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Journal articles on the topic 'Oil and gas leases Nigeria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Gbolade, Adebayo A., Daniela M. Biondi, and Giuseppe Ruberto. "Comparative Analysis of the Essential Oils from two Asteraceous Plants Found in Nigeria, Acanthospermum Hispidum and Tithonia Diversifolia." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 10 (October 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301031.

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The essential oils from two members of the Asteraceae ( Acanthospermum hispidum DC. aerial parts, and leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray), growing wild in Osun State, Nigeria, have been characterised by combined gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Twenty-nine components have been fully identified and grouped into monoterpene hydrocarbons (22.2%), oxygenated monoterpenes (4.6%), sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (58.2%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (10.8%) in A. hispidum. The main constituents of the oil were β-caryophyllene (28.0%), α-pinene (15.9%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.0%) among the hydrocarbon compounds, and bisabolol (8.9%) and carvacrol methyl ether (4.1%) among the oxygenated components. Tithonia diversifolia essential oil comprised seventeen components and was characterised by a predominant content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (87.9%), cis-β-ocimene (43.7%), α-pinene (28.6%) and limonene (12.0%) being the main compounds. Sesquiterpenes represented ca. 10% oil, as sum of hydrocarbons and oxygenated components. A new chemotype is established for T. diversifolia, while the Nigerian A. hispidum is being reported for the first time as a new source of essential oil with some distinction in composition from those of other sources.

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2

Avwiri G. O, Avwiri G. O., Osarolube E. Osarolube E, and Alao A. A. Alao A.A. "Assessment of Natural Radionuclide Content in Some Commonly Consumed Vegetables and Fruits in Oil Mining Lease (OML) 58 and 61, Oil and Gas Producing Areas in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Using Gamma-Ray." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2013/127.

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3

Sotubo, Sunkanmi E., Oladipupo A. Lawal, Adesola A. Osunsami, and Isiaka A. Ogunwande. "Constituents and Insecticidal Activity of Deinbollia pinnata Essential Oil." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 12 (December 2016): 1934578X1601101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601101228.

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The volatile constituents and insecticidal activity of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of pulverized air-dried leaves of Dehinbollia pinnata Schum. & Thonn (Sapindaceae) growing in Nigeria were studied. The constituents of the oil were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The percentage yield of the oil was 0.04% (v/w). Fourteen compounds were characterized, representing 94.0% of the total volatile component of the oil. The major constituents of the oil were hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (37.5%), farnesyl acetone (17.2%) and geranyl acetone (14.6%). The essential oil, at a concentration of 120 mg/mL, displayed 100% mortality against Sitophilus zeamais at 72 h with a LC50 > 40.00 mg/mL air.

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4

Onuoha, Foreman, Charles U. Oyegun, and John N. Ugbebor. "Assessment of Leadership Style and Safety in Oil and Gas Servicing Firms in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 11, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v11i1.33417.

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Introduction: Safety leadership is the process of interaction between leaders and followers, through which leaders exert their influence on followers to achieve organizational safety goals under the circumstances of organizational and individual factors. Objective: This study was aimed to assess leadership style and safety in oil and gas servicing firms in Portharcourt, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the junior-staff of the oil servicing firms. The Taro Yamane equation was used to generate appropriate sample size of 389 respondents from 16240 workers. Data analyses was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: It was established that 230 (59%) respondents agreed that, leaders checked staff work on a regular basis to assess their progress and learning. Many respondents (62%) averred that leaders didn’t gave any incentives for extra work. Also, 338 (87%) respondents adduced that changes in policies were discussed with workers before they were carried out but, the input of the workers were not required, neither staff were expected to be innovative as opined by 76% respondents and leadership emphasis on the importance of quality was sustained. Albeit, workers weren’t allowed to contribute to control standards based on perception of problems. The characteristics of leadership displayed in the companies imply the transactional type. This was because the rapport between workers and leaders wasn’t cordial. Conclusion: The study therefore strongly recommends a review of the leadership style adopted for oil and gas workers in the area, while improving on the worker/leader relationships.

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Gbolade, Adebayo A., Teresita Arcoraci, Manuela D'Arrigo, Francis O. Olorunmola, Daniela M. Biondi, and Giuseppe Ruberto. "Essential Oils of Dennettia Tripetala Bak. f. Stem Bark and Leaf – Constituents and Biological Activities." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 11 (November 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301127.

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The essential oil from the stem bark and leaves of Dennettia tripetala Bak. f. (Annonaceae) growing wild in Ondo State, Nigeria, has been characterized by combined gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) analyses. Overall, thirty-six components have been fully identified, thirty-two in the stem-bark oil, and only seven in the leaf oil. In both oils, 2-phenylnitroethane was the main component, ranging between 70 – 76% of the total oils. The profile of the stem bark oil was characterized by a large number of sesquiterpenes, whereas among the few components in the leaf oil, linalool reaches over 17%. When both oils were assayed for antimicrobial activity, only Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to the stem-bark oil which was more active than leaf oil. For protective effects against UV radiation–induced peroxidation in phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes, stem-bark oil also showed greater effectiveness. Activity of the leaf oil against Trichomonas gallinae, was also remarkable.

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6

Das, Vasudev. "De-escalation strategies for kleptocracy in Nigeria’s oil sector." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 3 (May 22, 2020): 821–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-03-2020-0036.

