well pads were averaged. High mixing ratios were found close to all point sources, but gas well pads with collection and dehydration on the well pad were clearly associated with higher mixing ratios than other wells. The comparison of the VOC composition of the emissions from the oil and natural gas well pads showed that gas well pads without dehydration on the well pad compared well with the majority of the data at Horse Pool, and that oil well pads compared well with the rest of the ground site data. Oil well pads on average emit heavier compounds than gas well pads. The mobile laboratory measurements confirm the results from an emissions inventory: the main VOC source categories from individual point sources are dehydrators, oil and condensate tank flashing and pneumatic devices and pumps. Raw natural gas is emitted from the pneumatic devices and pumps and heavier VOC mixes from the tank flashings.
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Zaninelli, Giulia. "Small Palm Oil Plantation as Political Arena: Environmental Narratives Among Workers and NGOs in Aceh, Indonesia." IAFOR Journal of Cultural Studies 5, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijcs.5.2.03.
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This contribution examines the different environmental visions surrounding small palm oil plantations in the province of Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. How are natural resources conceptualized by small-scale owners, workers and local environmentalists? How is the small palm oil plantation a political space? Which narratives take place in/on small palm oil plantations? From one point of view, workers and small owners tend to read the small palm oil plantation as a place of possibilities for the future, and it is configured as a place in which individual and collective agencies are negotiated continuously. From another point of view, environmentalists and NGO activists describe workers through the stereotyped lens of ignorance, rebellion and project appropriation. In Aceh, environmental awareness is strongly shaped by class, age, residency and educational background. Starting from an analysis of Italian public discourses about palm oil in 2015/2016, the author spent 4 months, from August to November 2016 getting rid of an ethnographic research in the province of Aceh. Through observations, data collection, questionnaires, and structured and semi-structured interviews, the author was able to explore and illustrate the characteristics of small oil plantations as a political arena and the daily life of small-scale owners, workers and environmentalists.
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Nguyen, Lam Anh, Dang Tam Le, Van Thiet Nguyen, Trong Han Bui, Thành Vinh Pham, A. G. Axmadev, Nhat Bang Chau, et al. "Optimising the operation of pipelines equipped with pigging system for transporting crude oil with high paraffin content." Petrovietnam Journal 2 (March 21, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47800/pvj.2022.02-02.
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Oil produced at Vietsovpetro’s fields has high paraffin and asphaltene content and high pour point temperature; meanwhile the low temperature at the well head causes paraffin and asphaltene deposition to form in the collection and transportation system, causing hazards and risks during the pipeline operation. The paper analyses the factors affecting the efficiency of the pigging operation to clean the oil transportation pipelines from the CTC1 platform (Ca Tam field) to the RP-2 platform (Rong field), Cuu Long basin, solutions and how to operate the pipeline system in order to improve the efficiency of the pipeline cleaning process by pigging.
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Babchuk, S. M. "CLASSIFICATION OF WIRELESS SPECIALIZED COMPUTER NETWORKS FOR THE OBJECTS LOCATION MONITORING." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 1(42) (June 27, 2019): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2019-1(42)-70-76.
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At present, it is possible to achieve the desired level of management of any enterprise only if there is complete and up-to-date source information about the current state of affairs in this enterprise. Growing size of an enterprise complicates the collection of necessary information and its processing. The speed and completeness of data collection is also influenced by many other factors associated with the specifics of specific enterprises. In particular, oil and gas companies have a large number of objects located at large distances from each other (including in remote and hard-toreach areas). In addition, these enterprises operate a variety of equipment and uses a large range of different matetechnical values. Quite often, for certain managerial needs, equipment and material and technical values can be moved within a single unit located in a large area or between units of one oil and gas undertaking. In connection with the aforementioned present, the enterprises of the oil and gas complex require the introduction of modern effective systems for collecting information on available material and technical values and their location at a certain point in time. In order to solve this problem, an analysis of modern wireless specialized digital networks was carried out and identified from them, which can be used at enterprises of the oil and gas complex for the monitoring of the location of the objects. Also, the basic characteristics of wireless specialized digital networks (which can be used for systems for monitoring the location of objects), by which they can be classified, are also established. A classification of wireless specialty digital networks (which can be used for objects monitoring systems) is created, which allows the specialists of control and measurement equipment and automation services to select the most appropriate wireless digital network for monitoring the location objects of oil and gas enterprises.
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Johannessen, Bjørn Olaf, and Sigmund Holmemo. "OFFLOADING NORNE OIL (WAXY OIL) FROM STORAGE TANKS ON THE NOFO OIL SPILL RESPONSE VESSELS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1173.
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ABSTRACT The oil from the Norne field at the Norwegian continental shelf presented new challenges to the Norwegian oil spill contingency. Because of its high wax content and high pour point, under some conditions the oil could not be collected with the weir skimmers that traditionally are used in Norwegian offshore oil spill contingency. An intensive development project was carried out through which new recovery concepts were developed for the collection of this oil. Having found a satisfying solution to the oil recovery problem, there were concerns with the ability to offload Nome oil from the storage tanks on the Norsk Oljevernforening For Operatorselskap (NOFO) oil spill response vessels. Det Norske Vertias (DNV) was contracted to assess the offloading capability of four of the vessels in the NOFO pool. Because of the oil's unique properties, it was not trusted that standard methodology for calculating pressure drop in pipes and fittings would provide satisfying accuracy for this oil. Therefore, a pumpability test was conducted on a full-scale copy (somewhat simplified) of one of the offloading systems, in which pressure drops and pumping rates were measured using 30 m3 of emulsified Nome oil. Based on the test findings, a modified method for estimating pressure drop in pipes pumping the Nome oil was established, taking into account the highly non-Newtonian behavior of the oil. The new method was later applied to estimate Nome offloading capacity from a number of tanks on four NOFO vessels. This paper describes the work conducted and the methodology that was established for estimating offloading capability. As an example, the results obtained applying the method to one of the oil spill response vessels are outlined.
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dos Santos Ferreira, Luana, Aldara da Silva César, Marco Conejero, and Ricardo César da Silva Guabiroba. "A Voluntary Delivery Point in Reverse Supply Chain for Waste Cooking Oil: An Action Plan for Participation of a Public-School in the State of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil." Recycling 3, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling3040048.
