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Shaik, Azeezahmed, Hardeep Singh, Sukhbir Singh, Thayne Montague, and Jacobo Sanchez. "Liquid Organic Fertilizer Effects on Growth and Biomass of Lettuce Grown in a Soilless Production System." HortScience 57, no. 3 (March 2022): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16334-21.
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Demand for locally produced, organically grown leafy greens is increasing throughout the United States. However, due to lack of efficient organic fertilizers (OFs) for soilless substrates, organic greenhouse production of leafy greens may be challenging. Therefore, a greenhouse study was conducted to analyze the effects of six liquid OFs on growth and development of lettuce in a soilless system. Two experiments were conducted using a randomized block design, and treatments included six fish- or plant-based OFs: OF1 (5N–1P–1K), OF2 (2N–5P–1K), OF3 (3N–1P–1K), OF4 (2N–2P–2K), OF5 (4N–1P–1K), and OF6 (3N–3P–2K); one inorganic fertilizer treatment (IF, 24N–8P–16K); and one unfertilized control treatment. Fertilizer solutions were prepared at 2 dS⋅m–1 and applied at 100 mL/plant. In Expt. 1, fresh biomass for IF-treated plants was 12% to 38% greater than OF treatments, whereas this difference ranged from 25% to 57% in Expt. 2. Similarly, leaf area values of IF-treated plants were 5% to 40% greater than OF treatments in Expt. 1, and the difference ranged from 28% to 90% in Expt. 2. A possible explanation could be greater availability of nutrients in the IF treatment compared with OF treatments. There was no significant difference among fertilized treatments for number of leaves and stem diameter. Based on the index-based ranking, fish-based (OF1) and fish- and plant-based (OF2 and OF6) performed well among different liquid OFs used in the study. Although the yield under OFs was less compared with that under IF, there is potential to reduce this yield gap by optimized fertility management of these fertilizers. Future research is needed to investigate the impact of optimized rate, timing, different placement, and additional nitrogen (N) sources of OFs on the soilless production of lettuce.
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Xu, Tong, Jiacheng Yu, Dongjian Cai, Zhaoyang You, and Kinjal J. Shah. "Removal of Cd (II) Ions from Bioretention System by Clay and Soil Wettability." Water 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223164.
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In this work, a silane modifier with benzyl substitutes (OFS-B) and linear substitutes (OFS-L) was used to modify bentonite clay and soil, and the results were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR) and powder-X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. A contact angle analysis was performed to determine the wettability of modified clay and soil. The findings revealed that silane-modified OFS-L clay and soil produced wettable surfaces, while OFS-B exhibited hydrophobic properties. These clays and soils were used in a bioretention system for Cd (II) removal. In the study, seven different types of bioretention systems, including natural, OFS-L, and OFS-B modified clay and soil, as well as natural, OFS-L, and OFS-B modified soil, were applied to Cyperus alternifolius plants without an additional layer. The removal capacity of Cd (II) was measured in the following order: modified clay > modified soil > original clay/soil > no layer, i.e., 99.48%, 92.22%, 88.10/78.5%, and 30.0%, respectively. OFS-L removed more Cd (II) than OFS-B during the modification. OFS-L now improves the bioavailability and accumulation of Cd (II) in the plant (18.5 µg/g) and has a higher chlorophyll-b concentration (1.92 mg/g fresh weight) than other systems. The wettable clay exhibited clay leaching into the various levels of the bioretention system. In the bioretention system, benzyl substituted clay prevented the penetration of water and formed a Cd (II) agglomeration. When compared to non-wettable modifiers, these results indicated that wettable clay material could be a capable material for removing Cd (II).
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CHEN, JING, and XIAOQUAN LU. "STUDY ON THE FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTIC OF PHOTOCHEMICAL OSCILLATORY SYSTEM." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 08, no. 06 (December 2009): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633609005441.
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As a typical oscillating chemical system, the frequency characteristic of photochemical oscillatory system is analyzed by a reliable oscillation frequency spectrum (OFS) approach. The results show that every periodic signal have a special OFS. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of frequencies of four relative oscillating signals which belong to photochemical oscillatory system are extracted. They have multi-frequency characteristic. OFS successfully realizes the extraction and calculation of photochemical oscillatory system. OFS can be used to analyze the frequency of complex periodic signal accurately and be suitable for many areas.
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Yamaguchi, Akihiro. "On the Mechanism of Spatial Bifurcations in the Open Flow System." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 07, no. 07 (July 1997): 1529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127497001205.
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The phenomenon of spatial bifurcations in the open flow system (OFS), which is a unidirectionally coupled map lattice, is investigated. The bifurcation conditions are obtained by analyzing the effect of deterministic discretization of the system's state when the OFS is simulated by the computer. The analytical results are examined by application to the OFS with logistic maps.
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Chen, Yung-Ming, Che-Hsin Liu, Hung-Ju Shih, Chih-Hsin Chang, Wei-Bo Chen, Yi-Chiang Yu, Wen-Ray Su, and Lee-Yaw Lin. "An Operational Forecasting System for Flash Floods in Mountainous Areas in Taiwan." Water 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102100.