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Purpose The purpose of this qualitative case study is to explore strategies for the de-escalation of kleptocracy in Nigeria’s oil and gas industry. Design/methodology/approach The author used a qualitative case study to facilitate the generation of data from eight research participants in semi-structured open-ended interviews. Findings The themes that emerged from analysis of interview transcriptions were high self-control, traditional African oath of office, whistleblowing, stiffer penalties for corrupt officials, education and training, self-regulation and sonic therapeutic intervention. Research limitations/implications Interviewees might withhold information regarding their insights on strategies for de-escalating kleptocracy. That was beyond my control. Practical implications The study results provided leaders with insightful comprehension of anti-kleptocracy policy in the oil and gas industry. Therefore, leaders would benefit and advance their decision-making process on the development and implementation of an anti-kleptocracy strategy to revamp the financial value of the oil and gas industry in Nigeria. Social implications The results of the study have the potential to contribute to positive social change by enlightening government leaders and anti-corruption agencies on strategies to de-escalate kleptocracy in the oil and gas industry. Originality/value The study’s uniqueness enabled filling the gap in financial crime literature as well as an added value to the applied management and decision sciences domain.

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7

Owolabi, Moses S., Akintayo Ogundajo, Nelly Ndukwe, Noura S. Dosoky, and William N. Setzer. "Antimicrobial Activities and Chemical Compositions of Daniellia oliveri and Leptoderris micrantha (Fabaceae) Essential Oils From Nigeria." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 10 (October 2020): 1934578X2096546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20965462.

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The stem bark and leaves of Daniellia oliveri were obtained from two sites, Batsari and Zurmi, in Nigeria. Leaves of Leptoderris micrantha were obtained from Agbagi, Nigeria. Essential oils of these plants were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components in the bark essential oil of D. oliveri were δ-cadinene (12.8%), α-muurolene (6.7%), α-calacorene (5.9%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.5%). The major components in the leaf essential oils from Batsari and Zurmi, respectively, were humulene epoxide II (8.0% and 16.3%), caryophyllene oxide (7.4% and 12.4%), pentadecanal (8.9% and 6.0%), phytone (6.5% and 2.2%), δ-cadinene (5.3% and 3.0%), and α-muurolene (5.3% and 2.6%). The major components in the leaf essential oil of L. micrantha were incensole (16.2%), phytone (15.4%), pentadecanal (13.7%), α-pinene (7.7%), and iso-phytol (5.2%). The essential oils were screened for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens, and for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Cryptococcus neoformans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Candida albicans, using the microbroth dilution method. The leaf essential oils of D. oliveri and L. micrantha showed only marginal activity against the panel of microorganisms. However, D. oliveri bark essential oil showed notable antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 78.1 µg/mL for each. This is the first report on the essential oil compositions of D. oliveri and L. micrantha from Nigeria and their antimicrobial activities.

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Ogundajo, Akintayo L., Tolulope Ewekeye, Olubunmi J. Sharaibi, Moses S. Owolabi, Noura S. Dosoky, and William N. Setzer. "Antimicrobial Activities of Sesquiterpene-Rich Essential Oils of Two Medicinal Plants, Lannea egregia and Emilia sonchifolia, from Nigeria." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030488.

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Lannea egregia (Anacardiaceae) and Emilia sonchifolia (Asteraceae) are plants used in traditional medicine in southwestern Nigeria. The essential oils from the leaves of L. egregia and E. sonchifolia were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Both essential oils were dominated by sesquiterpenoids. The major components in L. egregia leaf essential oil were α-panasinsen (34.90%), (E)-caryophyllene (12.25%), α-copaene (11.39%), and selina-4,11-diene (9.29%), while E. sonchifolia essential oil was rich in γ-himachalene (25.16%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.72%), and γ-gurjunene (8.58%). The essential oils were screened for antimicrobial activity against a panel of bacteria and fungi and displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 156 μg/mL to 625 μg/mL. Based on these results, either L. egregia or E. sonchifolia essential oil may be recommended for exploration as complementary antibacterial or antifungal agents.

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Owolabi, Moses S., Akintayo L. Ogundajo, Azeezat O. Alafia, Kafayat O. Ajelara, and William N. Setzer. "Composition of the Essential Oil and Insecticidal Activity of Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C. Jeffrey Growing in Nigeria." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2020): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070914.

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The rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) is a pest of stored grain products such as rice, wheat, and corn. Essential oils represent a green environmentally-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides for controlling stored-product insect pests. Launaea taraxacifolia is a leafy vegetable plant found in several parts of Nigeria. The leaves are eaten either fresh as a salad or cooked as a sauce. The essential oil obtained from fresh leaves of L. taraxacifolia was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-nine compounds were identified, accounting for 100% of the oil composition. The major component classes were monoterpene hydrocarbons (78.1%), followed by oxygenated monoterpenoids (16.2%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2.1%), oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (0.3%), and non-terpenoid derivatives (3.3%). The leaf essential oil was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons including limonene (48.8%), sabinene (18.8%), and (E)-β-ocimene (4.6%), along with the monoterpenoid aldehyde citronellal (11.0%). The contact insecticidal activity of L. taraxacifolia essential oil against Sitophilus oryzae was carried out; median lethal concentration (LC50) values of topical exposure of L. taraxacifolia essential oil were assessed over a 120-h period. The LC50 values ranged from 54.38 μL/mL (24 h) to 10.10 µL/mL (120 h). The insecticidal activity of the L. taraxacifolia essential oil can be attributed to major components limonene (48.8%), sabinene (18.8%), and citronellal (11.0%), as well as potential synergistic action of the essential oil components. This result showed L. taraxacifolia essential oil may be considered as a useful alternative to synthetic insecticides.

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Lucas, Joseph M., Fatima D. Vakkai, and Tordue Simon Targema. "Mirroring the Conflict Situation of the Oil-rich Niger Delta Region of Nigeria on the Screen: A Thematic Analysis of the Film - Black November." Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies 2, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/gmd.v2i2.64.

