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1
Liu, Jiangyu, Xinyu Guo, Yong Xu, and Xuemin Wu. "Spreading of Oil Droplets Containing Surfactants and Pesticides on Water Surface Based on the Marangoni Effect." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051408.
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Oil droplets containing surfactants and pesticides are expected to spread on a water surface, under the Marangoni effect, depending on the surfactant. Pesticides are transported into water through this phenomenon. A high-speed video camera was used to measure the movement of Marangoni ridges. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector was used to analyze the concentration of the pesticide in water at different times. Oil droplets containing the surfactant and pesticide spread quickly on the water surface by Marangoni flow, forming an oil film and promoting emulsification of the oil–water interface, which enabled even transport of the pesticide into water, where it was then absorbed by weeds. Surfactants can decrease the surface tension of the water subphase after deposition, thereby enhancing the Marangoni effect in pesticide-containing oil droplets. The time and labor required for applying pesticides in rice fields can be greatly reduced by using the Marangoni effect to transport pesticides to the target.
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Zhang, Ruojie, Zipei Zhang, Ruyi Li, Yunbing Tan, Shanshan Lv, and David Julian McClements. "Impact of Pesticide Type and Emulsion Fat Content on the Bioaccessibility of Pesticides in Natural Products." Molecules 25, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061466.
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There is interest in incorporating nanoemulsions into certain foods and beverages, including dips, dressings, drinks, spreads, and sauces, due to their potentially beneficial attributes. In particular, excipient nanoemulsions can enhance the bioavailability of nutraceuticals in fruit- and vegetable-containing products consumed with them. There is, however, potential for them to also raise the bioavailability of undesirable substances found in these products, such as pesticides. In this research, we studied the impact of excipient nanoemulsions on the bioaccessibility of pesticide-treated tomatoes. We hypothesized that the propensity for nanoemulsions to raise pesticide bioaccessibility would depend on the polarity of the pesticide molecules. Bendiocarb, parathion, and chlorpyrifos were therefore selected because they have Log P values of 1.7, 3.8, and 5.3, respectively. Nanoemulsions with different oil contents (0%, 4%, and 8%) were fabricated to study their impact on pesticide uptake. In the absence of oil, the bioaccessibility increased with increasing pesticide polarity (decreasing Log P): bendiocarb (92.9%) > parathion (16.4%) > chlorpyrifos (2.8%). Bendiocarb bioaccessibility did not depend on the oil content of the nanoemulsions, which was attributed to its relatively high water-solubility. Conversely, the bioaccessibility of the more hydrophobic pesticides (parathion and chlorpyrifos) increased with increasing oil content. For instance, for chlorpyrifos, the bioaccessibility was 2.8%, 47.0%, and 70.7% at 0%, 4%, and 8% oil content, respectively. Our findings have repercussions for the utilization of nanoemulsions as excipient foods in products that may have high levels of undesirable non-polar substances, such as pesticides.
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Idris, Herwita, and NFN Nurmansyah. "PESTISIDA NABATI KAYUMANIS DAN SERAIWANGI UNTUK PENGENDALIAN HAMA PENGGULUNG DAUN NILAM Pacyzancla stultalis." Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 28, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v28n2.2017.163-170.
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<em>Botanical pesticide is one of the alternatives to control pest and relatively safe for the environment. Cinnamon oil and citronella oil commonly used as botanical pesticide to control leaf roller</em> Pachyzancla stultalis<em> attack on patchouli, hence maintaining patchouli productivity. This study aimed to find the best botanical insecticide formula made of cinnamon oil and citronella oil to control leaf roller attack without decreasing the quality of patchouli oil. Research was conducted in patchouli farmer's plantation in Solok Regency, Kenagarian Gantung Ciri from January to October 2013. The research was arranged in Randomized Block Design with four treatments (Pesnab KM 40, Pesnab SW 50, synthetic insecticide deltamethrin 25 EC and without pesticide as control) repeated six times. Botanical pesticide, Pesnab KM 40 and SW 50, were formulated using 40 % cinnamon oil (KM 40) and 50 % citronella oil (SW 50). The plant tested was one month old Sidikalang variety in polybags. The KM 40 botanical pesticide formula was more effective to control </em>P. stultalis <em>larvae pest than control and SW 50 botanical pesticide, and as effective as synthetic pesticide. The herb yield, oil yield, oil content and patchouli alcohol (PA) content of KM 40 treatment were not significantly different compared to synthetic pesticide, but higher than control. Patchouli oil components such as alpha pinene, beta pinene, limonene, copaene, karyophylen, guanen, allo-aromadrene and gurjunen, was not significantly different among treatments. Botanical pesticides made from cinnamon oil can be used as alternative to control P. stultalis larvae attack in patchouli.</em><p> </p>
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Pramuhadi, Gatot, Zavira Mega Ayu, Muhammad Haikal Kusdian, Riza Fahri, Raesa Firdiansyah Pratama, and Anik Rahayu. "Pengabut Semprot Bergerak untuk Pemberantasan Hama Kelapa Sawit." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 27, no. 4 (September 21, 2022): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.4.487.
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Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) is a tropical plant that can be attacked by various pests, start from nurseries to plantations, so it is necessary to eradicate pests. Generally, the pests is eradicated by applying pesticides using fogging machines brought down by farmers so that they are ineffective in reaching high plants, and hot smoke from fogging machines can damage oil palm leaves. This study aims to design a tool that can optimize the application of pesticide fog to oil palm plants at a certain height. The tool's design in the form of a mobile spray fogger also aims to facilitate the operator in applying pesticide fog at various heights of oil palm and, simultaneously, can reduce the impact of damage to oil palm leaves. The research method was carried out by testing the performance of pesticide fog spraying in the laboratory and the performance test of applying pesticide fog using mobile spray foggers on the land. Furthermore, pesticide smoke from fogging machines was optimized by combining electric sprayers and air blowers so that pesticide fog is formed, reducing the temperature of pesticide smoke, and increasing the range of fogging. The performance of the combination of outputs from fogging machines, electric sprayers, and air blowers on mobile spray fogger produces a droplet diameter of 94.41 μm, droplet density of 365.44 droplet/cm2, effective fogging range of 8.63 m, effective fogging width of 0.91 m, and an average temperature decrease of 4°C.
Keywords: air blower, electric sprayer, fogging machine, palm oil, pests
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Zulkefli, N. F., W. A. Wan Ab Karim Ghani, S. Ali, N. Asib, and Y. Chowmasundaram. "Development of bio-pesticides from bio-oil of oil palm biomass waste (palm kernel shell) against Metisa plana Walker bagworm (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)." Supplementary 1 5, S1 (February 27, 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(s1).041.
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Despite the abundance of palm-based residues generated, the by-products from thermochemical processing such as bio-oil may create value-added products to the palm industry. The palm-based derived bio-oil contains high aromatic compounds, which are active ingredients in the bio-pesticides formulation. Therefore, this study investigated the formulation of the bio-pesticide from this bio-oil and determines their effect on insect-pest in oil palm such as Metisa plana walker bagworm. Prior the formulation, preliminary evaluation of the compatibility between bio-oil and surfactants such as Tween 20 and Tween 80 as the bio-pesticides ingredient were evaluated using the ternary phase diagram. The compatibility results showed the best formulation is at 20% of surfactant. Based on these conditions, the experiment was formulated using an active ingredient (AI) called azadirachtin extracted from neem seed. The formulated bio-pesticide was tested for its effectiveness towards the mortality of the bagworm. The results showed that the formulated bio-pesticide was able to repel 50% of the bagworm population, with a lethal concentration (LC50) of 22.1 g/mL showing a good indicator as an effective repellent. Hence, this study provided new knowledge for waste management towards zero waste strategy for a better environment and sustainability.
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Liu, Yuanxi, Zuntao Zheng, Hongbin Liu, Dongjun Hou, Hailiang Li, Yaolei Li, Wenguang Jing, Hongyu Jin, Ying Wang, and Shuangcheng Ma. "Residual Change of Four Pesticides in the Processing of Pogostemon cablin and Associated Factors." Molecules 28, no. 18 (September 18, 2023): 6675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186675.