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Flash floods are different from common floods because they occur rapidly over short time scales, and they are considered to be one of the most devastating natural hazards worldwide. Mountainous areas with high population densities are particularly threatened by flash floods because steep slopes generate high flow velocities. Therefore, there is a great need to develop an operational forecasting system (OFS) for better flash flood prediction and warning in mountainous regions. This study developed an OFS through the integration of meteorological, hydrological, and hydrodynamic models. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data were used to generate a digital elevation model (DEM). The OFS employs high-density and high-accuracy airborne LiDAR DEM data to simulate rapid water level rises and flooding as the result of intense rainfall within relatively small watersheds. The water levels and flood extent derived from the OFS are in agreement with the measured and surveyed data. The OFS has been adopted by the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR) for forecasting flash floods every six hours in a mountainous floodplain in Taiwan. The 1D and 2D visualization of the OFS is performed via the National Center for Atmospheric Research Command Language (NCL).
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Harashina, Hiroshi, Katsuaki Kodama, Shin-ichi Shamoto, Satoshi Taniguchi, Takashi Nishikawa, Masatoshi Sato, Kazuhisa Kakurai, and Masakazu Nishi. "Spin Structure ofS=1/2Quantum Spin System CaV3O7." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 65, no. 6 (June 15, 1996): 1570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.65.1570.
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Innis, William, Patrick Byrne, and Ralph P. Tufano. "Image-Guided Osteoplastic Frontal Sinusotomy." American Journal of Rhinology 19, no. 5 (September 2005): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194589240501900502.
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Background A 6-ft Caldwell radiograph template and transillumination, typically, are used to elucidate the frontal sinus outline for osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy (OFS). These techniques can be fraught with imprecision. The consequences of imprecise OFS may result in significant complications. Computer-aided surgery may offer a safe and accurate alternative to these techniques in selected cases. Several disadvantages were noted with early computer-aided assistance. Current infrared and electromagnetic systems have eliminated many of these disadvantages. We describe our technique and experience with an infrared image-guidance system (The LandmarX Evolution; Medtronic Xomed, Jacksonville, FL) to create a precise OFS that maximizes exposure while minimizing morbidity. Methods We describe the use of an infrared image guidance system, the LandmarX Evolution for OFS in three cases. Results The LandmarX Evolution allowed for accurate placement of the OFS in each of the three cases and successful treatment of two symptomatic frontal sinus osteomas and a recurrent inverted papilloma. No complications were encountered. Conclusion Image-guided OFS results in a confident and accurate entry into the frontal sinus. Image-guided OFS creation should be considered for select cases (i.e., complete opacification and altered anatomy) where performing an OFS by standard techniques may increase the complication rate. More experience with the technique and increased accessibility to image-guided equipment must be made possible before establishing this technique as a standard.
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Kumar, Ashok, Vikas N. Thakur, and Harish Kumar. "Characterization of spinning rotor gauge-3 using orific flow system and static expansion system." ACTA IMEKO 9, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.993.
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This article elucidates the calibration of newly procured spinning rotor gauge (SRG 3) from MKS Instruments, USA using primary vacuum standards: Orifice flow system (OFS) and Static expansion system (SES) established at National Physical Laboratory, India (NPLI) in the range of 10<sup>-4</sup> Pa to 1 Pa and further compared with manufacturer reported value which was calibrated by transfer standard of National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST). The key parameters to calculate the pressure measured by SRG is the accommodation coefficients. The accommodation coefficients for N<sub>2</sub> gas obtained using OFS, SES, and calibration report form NIST USA (SRG2) are 0.957, 0.961, and 0.954 respectively.
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Santos, Jorge, Almeida, and Coelho. "A Simple Spectral Interrogation System for Optical Fiber Sensors." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015006.
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Optical fiber sensors (OFS) based on long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) or on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) represent attractive solutions for detection systems in remote areas. An interrogation system consisting on wavelength modulation of fiber coupled distributed feedback (DFB) lasers was implemented and tested. The system uses a single photodetector to individually acquire the intensity of each DFB laser modulated by the OFS and the real transmission spectrum is reconstructed through curve fitting. Testing was accomplished by measuring the spectral features of an LPFG when changing the surrounding refractive index and errors lower than 1.8 nm in the 1530 to 1570 nm wavelength region were obtained.
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Yang, Shao Zeng, and Jian Hua Zhang. "A Robust Operator Functional State Fuzzy Modeling Approach Based on EEG Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4065–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4065.
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Operator functional state (OFS) is defined as the time-variable ability that an operator completes his/her assigned tasks. To evaluate the OFS in safety-critical human-machine systems, it is modeled by using the Wang-Mendel-based fuzzy system paradigm in this paper. The fuzzy model is constructed to correlate three EEG features (as model inputs) to the human-machine system performance (as model output). To derive a fuzzy model for real-time OFS assessment, the Gaussian membership function membership crossover point membership gradeδis found to be an essential parameter that controls the robustness of data-driven fuzzy models. The fuzzy models with differentδare applied to the OFS fuzzy modeling. The results have demonstrated that an appropriate value ofδcan be selected to derive robust fuzzy models. Compare with the results obtained by fuzzy models based on symmetric Gaussian membership functions, the new approach based on asymmetric Gaussian membership function leads to considerably improved robustness performance.
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Bridle, T. R., I. Hammerton, and C. K. Hertle. "Control of Heavy Metals and Organochlorines Using the Oil from Sludge Process." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0119.