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This study examines the potentials of film in managing conflict in the oil rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This is against the backdrop that since the commencement of oil production in the region in the 1960s to date, it has continued to experience one form of armed conflict or the other. These manifest in several ways such as kidnapping of foreign oil workers, vandalization of oil facilities and confrontation with security operatives by militants, leaving adverse effects on the Nigerian economy which depends on crude oil as the major source of income. The paradox of plenty or resource curse that has come to characterize the region and how it can be addressed, therefore, is what prompts the current study. Using the Nollywood film- Black November, the study demonstrates that film is an instrument that can be used effectively to manage conflicts in the region. From the viewpoint of Singhal and Rogers’ Entertainment-Education approach, the study adopts thematic analysis to identify and discuss the various themes embedded in the film. Findings indicate that several forces are behind the intractable conflict in the region as contained in the film, such as exploitation of resident communities by multinational oil companies, environmental degradation occasioned by oil spillage and gas flaring, and gross injustice, insincerity and human rights abuse by security operatives that make the people lose faith and confidence in both them and the government which they represent. Other causes include betrayal and corruption on the part of community leaders and the burning fire of patriotism in the youth who are determined to fight for their rights. Given the rich thematic embodiment of the film, the study concludes that film has potentials which, if effectively harnessed, will go a long way in managing conflicts in the society.

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Iyekowa, Osaro, and Mary Olire Edema. "Chemosuppressive activities in in vivo studies of Plasmodium falciparum-infected mice using isolated oil of Stigmaphyllon ovatum (Amazon vine) Cav." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 28, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auoc-2017-0001.

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AbstractProblem: In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria remains one of the leading health problems. This situation has been aggravated by the increasing spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. The study was conducted to determine the chemosuppressive activities in in vivo studies of Plasmodium falciparum-infected mice with isolated oil of Stigmaphyllon ovatum leaves used in the traditional treatment of malaria in Nigeria. Methodology: The plant leaves were collected, dried, pulverized and extracted in Soxhlet extractor with hexane solvent. The crude extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and phytochemical screening performed using standard methods. Isolation of oil from hexane extract was done using vacuum liquid chromatography while characterization was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemosuppressive activities were conducted along with quinine to determine the antimalarial potency in Plasmodium falciparum- infected BALB/c albino mice. Findings: Glycosides, saponins, phenolics, and alkaloids among others were present. Components detected from the isolated yellow oil of S. ovatum were 9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) (Rt:20.0, 19.37%), an unsaturated fatty acid, squalene (Rt:25.6, 4.58%), a terpene; 7-tetradecenal (Rt:22.6, 2.40%), an aldehyde and alicyclic compounds like bicycle (3,10) hexan-3-one (Rt:16.7, 0.22%). Quinine-treated mice exhibited the lowest parasite counts of 0.27±0.01 (83.82% mean chemosuppression) at day 4 of therapy while the lowest parasite counts for the isolated oil was 0.95±0.05 (42.92% mean chemosuppression) at day 4 of therapy. Conclusion: The chemosuppressive activities revealed that the isolated oil exhibit significant suppression (P<0.05) of Plasmodium falciparum when compared with the standard, quinine which was evident by the photomicrograph results. This work corroborates the local use of the plants for the treatment of malaria in Southern Nigeria.

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Ogunmoye, Abdulrazaq Omotunde, Odunayo Christy Atewolara-Odule, Oseyemi Omowunmi Olubomehin, Segun Ajibola Ogundare, and Sodiq Tolulope Yussuf. "THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS' OF THE LEAVE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ALTERNANTHERA PUNGENS (KUNTH)." African Journal of Science and Nature 10 (November 10, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.46881/ajsn.v10i0.185.

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Alternanthera pungens Kunth commonly called khaki weed is from the family Amaranthaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial plant that has stems prostrate, rarely rising and about 10-50 cm long. The work was carried out due to the scarcity of information on the volatile constituents from the plant leaves despite works on the flower and other parts. The extraction of the essential oils from the dried leaves was carried out by the hydro distillation method using an all-glass Clevenger apparatus. The extracted oils were then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of twelve constituents' representing 93.39% of A. Pungens oil with a yield of 0.4% (v/w) was obtained. The analysis of the GC-MS results of the leaf oil showed that it was dominated by â-ionone (42.18%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (15.53%), others in trace amounts include; methyl palmitate (6.13%), 1octadecyne (4.72%), undecane (3.73%), para-mentha-1, 3, 8-triene (3.65%), isophytol (3.21%), ?cadinene (3.06%), 1, 2-dimethyl cyclooctene (3.05%), para-cymene (2.96%), phytol (2.67%) and neophytadiene (2.50%). The common classes of compounds present in the leaves oil are aceto monocyclic monoterpenoid (42.18%), sesquiterpenoids (18.59%), hydrocarbons (11.50%), diterpenoids (8.38%), monoterpenes (6.61%) and fatty acids (6.13%).The constituents and the compositional pattern of essential oil identified from the leaves of Alternanthera pungens grown in Nigeria differ quantitatively and qualitatively from previously reported member of the genus and the presence of sesquiterpenoid as one of the major components of the oils justify the traditional use of the plants in treating pains, headaches and inflammations.

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13

Ogunmoye, Abdulrazaq Omotunde, Odunayo Christy Atewolara-Odule, Oseyemi Omowunmi Olubomehin, Segun Ajibola Ogundare, and Sodiq Tolulope Yussuf. "THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS' OF THE LEAVE ESSENTIAL OIL OF ALTERNANTHERA PUNGENS (KUNTH)." African Journal of Science and Nature 10 (November 10, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.46881/ajsn.v10i0.186.