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Improper disposal of waste cooking oil into sewer systems is harmful to the environment. Through the selective collection, this highly polluting residue can be handled in a less harmful way. The present study presents an action plan for a public school in the Region of Médio Paraíba Fluminense of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to serve as a voluntary delivery point in a reverse logistics chain for waste cooking oil. A case study method with semi-structured interviews was carried out with agents who are part of the chain, including the government, commercial residue generators, collectors, the biodiesel production industry, the community, and teachers and students of the public school. Even though the reverse supply chain for waste cooking oil in the region lacks structure, this study showed that the actors were interested in correctly disposing of waste cooking oil through partnerships and agreements. In addition to the environmental benefits, environmental education actions in public schools, such as the one in this study, can help raise student awareness of issues relative to citizenship and social responsibility and promote employment and income opportunities for recyclable material collector cooperatives and industries that use waste cooking oil as raw material.
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Bahramova, Gunel F., Bahar N. Aliyeva, Namig Rahimov, and Rustam B. Rustamov. "Global Positioning System/Geographic Information System Environment for Engineering Infrastructure Facility Monitoring." Applied Science and Innovative Research 2, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/asir.v2n3p118.
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<p><em>Oil and gas companies need to ensure continuous operation of critical equipment, no matter how remote. This means knowing exactly where your fleets and equipment are, how they are performing and identifying problems as they occur. </em></p><p><em>There are number of existing security systems developed to protect linear systems like oil pipelines for transportation of oil and gas products from the first point of development up to collection stations. In the current stage is the gap of the oil and gas pipeline systems security purposes of use of space technology advances. This paper dedicated to the subject of linear pipeline monitoring with use of global positioning system for observation of changes of land in the areas actively functioning of natural disaster factor (Babatunde, Chris, Rupert, & Phil, 2015).</em></p>
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Stapa, Siti Hamin, Kesumawati A. Bakar, and Fuzirah Hashim. "Attitudes and Motivation of the Young Generation towards the Palm Oil Industry." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0012.
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Abstract Malaysia is currently one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world. Despite the strength and vast potential of our palm oil industry, engaging the youth in this industry is a challenging task as most perceive the industry and agriculture unattractive as a career, without realising the importance of the sector in their everyday lives. Furthermore, the development of sectors such as ecommerce, digital technology and real estate is a compounding factor behind the decline of interest among the younger FELDA generation. The present study is designed to examine the attitudes and motivation of young FELDA generation towards the palm oil industry. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to select 50 working respondents from the age of 22-40 at 4 FELDA settlements. Questionnaire was distributed for primary data collection, where a four-point Likert scale was used to examine differences in attitudes and motivation towards 64 statements regarding aspects ranging from working conditions to promotion opportunities. The findings point to an overall positive attitude towards all aspects of the industry. The highest mean is revealed in the area of social status, with the majority feeling respected and proud to be a part of the palm oil community. In general, the majority of the respondents display positive attitude and motivation towards the palm oil industry. Based on the findings we would recommend trainings to empower FELDA youths to take advantage of the expanding industry and to claim their space in the palm oil sector.
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Tianyu, Mao, Li Yajuan, and Chang Fang. "Research progress of monitoring technology of ship-source air pollutants in china emission control area." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020602006.
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I After the implementation of ship emissions control area, the urgent need for the practical monitoring technology. This paper comprehensively studies the international and domestic cases of ship emission control monitoring: The following methods are used: direct collection of fuel oil samples for analysis, collection of ship exhaust samples and analysis, remote sensing observation of ship exhaust and analysis, as well as the use of fixed-point monitoring station system to monitor air quality. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is used to analyze the fuel sulfur content directly, and the carbon balance method can be used to calculate the fuel oil content,. The fixed position monitoring system is a comprehensive monitoring method, which can effectively observe the influence of the emission of the ship exhaust on air quality, and evaluate the effect of the control area. Afterwards, the application should also be concerned about the effects of various methods of comparison, alternative measures and focus on the effect of tail gas treatment facilities assessment, enhanced port area environmental monitoring networks.
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Petrovic, Goran, Milos Madic, Danijel Markovic, Predrag Milic, and Gordana Stefanovi. "Multiple criteria decision making of alternative fuels for waste collection vehicles in southeast region of Serbia." Thermal Science 20, suppl. 5 (2016): 1585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci16s5585p.
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In this paper multiple criteria decision making approach of alternative fuels for waste collection vehicles in southeast region of Serbia was presented. Eight alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies were ranked according to thirteen criteria, including financial, socio-technical, and environmental. Assessment of alternatives was performed by using the weighted aggregated sum product assessment method and results were verified using multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis method. Considered criteria were obtained from previous researches and by assessment of professional experts from manufacturing industries, public utility companies, and academics institutions. The analysis showed that both biodiesel fuels - derived from used cooking oil or from vegetable oils are the best alternative fuels for Serbian waste collection vehicles in this point of time. Compressed natural gas-powered vehicles were also ranked high in this analysis, but due to the lack of financial capability for their purchase (especially in southeast region of Serbia), their gradual introduction into the waste collection fleet was proposed.
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Sergio Scalize, Paulo, and Juliana Moraes Frazão. "Real-scale comparison between simple and composite raw sewage sampling." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (June 7, 2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0019.
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Abstract The present study performed a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the raw sewage collected at the entrance of the sewage treatment station of the city of Itumbiara, state of Goiás. Samples were collected every two hours over a period of seven consecutive days. Characterization of both point samples and composite samples was performed. The parameters analyzed were: temperature, pH, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, electric conductivity, total phosphorus, settleable solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, fixed suspended solids and turbidity. These results allowed us to verify that it is possible to perform the collection and analysis of a point sample, instead of a composite sample, as a way of monitoring the efficiency of a sewage treatment plant.
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Hogarth, R. A. "AVOIDING CAPITAL COST BLOWOUTS ON OIL AND GAS PROJECTS." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02038.
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Modern corporate practices have been slow to come to grips with the risks of large capital expenditure projects, particularly the processes of due diligence on investment submissions and high level monitoring of project implementation.Unlike the mining sector where major project cost blowouts have received intense public scrutiny, collection of data on this issue is difficult in the oil and gas sector and there remains a reluctance of companies to share horror stories. The increasing trend towards company acquisitions rather than exploration, the rates of return on capital investments reported by oil and gas companies and the data available on this issue within the mining industry point towards a potential problem for the oil and gas industry and one that, with appropriate corporate practice could be more readily identified.This paper puts forward the case for more effective corporate practices in relation to large capital projects in optimising return on capital and discusses the role of project owner senior management and the key factors impacting on capital expenditure blowouts.Effective project due diligence, monitoring of project implementation and integration management are put forward as the three key focuses for Boards and management in ensuring that cost blowouts are avoided.
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Vestergaard, Niels K. "Experience from More than Twenty Years of Operation of a Comprehensive Hazardous Waste Management System (Kommunekemi/Chemcontrol)." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0372.