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A four month pilot plant program, evaluating all unit operations comprising an integrated Oil from Sludge (OFS) plant has been successfully completed for the Sydney Water Board. The unit operations of sludge dewatering, drying and conversion to oil in the patented OFS reactor system were set up at the Malabar Sewage Treatment Plant in Sydney. Pilot testing of the char combustor was conducted off site. Extensive heavy metal and organochlorine monitoring across each unit operation has revealed the following information. There is no loss of contaminants across the dewatering and drying operations. With the exception of arsenic and mercury, all heavy metals fed to the OFS reactor are retained in the char. Greater than 75% of PCB's and 85% of HCB present in sludge are destroyed in the OFS reactor. Greater than 99.7% of the heavy metals fed to the fluid bed combustor are retained in the ash (with exception of mercury, which reported 3% in the flue gas). The FBC ash is classified non-hazardous, using the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure.No organochlorines were detected in the dryer or FBC off-gases. The OFS technology offers decoupling of heavy metal and organochlorine control mechanisms, thus allowing each to be optimally controlled.
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Kang, Shin Min, Arif Rafiq, Abdul Latif, Abdul Aziz Shahid, and Young Chel Kwun. "Tricorns and Multicorns ofS-Iteration Scheme." Journal of Function Spaces 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/417167.
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Complex graphics of dynamical system have striking features of fractals and become a wide area of research due to their beauty and complexity of their nature. The aim of this paper is to study dynamics of relative superior tricorns and multicorns usingS-iteration schemes. Several examples are presented to explore the geometry of relative superior tricorns and multicorns for antipolynomialz→z¯n+cof complex polynomialzn+cforn≥2.
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White, Mark J., Jeffrey M. Boyd, Alexander R. Horswill, and William M. Nauseef. "Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C Contributes to Survival of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in Human Blood and Neutrophils." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 4 (January 22, 2014): 1559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01168-13.
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ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis an important human pathogen that employs a large repertoire of secreted virulence factors to promote disease pathogenesis. Many strains ofS. aureuspossess aplcgene that encodes a phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) capable of hydrolyzing PI and cleaving glycosyl-PI (GPI)-linked proteins from cell surfaces. Despite being secreted by virulent staphylococci, the contribution of PI-PLC to the capacity ofS. aureusto cause disease remains undefined. Our goal in these studies was to understand PI-PLC in the context ofS. aureusbiology. Among a collection of genetically diverse clinical isolates ofS. aureus, community-associated methicillin-resistantS. aureus(CA-MRSA) USA300 secreted the most PI-PLC. Screening a collection of two-component system (TCS) mutants ofS. aureus, we identified both theagrquorum-sensing system and the SrrAB TCS to be positive regulators ofplcgene expression. Real-time PCR and PI-PLC enzyme assays of the TCS mutants, coupled with SrrA promoter binding studies, demonstrated that SrrAB was the predominant transcriptional activator ofplc. Furthermore,plcregulation was linked to oxidative stress bothin vitroandin vivoin a SrrAB-dependent manner. A Δplcmutant in a CA-MRSA USA300 background exhibited a survival defect in human whole blood and in isolated neutrophils. However, the same mutant strain displayed no survival defect in murine models of infection or murine whole blood. Overall, these data identify potential links between bacterial responses to the host innate immune system and to oxidative stress and suggest how PI-PLC could contribute to the pathogenesis ofS. aureusinfections.
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Rahmah, Devi Maulida, Agusta Samodra Putra, Riaru Ishizaki, Ryozo Noguchi, and Tofael Ahamed. "A Life Cycle Assessment of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers for Coffee Production to Evaluate Sustainability toward the Energy–Environment–Economic Nexus in Indonesia." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 3912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073912.
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Coffee is an important agricultural commodity that is branded according to its environmental criteria in the global market. Therefore, Indonesia’s coffee production system needs to be investigated to meet the demand for eco-labeling, which has become a consumer preference. This study aims to assess the comprehensive sustainability evaluation of coffee production nurtured by an organic fertilizing system (OFS), chemical-organic fertilizing system (COFS), and chemical fertilizing system (CFS) that focuses on the energy–environment–economic nexus. A life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost analysis (LCC), and energy analysis were performed as methods to evaluate the environmental impact, economic performance, and energy requirement analysis. The results indicated that the OFS had superior performance in two sustainability aspects: resulting in the lowest environmental damage and generating the highest economic benefit. Simultaneously, COFS shows the highest sustainability performance as it consumes the least energy. In contrast, CFS indicated the lowest sustainability performance in all aspects: highest environmental impact, lowest economic benefit, and highest energy consumption. Therefore, OFS is strongly recommended to be applied broadly, considering its environmental and economic superiority. Consequently, massive OFS application was followed by higher energy consumption. Alternatively, COFS can be considered for application due to its higher energy performance, even though it can potentially result in higher environmental damage and lower economic benefit. However, the government should explicitly provide some effort for the broad application of OFS in financial and assistance support since the shifting process needs more time to adapt.
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Лазарева, О., O. Lazreva, Евгения Бимбас, Evgeniya Bimbas, Виктория Бриштен, and Viktoria Brishten. "FACTORS OF DECOMPENSATION IN OROFACIAL SYSTEM IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH DEEP OVERBITE." Actual problems in dentistry 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2018): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2018-14-4-87-92.