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Before use as medicines, most traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plants are processed and decocted. During processing, there may be some changes in pesticide residues in TCM. In recent years, reports have studied the changes of pesticides during the processes of boiling, drying and peeling of TCM materials but have rarely involved special processing methods for TCM, such as ethanol extraction and volatile oil extraction. The changes of carbendazim, carbofuran, pyridaben and tebuconazole residues in common processing methods for P. cablin products were systemically assessed in this study. After each processing step, the pesticides were quantitated by UPLC-MS/MS. The results showed amount decreases in various pesticides to different extents after each processing procedure. Processing factor (PF) values for the four pesticides after decoction, 75% ethanol extraction and volatile oil extraction were 0.02~0.75, 0.40~0.98 and 0~0.02, respectively, which indicated that residual pesticide concentrations may depend on the processing technique. A risk assessment according to the hazard quotient with PF values showed that residual pesticide amounts in P. cablin were substantially lower than levels potentially posing a health risk. Overall, these findings provide insights into the safety assessment of P. cablin.
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Waghmare, J. T., A. M. Ware, and S. A. Momin. "Neem Oil As Pesticide." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (February 2007): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932690601062291.
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Waren, Annes, Ratih Ayunigtiyas, Tyagita Widya Sari, and Aradana Wahyuda. "Relationship Between Knowledge And Behavior Of Personnel Protective Equipment Usage With Contact Dermatitis In Oil Palm Pesticide Workers." Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas 6, no. 2 (October 2, 2020): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol6.iss2.538.
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Taylor et al., 2008 reported that 80% of occupational dermatoses were contact dermatitis. One of the chemicals that can cause skin disorders is pesticides that are often used in the community, especially oil palm plantation companies (PKS). The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is one risk control for contact dermatitis in workers. This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and behavior of PPE usage with contact dermatitis in oil palm pesticide workers. The research design used was cross-sectional using a total sampling technique that is all workers giving oil palm pesticides in one PKS company in a district of 37 people. The variables used were contact dermatitis obtained from workers' medical records, knowledge using questionnaire instruments, and PPE usage behavior through observation for 3 days with random time. The results showed that 62.2% of workers giving oil pesticides had contact dermatitis, there was a significant relationship between the knowledge of the use of PPE and contact dermatitis (p value = 0.001) and there was a significant relationship between the behavior of PPE use with contact dermatitis (p value = 0,000) giver of palm pesticides. To reduce the occurrence of contact dermatitis can be done by increasing the knowledge and behavior of using PPE.
Keywords : Contact dermatitis, pesticide, personnel protective equipment, palm oil
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Feng, Boyuan, Heng Zhi, Hongyan Chen, Bo Cui, Xiang Zhao, Changjiao Sun, Yan Wang, Haixin Cui, and Zhanghua Zeng. "Development of Chlorantraniliprole and Lambda Cyhalothrin Double-Loaded Nano-Microcapsules for Synergistical Pest Control." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102730.
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Nanotechnology could greatly improve global agricultural food production. Chlorantraniliprole and lambda cyhalothrin double-loaded nano-microcapsules were fabricated to enhance the control of pests by pesticides and improve the pesticide utilization efficiency. The nano-microcapsules were synthesized using a method involving the solid in oil in water encapsulation technique and solvent evaporation. The nano-microcapsules slowly and simultaneously released lambda cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole. The cumulative lambda cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole release rates at 40 h were 80% and 70%, respectively. Indoor Spodoptera frugiperda control tests indicated that the double-loaded nano-microcapsules were more toxic than lambda cyhalothrin water-dispersible granules, chlorantraniliprole water-dispersible granules, and a mixture of lambda cyhalothrin water-dispersible granules and chlorantraniliprole water-dispersible granules, indicating that the pesticides in the nano-microcapsules synergistically controlled Spodoptera frugiperda. The results indicated that pesticide nano-microcapsules with synergistic effects can be developed that can improve the effective pesticide utilization efficiency and pesticide bioavailability. This is a new idea for achieving environmentally intelligent pesticide delivery.
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Khan, Muhammad Musa, Junaid Ali Siddiqui, Rana Muhammad Kaleem Ullah, and Muhammad Fahim Raza. "Effect of different biopesticides on mortality and their synergetic effect on the fecundity of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797)." International Journal of PharmTech Research 13, no. 3 (2020): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijptr.2019.130303.
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Tribolium castaneum is an important stored grain pest. T. castaneum not only caused heavy losses in stored grain products, but it also becomes resistant to many pesticides, which makes pests more important. Synergism is an important tool to reduce the risk of the development of resistance. This study was designed to investigate the toxicity, synergism effect, and effect of the combination of different biopesticides on the fecundity of T. castaneum Results showed that among six biopesticides (Spinosad, Abamectin, Azadiractin, Rosemary oil, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Verticillium lecanii) the spinosad, rosemary oil, and M. anisopliae exerted maximum percent mortality. When these pesticides were mixed and used to assess the synergistic effect. Results revealed that spinosad + Rosemary oil was the most effective combination, and exerting caused more mortality as compared to spinosad + M. anisopliae and rosemary oil + M. anisopliae. Results also showed that the number of eggs laid per day was also recorded less in the insects which were exposed to spinosad + rosemary oil as compared to other treatments. The percent reproductive control was about 43% in spinosad + Rosemary oil combination as compared to other treatments. This study showed that the use of different pesticides with a different mode of action in small concentration can be more effective than a single pesticide with high concentration. This technique will effectively deal with pesticide resistance and also economical for the store owners.
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Ivanova, L. P., T. V. Adamchuk, A. P. Hrynko, O. P. Kravchuk, and H. I. Petrashenko. "Analysis of international approaches to regulation of pesticides in processed agricultural products (literature review)." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 55, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2021-55-2-94-99.
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Object . Analysis of pesticide regulations documents and scientific works regarding processed agricultural products. Results. The principles to establish maximum residue levels (MRLs) for active ingredients of pesticides in raw agricultural commodities (RACs) and processed products are currently available in the European Union and Ukraine and are provided by the WHO Commission “Codex Alimentarius” and the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) were reviewed. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) project with the overall objective is to develop a database of validated processing factors based on the residue definitions for enforcement, which is compatible with the EFSA food classification and description system was outlined. The European Association of Plant Producers of the EU Vegetable Oil and Proteinmeal Industry (FEDIOL) position on pesticide MRLs in vegetable oils and fats were described. This concept has identified two main elements allowing to give an indication of the fat solubility of an substances. In particular, variants of interpretation of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log Pow) were analyzed. It can be used to predict whether the substance is fat - or water-soluble and to provides an estimate of the tendency of a active ingredients of pesticides to bioaccumulate in fat. In the case of vegetable oils, MRLs can be approximated based on the physico/chemical properties of the pesticides and on the oil content of the raw agricultural commodities (theoretical processing factors from oilseeds seed to oil). Conclusions. The review determines the necessity of improve Ukrainian pesticides regulation procedure and the development of a risk-oriented approach to the selection of priority indicators for the set of MRLs of pesticides in agricultural processed products. Key Words: pesticides, residues, processed products, oilseeds.
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Cui, Jianxia, Changjiao Sun, Anqi Wang, Yan Wang, Huaxin Zhu, Yue Shen, Ningjun Li, et al. "Dual-Functionalized Pesticide Nanocapsule Delivery System with Improved Spreading Behavior and Enhanced Bioactivity." Nanomaterials 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020220.
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The prevention and control of pests and diseases are becoming increasingly difficult owing to extensive pesticide resistance. The synergistic use of pesticides for disease control is an effective way of slowing pesticide resistance, reducing the number of pesticide applications, and protecting the environment. In this study, a dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsule delivery system loaded with two active ingredients (AIs)—validamycin and thifluzamide—was developed to prevent and control rice sheath blight; the nanocapsule system was based on a water–oil–water double emulsion method combined with high-pressure homogenization technology. Our results showed that the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules were monodisperse spheres with a mean particle size of ~260 nm and had good storage stability. Compared with commercial formulations, the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules exhibited good foliar spread owing to their small size, which is beneficial for reducing the loss of pesticides on the leaves. The 50% median effect concentration and synergistic ratio against Rhizoctonia solani of the dual-functionalized pesticide nanocapsules and commercial formulation were 0.0082 and 0.0350 μg/mL, and 2.088 and 0.917, respectively. These findings indicate that the bioactivity of the dual-functionalized system was significantly better than that of the commercial formulations and that the dual-functionalized system demonstrated a clear synergistic effect between the two AIs. The system presented here is simple, fast, and capable of dual-pesticide loading with significant synergistic effects. Our findings could help to facilitate the improvement of pesticides efficiency and the slowing of pesticide resistance.