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Denmark started development of its national hazardous waste management system in 1971,and since then the system has been continuously developed as a result of technical and political changes. This paper describes the development of this national registration, collection and treatment system for oil-and chemical wastes, seen from an operator's point of view. Development in waste amount is presented and commented on based on the corresponding political and legal actions taken due to the increased environmental concern in the country. Trends in development of alternative treatment and recycling facilities resulting from technological developments and economical incentives are mentioned.
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Li, Song, Manel Grifoll, Miquel Estrada, Pengjun Zheng, and Hongxiang Feng. "Optimization on Emergency Materials Dispatching Considering the Characteristics of Integrated Emergency Response for Large-Scale Marine Oil Spills." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070214.
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Many governments have been strengthening the construction of hardware facilities and equipment to prevent and control marine oil spills. However, in order to deal with large-scale marine oil spills more efficiently, emergency materials dispatching algorithm still needs further optimization. The present study presents a methodology for emergency materials dispatching optimization based on four steps, combined with the construction of Chinese oil spill response capacity. First, the present emergency response procedure for large-scale marine oil spills should be analyzed. Second, in accordance with different grade accidents, the demands of all kinds of emergency materials are replaced by an equivalent volume that can unify the units. Third, constraint conditions of the emergency materials dispatching optimization model should be presented, and the objective function of the model should be postulated with the purpose of minimizing the largest sailing time of all oil spill emergency disposal vessels, and the difference in sailing time among vessels that belong to the same emergency materials collection and distribution point. Finally, the present study applies a toolbox and optimization solver to optimize the emergency materials dispatching problem. A calculation example is presented, highlighting the sensibility of the results at different grades of oil spills. The present research would be helpful for emergency managers in tackling an efficient materials dispatching scheme, while considering the integrated emergency response procedure.
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Arifin, Bustanul, and Komang Audina Permana Putri. "Indonesian Government Strategies On Obtaining Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Market Access To European Union Countries Over The EU Parliament Resolution On Palm Oil And Deforestation Of Rainforest." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.8.2.201-221.2019.
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Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world. With Malaysia, palm oil production could account for about eighty percent of global production. Meanwhile, Europe is the country with the third largest CPO export destination for Indonesia after India and China. However, the EU proposed a European Union resolution initiative on palm oil and deforestation of rainforest, which finally passed with the major votes from EU members of Parliament in April 2017. The key point on EU resolution reveals that EU will ban palm oil use for biofuels production by 2020. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Indonesian government’s diplomatic efforts to respond and negotiate with EU regarding the issue. It is also considered important to prevent the global downturn on palm oil products. To analyze the diplomacy effort, the researcher will use qualitative methods presented through data collection from sources such as books, journals, press releases and official reports from institutions in this case the European Union. To support the research, the researcher also uses primary data through the interview with one of the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia for diplomatic actions conducted by Indonesian government. This research finds that the government of Indonesian finally combined several soft diplomatic strategies to face EU both directly and indirectly.Keywords: Strategies, Government of Indonesia, Trade, Palm Oil, EU Resolution, Deforestation
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Sulistyaningsih, Yoshi Tri, Bambang Haryanto, and Lintje Hutahaean. "Financial feasibility of livestock feed business from palm oil plantation wastes." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602057.
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There are three types of livestock feed as palm oil by-product, namely feed for fattening, feed for breeding and concentrates. This study aims to analyze the finansial feasibility of producing feed from palm oil waste and to analyze the added value of product from bio-industrial agricultural based on palm oil-cattle. This study was conducted in farmer group of bio-industrial agriculture in Sumber Makmur, Parenggean, Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan, in December 2019. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussion. To analyze the finansial feasibility, used investment criteria: net benefit-cost ratio, break even point, and payback period, while to determine the added value of the product, used the Hayami method. The result showed that from net B/C ratio, BEP (rupiah and unit), and payback period, the business of animal feed for fattening, breeding, and concentrates are profitable. Among the three business of feed, business feed for fattening is more profitable than others. The ratio of the added value of each livestock feed business between 0,89-0.94. The result of the study showed that the three of feed business were feasible to develop. It can be considered by other farmer groups and investors to develop livestock feed business from oil palm cultivation waste.
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Holt, Hanne Solem, and Bjørn Ronny Frost. "Results of Testing of Oil Skimmers with Diesel and Hybrid Fuel Oils in Cold Seawater." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1403.
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SUMMARY Determining the ability of currently available skimmers to collect new types of diesel, including low sulphur marine gas oil, wide range diesel oil and hybrid fuel oils, is of great importance for preparedness against acute pollution. To be able to make operational assessments of which oil skimmers are best suited to a given situation, we must know how the skimmers work on these diesel and hybrid fuel oils. We have tested various oil skimmers in different oil types. Four different diesel and hybrid fuel oils have been tested: a marine gas oil, a wide range diesel oil and two hybrid fuel oils. Three oil skimmer types were tested. The types are with discs, brushes and adhesion belts. The tests are performed with natural seawater at water temperatures corresponding to winter temperature (0–2°C). Capacity tests have been performed on MGO, HDME 50, ULSFO and WRG to find out how the oil skimmers work in these types of oil. The skimmers were first tested in a restricted basin with a thick layer of more than 20 cm of oil, so that pure oil and only small quantities of water were taken up. The skimmers and oils were then placed in a boom in the basin. A current was applied in the water, which caused a thickness of oil to build up around the skimmer. During our testing the operator ran the skimmers at optimum performance, so that maximum collection and efficiency were achieved. The results gave us the answer that the selected skimmers work in MGO, HDME 50 and WRG. Which skimmer are chosen will vary depending on what is wanted. It is possible to increase the capacity of the skimmers, but this would have a negative effect on efficiency, since the total quantity taken up will be higher. None of the skimmers worked well in ULSFO. This oil has a high point of solidification, which meant that the skimmers did not have a sufficient inflow of oil to work with.
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ARIFIN, LUTFI, MOKHAMAD IRFAN, INDAH PERMANASARI, AULIA RANI ANNISAVA, and AHMAD TAUFIQ ARMINUDIN. "KEANEKARAGAMAN SERANGGA PADA TUMPANGSARI TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI TANAMAN SELA DI PERTANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT BELUM MENGHASILKAN." JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ja.v7i1.2247.
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Plant intercropping that interplanted with young palm oil plantation indicated that there was change on ecosystem balance which resulted diversity alteration of insect as bio indicator area. The objective of the research was to obtain information on diversity of insect related to its intercropping system interplanted with young palm oil plantation. The research was conducted from December 2015 to February 2016 at privately-owned oil palm plantation, Kualu district, Kampar regency, Riau province. Descriptive methods by range survey on corn monoculture, soybean monoculture, bera, between corn and soybean intercropping in young palm oil area were used as experimental methods. Insect sampling was conducted by using pitfall trap, sweeping net and hand collection at 16 research units. The result showed that there were ten different insect ordo consisted of 50 families in all intercropping system sampled in this study. Diversity index (H’) reached as high as 3.07 with the best average (E=0.07) that was observed in soybean monoculture. Corn - soybean intercropping posessed the highest point of insect dominance (0.34), which is mean that there was only one kind of insect dominated on the community. The utilization of soybean monoculture system interplanted in young palm oil plantation is best to be used as a reference of ecological indicator on environment utilization, due to the reason that the existence of pest is balanced by the predator.