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Subject. The depth of the overbite increases with age. With the loss of teeth secondary deformations of the dentition, dysfunctions, teeth wearing, periodontal disease and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunctions occurs, facial aesthetics is affected. The urgency of the topic depends on the high prevalence of anomaly and self-destruction of the orofacial system (OFS) with deep overbite in adults. The aim was to identify the factors of decompensation of the dentition in adults with deep overbite. Methodology. Clinical (questioning, examination, functional tests), anthropometric (photo analysis, casts’ analysis, Shimbachi index) methods and X-ray analysis(cephalometry, analysis of zonograms of TMJ, orthopantomography) were performed for 84 adult patients with deep overbite more than 3 mm (GRP) and Angle Class I or II. All patients were divided into 2 main groups according to the size of overjet: OG-1 ― 42 people with a normal overjet (2 ± 2 mm) between the incisors; OG-2 ― 42 people with an enlarged overjet (more than 4 mm). We used the MSUMD classification of malocclusion (1991). The results of the examination of the patients in 2 main groups were compared with each other and with the average structure of the OFS in patients with physiological occlusion. We have identified specific clinical, anthropometric, and radiological groups of symptoms of decompensation in OFS, which are common for adults with GRP. Conclusions. In adult patients with GRP the main factor of decompensation in OFS is lower jaw displacement. In the development of displacement of the lower jaw a few factors are important: transversal disproportion of the dentition; sagittal jaw disproportion; loss of posterior teeth. The loss of the teeth, the reduction of the interalveolar height and the associated functional and aesthetic problems are adaptive mechanisms for the displacement of the mandible.
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Ronga, Domenico, Federica Caradonia, Mario Parisi, Guido Bezzi, Bruno Parisi, Giulio Allesina, Simone Pedrazzi, and Enrico Francia. "Using Digestate and Biochar as Fertilizers to Improve Processing Tomato Production Sustainability." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010138.
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The principal goal of the organic farming system (OFS) is to develop enterprises that are sustainable and harmonious with the environment. Unfortunately, the OFS yields fewer products per land than the non-organic farming system in many agricultural products. The objective of our study was to assess the effects of digestate and biochar fertilizers on yield and fruit quality of processing tomato produced under the OFS. The experiment was carried out in Po Valley, during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Liquid digestate (LD), LD + biochar (LD + BC) and pelleted digestate (PD) were evaluated and compared to biochar (BC) application and unfertilized control. The results showed that plants fertilized with LD + BC recorded the maximum marketable yield (72 t ha−1), followed by BC (67 t ha−1), PD (64 t ha−1) and LD (59 t ha−1); while the lowest production (47 t ha−1) was recorded in unfertilized plants. Over the two cropping seasons, LD + BC, BC, PD, and LD, increased fruit number per plant (+15%), fruit weight (+24%), Brix t ha−1 (+41%) and reduced Bostwick index (−16%), if compared to the untreated control. Considering the overall agronomic performances, digestate and biochar can be useful options for increasing yield and quality of processing tomato production in the OFS. Hence, these fertilizers can be assessed in future research both on other crops and farming systems.
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Taniguchi, Satoshi, Takashi Nishikawa, Yukio Yasui, Yoshiaki Kobayashi, Masatoshi Sato, Takashi Nishioka, Masaaki Kontani, and Kazuhiro Sano. "Spin Gap Behavior ofS=1/2 Quasi-Two-Dimensional System CaV4O9." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 64, no. 8 (August 15, 1995): 2758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.64.2758.
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Ahn, Sang-Joon, and Kelly C. Rice. "Understanding the Streptococcus mutans Cid/Lrg System through CidB Function." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 20 (August 12, 2016): 6189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01499-16.
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ABSTRACTTheStreptococcus mutanslrgABandcidABoperons have been previously described as a potential model system to dissect the complexity of biofilm development and virulence ofS. mutans. Herein, we have attempted to further characterize the Cid/Lrg system by focusing on CidB, which has been shown to be critical for the ability ofS. mutansto survive and persist in a nonpreferred oxygen-enriched condition. We have found that the expression level ofcidBis critical to oxidative stress tolerance ofS. mutans, most likely by impactinglrgexpression. Intriguingly, the impaired aerobic growth phenotype of thecidBmutant could be restored by the additional loss of either CidA or LrgA. Growth-dependent expression ofcidandlrgwas demonstrated to be tightly under the control of both CcpA and the VicKR two-component system (TCS), regulators known to play an essential role in controlling major catabolic pathways and cell envelope homeostasis, respectively. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed that mutation ofcidBresulted in global gene expression changes, comprising major domains of central metabolism and virulence processes, particularly in those involved with oxidative stress resistance. Loss of CidB also significantly changed the expression of genes related to genomic islands (GI) TnSmu1 and TnSmu2, the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas system, and toxin-antitoxin (T/A) modules. Taken together, these data show that CidB impinges on the stress response, as well as the fundamental cellular physiology ofS. mutans, and further suggest a potential link between Cid/Lrg-mediated cellular processes,S. mutanspathogenicity, and possible programmed growth arrest and cell death mechanisms.IMPORTANCEThe ability ofStreptococcus mutansto survive a variety of harmful or stressful conditions and to emerge as a numerically significant member of stable oral biofilm communities are essential elements for its persistence and cariogenicity. In this study, the homologouscidABandlrgABoperons, previously identified as being highly balanced and coordinated duringS. mutansaerobic growth, were further characterized through the functional and transcriptomic analysis of CidB. Precise control of CidB levels is shown to impact the expression oflrg, oxidative stress tolerance, major metabolic domains, and the molecular modules linked to cell death and lysis. This study advances our understanding of the Cid/Lrg system as a key player in the integration of complex environmental signals (such as oxidative stress) into the regulatory networks that modulateS. mutansvirulence and cell homeostasis.
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Cosgrove, C. L., and V. R. Southgate. "Interactions betweenSchistosoma intercalatum(Zaire strain) andS. mansoni." Journal of Helminthology 77, no. 3 (September 2003): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2002165.