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Awantari, Aprillia, and Indah Tri Susilowati. "Humoral Inflammatory Markers of Total Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Exposure on Palm Oil Plantation Pesticide Sprayers." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 19, no. 2 (October 18, 2023): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v19i2.44886.
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Pesticides are often used in oil palm plantations to prevent disturbing animals and plants. Pesticide sprayers are vulnerable to pesticide exposure which can reduce cholinesterase levels is an indicator of pesticide poisoning. Long-term pesticide exposure and excessive doses cause the production of free radicals in the body, thereby increasing inflammatory markers, one of which is total IgE. This study aimed to describe cholinesterase and total IgE levels in oil palm farmers. This study used the quantitative-descriptive research method. The sampling was conducted at PT. X in Sanggau District of West Kalimantan Province. Examining cholinesterase levels used the Architec c-8000 device with the DGKC butyrylthiocholine 37°C method, while total IgE used the immunochemmiluminescent method with the Immulite 2000 device. The examination was carried out at the Prodia National Reference Lab in Jakarta. Based on the cholinesterase measurement results taken from 133 workers who underwent medical check-ups, 20 data were taken that were close to the threshold value less than normal to examine total IgE levels. The results obtained from the overview of cholinesterase levels showed that 20 pesticide sprayers (100%) had normal cholinesterase levels, and four (20%) had normal total IgE levels. Pesticide exposure will decrease cholinesterase levels, and increase IgE levels.
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Cloyd, Raymond A., and Amy L. Raudenbush. "Efficacy of Binary Pesticide Mixtures Against Western Flower Thrips." HortTechnology 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.4.449.
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This study was designed to determine the efficacy of binary pesticide mixtures against one of the most important insect pests of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Two separate experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to simulate a greenhouse production cycle using yellow transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) cut flowers, which were artificially infested with a known number of western flower thrips. The pesticides used in the two experiments were spinosad, pymetrozine, abamectin, pyridalyl, fluvalinate, chlorfenapyr, bifenazate, azadirachtin, petroleum oil, tolfenpyrad, fenhexamid, azoxystrobin, and spirotetramat. Pesticide mixtures were evaluated at the recommended labeled rates (Expt. 1) and assessments were made to determine if adding didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride enhanced the efficacy of the pesticide mixtures (Expt. 2). Results from Expt. 1 indicated that many of the binary pesticide mixtures provided ≥80% mortality of western flower thrips although this was a baseline population without previous exposure to pesticides. In Expt. 2, the addition of didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride failed to increase the efficacy of most of the designated pesticide mixtures compared with the pesticides applied separately. Furthermore, none of the binary pesticide mixtures were phytotoxic to the transvaal daisy flowers. Although there are issues associated with using pesticide mixtures such as the potential for resistance developing to different pesticides in mixtures, greenhouse producers combine pesticides together to reduce labor costs and expand the spectrum of activity against insect and mite (Tetranychidae) pests. Therefore, the relevance of this information is that greenhouse producers now understand which pesticide mixtures may be used and those that should be avoided when suppressing populations of western flower thrips thus minimizing feeding damage to greenhouse-grown horticultural crops.
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Dassanayake, Mackingsley Kushan, Chien Hwa Chong, Teng-Jin Khoo, Adam Figiel, Antoni Szumny, and Chee Ming Choo. "Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092016.
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The management of insect pests and fungal diseases that cause damage to crops has become challenging due to the rise of pesticide and fungicide resistance. The recent developments in studies related to plant-derived essential oil products has led to the discovery of a range of phytochemicals with the potential to combat pesticide and fungicide resistance. This review paper summarizes and interprets the findings of experimental work based on plant-based essential oils in combination with existing pesticidal and fungicidal agents and novel bioactive natural and synthetic molecules against the insect pests and fungi responsible for the damage of crops. The insect mortality rate and fractional inhibitory concentration were used to evaluate the insecticidal and fungicidal activities of essential oil synergists against crop-associated pests. A number of studies have revealed that plant-derived essential oils are capable of enhancing the insect mortality rate and reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of commercially available pesticides, fungicides and other bioactive molecules. Considering these facts, plant-derived essential oils represent a valuable and novel source of bioactive compounds with potent synergism to modulate crop-associated insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi.
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Azeez, O. M., U. Zakka, Y. Akinyemi, and O. Akpore. "Monitoring and Assessment of Pesticide Residue in Tomato from Four Selected Markets in Port Harcourt." Nigerian Journal of Entomology 39, no. 1 (December 30, 2023): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/nje/3202/93.0140.
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Investigation of pesticide residues of tomato was carried out in Fruit garden, Rumuokoro, Mile 3 and Oil Mill markets, Port Harcourt. The pesticide residues of the fruit obtained in open markets was monitored and compared with established safety limits. The pretreated samples were Soxhlet extracted and analysed for groups of pesticide most especially Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) content using a Gas Chromatograph coupled with an Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). A total of 12 OCPs and other residues were detected in most of the samples with the percentage occurrence ranging from 35%-100%, and the levels found exceeding their Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) of the samples was 0.0408 mg/kg α Chlordane and 0.0723 mg/kg endosulfan sulfate; while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of these pesticides were 0.0047mg/kg and 0.3952 mg/kg respectively. Among the pesticides determined 58.7% insecticides (14), 22.7% fungicides (5) and 17.9% Herbicide (4) were detected in the tomato samples. The mean concentration of Metoxychlor was excessively higher in samples obtained across the four markets. Also, the concentration of О’ρ Рρ, DDT (0.18±0.20) was higher than its metabolite, (0.13±0.03) in Oil Mill and Mile 3 markets (0.14±0.02) which might portend danger for our health.
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Zhao, Pengyue, Li Zheng, Yuanyuan Li, Chaojie Wang, Lidong Cao, Chong Cao, and Qiliang Huang. "Tank-Mix Adjuvants Regulate the Deposition, Absorption, and Permeation Behavior of Pesticide Solutions on Rice Plant." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081119.
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Pesticide foliage treatment is used in agricultural production to protect plants from diseases, pests, or weeds. Tank-mix adjuvants added to the barrel can improve the effective utilization rate of pesticides. Herein, a comparative study was conducted to investigate the effect of three kinds of tank-mix adjuvant on the deposition, absorption, and permeation behavior of epoxiconazole and chlorantraniliprole solutions. Surface tension and contact angle results indicate that polyether-modified trisiloxane may be the best surface-active agent for pesticides, whereas methyl oleate and green-peel orange essential oil were found to be more suitable for improving pesticide deposition, absorption, and permeation in some cases. These findings indicate that various tank-mix adjuvants had different effects on pesticide application on plants. Appropriate tank-mix adjuvants need to be selected for comprehensive practical application.
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Maris, Paramita, Dwi Susilo Utami, Otto Marwoto, and Nurbetti Tarigan. "Why Eucalyptus Citriodora Potential as Biopesticide ?" JURNAL ILMIAH AGRINECA 22, no. 2 (July 25, 2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36728/afp.v22i2.2008.
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Various efforts have been made to eliminate or at least reduce the negative impact of chemical pesticides that are currently widely used. One of these efforts is to use other effective control alternatives, such as bio-pesticides/botanical pesticides. Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil was previously better known in traditional medicine. However, many studies have shown that this essential oil has much potential to be used as a biopesticide. This article reviews the biopesticide potential of E. citriodora essential oil, including its herbicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, nematicidal, insect-repellent, and insecticidal activities. E. citriodora oil contains citronellal, citronellol, 1,8-cineole, isopulegol, ?-pinene, and citronellyl acetate. Citronellal and citronellol are one of the main toxins in E. citriodora essential oil. However, this review shows that the oil has a broad spectrum of biological activity, making it a simple and environmentally friendly pesticide.
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Djordjevic, Tijana, and Rada Djurovic-Pejcev. "Food processing as a means for pesticide residue dissipation." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 31, no. 3-4 (2016): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1604089d.