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Alternanthera pungens Kunth commonly called khaki weed is from the family Amaranthaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial plant that has stems prostrate, rarely rising and about 10-50 cm long. The work was carried out due to the scarcity of information on the volatile constituents from the plant leaves despite works on the flower and other parts. The extraction of the essential oils from the dried leaves was carried out by the hydro distillation method using an all-glass Clevenger apparatus. The extracted oils were then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of twelve constituents' representing 93.39% of A. Pungens oil with a yield of 0.4% (v/w) was obtained. The analysis of the GC-MS results of the leaf oil showed that it was dominated by â-ionone (42.18%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (15.53%), others in trace amounts include; methyl palmitate (6.13%), 1octadecyne (4.72%), undecane (3.73%), para-mentha-1, 3, 8-triene (3.65%), isophytol (3.21%), ?cadinene (3.06%), 1, 2-dimethyl cyclooctene (3.05%), para-cymene (2.96%), phytol (2.67%) and neophytadiene (2.50%). The common classes of compounds present in the leaves oil are aceto monocyclic monoterpenoid (42.18%), sesquiterpenoids (18.59%), hydrocarbons (11.50%), diterpenoids (8.38%), monoterpenes (6.61%) and fatty acids (6.13%).The constituents and the compositional pattern of essential oil identified from the leaves of Alternanthera pungens grown in Nigeria differ quantitatively and qualitatively from previously reported member of the genus and the presence of sesquiterpenoid as one of the major components of the oils justify the traditional use of the plants in treating pains, headaches and inflammations.

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14

Adah, Christiana Agbenu, Sylvester Obaike Adejo, Joeseph Aondoaver Gbertyo, and Andrew Adah Ogwuche. "Comparative studies of inhibitive properties of Ficus polita and Ficus platyphylla on corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic medium." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2021-0006.

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Abstract The menace of corrosion of steel in industries has been widely acknowledged. Analysis of oil pipeline failures in oil and gas industries in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria showed corrosion as one of the major causes of failure. Eco-friendly, cheap and renewable materials such as plant extracts have been investigated as alternative to the use of expensive synthetic chemicals which are often hazardous. In this study inhibitive properties of ethanol extracts of Ficus polita and Ficus platyphylla leaves as eco-friendly inhibitors of mild steel in 2 M sulfuric acid solution were investigated by weight loss method at temperatures of 301, 305, 309 and 313 K. The study has shown that both plant extracts inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in the acid medium. The inhibition efficiency (IE) and surface coverage (θ) for both extracts increased with increase in concentration and temperature. This trend is suggestive of chemical adsorption. However, the leaf extract of Ficus polita showed higher IE compared to F. platyphylla. Thermodynamic parameters and apparent activation energy obtained from the studies revealed the inhibition by both plant extracts to be spontaneous, exothermic and chemisorptive, while the adsorption mechanism of both plant extracts on the steel surface aligned with the Freundlich isotherm model, F. polita fits well to Temkin and Adejo-Ekwenchi isotherm models in addition.

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Percy, David R., and David McGillivray. "Overlapping Remedies and the Unexpected Termination of Oil and Gas Leases." Alberta Law Review 49, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr117.

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The freehold oil and gas lease in Canada has had a perilous and uncertain existence. In the early cases, the courts applied a literal interpretation of the leases, resulting in numerous unexpectedly terminated leases. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of cases involving terminated leases. Modern case law recognizes that the failure of a lease can create liabilities in both tort and restitution, but courts have faced difficulties in dealing with the overlapping compensatory and restitutionary remedies. The modern case law has been heavily criticized, but the authors argue that there is a smaller difference between the overlapping remedies than is commonly supposed when the underlying purpose of restitutionary remedies is examined, and they propose a resolution to the problem of overlapping remedies.

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Hardwicke-Brown, Mungo, R. Ben Rogers, Sandy McLeod, and Chris Orr. "Recent Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 40, no. 1 (May 1, 2002): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr506.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors discuss a variety of cases in areas such as lands, leases and titles, administrative law, contracts, torts, the environment, tax and royalties.

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Bartlett, Richard H. "The Effect of Low Oil and Gas Prices on Freehold Oil and Gas Leases: A Problem of Interpretation." Alberta Law Review 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr693.

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Freehold oil and gas leases seek to reconcile the interests of the lessor and the lessee by providing in the habendum a clause for an initial primary term and "so long thereafter as there is production''. Both Canadian and United States jurisprudence indicate that leases will terminate if production is not' 'in paying quantities''. A test as to whether or not oil or gas is being produced in paying quantities is whether the value of the oil or gas produced exceeds the operating costs. If production fails this test then it must be considered whether a reasonably prudent operator would have continued to produce the well. It is suggested that a slight loss due to a temporary fall in price will not necessarily terminate a lease. But if the well was marginal before the fall in price, or if it extends over a substantial period of time, the holding of the lease by the lessee will most likely be construed as mere speculation. Further, most shut-in clauses do not assist the lessee. Vie clauses generally assume the existence of a well capable of production ' 'in paying quantities''. However, the actual wording must govern and some clauses provide for ' 'economical "or" 'unprofitable'' markets and thereby specifically address the lessee's dilemma.

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18

Atsegbua, Lawrence. "The Development and Acquisition of Oil Licences and Leases in Nigeria." OPEC Review 23, no. 1 (March 1999): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0076.00058.

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19

Bankes, Nigel, and Alicia Quesnel. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 38, no. 1 (June 1, 2000): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr521.

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In this article, the authors identify and discuss recent cases that impact on the oil and gas industry. These cases cover different areas of law including constitutional law, lands, leases, and titles, industry agreement, and fiduciary obligations.