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AbstractSchistosoma mansoniandS. intercalatum, two schistosomes from different evolutionary lineages, are parasitic in humans and therefore able to co-infect the same host where they occur sympatrically in Africa. Previous studies of mating interactions between these species in mice, using the Lower Guinea strain ofS. intercalatum, have demonstrated the competitive dominance ofS. mansonioverS. intercalatumin terms of pairing ability, which is potentially an important mechanism restricting the distribution ofS. intercalatumin Africa. The study presented here examines the mating interactions in mice betweenS. mansoniand the Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) strain ofS. intercalatum, which differs from the Lower Guinea strain in many biological characteristics. Analysis of the data showed a preponderance of intraspecific pairs over interspecific, demonstrating a specific mate preference system for both species. Mating competition between these species and the ability of males of both species to effect a change of mate by pulling paired females away from their partners was indicated. Comparisons are made between the competitive mating abilities of both strains ofS. intercalatumrelative to those ofS. mansoni, with the data suggesting thatS. mansoniis competitively dominant toS. intercalatum(Zaire) in sequential infections but to a lesser extent than forS. intercalatum(Lower Guinea). Additional factors which may contribute to the confinement ofS. intercalatum(Zaire) to the Democratic Republic of Congo are discussed.
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Rasool, Haaris, Aazim Rasool, Ataul Aziz Ikram, Urfa Rasool, Mohsin Jamil, and Haaziq Rasool. "Compatibility of objective functions with simplex algorithm for controller tuning of HVDC system." Ingeniería e Investigación 39, no. 3 (February 13, 2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v39n3.70221.
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This work aims to tune multiple controllers at the same time for a HVDC system by using a self-generated (SG) simulation-based optimization technique. Online optimization is a powerful tool to improve performance of the system. Proportion integral (PI) controllers of Multi-infeed HVDC systems are optimized by the evaluation of objective functions in time simulation design (TSD). Model based simulation setup is applied for rapid selection of optimal PI control parameters, designed in PSCAD software. A multiple objective function (OF), i.e. Integral absolute error (IAE), integral square error (ISE), integral time absolute error (ITAE), integral time square error (ITSE), and integral square time error (ISTE), is assembled for testing the compatibility of OFs with nonlinear self-generated simplex algorithm (SS-SA). Improved control parameters are achieved after multiple iterations. All OFs generate optimum responses and their results are compared with each other by their minimized numerical values. Disturbance rejection criteria are also proposed to assess the designed controller performance along with robustness of system. Results are displayed in form of graphs and tables in this paper.
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Henao-Martínez, Andrés F., José R. Castillo-Mancilla, Michelle A. Barron, and Aran Cunningham Nichol. "Combination Antifungal Therapy in the Treatment ofScedosporium apiospermumCentral Nervous System Infections." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/589490.
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Treatment ofScedosporium apiospermumcentral nervous system (CNS) infection typically consists of an azole in combination with surgical debridement. This approach requires prolonged treatment and carries a high associated mortality. We present two cases of the successful treatment ofS. apiospermumCNS infections with the combination of voriconazole and terbinafine.
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Chaves, Fernando, Jesus García-Martínez, Sonia de Miguel, Francisca Sanz, and Joaquín R. Otero. "Epidemiology and Clonality of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-SusceptibleStaphylococcus aureusCausing Bacteremia in a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Spain." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 26, no. 2 (February 2005): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502519.
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AbstractObjectives:To describe the relative proportions of nosocomial and community-onsetStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia at our institution and the epidemiologic characteristics and clonal diversity ofS. aureusisolates, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial resistance patterns.Design:Retrospective cohort study of all cases ofS. aureusbacteremia between October 2001 and October 2002.Setting:A 1,300-bed, tertiary-care hospital.Results:One hundred sixty-two unique episodes ofS. aureusbacteremia were identified. Forty-three cases (26.5%) were caused by methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA). Most cases ofS. aureusbacteremia, whether MRSA or methicillin susceptible (MSSA), were nosocomial in origin (77.2%) or were otherwise associated with the healthcare system (16%). Only 11 (6.8%) of the cases (all MSSA) were strictly community acquired. Thirty-five unique macrorestriction patterns were identified among the 154 isolates that were typed by PFGE. Four major genotypes were defined among the isolates of MRSA, with 36 (85.7%) represented by a single PFGE type. Of the isolates within this major clone, all (100%) were ciprofloxacin resistant and 77.8% were erythromycin resistant. In contrast, the 112 isolates of MSSA comprised 31 different PFGE types, 3 of which represented 42.9% of all MSSA isolates and were associated with both nosocomial and community-onset bacteremia.Conclusions:Most cases ofS. aureusbacteremia in our healthcare region are nosocomial in origin or are acquired through contact with the healthcare system and are thus potentially preventable. To preclude dissemination of pathogenic clones, it is therefore necessary to redouble preventive measures in both the hospital and the community.
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Moraes, Julianna J., Rafael N. Stipp, Erika N. Harth-Chu, Tarsila M. Camargo, José F. Höfling, and Renata O. Mattos-Graner. "Two-Component System VicRK Regulates Functions Associated with Establishment of Streptococcus sanguinis in Biofilms." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 12 (September 2, 2014): 4941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01850-14.