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Pesticides are one of the major inputs used for increasing agricultural productivity of crops. However, their inadequate application may produce large quantities of residues in the environment and, once the environment is contaminated with pesticides, they may easily enter into the human food chain through plants, creating a potentially serious health hazard. Nowadays, consumers are becoming more aware of the importance of safe and high quality food products. Thus it is pertinent to explore simple, cost-effective strategies for decontaminating food from pesticides. Various food processing techniques, at industrial and/or domestical level, have been found to significantly reduce the contents of pesticide residues in most food materials. The extent of reduction varies with the nature of pesticides, type of commodity and processing steps. Pesticides, especially those with limited movement and penetration ability, can be removed with reasonable efficiency by washing, and the effectiveness of washing depends on pesticide solubility in water or in different chemical solvents. Peeling of fruit and vegetable skin can dislodge pesticide residues to varying degrees, depending on constitution of a commodity, chemical nature of the pesticide and environmental conditions. Different heat treatments (drying, pasteurization, sterilization, blanching, steaming, boiling, cooking, frying or roasting) during various food preparation and preservation processes can cause losses of pesticide residues through evaporation, co-distillation and/or thermal degradation. Product manufactures, from the simplest grain milling, through oil extraction and processing, juicing/pureeing or canning of fruits and vegetables, to complex bakery and dairy production, malting and brewing, wine making and various fermentation processes, play a role in the reduction of pesticide contents, whereby each operation involved during processing usually adds to a cumulative effect of reduction of pesticides present in the material. There is diversified information available in literature on the effect of food processing on pesticide residues which has been compiled in this article.
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Sulaiman, Shameer Khan Bin, Yusoff Ibrahim, and Mohammad Saffree Jeffree. "Evaluating the perception of farmers towards pesticides and the health effect of pesticides: A cross-sectional study in the oil palm plantations of Papar, Malaysia." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 12, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2019-0003.
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Abstract Agriculture is an important occupation in Malaysia that generates a major portion of the national revenue. Similar to the rest of the world, pesticides are used to boost agricultural production in Malaysian farms. However, chemical pesticides are associated with human health hazard and are not environment-friendly as they persist in nature for long periods of time. Therefore, pesticide use should be reduced and farmers should be trained on correct and/or alternative ways of pesticide use. In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed 19 palm oil plantations in the Sabah district of Malaysia and evaluated the perception of the workers towards pesticide use and awareness regarding the health effects post-pesticide exposure. Analysis of the survey shows that most of the workers among the 270 respondents were 30-year-old males with average education, and belonged to the low income group. Majority opined that they were aware of the health hazards of pesticide use and suffered from symptoms (with mean duration of three days) such as vomiting, diarrhea, skin irritation, and dizziness. Surprisingly, the opinion was almost equally divided on whether they perceived pesticides to be the cause of their health problems, and a major percentage did not avail medical help. Most of the workers responded that they did not receive any training in pesticide handling and used partial personal protective equipment (glasses, hats, shirt, and gloves) during working hours. Interestingly, a large percentage responded that they would not read the safety material even if it was provided. These observations clearly highlight the urgency of improving the awareness, education, and attitude of these plantation workers towards the short- and long-term effects of pesticide use. They should also be educated about alternative and eco-friendly ways of farming. Finally, the plantation management should intervene and proactively advocate the use of safe farming practices.
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Li, Jianyi, and Baoliang Tian. "Peppermint Essential Oil Toxicity to the Pear Psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Potential Applications in the Field." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 1307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa009.
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Abstract Chinese pear psylla (Cacopsylla chinensis Yang et Li) is a serious orchard pest that causes declines in fruit quality through feeding damage and the spread of pathogens. The rapid development of chemical pesticide resistance has become a severe problem in controlling pear psylla. Thus, the development of natural pesticides to replace conventional chemical pesticides is urgently needed. Here, we found that the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha haplocalyx Briq. [Lamiales: Labiatae]) is an ideal agent for controlling pear psylla based on experiments in the laboratory and the field. The major constituents of peppermint essential oil were found including menthol (49.73%), menthone (30.52%), α-pinene (3.60%), and α-terpineol (3.81%). This oil and chemicals in it performed serious contact toxicity against the winter-form adults and nymphs of pear psylla, yielding LD50 values of 2.54, 10.71, 2.77, 5.85, and 12.58 μg/adult and 1.91, 9.56, 2.18, 4.98, and 12.07 μg/nymph, respectively. Furthermore, the essential oil strongly repelled the adults of pear psylla with 78% repellence at the highest concentration tested in a Y-tube olfactometer in the laboratory. The combined effect of the two factors made peppermint essential oil a natural pesticide, which achieved a maximum reduction of round to 80.9% in winter-form adult population and round to 67.0% in nymph population at the concentration of 4.0 ml/L in the field. Additionally, it had no effect on the natural enemies of pear psylla in the field. Therefore, peppermint essential oil has potential as an alternative to chemical pesticides for pest control in integrated pest management programs in pear orchards.
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Rashid Muhammad, Rashid Muhammad, Karam Ahad Karam Ahad, Muhammad Ishtiaq Muhammad Ishtiaq, and Farrakh Mehboob Farrakh Mehboob. "Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Crude Cottonseed Oil." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, no. 2 (2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000996/jcsp/44.02.2022.
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This study reports the development and validation of a fast, efficient, and cost effective multiresidue method for determination of 14 lipophilic and analytically problematic pesticides in crude cottonseed oil. Crude cottonseed oil contains high amount of saturated fatty acid and pigments that are problematic in pesticide residues analysis. Modified liquid-liquid partitioning with acetonitrile and n-hexane in 10:1 (v/v) ratio was used to extract pesticides. For clean-up, different combinations of sorbents were used and optimum recovery and minimal matrix effect were obtained with the combination of activated charcoal and primary secondary amine for the selected pesticides. For majority of the analyzed pesticides, the method validation parameters i.e. percent recovery (71.6-140.0%), precision (%RSD 9.7 to 33.0), LOD (0.041 to 0.096 and#181;g/g), LOQ (0.125-0.264 and#181;g/g), linearity (0.998-0.999) and matrix effect (and#177;27%) were in acceptable range as prescribed by EU SANTE guidelines. Two-way Analysis of variance of inter-labs comparison study revealed non-significant interaction effects for most of studied pesticides indicating that the current method can be confidently used in labs for monitoring of these pesticides in crude cottonseed oil.
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Jin, Shaoming, Yaonan Wang, Tongtong Liu, Xiao Ning, Ruiqiang Liang, Kang Hu, and Jin Cao. "Preparation and Application of Volatilized Wormwood Essence Derived Naturally into Green Insecticide." Molecules 29, no. 12 (June 17, 2024): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29122877.
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Naturally occurring substances and their derivatives function as vital resources for pesticides that can be used in fields, such as insecticide production and fungicide development. As a botanical entity displaying multifaceted biological functions, wormwood has received thorough scrutiny across multiple sectors. The insect repellency potency combined with antibacterial and antifungal activities of wormwood position it as a potential candidate for prospective development into eco-friendly chemical pesticides. In this research, Wormwood essential oil was procured via ethanol water under ultrasonic scenarios and subsequently diluted with PEG 400 to formulate green chemical pesticides. The defensive efficacy of this green pesticide on plants was validated through 2 weeks of clustered plant growth experiments. Active constituents that exerted their effects were scrutinized by GC-MS. Furthermore, this green pesticide also displays efficacious effects on the prevention and management of aphids, exhibiting a dose-dependent relationship. 4-terpenol, eucalyptol, carvacrol, and L-borneol were identified by GC-MS as the predominant active constituents in this green chemical pesticide. Wormwood can be leveraged to develop green chemical pesticides, which can protect plants without contaminating the environment.
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Lamilla, Claudio, Heidi Schalchli, Gabriela Briceño, Bárbara Leiva, Pamela Donoso-Piñol, Leticia Barrientos, Vanessa A. L. Rocha, Denise M. G. Freire, and M. Cristina Diez. "A Pesticide Biopurification System: A Source of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria with Environmental Biotechnology Applications." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040624.