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Foran, Frank R., Stephen C. Lee, and Julio N. Arboleda. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 39, no. 1 (August 1, 2001): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr512.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors discuss a variety of cases in areas such as lands, leases and titles, administrative law, contracts, torts, the environment and royalties.

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Baker, Geoffrey D., and Catherine A. Crang. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 37, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr529.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors discuss a variety of cases in areas such as lands, leases and titles, administrative law, contracts, torts, the environment, tax and royalties.

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22

Lohrenz, John. "Bidding Optimum Bonus for Federal Offshore Oil and Gas Leases." Journal of Petroleum Technology 39, no. 09 (September 1, 1987): 1102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15992-pa.

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Lohrenz, John. "Profitabilities on Federal Offshore Oil and Gas Leases: A Review." Journal of Petroleum Technology 40, no. 06 (June 1, 1988): 760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16313-pa.

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Leew, Edward A., and Michael A. Thackray. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 41, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr499.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of recent Canadian judicial decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors have surveyed Canadian case law in the areas of contract, rights, government regulation, freehold leases, land titles, surface rights, trusts and tax.

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Litton, KayLynn G., and James F. Maxwell. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr236.

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This article provides a brief review of recent Canadian judicial decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors survey recent Canadian cases in the following areas of law: aboriginal, administrative, conflict of laws, confidentiality, contracts, employment, environmental, freehold leases, unit agreements, injunctions, rights of first refusal, surface rights, taxation, and securities.

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Leew, Edward A., and Michael A. Thackray. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr690.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of recent Canadian judicial decisions rendered to June 1991 and of interest particularly to oil and gas lawyers. The authors have surveyed Canadian case law in the areas of the environment, surface rights, contract, government regulation, land titles, tax, freehold leases and creditor's rights.

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Swanson, Francine, Michael Hurst, and Edward Rowe. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr653.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions pertaining to oil and gas law. The authors have dealt with a variety of cases in such areas as land leases and titles, royalty agreements, contracts, surface rights, administrative law, tax, director's liability, creditor's rights and aboriginal oil and gas. The briefs include comments by the authors.

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Mills, Douglas G., and Brian Beck. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 36, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr646.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian court decisions pertaining to oil and gas law. Case law in the following areas has been surveyed: (1) contracts and torts; (2) lands, leases and titles; (3) royalty agreements; (4) surface rights; (5) offshore drilling; (6) administrative law; (7) environmental law; (8) tax; (9) directors' liability; (10) fiduciary duties; and (11) civil procedure.

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Wetsel, Rod. "Experience is a Dear Teacher--The Texas Wind Decommissioning Statute." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 6, no. 3 (December 2020): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v6.i3.23.

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As is well known among both my students and colleagues, my professional life as a lawyer (and later as a law professor) took a monumental turn in 1999 when I reviewed and drafted my first wind lease in Nolan County, Texas. That lease, as well as all of the other wind leases at the time, contained contractional “clean up and restoration” clauses similar to many oil and gas leases then in use. Simply put, the leases provided that upon expiration or termination of the lease (which for a wind lease, unlike an oil and gas lease, might be fifty or more years in the future), the lessee would remove its equipment and restore the surface “to as near as reasonably possible to its original condition” prior to the lease.

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Hope-Ross, W. James, and Keith S. McClelland. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 34, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr660.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions pertaining to oil and gas law. The authors have dealt with cases in areas such as contracts, land leases and titles, fiduciary duties, tax, the environment, torts, surface rights, off-shore drilling, creditors rights and administrative law. The authors also look at three cases for which leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada was requested.

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Bonney, William H., and J. Jay Park. "Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 33, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr666.

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This article is a compilation of recent interesting and potentially influential decisions by Canadian courts. Of note also is a judgment by the House of Lords that appears to significantly restrain the applicability of Rylands v. Fletcher. The authors have surveyed case law development in such areas as contracts, lands, leases and titles, fiduciary duties, tax, the environment, torts, surface rights, governmental regulation, offshore drilling, creditors' rights and administrative law.

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LaBar, Robert J. "Principles to Keep in Mind in Negotiating Oil and Gas Leases." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/2.3.76.

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Abstract Foresters who manage lands are occasionally called upon to negotiate oil and gas leases on behalf of the landowner. It is important in these situations to understand the negotiation process and the typical lease provisions that are encountered so that they can be tailored to provide maximum protection and economic returns to the owner. Some of the do's and don'ts that should be considered are outlined. North J. Appl. For. 2:76-78, Sept 1985.

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JPT staff, _. "SPE Board Announces Nominees 2023 President and 2022 Directors." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0018-jpt.