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Maslienko, L. V., A. Kh Voronkova, L. A. Datsenko, and E. A. Efimtseva. "The modification of method of the artificial inoculation of sunflower seedlings with Phoma rot pathogen in the laboratory conditions to identify the colonizing activity of strains-producer of microbiopreparations." Oil Crops 4, no. 184 (December 25, 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2020-4-184-52-56.
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We carried the work in the biomethod laboratory of the crop management department of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. We modified the method of artificial inoculation of sunflower seedlings with a pathogen in a laboratory conditions for the secondary screening of antagonist strains from the collection of the biomethod laboratory to Phoma rot pathogen. We developed a five-point scale for evaluation of affection degree of sunflower seedlings by Phoma rot pathogen: 0 points – healthy seedlings; 1 point – darkening of the root tip, intensive development of lateral roots; 2 points – darkening of the root by a third or up to the middle, but intensive development of lateral roots; 3 points – necking of rot in the middle of the root or between the hypocotyl and the root, lateral roots are poorly developed; 4 points – root rotting to the middle or necking between the hypocotyl and the root, but intensive development of lateral roots; 5 points – complete rotting of the root, lateral roots are poorly developed or absent; 1-3 – viable seedlings; 4-5 – non-viable seedlings. The optimal period of exposure of the root tips of sunflower seedlings to the pathogen colony equal to 3 hours develops an average background of infection with the pathogen (60.0 %) already on the first day, at which it is possible to evaluate at an early stage the difference between the variants by the colonizing activity of laboratory samples of microbiological preparations.
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Couldry, Nick, and Jun Yu. "Deconstructing datafication’s brave new world." New Media & Society 20, no. 12 (May 19, 2018): 4473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444818775968.
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As World Economic Forum’s definition of personal data as ‘the new “oil” – a valuable resource of the 21st century’ shows, large-scale data processing is increasingly considered the defining feature of contemporary economy and society. Commercial and governmental discourse on data frequently argues its benefits, and so legitimates its continuous and large-scale extraction and processing as the starting point for developments in specific industries, and potentially as the basis for societies as a whole. Against the background of the General Data Protection Regulation, this article unravels how general discourse on data covers over the social practices enabling collection of data, through the analysis of high-profile business reports and case studies of health and education sectors. We show how conceptualisation of data as having a natural basis in the everyday world protects data collection from ethical questioning while endorsing the use and free flow of data within corporate control, at the expense of its potentially negative impacts on personal autonomy and human freedom.
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Hvidbak, Flemming. "Preparedness for Heavy Oil Spills: More Focus on Mechanical Feeder Skimmers." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-577.
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ABSTRACT Numerous spills over the years have demonstrated that mechanical response to heavy oil spills at sea is less than successful. Recently, after the 10,000 m3 Erika spill in France, less than 5% was recovered before the oil reached the coast. The weather played an important role, but the selection of equipment and apparent response strategy did as well. Mainly weir skimmers were used. Weir skimmers are, due to their simplicity and reliability, widely used in spills at sea. Probably because some of the well-known brands are equipped with heavy oil transfer pumps, they commonly are used in heavy oil spills. In addition, high capacity units with light oil centrifugal transfer pumps are being used on heavy oil (Erika). Weir skimmers start losing their efficiency when the viscosity of the oil exceeds certain limits. It gets too difficult for the oil to pass the weir lip and flow into the hopper so that the pump can transfer it. For very heavy oils, which barely can float, the inlet weir is an even larger obstruction. A mechanical feeder skimmer lifts or drags the oil out of the water to a position above the water surface and feeds or drops it into a collection tank or a transfer pump. The mechanical feeder principle may result in significantly increased performance regarding high viscosity, debris, and, in most cases, low water content. Recent tests at SAIC/Environment Canada's test facility in Ottawa, Canada, sponsored by the Canadian Coast Guard, demonstrated that floating bitumen with a viscosity of about 2 million cSt could be recovered by mechanical feeder skimmers, while a “high viscosity” weir skimmer had no effect. This puts the Erika's viscosity of “only” 200,000 cSt into perspective, and strongly point at mechanical feeder skimmers in the preparedness for heavy oil spills.
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Wynn, J. C., and J. A. Fleming. "Seawater capacitance – a promising proxy for mapping and characterizing drifting hydrocarbon plumes in the deep ocean." Ocean Science 8, no. 6 (December 18, 2012): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-8-1099-2012.
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Abstract. Hydrocarbons released into the deep ocean are an inevitable consequence of natural seep, seafloor drilling, and leaking wellhead-to-collection-point pipelines. The Macondo 252 (Deepwater Horizon) well blowout of 2010 was even larger than the Ixtoc event in the Gulf of Campeche in 1979. History suggests it will not be the last accidental release, as deepwater drilling expands to meet an ever-growing demand. For those who must respond to this kind of disaster, the first line of action should be to know what is going on. This includes knowing where an oil plume is at any given time, where and how fast it is moving, and how it is evolving or degrading. We have experimented in the laboratory with induced polarization as a method to track hydrocarbons in the seawater column and find that finely dispersed oil in seawater gives rise to a large distributed capacitance. From previous sea trials, we infer this could potentially be used to both map and characterize oil plumes, down to a ratio of less than 0.001 oil-to-seawater, drifting and evolving in the deep ocean. A side benefit demonstrated in some earlier sea trials is that this same approach in modified form can also map certain heavy placer minerals, as well as communication cables, pipelines, and wrecks buried beneath the seafloor.
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Wynn, J. C., and J. A. Fleming. "Seawater capacitance – a promising proxy for mapping and characterizing drifting hydrocarbon plumes in the deep ocean." Ocean Science Discussions 9, no. 4 (August 3, 2012): 2679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-2679-2012.