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ABSTRACTStreptococcus sanguinisis a commensal pioneer colonizer of teeth and an opportunistic pathogen of infectious endocarditis. The establishment ofS. sanguinisin host sites likely requires dynamic fitting of the cell wall in response to local stimuli. In this study, we investigated the two-component system (TCS) VicRK inS. sanguinis(VicRKSs), which regulates genes of cell wall biogenesis, biofilm formation, and virulence in opportunistic pathogens. AvicKknockout mutant obtained from strain SK36 (SKvic) showed slight reductions in aerobic growth and resistance to oxidative stress but an impaired ability to form biofilms, a phenotype restored in the complemented mutant. The biofilm-defective phenotype was associated with reduced amounts of extracellular DNA during aerobic growth, with reduced production of H2O2, a metabolic product associated with DNA release, and with inhibitory capacity ofS. sanguiniscompetitor species. No changes in autolysis or cell surface hydrophobicity were detected in SKvic. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and promoter sequence analyses revealed that VicR directly regulates genes encoding murein hydrolases (SSA_0094,cwdP, andgbpB) andspxB, which encodes pyruvate oxidase for H2O2production. Genes previously associated withspxBexpression (spxR,ccpA,ackA, andtpK) were not transcriptionally affected in SKvic. RT-qPCR analyses ofS. sanguinisbiofilm cells further showed upregulation of VicRK targets (spxB,gbpB, andSSA_0094) and other genes for biofilm formation (gtfPandcomE) compared to expression in planktonic cells. This study provides evidence that VicRKSsregulates functions crucial forS. sanguinisestablishment in biofilms and identifies novel VicRK targets potentially involved in hydrolytic activities of the cell wall required for these functions.
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Saaidah, Adeeb, Omar Almomani, Laila Al-Qaisi., Nesreen Alsharman, and Faisal Alzyoud. "A Comprehensive Survey on Node Metrics of RPL Protocol for IoT." Modern Applied Science 13, no. 12 (November 5, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v13n12p1.
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Internet of Things (IOT) system often consists of thousands of constrained connected devices. Resource-constrained devices one of critical issues in a low- power and lossy network LLNs. RPL is IPv6 routing protocol. It’s designed by IETF to be simple and inter-operable networking protocol to overcome these resource limitations. The RPL carries out Objective Functions (OFs) in the aim of finding the best path. The OFs chooses the best parent nodes aiming to build the route and optimize it. The metrics used to build the OF must be selected in an effective and accurate manner for finding the optimal path and meets all constraints. A survey about node metrics which can be utilized in OFs of RPL is presented, and node metrics calculations are explained then discussed thoroughly. The researcher displays the most relevant research efforts regarding the RPL OFs existing in literature.
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Clemente, Stefania, Maria Daniela Falco, Elisabetta Cagni, Cinzia Talamonti, Mafalda Boccia, Eva Gino, Elena Lorenzini, et al. "The influence of small field output factors simulated uncertainties on the calculated dose in VMAT plans for brain metastases: a multicentre study." British Journal of Radiology 94, no. 1119 (March 1, 2021): 20201354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20201354.
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Objectives: This multicentric study was carried out to investigate the impact of small field output factors (OFs) inaccuracies on the calculated dose in volumetric arctherapy (VMAT) radiosurgery brain plans. Methods: Nine centres, realised the same five VMAT plans with common planning rules and their specific clinical equipment Linac/treatment planning system commissioned with their OFs measured values (OFbaseline). In order to simulate OFs errors, two new OFs sets were generated for each centre by changing only the OFs values of the smallest field sizes (from 3.2 × 3.2 cm2 to 1 × 1 cm2) with well-defined amounts (positive and negative). Consequently, two virtual machines for each centre were recommissioned using the new OFs and the percentage dose differences ΔD (%) between the baseline plans and the same plans recalculated using the incremented (OFup) and decremented (OFdown) values were evaluated. The ΔD (%) were analysed in terms of planning target volume (PTV) coverage and organs at risk (OARs) sparing at selected dose/volume points. Results: The plans recalculated with OFdown sets resulted in higher variation of doses than baseline within 1.6 and 3.4% to PTVs and OARs respectively; while the plans with OFup sets resulted in lower variation within 1.3% to both PTVs and OARs. Our analysis highlights that OFs variations affect calculated dose depending on the algorithm and on the delivery mode (field jaw/MLC‐defined). The Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm resulted significantly more sensitive to OFs variations than all of the other algorithms. Conclusion: The aim of our study was to evaluate how small fields OFs inaccuracies can affect the dose calculation in VMAT brain radiosurgery treatments plans. It was observed that simulated OFs errors, return dosimetric calculation accuracies within the 3% between concurrent plans analysed in terms of percentage dose differences at selected dose/volume points of the PTV coverage and OARs sparing. Advances in knowledge: First multicentre study involving different Planning/Linacs about undetectable errors in commissioning output factor for small fields.
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KONTAXAKIS, EMMANOUIL, IOANNIS FYSARAKIS, DIMITRIS LYDAKIS, and NARESH MAGAN. "Farming System Effect on the Incidence of Aspergillus carbonarius on Kotsifali Grapes and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Wines of Crete." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-133.
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ABSTRACT During grape cultivation and wine production, the most effective way to prevent ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes and wine is to control ochratoxigenic fungal species, especially Aspergillus carbonarius, using appropriate cultivation techniques. In this study, the influence of an organic farming system (OFS) and an integrated farming system (IFS) on the incidence of A. carbonarius on grapes, and OTA contamination of wine, were examined. Mycological analysis of grapes collected from Kotsifali cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards and grown under two farming systems (OFS and IFS) was performed over two growing seasons. For the same two growing seasons, OTA levels of representative wine samples from wineries located in the same area, made from the same cultivar (single varietal or covinificated with Mandilari), and grown under the two farming systems were determined. The results showed that the farming system had a significant influence on the incidence of A. carbonarius, with IFS being the most effective in the control of the fungus and the prevention of OTA occurrence in wine. This knowledge could offer viticulturists a useful tool to produce safer grapes, giving winemakers an incentive to make low-OTA wine. HIGHLIGHTS
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Vishwakarma, Vikalp, Balamurugan Periaswamy, Niladri Bhusan Pati, Emma Slack, Wolf-Dietrich Hardt, and Mrutyunjay Suar. "A Novel Phage Element of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis P125109 Contributes to Accelerated Type III Secretion System 2-Dependent Early Inflammation Kinetics in a Mouse Colitis Model." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 9 (July 2, 2012): 3236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00180-12.