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SPE Board Announces Nominees 2023 President and 2022 Directors Medhat (Med) Kamal is the nominee for 2023 SPE President. He and six others make up the new slate of nominees recommended for positions open on the SPE Board of Directors. 2023 SPE President Medhat (Med) Kamal is a Chevron Fellow Emeritus with primary responsibilities including competency development within the company, identification and development of emerging and white-space technology opportunities, and provision of technological advice and counsel to senior management. He formerly was a fellow and leader at the dynamic reservoir characterization group for Chevron Energy Technology Company. Before Chevron he worked for ARCO, Flopetrol Schlumberger, and Amoco. North America Regional Director Simeon Eburi is a frontier exploration and new ventures petroleum engineer with Chevron, responsible for generating conceptual field development for exploration and business development opportunities. He has spent much of his professional life at Chevron in roles ranging from production operations supervisor in Bakersfield, California, and decision and economic analyst/advisor for deepwater US Gulf operations to production engineer in Oklahoma. Africa Regional Director Oghogho Effiom is a senior development planner for Shell Nigeria, where she enables integration between all disciplines to ensure consistencies across projects regarding development concepts, scenarios, and decisions. She formerly was a senior production geologist with Shell Nigeria. Asia Pacific Regional Director Henricus Herwin is the vice president for technical excellence and coordination at Pertamina, facilitating the expansion of the development and production staff ’s technical capabilities through publications, training, and networking. Prior to his current post, Herwin served as vice president of geoscience and reservoir for Pertamina as well as the head of the development and planning division. Before joining Pertamina in 2018, he held various upstream positions at Total. Middle East and North Africa Regional Director Hisham Zubari is the senior advisor to the Minister of Oil for Bahrain, where he identifies, initiates, plans, and manages national energy and sustainability initiatives related to energy efficiencies, renewable energy, and circular economy. He also acts as a senior advisor to the Bahrain National Oil and Gas Authority. Prior to his current posts, Zubari was deputy chief executive officer of Tatweer Petroleum and general manager for human resources and administration for Bahrain Petroleum Company, among other positions. Completions Technical Director Karen Olson is a senior completions advisor for Well Data Labs and an independent consultant. She previously was technology director for Southwestern Energy Company. Olson has been a completion/ reservoir engineer for more than 37 years, starting her career as a fracturing engineer for The Western Company of North America. She has also worked at S.A. Holditch and Associates, Mobil Oil, and BP. Reservoir Technical Director Rodolfo Gabriel Camacho-Velázquez is a professor in the petroleum engineering department at the National University of Mexico, where he teaches courses related to naturally fractured reservoirs and provides guidance and monitors research progress on the subject. He worked with Pemex for 25 years, where he was the manager of different positions identifying assets’ technical needs and provided guidance on the dynamic characterization and behavior of complex, naturally fractured reservoirs.

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Parker, Stephen L. "Texas Oil and Gas." Texas A&M Law Review 3, no. 3 (May 2016): 721–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v3.i3.9.

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The mineral estate is the dominant estate over the surface estate in Texas, and nowhere is this clearer than the production of oil and gas. An oil and gas operator can use as much of the surface as is reasonably necessary to effectuate the purpose of its oil and gas lease, subject to few limitations. Under a pooling clause and the Texas Supreme Court’s ruling in Key Operating & Equipment, Inc. v. Hegar, operators can burden the surface of a tract of land for the benefit of an entire pooled oil and gas unit. Synthesizing Key with the Texas Supreme Court’s rulings in Delhi Gas Pipeline Corp. v. Dixon and Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Sheppard allows operators to burden surface owners for the benefit of these large pooled oil and gas units—even with postseverance pooling agreements and expired oil and gas leases. Further, as property owners sever the surface estate from their mineral estate, surface owners are left without power to negotiate with oil and gas operators interested in the mineral estate only. The Texas Railroad Commission should require all operator–lessees make a good-faith effort to enter surface-use agreements with surface owners in pooled oil and gas units. Requiring this of all operator–lessees benefits both the surface owners and the operators, even when a surface owner refuses to enter the surface-use agreement. Finally, there are other options the Texas Railroad Commission may consider to correct this issue; however, requiring operators make a good-faith attempt to acquire a surface-use agreement is the cheapest and most efficient way to address this issue without changing Texas oil and gas law jurisprudence.

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Farrar, William D. "Survey of Selected 2019 Texas Oil and Gas Cases and Statutes." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 6, no. 3 (December 2020): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v6.i3.16.

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Texas courts and the legislature were quite active in 2019 concerning oil and gas issues. Texas courts decided many cases involving everything from deed interpretation to lease repudiation to farmout interpretation. The Texas Supreme Court has granted several petitions for review from the courts of appeal. The legislature enacted or amended statutes concerning so called “royalty leases,” the Mineral Interest Pooling Act, and others. The following are summaries of some selected cases and statutes that will be of interest to those involved with Texas oil and gas law.

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Sokolovskiy, A. P., and V. I. Samitova. "EVALUATION OF THE HYDROCARBON POTENTIALOF LOWER PALEOZOIC SEDIMENTS IN THE NORTH-WESTOF THE EAST EUROPEAN PLATFORM." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-3-26-30.

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A geological model of the structure and accumulation of lower paleozoic sediments in the north-west of the East European platform is overviewed. Prospects of oil and gas potential are estimated and land leases for prospecting wells are marked.

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Ogunwande, Isiaka A., Razaq Jimoh, Adedoyin A. Ajetunmobi, Nudewhenu O. Avoseh, and Guido Flamini. "Essential oil Composition of Ficus Benjamina (Moraceae)and Irvingia Barteri (Irvingiaceae)." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 12 (December 2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701233.

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Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves of two Nigerian species were analyzed for their constituents by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaf oil of Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae), collected during the day, contained high contents of α-pinene (13.9%), abietadiene (9.7%), cis-α-bisabolene (8.2%) and germacrene-D-4-ol (8.4%), while the night sample was dominated by germacrene-D-4-ol (31.5%), 1,10-di- epi-cubenol (8.8%) and hexahydrofarnesylacetone (8.3%). This could be a possible indication of differences in emissions of volatiles by F. benjamina during the day and night. The main compounds of Irvingia barteri Hook. f. (Irvingiaceae) were β-caryophyllene (17.0%), (E)-α-ionone (10.0%), geranial (7.6%), (E)-β-ionone (6.6%) and β-gurjunene (5.1%).

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Hendricks, Kenneth, Robert H. Porter, and Charles A. Wilson. "Auctions for Oil and Gas Leases with an Informed Bidder and a Random Reservation Price." Econometrica 62, no. 6 (November 1994): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951754.