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Biosurfactants, a wide group of compounds produced by different microorganisms, generally have less toxicity and are more biodegradable than synthetic surfactants. Biosurfactant-producing bacteria can be found in contaminated environments, such as soils receiving pesticide applications constantly, or in pesticides treatment systems where microorganisms are adapted to biodegrading pesticides. Five pesticide-tolerant bacteria previously isolated from a pesticide biopurification system were evaluated as biosurfactant-producers. Pseudomonas rhodesiae C4, Rhodococcus jialingiae C8 and Pseudomonas marginalis C9 strains were positive in qualitative tests. Biosurfactant production by these strains using Bushnell-Haas medium with olive oil at 2% (w/v) was evaluated as emulsification index, oil displacement, droplet collapse test and surface tension. After 144 h, these strains showed a similar emulsification index of >55%. The two Pseudomonas (C4 and C9) strains showed lower superficial tension compared with Rhodococcus strain (C8)—34.47, 37.44 and 47.55 mN/m for strains C4, C9 and C8, respectively. The chemical characterization of the biosurfactants revealed the presence of glycolipids in P. rhodesiae (C4) and glycopeptides in P. marginalis (C9). The degradation of chlorpyrifos increased from 39.2% to 51.6% when biosurfactants produced by P.rhodesiae (C4) were added (10%) with respect to the control. Therefore, biopurification systems are a relevant source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria with environmental biotechnology applications.
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Li, Meng, Zhen Wang, Huanwen Meng, Dong Wang, Xile Deng, and Hongyou Zhou. "Formulation and Characterization of Matrine Oil Dispersion to Improve Droplet Wetting and Deposition." Molecules 28, no. 19 (September 30, 2023): 6896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196896.
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The unreasonable use of chemical pesticides has caused serious damage to crops and the ecological environment. The botanical pesticide matrine has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly pesticide. Compared with traditional spraying methods, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying has the advantages of safety, rapidity, uniform droplets, low dosages, and no terrain or crop restrictions. In this study, matrine OD was prepared according to the application requirements of flight prevention preparations using three different emulsifiers. The stability, wettability, particle size and distribution, and spraying performance of matrine OD were studied. The results indicated that when the amount of emulsifier was 8%, the three types of matrine OD had good stability. The stability, wettability, particle size and distribution, and spray performance of the suspension prepared using emulsifier VO/03 were better than the other two emulsifiers. Therefore, matrine OD prepared using 8% VO/03 could be used for ultra-low-volume sprays and aerial applications. In this study, we provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance to develop pesticide formulations for aerial applications.
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Abdelatti, Zainab Ali Saad, and Manfred Hartbauer. "Plant oil mixtures as a novel botanical pesticide to control gregarious locusts." Journal of Pest Science 93, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-019-01169-7.
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Abstract For thousands of years, large locust swarms have caused severe problems in agriculture. People fight against current outbreaks by using chemical pesticides or an insect fungus known as Green Muscle™. While chemical pesticides may be harmful for humans and non-target species, the sporulation of the fungus takes a long period of time and requires conditions of high humidity that are not always found in the field. In this study, we tested the toxicity of a linseed oil/bicarbonate emulsion against gregarious desert locusts and screened for plant essential oils that enhance its toxicity. Finally, we combined three essential oils to develop a novel formulation that is effective against the desert and migratory locust species after single spray treatment. Within 24 h, this formulation caused a mean mortality rate of 80% and 100% of desert and migratory locusts, respectively. Its toxicity is based on a synergistic effect resulting from the combination of caraway, orange peel and wintergreen oils. In addition, we tested this botanical pesticide on two beetle species regarded either as alternative or beneficial non-target species. The first species, mealworm beetles, did not suffer from the spray treatment and behaved normally after 8 days. In contrast, 67.7% of ladybird adults died in the same time span. Interestingly, the growth of wheat seedlings was almost unaffected by spraying this botanical pesticide. These results suggest this botanical pesticide can be used as a strong agent against desert and migratory locusts, but needs to be used with care to minimize unwanted side effects on the ecosystem.
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Chase, Kevin, Elden LeBrun, and Chad Rigsby. "Efficacy of Flupyradifurone, Pyriproxyfen and Horticultural Oil, and Dinotefuran Against Gloomy Scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa Comstock)." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.006.
Full textAbstract:
Gloomy scale (GS)(Melanaspis tenebricosa) is a major pest of red maple (Acer rubrum) across much of the eastern USA. Current pesticide recommendations for GS management are efficacious when applications are made at the appropriate time. However, appropriate timing may not always be possible. For instance, the tree owner may not contact pest management professionals in time to make timely applications. We established a field trial to determine the efficacy of the pesticides pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil and dinotefuran, as well as a relatively new pesticide available in the ornamental woody plant market, flupyradifurone, against GS. There were three primary goals of this study: (1) to quantitatively compare the effectiveness of pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil and dinotefuran; (2) to compare flupyradifurone with these two generally recommended treatments; and (3) to assess whether flupyradifurone is effective when applications are made later in the summer. We found that pyriproxyfen plus horticultural oil, dinotefuran, and flupyradifurone applications made during the active crawler period were equally efficacious, statistically, and that flupyradifurone treatments applied later in the summer were not statistically differentiable from untreated controls. While these pesticide applications are effective at suppressing GS populations, plant health care tactics aimed at preventing outbreaks should be prioritized and incorporated into the complete pest management strategy.
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Hopper, Marvin L. "Extraction and Cleanup of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Fats by Supercritical Fluid Techniques." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 3 (May 1, 1997): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.3.639.
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Abstract A supercritical fluid extraction and cleanup procedure was developed for separating organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides from fats. Supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 3% (v/v) acetonitrile was used to extract the pesticides at 6O°C and separate the pesticides from the fats at 4000 psi and 95°C on an in-line C? silica-based column. The extraction and cleanup procedure gave good recoveries for 43 of 62 nonpolar to moderately polar organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides from fats, whereas 49 were recovered through conventional Florisil column cleanup before quantitation. This procedure can extract and clean up pesticide residues from 0.65 g animalbased fat and 1.0 g oils. Coeluted residues in the pesticide fraction ranged from 2.5 mg for butterfat to 0.8 mg for corn oil. Results for samples analyzed with this integrated extraction cleanup procedure were reproducible and comparable with results obtained with the current Total Diet Study methodology.
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Robbat, Albert, Andreas Hoffmann, Kevin Mac Namara, and Yongli Huang. "Quantitative Identification of Pesticides as Target Compounds and Unknowns by Spectral Deconvolution of Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Data." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 91, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 1467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/91.6.1467.
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Abstract The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS), with Ion Signature Technology, Inc. (North Smithfield, RI) quantitative deconvolution software, are discussed for pesticides identified both as target compounds by using retention and MS data and as unknowns by using only mass spectra. Target compound analysis of 32 pesticides, surrogates, and an internal standard added to lemon oil over a wide concentration range produced precision and accuracy that are well within the acceptable criteria of 25 and 50 for complex samples. When 112 pesticides were added to orange oil and searched as unknowns, 110 of the 112 compounds were correctly identified, with an average pesticide recovery of 101 19. The injection volume of the orange oil fortified with pesticides was selected so that 4 ng per compound was injected on column. No false negatives were found, because ion signals for the 2 unidentified pesticides were not acquired by the instrument in either the standard mixture or the oil. No false positives were detected, although >750 widely different compounds were included in the library search.
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Kuznetsova, G. M., I. Yu Kudryavtseva, K. A. Bulatova, and V. O. Kuznetsov. "METHOD OF SUBSTANDARD PESTICIDES UTILIZATION." Problems of Gathering Treatment and Transportation of Oil and Oil Products, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ntj-oil-2024-1-192-202.
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The article is devoted to topical issues of utilization of unusable pesticides buried and stored in toxic waste landfills on the territory of the Russian Federation.Aim and objectives are analysis of sub-standard pesticides handling in the Russian Federation and development of a method of their utilization to obtain components for chemical production.The materials for the study were unusable pesticides.The sources of information were official documents containing analytical information on the quality of the natural environment (Annual State Reports on the State of the Natural Envi-ronment in the Subjects of the Russian Federation) and generalized results of thesurvey of Russian soils for the content of pesticide residues in them (Yearbooks «State of Pesticide Contamination of Natural Environmental Objects of the Russian Federation»).The paper analyzes the amount of unusable pesticides currently stored in the Russian Federation on the basis of official data.The qualitative composition of pesticides requiring utilization and stored in warehouses and landfills of the Russian Federation is considered.The principal scheme of utilization of unusable pesticides with obtaining components for chemical production, which can be used as secondary raw materials, is proposed.