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Abstract. Hydrocarbons released into the deep ocean are an inevitable consequence of natural seep, seafloor drilling, and leaking wellhead-to-collection-point pipelines. The Macondo 252 (Deepwater Horizon) well blowout of 2010 was even larger than the Ixtoc event in the Gulf of Campeche in 1979. History suggests it will not be the last accidental release, as deepwater drilling expands to meet an ever-growing demand. For those who must respond to these sorts of disasters, the first line of action should be to know what is going on. This includes knowing where an oil plume is at any given time, where and how fast it is moving, and how it is evolving. We have experimented in the laboratory with induced polarization as a method to track hydrocarbons in the seawater column and find that finely dispersed oil in seawater gives rise to a large distributed capacitance. This potentially could be used to both map and characterize oil plumes, down to less than 0.1%, drifting and evolving in the deep ocean. A side benefit demonstrated in some earlier sea-trials is that this same approach in modified form can also map certain heavy placer minerals, as well as communication cables, pipelines, and wrecks buried beneath the seafloor.
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Even, William R., and Donald P. Gregory. "Emulsion-Derived Foams Preparation, Properties, and Application." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 4 (April 1994): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400039488.
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Porous polymeric foams are well-known materials and have been produced by a wide variety of techniques ranging from leaching soluble fillers through gas-blowing to phase separation. Although these materials are widely used, their structure is often irregular and difficult to control. However, a novel method for producing porous materials with a more regular structure has been developed based on high internal phase emulsions (HIPE). These foams are called emulsion-derived foams and are commercially known as Polyhipe® (Unilever) polymers.If one takes a liquid oil, introduces water and a suitable emulsifier with agitation, a dilute emulsion is produced with small water droplets dispersed within the oil phase, about the consistency of milk. If the amount of the water (i.e., the internal or pore forming) phase is increased, a concentrated emulsion will be formed and the consistency of the mixture changes into a more viscous fluid. As further water is introduced, a limit is reached where the droplets are so prevalent that they approximate a close-packed structure (see cover of this issue); beyond this point the droplets must distort to accommodate any additional internal phase. For a collection of monodispersed spheres this packing limit corresponds to 74% by volume and is the accepted definition of a high internal phase emulsion, i.e., an emulsion with an internal phase greater than 74%.4 The structure of the emulsion is now analogous to soap bubbles, with thin films surrounding and separating the drops. Note also that, compared to “standard” emulsion polymerization, this is the exact reverse or “inverse” of that process. In the standard route, the dispersed oil phase is polymerized to yield a collection of polymeric spheres; with inverse emulsion, the continuous phase is polymerized, yielding a rigid matrix.
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Irshad, Muhammad, Mudasser Ali Khan, Ather Akhlaq, and Munir Hussain. "Strategies to Deregulate the Downstream Petroleum Sector of Pakistan." Journal of Economic Impact 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei4012214.
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Oil products play a dynamic role in the overall energy domain because it supports country-wide transport, industries, and households. The oil market in most countries is deregulated and provides free access to every organization or independent player. Some of them have followed this policy from the very beginning, while others have followed the strategy regarding deregulation at a later stage. In Pakistan, there is a usual tug of war between Government authorities and Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) concerning the decision of setting oil prices. This exploratory study aims to assess the prospects of deregulation of oil prices from the point of view of stockholders from the Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs). Data is gathered through interviews from the professional stakeholders who are working in the supply chain department in the downstream petroleum sector of Pakistan, and a thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. As per the data obtained from the interviewees, there are both advantages and disadvantages of deregulation of petroleum. Advantages are like low prices of petroleum products, positive impact on the economy, opportunities for new entrants, and creation of new jobs. While the disadvantages are oligopoly created by the mafias, failure of the system, dumping of fuel, and increase in cross border smuggling. While the major barriers to deregulation are the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) and political forces, and the facilitators for the deregulation are foreign direct investment and high tax collection of the Government. The deregulation must be done immediately to pass on the benefits of reduced and appropriate prices of petroleum products besides their availability in every city of the country. Government should also promote bulk import and storage of petroleum products so that the companies get possible economic ordering benefits of low prices.
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Gorbijchuk, M. І., M. I. Kogutyak, and V. M. Harasymiv. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HEATER WITH INTERMEDIATE HEAT." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(47) (December 29, 2021): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2021-2(47)-83-95.
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Track heaters are one of the technological equipment’s elements of oil and gas condensate deposits during the transportation of oil, oil products and natural gas. It was found that it is advisable to use line heaters with an intermediate heat carrier (water), which is heated during combustion associated (commercial) gas and transfers heat to the process flow through the heat exchange surface for soft heating of viscous oils and oil products to avoid hydrate formation during throttling of natural gas, with the aim of further transportation through pipelines to the place of collection, processing and consumption. A significant part of scientific publications relates to improving the efficiency of such devices with the use of various technological innovations for heat recovery from flue gases, as well as the use of high-quality control systems. On the basis of the analysis of the heater as an object of automation, the main input, disturbing factors and output parameters of control and regulation were established, and the information structure of the heater as a cybernetic system was developed. Based on the equations of the material and heat balance of the apparatus, the mathematical model of the dynamics of the process of heating technological streams has been developed, which includes the differential equations of the heat balance of the product heat exchanger, intermediate heat carrier, flue gases in the gas duct formed during gas combustion. The system of equations is supplemented by equations of heat transfer through two heat exchange surfaces from water to the target product and from flue gases to an intermediate heat carrier. The linearization of the nonlinear components of the developed model in the vicinity of the operating point is carried out. Based on the obtained mathematical description of the heater, a block diagram of the model was synthesized, which shows the relationship of input parameters, control action and output variables in deviations from the base point of the operating mode.
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Wayua, FO, MW Okoth, and J. Wangoh. "Survey of postharvest handling, preservation and processing practices along the camel milk chain in Isiolo County, Kenya." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 55 (December 14, 2012): 6897–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.55.10735.
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Despite the important contribution of camel milk to food security for pastoralists in Kenya, little is known about the postharvest handling, preservation and processing practices. In this study, existing postharvest handling, preservation and processing practices for camel milk by pastoralists in Isiolo, Kenya were assessed through crosssectional survey and focus group discussions. A total of 167 camel milk producer households, 50 primary and 50 secondary milk traders were interviewed. Survey findings showed that milking was predominantly handled by herds-boys (45.0%) or male household heads (23.8%) and occasionally by spouses (16.6%), sons (13.9%) and daughters (0.7%). The main types of containers used by both producers and traders to handle milk were plastic jerricans (recycled cooking oil containers), because they were cheap, light and better suited for transport in vehicles. Milk processing was the preserve of women, with fresh camel milk and spontaneously fermented camel milk (suusa) being the main products. Fresh milk was preserved by smoking of milk containers and boiling. Smoking was the predominant practice, and was for extending the shelf life and also imparting a distinct smoky flavour to milk. The milk containers were fumigated with smoke from burned wood of specific tree species such as Olea africana, Acacia nilotica, Balanities aegyptica and Combretum spp. Boiling was practised by primary milk traders at collection points to preserve milk during times when transport to the market was unavailable. Milk spoilage at the primary collection point in Kulamawe was aggravated by lack of cooling facilities. At the secondary collection point in Isiolo town, milk was refrigerated overnight before onward transmission to Nairobi. The mean quantity of traded milk was 83.2±3.8 litres. The main problems experienced by milk traders in Isiolo included milk spoilage (43.0% of respondents), delayed payments—after one or two days (19.9%), loss of money due to informal courier (12.2%), low prices of fermented milk (10.9%), milk rejection by customers in Nairobi (7.1%), inadequate supply during dry season (3.5%), loss of milk due to bursting of containers (2.1%) and milk not being supplied by producers due to insecurity (1.3%). In-depth understanding of the postharvest handling, preservation and processing practices would help to devise appropriate strategies that would increase the quantity and improve the quality of marketed camel milk. Such strategies should include the improvement of infrastructure such as milk transport, collection, cooling and processing facilities of suitable capacity.