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Mohammed, Sani Damamisau. "Clean development mechanism and carbon emissions in Nigeria." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 11, no. 3 (November 3, 2019): 523–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-05-2017-0041.

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Purpose Carbon emissions from gas flaring in the Nigerian oil and gas industry are both a national and international problem. Nigerian government policies to eliminate the problem 1960-2016 yielded little or no results. The Kyoto Protocol (KP) provides Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as an international market-based mechanism to reducing global carbon emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analytically highlight the potentials of CDM in eliminating carbon emissions in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviewed the historical background of Kyoto protocol, Nigerian Government policies to eliminating gas flaring in its oil and gas industry 1960-2016 and CDM projects in the industry. The effectiveness of the policies and CDM projects towards ending this problem were descriptively analysed. Findings Government policies towards eliminating gas flaring with its attendant carbon emissions appeared not to be yielding the desired results. However, projects registered under CDM in the industry looks effective in ending the problem. Research limitations/implications Therefore, the success recorded by CDM projects has the policy implication of encouraging Nigeria to engage on establishing more CDM projects that ostensibly proved effective in reducing CO2 emissions through gas flaring reductions in its oil and gas industry. Apparent effectiveness of studied CDM should provide a way forward for the country in eliminating gas flaring in its oil and gas industry which is also a global menace. Nigeria could achieve this by providing all needed facilitation to realising more CDM investments. Practical implications CDM as a policy has proved effective in eliminating gas flaring in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. The government should adopt this international policy to achieve more gas flaring reductions. Social implications Social problems of respiratory diseases, water pollution and food shortage among others due to gas flaring are persisting in oil and gas producing areas as government policies failed to end the problem. CDM projects in the industry have proved effective in eliminating the problem, thus improving the social welfare of the people and ensuring sustainable development. Originality/value The paper analysed the effectiveness of Nigerian Government policies and an international market-based mechanism towards ending gas flaring in its oil and gas industry.

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Avwiri, G. O., P. I. Enyinna ., and E. O. Agbalagba . "Terrestrial Radiation Around Oil And Gas Facilities In Ughelli Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences 7, no. 11 (May 15, 2007): 1543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.1543.1546.

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Giwa-Osagie, Osayaba, and Emwanta Ehigiato. "Financing options in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria." Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 33, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 218–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2015.1043823.

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Dismukes, David E., Jeffrey M. Burke, and Dmitry V. Mesyanzhinov. "Estimating the impact of royalty relief on oil and gas production on marginal state leases in the US." Energy Policy 34, no. 12 (August 2006): 1389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.11.004.

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U., Nte Felix. "Determination of Water Quality at Orwell International Oil and Gas Nigeria Limited, Rivers State, Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 1, no. 6 (2013): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130106.15.

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Ja'afar, Yusuf, Hussaini Bala, and Ahmad Muhammded Lawal. "Determinants of Corporate Environmental Accounting Disclosure of Oil and Gas Firms in Nigeria." Global Business Management Review (GBMR) 13, Number 1 (June 30, 2021): 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/gbmr2021.13.1.2.

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This study examines the cognitive factors that determine corporate environmental accounting disclosures (CEAD). The population consists of all the fourteen (14) listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. Panel data were obtained from the annual reports and accounts of the firms for the period of 2010 to 2019. A correlational research design was used and the data were analyzed using the Generalized Least Square regression (random model). The study found that firm size; leverage and multi-national companies have positive significant influence on the CEAD of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. Whilst firm growth has a negative significant relationship with the CEAD of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. It is concluded that larger firms and multi-national companies in the Nigerian oil and gas sector have high likelihood of disclosing environmental accounting information. Thus, it is recommended that the management of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria should expand their size by acquiring more assets, maintain a consistent growth by exploring more opportunities while improving their gearing ratio to ensure a stable balance between the proportion of debt and assets. It therefore, highlighted the need for Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to come up with enabling laws geared towards ensuring that listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria embrace CEAD. Furthermore, Global Environmental Disclosure Index (GEI) should be considered as the most acceptable yardstick for measuring environmental accounting by the listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria.

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Carpenter, Chris. "Cyclic Gas Injection EOR in Eagle Ford Can Increase Estimated Ultimate Recovery." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 08 (August 1, 2021): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0821-0065-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 200427, “Evaluation of Eagle Ford Cyclic Gas Injection EOR: Field Results and Economics,” by George Grinestaff, SPE, Chris Barden, and Jeff Miller, SPE, Shale IOR, prepared for the 2020 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Tulsa, 18–22 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Cyclic-gas-injection-based enhanced oil recovery (CGEOR) in the Eagle Ford was begun in late 2012 by EOG Resources and, at the time of writing, has expanded to more than 30 leases by six operators (266 wells). An extensive EOR evaluation was initiated to analyze the results recorded in these leases. The authors write that CGEOR in Eagle Ford volatile oil can yield substantial increases in estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) with robust economics, depending on compressor use and field life. Introduction Eagle Ford Source Rock and Reservoir. The Eagle Ford shale represents some of the world’s richest source rocks. The Upper Cretaceous seafloor received abundant organic debris and preserved it in an anoxic environment. The low permeability of the shale and limestone helped generate hydrocarbons when pore pressure exceeded overburden pressure. The resulting natural fractures provided a means to expel oil, much of it migrating into the overlying Austin Chalk and Tertiary sandstones. The primary target area for produced-gas injection EOR is currently in the volatile oil window between 9,000 and 11,000 ft true vertical depth, which yields oil API gravity of greater than 40. Initial gas/oil ratio (GOR) typically ranges from 1,000 to 3,000 scf/bbl. Eagle Ford EOR History. The first large-scale CGEOR project was implemented in October 2014. Rapid development has occurred since then, but, in the complete paper, the authors present the first commercial EOR projects by EOG Resources because these have the longest CGEOR production history. Recent projects show more-efficient startup, cycling, and higher optimization of gas injection. Therefore, the analysis of EOR in this paper takes a conservative approach of using the first projects because they appear to have lower EOR recovery but more production history. Evaluation Methodology Unconventional EOR Work Flow. Analysis of CGEOR production and results has been completed using production history and reservoir simulation to provide a rigorous evaluation. The authors use a 14-component fracture element model with a very fine grid to predict well GOR, EUR, and reservoir behavior for the compositional process. The element model is then scaled up to mimic the average well for a given pad or lease, and then cycle operations are developed based on CGEOR simulation runs and criteria. Unconventional CGEOR provides a direct response after the first cycle of gas injection; however, the base depletion profile also is important for understanding economics for increased oil production or incremental EOR. A history match of the base depletion is first completed to match an average well at the pad level (approximately one 640-acre section with 10 to 14 wells). The element is then scaled up based on well completion, stimulated rock volume, and EUR for the base depletion.