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J.A., Egwumah, Eneji I.S., and Wuana R.A. "Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Palm Oil obtained from Ankpa, Olamaboro and Dekina Local Government Areas of Kogi State." International Journal of Research and Review 10, no. 9 (September 27, 2023): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230956.
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In this study, sample extraction and clean-up were achieved by employing the multi-residue techniques consisting of the QuEChERS and acetonitrile sample extraction methods. Analysis was done using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS). The concentration (µg/kg) of pesticides residue in palm oil samples were: chlorpyrifos (0.0125-0.02), DDVP (0.068-0.068), parathion (0.028-0.028), Dimethoate (0.0175-0.2875), BHC (0.043-0.160), endosulfan I (0.017-0.017), dieldrin (0.095-0.098), endrin (0.070-0.041), endosulfan II (0.058-0.058), DDT (0.05-0.140) and methoxychlor (0.008-0.0525). Dieldrin showed the highest concentration value in the palm oil samples, while chlopyrifos had the least. The results revealed that the pesticide residue concentration analyzed samples was below maximum residue limits, indicating that palm oil in Kogi L.G.A. is less contaminated and less harmful. Keywords: Palm oil, pesticides residues, GC-MS, QuEChERS
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Suratno, Suratno, Dwi Purbayanti, and Hildayanti Hildayanti. "Cholinesterase Activity on Palm Oil Plantation Workers in Parenggean, Kotawaringin Timur." Jurnal Surya Medika 3, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v3i2.100.
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Use of pesticide is widely used in palm oil plantation industry. Pesticide exposure can affect pesticide-spraying workers' health. This study aimed to determine acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity levels and identify of poisoning risk factors on pesticide-spraying workers in a palm oil plantation Comanditaire Venootschap (CV) unit in Parenggeran, Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan. The cross-sectional study design was conducted to examine cholinesterase enzyme activity levels on 15 pesticide-spraying workers. The cholinesterase levels were measured using an automated photometric technique. This study found that all workers have normal cholinesterase activity levels. The average cholinesterase activity levels were 7065,36 U/L and 6528 U/L, respectively for male and female workers. It was also found that two male workers cholinesterase activity levels of using glyphosate pesticide were almost close to the lower limit of the normal levels range, 4720 U/L, and 4958 U/L, respectively. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during the pesticide spraying and maximum time allowed of pesticide spraying in a day have to be considered as an important rule to avoid excessive pesticide exposure.
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Kakouri, Eleni, Dimitra Daferera, Charalabos Kanakis, Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou, Eleftheria H. Kaparakou, Sofia Dervisoglou, Dionysios Perdikis, and Petros A. Tarantilis. "Origanum majorana Essential Oil—A Review of Its Chemical Profile and Pesticide Activity." Life 12, no. 12 (November 26, 2022): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12121982.
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Origanum majorana is a medicinal and aromatic plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is cultivated in several parts of the world and, due to its splendid aroma and taste, is widely used for culinary purposes and in perfumes. The essential oil of the plant, to which is attributed its aroma, contains many secondary metabolites with valuable biological activity. One of them is the pesticide activity, which has attracted much interest. Given the necessity of replacing synthetic pesticides, essential oils are studied in an attempt to find naturally derived products. Thus, the aim of this review paper is to discuss the chemical profile of O. majorana essential oil and to present data regarding its insecticidal, repellent and fumigant activity. Data were collected from 1992 to 2022. Databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus, were used for the research, and keywords, including O. majorana, sweet marjoram, essential oil, volatiles, pesticide, insecticide and repellent activity, were used. The results of this review paper indicate that O. majorana essential oil can be an alternative agent to manage pests. However, still, much research should be conducted to evaluate its toxicity against beneficial insects and to ensure its safety for human health.
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KING, PATRICIA JIE HUNG, CHONG MING SU, YEE MIN KWAN, ZAKRY FITRI AB AZIZ, and KIAN HUAT ONG. "Minimum Effective Dose of Chlorantraniliprole and Chromafenozide to Control Oil Palm Bunch Moth Tirathana mundella Walker." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.3151.2021.
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The bunch moth, Tirathaba mundella is one of the leading pests in oil palm estates established on peatland. Severely infested male inflorescences usually would fail reaching anthesis. Reduction in the number of inflorescences at anthesis stage would suggest less food source and breeding ground for oil palm pollinating weevils, Elaeidobius kamerunicus, thus, affecting the fruiting percentage of oil palm and its yield. Despite to be less detrimental to the environment, biopesticide usages in the field is losing favour due to its slower rate of kill compared with conventional chemical pesticides, shorter persistence in the environment and susceptibility to unfavourable environmental conditions. The use of high host specificity chemical pesticides, such as chlorantraniliprole and chromafenozide are gaining popularity in pest management regimes. In this study, the optimum dose for chlorantraniliprole and chromafenozide in controlling T. mundella was assessed to provide valuable information for sustainable oil palm pest management. Several dosages of pesticide were evaluated for their effectiveness against T. mundella in a 7-year-old oil palm estate for six months. Based on the results obtained, application of 30 g or 40 g active ingredient (a.i.) per ha chlorantraniliprole were recommended to provide the longest protection period. To make plan for an effective pest management that could reduce material and labour cost per ha as well as the risks in developing pesticide resistance among pest, 30 g a.i per ha of chlorantraniliprole is recommended to be rotated with 25 g a.i. per ha chromafenozide for a total of four rounds in a year.
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Al-Baldawi, Mofeed Moneim Ahmed, and Safaa Zakaria Baker. "The Synergistic Effect of Surfactants and Plant Oils on the Effectiveness of Levo to Control the Fourth Phase Larvae of the Great Wax Moth Galleria Mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, no. 7 (April 1, 2023): 072025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/7/072025.
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Abstract The laboratory study aimed to know effect three surfactants (Inex-A, Stickon, Wetfix) and plant oils Includes Bitter apple oil Citrullus colocynthis, and Rosemary oil Rosmarinus officinalis on effectiveness five concentrations ppm ((30,40,50,60,70) for commercial pesticide plant origin Levo2.4SL (Oxymatrine) on fourth phase larvae to Great Wax Moth G.mellonella. The results showed that were significant differences in mortality percentage to fourth phase larvae of Great Wax Moth worm by the effects Levo pesticide on larvae, as (Levo + rosemary oil) treatment excelled in achieving highest larval mortality percentage 84%, followed by (Levo + bitter apple oil) treatment, with an average mortality percentage was 72%. while mortality percentage in (Steckon + Levo) and (wetfix + Levo) treatments was 70, 67.33, respectively. Levo pesticide efficacy decreased in (Inex + Levo) treatment to 38% compared with mortality percentage in before addition treatment to Levo pesticide, which amounted to 63.33%.
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KUMAR, RAJESH, MANISHA SRIVASTAVA, and N. K. DUBEY. "Evaluation of Cymbopogon martinii Oil Extract for Control of Postharvest Insect Deterioration in Cereals and Legumes." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.1.172.
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The essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii was tested for its potency as a botanical pesticide to protect stored wheat (Triticum aestivum) and gram (garbanzo bean, Cicer arietinum) from insect infestation. The C. martinii oil was potent as a fumigant in stored gram. The oil was an effective repellent against the beetles Callosobruchus chinensis and Tribolium castaneum. Geraniol, the major component of the oil, was not as effective as the oil itself. C. martinii oil significantly affected oviposition, adult development, and mortality of C. chinensis in cow peas (Vigna unguiculata). The C. martinii oil when used as fumigant did not affect viability, germination, and seedling growth of gram. Because of its insecticidal and semiochemical nature, the oil could be used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides in an integrated pest management program to protect stored food commodities.
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Zowada, Christian, Nadja Frerichs, Vânia Gomes Zuin, and Ingo Eilks. "Developing a lesson plan on conventional and green pesticides in chemistry education – a project of participatory action research." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 21, no. 1 (2020): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9rp00128j.