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Wayua, FO, MW Okoth, and J. Wangoh. "Survey of postharvest handling, preservation and processing practices along the camel milk chain in Isiolo County, Kenya." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 55 (December 14, 2012): 6897–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.55.10735.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the important contribution of camel milk to food security for pastoralists in Kenya, little is known about the postharvest handling, preservation and processing practices. In this study, existing postharvest handling, preservation and processing practices for camel milk by pastoralists in Isiolo, Kenya were assessed through crosssectional survey and focus group discussions. A total of 167 camel milk producer households, 50 primary and 50 secondary milk traders were interviewed. Survey findings showed that milking was predominantly handled by herds-boys (45.0%) or male household heads (23.8%) and occasionally by spouses (16.6%), sons (13.9%) and daughters (0.7%). The main types of containers used by both producers and traders to handle milk were plastic jerricans (recycled cooking oil containers), because they were cheap, light and better suited for transport in vehicles. Milk processing was the preserve of women, with fresh camel milk and spontaneously fermented camel milk (suusa) being the main products. Fresh milk was preserved by smoking of milk containers and boiling. Smoking was the predominant practice, and was for extending the shelf life and also imparting a distinct smoky flavour to milk. The milk containers were fumigated with smoke from burned wood of specific tree species such as Olea africana, Acacia nilotica, Balanities aegyptica and Combretum spp. Boiling was practised by primary milk traders at collection points to preserve milk during times when transport to the market was unavailable. Milk spoilage at the primary collection point in Kulamawe was aggravated by lack of cooling facilities. At the secondary collection point in Isiolo town, milk was refrigerated overnight before onward transmission to Nairobi. The mean quantity of traded milk was 83.2±3.8 litres. The main problems experienced by milk traders in Isiolo included milk spoilage (43.0% of respondents), delayed payments—after one or two days (19.9%), loss of money due to informal courier (12.2%), low prices of fermented milk (10.9%), milk rejection by customers in Nairobi (7.1%), inadequate supply during dry season (3.5%), loss of milk due to bursting of containers (2.1%) and milk not being supplied by producers due to insecurity (1.3%). In-depth understanding of the postharvest handling, preservation and processing practices would help to devise appropriate strategies that would increase the quantity and improve the quality of marketed camel milk. Such strategies should include the improvement of infrastructure such as milk transport, collection, cooling and processing facilities of suitable capacity.
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Mohammed, Hewa, and Faiq Al-Zwainy. "Strategic Evaluation Plan and Improvement of Cement Plants (Iraqi Kurdistan Region – as a Case Study)." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 28, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.28.2.10.
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The cement plants in the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq (KRG) have made a considerable contribution to the economy of the region and almost dominated the cement market in the entire region and middle and south of Iraq. The cement plants as a part of KRG’s industrial sector needs to consider strategic planning, through this research the condition and quality of the cement plants in KRG have been evaluated, using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis (SWOT Analysis) technique as a strategic planning tool to demonstrate weakness points and strong points in the cement production process and to review opportunities to turn weaknesses into strengths while identifying the challenges facing this process and suggesting strategies to develop the cement plants. The main aim of the current study is to strategically evaluate, plan, and improve cement plants in KRG through the application (SWOT Analysis Technique). To achieve the study objectives, the methodology consists of a literature survey and field survey; including Interviews, field visits, data collection, presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results. In this study the reality of cement production in Iraq and Kurdistan region of Iraq has been demonstrated, the research sample was Gasin Cement Company (GCC) located in Sulaimaniya Governorate, SWOT analysis has been conducted to study the reality in the plant, some strong points, weakness points, opportunities, and threats have been founded. As a strong point; the quality of cement in GCC is high then as a weakness point Absence supervision on contractor’s work, after that as an opportunity Iraqi government has prevented the import of cement since 2016, finally as a threat the fluctuation of oil price does have dangerous effects on the cement market.
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Guilengue, Norberto, Sofia Alves, Pedro Talhinhas, and João Neves-Martins. "Genetic and Genomic Diversity in a Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) Germplasm Collection and Adaptability to Mediterranean Climate Conditions." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010021.
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Lupinus mutabilis (tarwi) is a species of Andean origin with high protein and oil content and regarded as a potential crop in Europe. The success in the introduction of this crop depends in part on in depth knowledge of the intra-specific genetic variability of the collections, enabling the establishment of breeding and conservation programs. In this study, we used morphological traits, Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat markers and genome size to assess genetic and genomic diversity of 23 tarwi accessions under Mediterranean conditions. Phenotypic analyses and yield component studies point out accession LM268 as that achieving the highest seed production, producing large seeds and efficiently using primary branches as an important component of total yield, similar to the L. albus cultivars used as controls. By contrast, accession JKI-L295 presents high yield concentrated on the main stem, suggesting a semi-determinate development pattern. Genetic and genomic analyses revealed important levels of diversity, however not relatable to phenotypic diversity, reflecting the recent domestication of this crop. This is the first study of genome size diversity within L. mutabilis, revealing an average size of 2.05 pg/2C (2001 Mbp) with 9.2% variation (1897–2003 Mbp), prompting further studies for the exploitation of this diversity.
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Parks, J. E., J. S. Armfield, T. E. Barber, J. M. E. Storey, and E. A. Wachter. "In Situ Measurement of Fuel in the Cylinder Wall Oil Film of a Combustion Engine by LIF Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 1 (January 1998): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981942410.