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ABSTRACTSalmonella entericasubsp. I serovar Enteritidis exhibits type III secretion system 2 (TTSS2)-dependent early colonization and inflammation kinetics faster than those of closely relatedS. entericaserovar Typhimurium. To investigate the accelerated TTSS-2-dependent pathogenic potential ofS. Enteritidis, we focused on its genome. Results of a previously published comparative genomic study revealed the presence of mutually exclusive genes in both serovars. In this study, we investigated the roles of sixS. Enteritidis-specific genesin vivoby using differential fluorescence induction (DFI) through putative gene-specific promoters. The promoter construct associated with the gene locusSEN1140induced green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the gut lumen, lamina propria, mesenteric lymph nodes, and related systemic organs. To further investigate the potential role ofSEN1140, we compared aSEN1140deletion mutant withS. Typhimurium in a TTSS1-deficient background. Interestingly, theS. Enteritidis mutant lackingSEN1140did not show the unique TTSS-2-dependent early colonization and inflammation kinetic phenotype ofS. Typhimurium. Consistent with this result, complementation ofSEN1140restored the TTSS-2-dependent accelerated inflammatory potential ofS. Enteritidis. This report presents a suitable screening strategy that uses a combination of DFI, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, quantitative PCR, and wild-type isogenic tagged-strain techniques to explore the unique roles ofS. Enteritidis-specific genes in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Lee, Hoon-Keun, Jaeyul Choo, and Joonyoung Kim. "Multiplexed Passive Optical Fiber Sensor Networks for Water Level Monitoring: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 6813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236813.
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Water management is a critical mission required to protect the water resources that is essential in diverse industrial applications. Amongst a variety of parameters such as level (or depth), temperature, conductivity, turbidity, and pH, the water level is the most fundamental one that needs to be monitored on a real-time basis for securing the water management system. This paper presents an overview of water level monitoring technologies based on optical fiber sensor (OFS) networks. Firstly, we introduce and compare the passive distributed and quasi-distributed (discrete) sensor networks with the recent achievements summarized. The performance (i.e., sensing range and resolution) of the OFS networks can be enhanced through diverse multiplexing techniques based on wavelength, time, coherence, space, etc. Especially, the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)-based sensor network provides remote sensing (where its reach can be extended to >40 km) with high scalability in terms of the channel number that determines the spatial resolution. We review the operation principle and characteristics of the DWDM-based OFS network with full theoretical and experimental analysis being provided. Furthermore, the key system functions and considerations (such as the link protection from physical damages, self-referencing, management of sensing units, and so on) are discussed that could be a guideline on the design process of the passive OFS network.
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Shahida, B., P. Sahlstrand Johnson, R. Jain, H. Brorson, P. Åsman, M. Lantz, and T. Planck. "Simvastatin downregulates adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and orbital fibroblasts from Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients." Endocrine Connections 8, no. 9 (September 2019): 1230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-19-0319.
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Background Smoking is a strong risk factor for the development of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). Immediate early genes (IEGs) are overexpressed in patients with active GO compared to healthy controls. The aim of this study was to study the effects of tobacco smoking and simvastatin on preadipocytes and orbital fibroblasts (OFs) in the adipogenic process. Methods Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was generated by a validated pump system. Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes or OFs were exposed to 10% CSE with or without simvastatin. Gene expression was studied in preadipocytes and OFs exposed to CSE with or without simvastatin and compared to unexposed cells or cells treated with a differentiation cocktail. Results In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, Cyr61, Ptgs2, Egr1 and Zfp36 expression levels were two-fold higher in cells exposed to CSE than in unexposed cells. Simvastatin downregulated the expression of these genes (1.6-fold, 5.5-fold, 3.3-fold, 1.4-fold, respectively). CSE alone could not stimulate preadipocytes to differentiate. Scd1, Ppar-γ and adipogenesis were downregulated in simvastatin-treated preadipocytes compared to nontreated preadipocytes 18-, 35- and 1.7-fold, respectively. In OFs, similar effects of CSE were seen on the expression of CYR61 (1.4-fold) and PTGS2 (3-fold). Simvastatin downregulated adipogenesis, PPAR-γ (2-fold) and SCD (27-fold) expression in OFs. Conclusion CSE upregulated early adipogenic genes in both mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and human OFs but did not by itself induce adipogenesis. Simvastatin inhibited the expression of both early and late adipogenic genes and adipogenesis in preadipocytes and human OFs. The effect of simvastatin should be investigated in a clinical trial of patients with GO.
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Karaba, Sara M., Richard C. White, and Nicholas P. Cianciotto. "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Encodes a Type II Protein Secretion System That Promotes Detrimental Effects on Lung Epithelial Cells." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 9 (June 17, 2013): 3210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00546-13.