Full textAbstract:
The debate on the use of pesticides is very current in the public media when it comes to topics such as organic farming, bee mortality, and the use of glyphosate. The broad range of pesticide applications and their potential environmental impact makes pesticides an interesting topic for science education in general and for chemistry teaching in particular. This is particularly true when conventional pesticide use is contrasted with current chemistry research efforts to develop alternatives based on the ideas of green chemistry. This paper discusses the potential relevance of pesticides for chemistry education in connection with education for sustainable development. It gives a brief outlook on pesticides in science teaching and connects the topic to socio-scientific issue-based chemistry education. A case study which developed a lesson plan for secondary school students is presented here. It defines pesticides, before focusing on the development of green pesticides as potential alternatives to current products. The lesson is focusing learning about chemistry rather than learning of chemistry in the means that the lesson introduces quite young chemistry learners (age range 15–17) to ideas of green and sustainable chemistry and how green alternatives in chemistry can be assessed and compared to traditional alternatives. Video vignettes of a scientist are used to introduce the topic to students. Finally, both glyphosate as a conventional, industrial pesticide and orange oil as an example of a green pesticide are compared using spider chart diagrams. The lesson plan was cyclically designed by a group of ten chemistry teachers using participatory action research. It was piloted with the help of secondary school chemistry student teachers and then tested in five German secondary school classes (grades 10/11). The use of the spider charts was regarded as especially helpful by the learners, most of whom felt that they had been able to understand the controversy surrounding pesticides.
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Leite, Delzuite Teles, Roberto Barbosa Sampaio, Claudia Oliveira Dos Santos, Juliana Nascimento Dos Santos, Emerson Dechechi Chambó, Carlos Alfredo Lopes De Carvalho, and Geni Da Silva Sodré. "Toxicity of Fenpyroximate, Difenoconazole and Mineral Oil on Apis mellifera L. Introduction." Sociobiology 65, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3416.
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Bees of genus Apis are the main crop pollinators; however, the use of pesticides in agriculture may intoxicate them during foraging. In this study, we evaluated the toxic eff ects caused by difenoconazole (fungicide), fenpyroximate (acaricide) and mineral oil (adjuvant) used alone and associated (pesticide + adjuvant) on workers of Apis mellifera L. Bees were exposed to product doses recommended by manufacturers, orally and in contact on a contaminated surface in a controlled environment. All products presented low lethality, both in isolation and combination (except for difenoconazole via contact), however, they all showed toxic effects. The results showed that combination of pesticides with adjuvant augmented toxic eff ects.
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Song, Yuying, Qiliang Huang, Guizhen Huang, Mingxin Liu, Lidong Cao, Fengmin Li, Pengyue Zhao, and Chong Cao. "The Effects of Adjuvants on the Wetting and Deposition of Insecticide Solutions on Hydrophobic Wheat Leaves." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092148.
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Pesticide droplet deposition determines the efficacy of pesticide solution and is a critical process in pesticide application. Adding spray adjuvants can improve droplet deposition to a certain extent, but there are currently many types of adjuvants with different properties. The improper selection or unreasonable use of adjuvants may be counterproductive, increasing the loss of pesticides or causing crop damage. In this study, the adjuvants methylated plant oil (Beidatong), alkoxy modified polytrisiloxane (Silwet408), hyperbranched fatty alcohol ether modified polymer (ND500), and polymers adjuvants (G2801) were selected through surface tension, contact angle, the determination of the maximum retention (Rm) and point of run-off (POR), and field deposition to explore the effect of adjuvants on the wetting and deposition performance of pesticides on wheat leaves. Compared with Beidatong and G2801, Silwet408 and ND500 could significantly reduce the surface tension of pesticides and greatly promote the wetting properties on wheat leaves, but Rm and POR value on wheat leaves were reduced. The field test results also showed that the deposition amount of the adjuvant Silwet408 and ND500 on wheat was slightly lower than that of the adjuvant Beidatong and G2801. Studying the effects of adjuvants on the wetting and deposition properties of insecticide solutions can provide practical guidance for the use of adjuvants.
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Monita, Carlina Falmawati, and Damara Dinda Nirmalasari Zebua. "Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produktivitas Kelapa Sawit di PT. Mustika Agung Sentosa." JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 11, no. 01 (April 27, 2023): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2023.v11.i01.p18.
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Palm oil production at PT. Mustika Agung Sentosa in 2020 did not reach the target. This study aims to determine: the factors that affect the productivity of oil palm at PT. Mustika Agung Sentosa. This research is quantitative descriptive. The data used is secondary data (cross section) of production results obtained from the company obtained in 2020. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The results showed that the variables of pesticides (X1), fertilizers (X2), labor (X3), number of plants (X4), and rainfall (X5) simultaneously affected oil palm productivity. Variable fertilizer (X2), labor (X3), number of plants (X4), and rainfall (X5) partially affect the productivity of oil palm, while the pesticide variable (X1) does not partially affect the productivity of oil palm at PT. Mustika Agung Sentosa.
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Deyton, D. E., C. E. Sams, D. C. Fare, R. E. Moran, and C. D. Pless. "Using Soybean Oil as a Pesticide on Nursery Stock." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 493E—493. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.493e.
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Our research has previously shown that soybean oil can substitute for petroleum oil for controlling insects on fruit trees. Soybean oil may also be a safe, environmentally friendly pesticide to use on nursery stock. The objectives of these experiments were to evaluate phytotoxicity of soybean oil to nursery stock and efficacy for mite control. Four replications of container-grown plants of `Alberta' spruce, `Emerald' arborvitae, `Leyland' cypress, Canadian hemlock, and `Andorra' juniper were sprayed on 26 Mar. with 0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 3.0% soybean oil; or 2.0% petroleum oil. None of the oil treatments caused phytotoxicity. The same plants were sprayed on 1 Aug. with 0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 3.0% soybean oil. Application of 1% or 2% soybean oil appeared to be non-phytotoxic to spruce, but 3% soybean oil caused slight terminal necrosis. Arborvitae, cypress, hemlock, and juniper were not injured by spraying 1% to 3% soybean oil in the summer. Container-grown burning bush plants with mite infestations were sprayed on 20 Sept. with 0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 3.0% soybean oil; or with 1.0% SunSpray petroleum oil. Container-grown mite-infested `Andorra' juniper plants received the same treatments, except for the 3% soybean oil. Application of 1% or 2% soybean oil to burning bush or to juniper shrubs resulted in >97% and 87% control of mites 7 and 14 days, respectively, after treatment.
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Carré, Patrick, Florence Lacoste, Jean-Noël Arnaud, Loïc Leitner, and Julie Roiz. "Experimental determination of pesticide processing factor during extraction of maize germ oil." OCL 30 (2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2023021.
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As there is a lack of regulations on pesticide levels in crude oils, this study aimed to evaluate transfer factors for extrapolating concentration limits established for maize kernels to the crude oils extracted from their germs. Maize kernels were spiked with 4 organophosphates insecticides (chlorpyriphos, chlorpyriphos-methyl, fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl), 2 pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and a pyrethroid synergist, piperonyl butoxide (PB) targeting a dose of 1 mg/kg grain. The kernels were transformed in a pilot starch-mill to separate the germs (wet-milling) then these germs underwent an oil extraction process in a mini-pilot comprising a thermal conditioning stage, a mechanical extraction followed by a solvent extraction and a desolventization-toasting stage for the meal. Analyses were carried out by gas chromatography coupled to MS/MS detector. The pesticides content was measured on kernels, spiked kernels, germ, crude oil and meal. Surprisingly, a significant difference in behavior was observed between organophosphates and pyrethroids in the transition from grain to germ. For the former, the applied pesticides were recovered at levels between 48% and 81% in the germ, compared to only 9–11% for the latter and 31% for PB. It has been shown by means of acetonitrile washing on spiked seeds that the pyrethroids remained bound to the hydrophobic cuticle of the grains. On the other hand, from the germ to the oil, the initial hypothesis of an almost total transfer of the pesticides in the fat fraction of the material was confirmed. The germ to meal concentration ratios were on average 0.019, 0.065 and 0.109 for organophosphates, PB and pyrethroids respectively. In the same order, the concentration ratios between germ and crude oil were 1.87, 1.98 and 2.17. Grain to final oil transfer factors ranged from 7.4 to 12.7 for organophosphates, 4.8 for PB and 1.4 and 1.7 for cypermethrin and deltamethrin respectively.
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Wenio, Iwona, Dorota Derewiaka, Ewa Majewska, Iwona Bartosiewicz, and Edyta Ryszkowska. "Development of a Rapid Method for Simultaneous Determination of Pesticides in Plant Oil Using GC-MS/MS." Applied Sciences 14, no. 11 (June 6, 2024): 4923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14114923.