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Hydrocarbon emissions remain an important concern for the automotive industry due to increasingly strict regulations. In an investigation of possible emission sources within the engine, the concentration of fuel absorbed in the oil film on the cylinder wall of a small internal combustion engine has been measured with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. A laser pulse from a nitrogen laser (337.1 nm) provided the excitation, and the fluorescence was monitored with an intensifled-charge-coupled device (ICCD) array mounted to a spectrometer. The excitation laser pulse was launched through a window in the engine head onto a fiber-optic probe mounted flush with the cylinder wall. The laser-excited oil film on the fiber-optic probe produced an LIF signal that was collected by the fiber-optic probe and analyzed for fuel content. The timing of the laser pulse and ICCD gate were controlled in order to synchronize the collection of data with a particular point in the engine cycle. Measurements made in situ, while the engine was running, yield information on the amount of unburned fuel stored in the oil film for various engine conditions. Fuel-in-oil concentrations were determined for various engine temperatures during cold starts, for different fuel enrichment levels, and as a function of the crank angle of the engine cycle. Fuel concentrations as high as 50% were detected during cold starts, and fuel concentrations reached levels greater than 25% for warm engine operation. Changes in the fuel content were also found to be related to enrichment and crank angle.
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Hayes, Miles O., Todd M. Montello, Robert J. Schrader, and Edwin A. Levine. "Tidal Inlets—A Major Hurdle to Effectively Protecting Sensitive Coastal Resources." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-1239.
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ABSTRACT Along much of the coastline of the United States, the most abundant sensitive coastal resources, such as salt marsh and mangrove ecosystems, occur within estuaries located landward of tidal inlets. Therefore, a protection strategy that could prevent oil spilled on the open ocean from passing through the inlets during flood tides would effectively protect these resources. Because of wave conditions and strong currents (2–3 kts common), inlets present a most difficult protection scenario requiring excellent scientific understanding and operational skills. With the result of the Anitra oil spill in 1986, the NJDEP realized that the inlet protection strategies that had been proposed were not feasible. Based on previous experience for over two hundred tidal inlets in California and Florida, the NJDEP sponsored a project to devise protection strategies for the 13 inlets on the coast of New Jersey. The field team, which had backgrounds in geomorphology, environmental concerns, and response operations, devised the final strategies based on the following hierarchy of controls: (1) physical processes in the inlet; (2) protection priorities; and (3) probable effectiveness of response. The final strategies included boom positioning, probable oil movement, and other key elements. Special emphasis was placed on collection points, which were visited to determine access, habitat type, and boom deflection angles (and type). Inlets were classified according to degree of difficulty and expense of the response, and the most difficult ones were flagged for special concern. Strategies were devised and signed off on in the field, with significant input from local spill responders. A successful field test, which applied boom deflection and containment, was carried out in one of the typical inlets. Only through the combination of good scientific data, experience with years of on-scene operational know-how, field assessments, and refinement through field testing can effective strategies be developed to overcome one of the most difficult hurdles in successful oil spill protection. These strategies are designed as an educated starting point of operations to be modified according to the specific needs at the time of the incident.
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Rahman, Sakila ,., Vicky V. J. Palenewen, and Femi H. Elly. "ANALISIS KELAYAKAN AGROINDUSTRI VIRGIN COCONUT OIL(STUDI KASUS KELOMPOK TANI ANUGRAH KELURAHAN TANDURUSA KECAMATAN AERTEMBAGA KOTA BITUNG)." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 12, no. 3A (December 20, 2016): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.12.3a.2016.14361.
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This study aims to analyze how much profit out of the business of agro-industry Virgin Coconut Oil and analyzing the feasibility of agroindustrial Virgin Coconut Oil of Grace Farmers Group in Tandurusa Village Aertembaga Sub=District, District of Bitung. This research method is a method of Agro-industry survey on business Tandurusa Grace Farmer Group. Data were collected through interviews using a questionnaire technique. Methods of sample collection is done use purposive sampling) are members of farmer groups Grace. Analyzed using profits to the equation TC = TFC + TVC, TR = Q. P, Π = TR - TC. Then proceed to calculate the value of R / C which is the ratio between the total revenue with total costs incurred during the production process, wherein if R / C> 1 = worthy, R / C = 1 = breakeven, R / C <1 = not feasible. To find out if this Virgin Coconut Oil Agroindustri no profit or loss by the use of analysis Break Even Point (BEP). Result analysis and discussion shows that the total variable cost is Rp. 81.96 million, / year and total fixed costs are Rp.8.295.000, - / year, while total revenue was Rp. 249 600 000, - and BEP production was 61.75 liters and the BEP price is Rp.12.343.750 / year and Rp. 1,028.645, - / month and Rp. 85.720, - / 2day. Total profit / year is Rp. 159 345 000, - / year. With the value of R / C ratio is 3, so that it can be concluded that the Virgin Coconut Oil Agroindustri Poktan Grace Village Tandurusa experiencing gains and financially feasible to be developed because it exceeds the BEP and also R / C Ratio of her that is> 1. Fluctuations in the price and availability of raw materials greatly influence Virgin Coconut Oil production. Venture capital also influences the production of Virgin Coconut Oil. Agribusiness Virgin Coconut Oil provides an opportunity to increase income of farmers' income and employment opportunities and improve the State Foreign Exchange.
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Byfield, Russell. "Smart upstream to LNG." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17175.
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With today’s current technologies, it is possible to answer the question, ‘What is the most profitable mode of operation for the next few hours, for the rest of today, tomorrow and beyond?’ With ‘lower for longer’ oil prices, the need for enterprise wide optimisation in the upstream and midstream oil and gas industry is greater than ever. The terms ‘Digital Oil Field’, ‘Digital Gas Field’, ‘Digital Twin’ are being utilised to extol the virtue and value of big data analytics and model-based asset optimisation and supply chain optimisation by enabling this in efficient ways not previously possible with multiple unintegrated systems, processes and procedures. Multiple different point solutions rolled out across multiple sites become difficult to integrate horizontally for management of safe and optimised operations and vertically up to business enterprise resource planning level to give useful and timely business insights. With careful planning, coupled with deep operational technology and operations knowledge, an integrated enterprise wide supply chain and asset operations and management system can unlock significant hidden value. This is enabled by the correct and efficient integration of many systems and the efficient collection, management and use of huge amounts of data. As the industry needs to ‘do more with less’, getting this integration right is critical to enable desired outcomes and functionality. This paper summarises the current state-of-the-art solutions that enable optimised well to liquefied natural gas plant process, asset and business management to deliver desired functionality and outcomes.
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Stevens, Leigh, Julian Roberts, and Deborah Hume. "INCORPORATING CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS INTO OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT IN NEW ZEALAND." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-265.