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Merem, E. C., Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, P. Isokpehi, M. Shenge, S. Fageir, M. Crisler, et al. "Assessing Ecosystem Liabilities of Oil and Gas Activities in Southern Nigeria." Public Health Research 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.phr.20170701.02.

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Ya'u, Abba, Natrah Saad, and Abdulsalam Mas'ud. "Validating oil and gas royalty rate measurement scale: evidence from Nigeria." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 14, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-09-2019-0010.

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Purpose This study aims to validate the royalty rate measurement scale by using rigorous scale validation procedures. Design/methodology/approach Evaluation of reliability and validity of the measures of royalty rate was performed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using SPSS version 25 and PLS-SEM version 3.8. Findings The results provide evidence that the royalty rate measurement scale has achieved reliability and validity criteria. Research limitations/implications Consequently, policymakers, practitioners and researchers can adopt this scale to assess the royalty rate in other energy sectors where royalty arrangements exist in different jurisdictions across the globe. Practical implications The practical contributions of the study are threefold. First, the validated scale presented in Table IV can serve as a checklist for oil and gas producing countries while assessing the stringiness or otherwise of their royalty rates. Second, the validated scale can be used to assess the perception of oil and gas companies with regards to the royalty rate as whether the rate is too high and worrisome or is acceptable. Finally, it could also be used to assess the role of regulatory bodies in assessing royalty rates while dealing with multinational and local oil companies. Eventually, the scale can assist policymakers across the globe to adapt in investment decision-making, particularly regarding royalty arrangement. Originality/value This study undoubtedly builds the existing literature and contributes to the subject area; by implication, the validated scale will assist host oil and gas countries with stringent royalty rate to revise the royalty policy in such a way to ensure neutrality, thereby not chasing away the current investors or discouraging prospective ones from investing in their oil and gas industry.

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Nwosu, H. U., I. N. Nwachukwu, S. O. T. Ogaji, and S. D. Probert. "Local involvement in harnessing crude oil and natural gas in Nigeria." Applied Energy 83, no. 11 (November 2006): 1274–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2005.09.001.

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Yahaya, Onipe Adabenege, and Bilyaminu Tijjani. "SIZE, AGE AND LEVERAGE OF NIGERIA QUOTED OIL AND GAS CORPORATIONS." Advanced International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance 3, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/aijbaf.36005.

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Firm size and age influence firm-level leverage. The extent of such influence on the oil and gas industry is not known in Nigeria. There are very few empirical studies that interrogate the effects of firm size and listing age on leverage in Nigeria. This study examines the impacts of firm size and listing age on firm-level financial leverage of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. It was non-experimental research and correlational in nature. Data were extracted from annuals and accounts of 8 firms over a period of 13 years (2007-2019) and subjected to descriptive statistics (number of observations, mean, standard deviations, mean, minimum and maximum means) and inferential statistics (multiple regression analysis). The findings show that firm size has a negative and significant impact on firm-level financial leverage. Firm age has a positive and significant effect on firm-level leverage. In this paper, we contribute to the literature by examining the presence and direction of firm size and listing age to financial leverage user data from listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. Our study is the first to address the adverse implications of Modeling with firm size and listing age on firm-level financial leverage.

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Ingelson, Allan, and And Will Randall. "Shallow Rights Reversion: Uncertainty and Disputes." Alberta Law Review 48, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr159.

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To encourage shallow gas production from up-hole non-producing zones on provincial lands and increase Crown royalty revenues, the Government of Alberta has adopted a shallow rights reversion (SRR) scheme for oil and gas mineral rights holders. Under SRR the rights to natural gas above the top of the shallowest productive zone are to be severed at the time of lease continuation and revert to the Crown, but the rights from the top of the shallowest productive zone to the base of the deepest productive zone will continue to be held by the Crown lessee.In 2007 the British Columbia government amended the Petroleum and Natural Gas Act to establish a zone specific retention (ZSR) scheme. Under the ZSR system the Crown lessee need only establish the mere presence of oil or gas in a standard Zone Designation layer in order to continue the lease.Unlike British Columbia, the SRR system in Alberta applies to all existing Crown leases, and is therefore more controversial than the ZSR regime. In April 2011, Alberta Energy intends to start serving SRR notices. The department has recently changed its policy regarding the consolidation of petroleum and natural gas agreements. The more complicated SRR system, which facilitates an increased number of oil and gas developers, may prompt additional trespass and commingling disputes.

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