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Multi-residue methodologies necessitate a tailored and precise approach across all areas of analysis. Analyte extraction must be closely correlated with the sample matrix to ensure the optimal recovery for the maximal array of analytes, thereby fulfilling all legal requirements concerning analytical determination. Although the QuEChERS method offers undeniable advantages, it proves unsuitable for pesticide residue determination in matrices with high oil contents. A pivotal component of the method involves employing n-hexane as the extraction solvent and utilizing solvent exchange in obtaining the final extract. The analytical method developed by our laboratory, as presented here, enabled the determination of all requisite pesticides in accordance with European Union (EU) Regulation 396/2005. The linearity, limits of detection and quantification, matrix effects, accuracy, and precision of the method were evaluated in line with the aforementioned regulation. Of the analyzed pesticide residues, 273 exhibited expanded uncertainty with an RSDr ≤ 20%, with recoveries falling within the range of 70–120%, meeting all the requirements of document SANTE/11312/2021 V2. For 9 pesticides, the recovery was below 30%, and the precision of the obtained content for 21 compounds surpassed 20%, necessitating the removal of these compounds from the analytical method.
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P. M. Waller, D. J. Hills, and W. E. Steinke. "Chemigation Application Efficiency of Oil-based Pesticide." Transactions of the ASAE 38, no. 2 (1995): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.27862.
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Batish, Daizy R., Harminder Pal Singh, Ravinder Kumar Kohli, and Shalinder Kaur. "Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide." Forest Ecology and Management 256, no. 12 (December 2008): 2166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.08.008.
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Wang, Lijuan, Xuefeng Li, Gaoyong Zhang, Jinfeng Dong, and Julian Eastoe. "Oil-in-water nanoemulsions for pesticide formulations." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 314, no. 1 (October 2007): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.04.079.
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Sari, M. P., D. Wahyuno, D. Florina, D. Manohara, and Hoerudin. "Effectiveness of Essential Oil Formula and Silica Against Diamond Shape Leaf Spot Disease in Red Ginger." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012010.
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Abstract Diamond shape leaf spot disease caused by Pyricularia zingiberi is an essential disease in red ginger. This current research aims to identify the potency of essential oil formula and silica fertilizer against the diamond shape leaf spot disease. Efficacy of clove oil, lemongrass oil, and mancozeb as a control against the colony growth was tested by inoculating the fungus on PDA medium amended with 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 ppm of the tested fungicides. Compared to lemongrass oil, clove oil (LC50: 70,79 ppm) is more effective in suppressing the growth of P. zingiberi. In a greenhouse, the leaves of five months old red ginger plants were inoculated by spraying 105 conidia mL−1 suspensions of P. zingiberi. Foliar application of clove oil base pesticide and silica was carried out a month before pathogen inoculation, arranged in the factorial randomized complete design. The disease severity was measured monthly, and the data were analyzed using ANOVA. Disease severity on the plant treated by either clove oil base pesticide or silica was 9,08% and 8,71% lower than control (20,21%). Further research is still needed. Treatment with clove oil base pesticide or silica shows potency in reducing the disease severity.
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Ikrarwati, Ikrarwati, Satriyas Ilyas, and AmiyarsI Mustika Yukti. "Keefektifan Pelapisan Benih terhadap Peningkatan Mutu Benih Padi Selama Penyimpanan." Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 34, no. 2 (August 28, 2015): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v34n2.2015.p145-152.
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Seed coating using biological pesticides such as clove oil and citronella oil, was expected to have the ability to control seed-borne pathogens on rice. The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of seed coating using clove oil and lemon grass oil against seed-borne fungi and bacteria on rice seed variety “Hipa 8” during storage. The experiment was conducted in Cimanggis, from February to September 2012, using completely randomized design with single factor, consisting of four levels: (1) clove oil 1% + chitosan 3%; (2) lemon grass oil 2% + carboxymethyl-cellulose 1%; (3) Synthetic pesticide (streptomycin sulphate 0.04% + benomyl 0.1%) + arabic gum 10%; and (4) control (without coating). Results showed that seedborne fungi pathogens on seed of Hipa 8 rice were detected at 6-month storage consisted of Fusarium sp., Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. The detected pathogenic bacteria were Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. campestris pv. oryzicola. Coating formula most compatible with the rice seed of HIPA 8 was chemical pesticide + 10% arabic gum, which suppressed fungal infection from 80% to 45% at the first month and from 90% to 70% at the fifth month, suppressed populations of Xoo + Xco from 7.6 x 108 cfu/g of seed to 5.86 x 105 cfu/g of seed at the first month and 7.0 x 106 cfu/g of seed to 1.4 x 104 cfu/g of seeds at the sixth month. The treatment caused the smallest decrease of seed viability compared to the other coating treatments.
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Li, Ruimin, Zixuan Xia, Bo You, Bowen Shi, and Jing Fu. "Volatile Organic Compound Emission Inventory for Pesticide Spraying in an Agricultural City of Northeast China: Real-Time Monitoring and Method Optimization." Agriculture 14, no. 8 (July 25, 2024): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081223.
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Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as olefins and aromatics, released from synthetic chemical pesticide sprays can increase regional air pollution, public health risks, and food security risks. However, significant uncertainties remain regarding the measurement methods and chemical profiles of VOC emissions. Using an agricultural city, Changchun City in Northeast China, as a case study, we quantified real-time concentration and composition data based on online monitoring instruments for the year 2023. This study optimized data collection methods for emission factors and activity levels and developed a high-precision emission inventory of VOCs in pesticides at the city scale. The emission factors for VOCs from the seven categories of pesticides were estimated as follows: 78 g/kg (nicosulfuron and atrazine, oil-dispersible [OD] and suspension emulsion [SE], respectively), 4 g/kg (chlorpyrifos and indoxair conditioningarb, suspension concentrate [SC]), 5 g/kg (fluopicolide and propamocarb hydrochloride, SC), 217 g/kg (MCPA-dimethylammonium, aqueous solution [AS]), 34 g/kg (glyphosate, AS), 575 g/kg (beta-cypermethrin and malathion, emulsifiable concentrate [EC]), and 122 g/kg (copper abietate, emulsion in water [EW]), depending on the pesticide formulation components and formulation types. The orchard insecticide exhibited the highest emission factors among all pesticides owing to its emulsifiable concentrate formulation and 80% content of inactive ingredients (both factors contribute to the high content of organic solvents in the pesticide). The major components of VOC emissions from pesticide spraying were halocarbons (27–44%), oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (25–38%), and aromatic hydrocarbons (15–28%). The total VOC emissions from pesticide spraying in the Changchun region accounted for 10.6 t, with Yushu City contributing 28% of the VOC emissions and Gongzhuling City and Dehui City contributing 18.7% and 16.0%, respectively. Herbicides were the main contributors to VOC emissions because of their high emission factors and extensive use in fields (used for spraying maize and rice, the main crops in Changchun City). May and June exhibited the highest VOC emissions from pesticide application, with May accounting for 57.0% of annual pesticide emissions, predominantly from herbicides (95.1%), followed by insecticides (4.9%). June accounted for 30.1% of the annual pesticide emissions, with herbicides being the largest contributor of VOC emissions. An emission inventory of VOC with a monthly scale and spatial grid resolutions of 0.083° and 0.5° in 2023 was developed. These emission factors and inventories of pesticide applications provide valuable information for air quality modeling. This study also provides an important scientific basis for enhancing regional air quality and mitigating the environmental impact of pesticide use in major grain-producing areas.
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Saakian, Alexander. "On some results of agroecological monitoring of soils and land resources of the Russian Federation in 2019." АгроЭкоИнфо 4, no. 46 (July 8, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202144101.
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The article presents the results of long-term agroecological monitoring of the state of Russian land resources: the dynamics of changes in agrochemical and physico-chemical indicators, the content of organic matter and elements of mineral nutrition of plants in soils; crop productivity; contamination of soils and products with residual amounts of pesticides, oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, nitrates, radionuclides; the problems of erosion and reclamation of agricultural land are highlighted. Ключевые слова: AGROECOLOGICAL MONITORING, HUMUS, MOBILE PHOSPHORUS, EXCHANGE POTASSIUM, ACIDITY, CHEMICAL RECLAMATION, LIMING, PHOSPHORIZATION, GYPSUM, PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS, YIELD, FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HEAVY METALS, NITRATES, WATER AND WIND EROSION OF SOILS, LAND RECLAMATION