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ABSTRACT This paper describes the New Zealand (NZ) approach used to define the likelihood and consequences of oil spills through the Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment process. A new methodology for consequence analysis was developed using 20 kilometre coastal cells established across the country for ranking and mapping sensitivity. For each cell, the resources present were evaluated under “environmental” categories (shoreline character, plants and animals, protected sites) and “human” categories (economic, cultural, and social, amenity & recreation). Factors within each category were allocated scores reflecting the sensitivity, vulnerability and reversibility of impacts at local, regional and national levels on a semi-quantitative 5-point score (very low / low / moderate / high or unknown / extreme). Qualitative descriptions (e.g. “no vulnerable plants or animals” ranging to “a number of vulnerable plants or animals of national importance, or at least one that is irreplaceable”) were used to ensure national consistency in scoring. Determining the presence or absence of environmental and human factors within each cell enabled individual scores to be summed for each category and graphically presented using diagonally split colour-coded squares on a map. This was overlain with the results of the regional oil spill likelihood analysis (e.g. how much, how often, where, what oil, and where from) providing an overall risk profile for NZ. The methodology was refined through national level multi-stakeholder meetings, and tested at two regional workshops to produce a data collection template for use by regional response agencies. The unique contribution of this work has been to incorporate consequence analysis into the assessment of regional and national risk profiles. Further quantifying the relative contribution of different activities and factors to the risk profile of each region, and nationally, will guide preventive and preparedness measures to lower the likelihood and impact of a spill. This in turn will determine the relative contribution each risk activity makes to the total risk profile which forms the basis for setting Oil Pollution Fund levies used to fund spill preparation in NZ.
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Pardo, José Emilio, Jacinto Tello, Mariano Suárez, Adrián Rabadán, Concepción De Miguel, and Manuel Álvarez-Orti. "Variety Characterization and Influence of Olive Maturity in Virgin Olive Oils from the Area Assigned to the Protected Designation of Origin “Aceite de la Alcarria” (Spain)." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010038.
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In this first contribution to the study of virgin olive oils from the area assigned to the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) “Aceite de la Alcarria” (Spain), both monovarietal oils obtained under ideal conditions in a pilot plant, as well as blend oils made in the oil mills located in the study area, were characterized. Special interest was focused on the influence of the ripening state of the fruits. The oils from the Castellana variety, the main variety found in the study area, were characterized by a high content of tocopherols, medium oxidative stability and high content in palmitic, palmitoleic and linolenic acids. As the ripening process progresses, the oils lose fruitiness, bitterness, pungency, stability, and some organoleptic defects appear, to the point of lowering the category (from extra virgin to virgin) in some of the Castellana samples. Thus, early collection of olives of this variety is recommended.
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Muskat, Judd. "The Evolution of Applied Geographic Information Systems for Oil Spill Response in California: Rapid Data Dissemination for Informed Decision Making." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1583.
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ABSTRACT Computing technology has advanced to the point where it is now standard practice to employ complex Geographic Information Systems (GIS) within the Incident Command Post (ICP). Simultaneously, field data collection has been migrating to mobile computing applications which output GIS files that are quickly displayed for real-time situational awareness. From the initial emergency response through clean-up and sign-off much data with a spatial component is generated and many disparate data sets are collected. More efficient data integration, management and visual analysis affords Incident Commanders and Section Chiefs the ability to make informed and timely planning, operational and strategic decisions. Traditionally GIS maps were created in the ICP from field sketches, field notes and verbal reports. Processing of these data by the GIS Unit is very time consuming and prone to error. Preliminary efforts to streamline and automate field data collection by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW, formerly the California Department of Fish and Game), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) utilized Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to record waypoints and track lines. Since then more elegant electronic field data collection applications installed on small, handheld computers have been developed including those for “Wildlife Recovery and Transport”, “Resources at Risk” over flights, and the “Shoreline Cleanup and Assessment Technique” (SCAT). Other recent advancements allow for real-time aerial remote sensing for oil slick detection and detailed mapping of its properties, and displaying the output from coastal High Frequency (HF) radar installations for real-time visualization of local ocean surface current fields. These field data collection applications are explained in more detail in the body of this paper. Once these data are incorporated into the GIS a web-based Common Operational Picture (COP) is utilized for timely dissemination of relevant geospatial data. OSPR has worked closely with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) to develop “Southwest ERMA” (Environmental Response Management Application) as California's COP for web-based data dissemination and incident situational awareness. At the Deepwater Horizon (MC-252) Incident Command Post (ICP) in Houma, Louisiana many responders were from outside of the region and unfamiliar with the local geography. Area base maps with a standardized coast line and place names were not readily available for several days which added unnecessary confusion to the mix. As a lesson learned and in order to avoid this situation for an oil spill response in California, OSPR and NOAA have pre-loaded Southwest ERMA with pertinent base maps, charts and spill response planning data from the three California Area Contingency Plans (ACPs). These data are deliberately made freely available to the general public via the Southwest ERMA web-viewer without any user login credentials required.
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Criscuolo, Guarino, Angelini, Castiglione, Caruso, and Cicatelli. "High Biodiversity Arises from the Analyses of Morphometric, Biochemical and Genetic Data in Ancient Olive Trees of South of Italy." Plants 8, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8090297.
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Morphometric, biochemical and genetic analyses were conducted on Olea europaea L. of Campania, an area of Southern Italy highly suited to the cultivation of olive trees and the production of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). We aimed to characterize the distribution of morphological, biochemical and genetic diversity in this area and to develop a practical tool to aid traceability of oils. Phenotypes were characterized using morphometric data of drupes and leaves; biochemical and genetic diversity were assessed on the basis of the fatty acid composition of the EVOOs and with microsatellite markers, respectively. We provide an open-source tool as a novel R package titled ‘OliveR’, useful in performing multivariate data analysis using a point and click interactive approach. These analyses highlight a clear correlation among the morphological, biochemical and genetic profiles of samples with four collection sites, and confirm that Southern Italy represents a wide reservoir of phenotypic and genetic variability.
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Magray, Adil Ahmad, Amanpreet Tangri, Zehra Khan, and Naiyara Khan. "Foundation engineering for offshore gravity structures." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012053.
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Abstract Gravity based structures are in play from early times. Numerous structures are being installed around the globe. These structures had shown a rigid face towards the harsh conditions/situation in the offshore environment. The key factors for sustainability are geotechnical design and the sub soil survey. These structures are used for collection, transport and also for temporary storage of crude gas and oil. These structures serve as a bridge between the much need fuel and the modern world. The installation of GBS involves major wings of modern engineering i.e. Mechanical, Structural, architecture and Geotechnical engineering because these structures are a great challenge as considering the harsh and hard off shore conditions. These structures are having a much importance apart from its features i.e. from the point of economy, as the oil prices are touching the heights, it influences construction of GBS. Now a days most of the multinational companies are focusing towards the construction of offshore GBS, as well as paying much attention on research work off these structures because to make huge profit. In this paper an effort has been made to understand the different aspects which are related to GBS i.e. pre-construction operations, soil investigation, construction, installment and some of the safety aspects as considering it one of the most focused topics now and in future.