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ABSTRACTThe Gram-negative bacteriumStenotrophomonas maltophiliais increasingly identified as a multidrug-resistant pathogen, being associated with pneumonia, among other infections. Despite this increasing clinical problem, the genetic and molecular basis ofS. maltophiliavirulence is quite minimally defined. We now report that strain K279a, the first clinical isolate ofS. maltophiliato be sequenced, encodes a functional type II protein secretion (T2S) system. Indeed, mutants of K279a that contain a mutation in thexpslocus exhibit a loss of at least seven secreted proteins and three proteolytic activities. Unlike culture supernatants from the parental K279a, supernatants from multiplexpsmutants also failed to induce the rounding, detachment, and death of A549 cells, a human lung epithelial cell line. Supernatants of thexpsmutants were also unable to trigger a massive rearrangement in the host cell's actin cytoskeleton that was associated with K279a secretion. In all assays, a complementedxpsFmutant behaved as the wild type did, demonstrating that Xps T2S is required for optimal protein secretion and the detrimental effects on host cells. The activities that were defined as being Xps dependent in K279a were evident among other respiratory isolates ofS. maltophilia. Utilizing a similar type of genetic analysis, we found that a second T2S system (Gsp) encoded by the K279a genome is cryptic under all of the conditions tested. Overall, this study represents the first examination of T2S inS. maltophilia, and the data obtained indicate that Xps T2S likely plays an important role inS. maltophiliapathogenesis.
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Forssten, Maximilian Peter, Yang Cao, Dhanisha Jayesh Trivedi, Lovisa Ekestubbe, Tomas Borg, Gary Alan Bass, Ahmad Mohammad Ismail, and Shahin Mohseni. "Developing and validating a scoring system for measuring frailty in patients with hip fracture: a novel model for predicting short-term postoperative mortality." Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 7, no. 1 (September 2022): e000962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2022-000962.
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ObjectivesFrailty is common among patients with hip fracture and may, in part, contribute to the increased risk of mortality and morbidity after hip fracture surgery. This study aimed to develop a novel frailty score for patients with traumatic hip fracture that could be used to predict postoperative mortality as well as facilitate further research into the role of frailty in patients with hip fracture.MethodsThe Orthopedic Hip Frailty Score (OFS) was developed using a national dataset, retrieved from the Swedish National Quality Registry for Hip Fractures, that contained all adult patients who underwent surgery for a traumatic hip fracture in Sweden between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2017. Candidate variables were selected from the Nottingham Hip Fracture Score, Sernbo Score, Charlson Comorbidity Index, 5-factor modified Frailty Index, as well as the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and ranked based on their permutation importance, with the top 5 variables being selected for the score. The OFS was then validated on a local dataset that only included patients from Orebro County, Sweden.ResultsThe national dataset consisted of 126,065 patients. 2365 patients were present in the local dataset. The most important variables for predicting 30-day mortality were congestive heart failure, institutionalization, non-independent functional status, an age ≥85, and a history of malignancy. In the local dataset, the OFS achieved an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (95% CI) of 0.77 (0.74 to 0.80) and 0.76 (0.74 to 0.78) when predicting 30-day and 90-day postoperative mortality, respectively.ConclusionsThe OFS is a significant predictor of short-term postoperative mortality in patients with hip fracture that outperforms, or performs on par with, all other investigated indices.Level of evidenceLevel III, Prognostic and Epidemiological.
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Sato, Yasuhiko, Hideo Nakai, Masao Wada, Tomishige Mizoguchi, Yasumaru Hatanaka, Yoshihiro Migita, and Yuichi Kanaoka. "Photochemistry of the Phthalimide System, 37. Thiazacycloalkanols by Photocyclization ofS-SubstitutedN-(Thioalkyl)phthalimides." Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 1985, no. 6 (June 12, 1985): 1099–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198519850602.
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Bertoluzzo, Manuele, Paolo Di Barba, Michele Forzan, Maria Evelina Mognaschi, and Elisabetta Sieni. "Multiobjective optimization of compensation networks for wireless power transfer systems." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 41, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 674–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-06-2021-0204.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show how the EStra-Many method works on optimization problems characterized by high-dimensionality of the objective space. Moreover, a comparison with a more classical approach (a constrained bi-objective problem solved by means of NSGA-II) is done. Design/methodology/approach The six reactances of a compensation network (CN) for a wireless power transfer system (WPTS) are synthesized by means of an automated optimal design. In particular, an evolutionary algorithm EStra-Many coupled with a sorting strategy has been applied to an optimization problem with four objective functions (OFs). To assess the obtained results, a classical genetic algorithm NSGA-II has been run on a bi-objective problem, constrained by two functions, and the solutions have been analyzed and compared with the ones obtained by EStra-Many. Findings The proposed EStra-Many method identified a solution (CN synthesis) that enhances the WPTS, considering all the four OFs. In particular, to assess the synthesized CN, the Bode diagram of the frequency response and a circuital simulation were evaluated a posteriori; they showed good performance of the CN, with smooth response and without unwanted oscillations when fed by a square wave signal with offset. The EStra-Many method has been able to find a good solution among all the feasible solutions, showing potentiality also for other fields of research, in fact, a solution nondominated with respect to the starting point has been identified. From the methodological viewpoint, the main finding is a new formulation of the many-objective optimization problem based on the concept of degree of conflict, which gives rise to an implementation free from hierarchical weights. Originality/value The new approach EStra-Many used in this paper showed to properly find an optimal solution, trading-off multiple objectives. The compensation network so synthesized by the proposed method showed good properties in terms of frequency response and robustness. The proposed method, able to deal effectively with four OFs, could be applied to solve problems with a higher number of OFs in a variety of applications because of its generality.
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Pierce, Sarah E., Rebecca L. Bell, Rosalee S. Hellberg, Chorng-Ming Cheng, Kai-Shun Chen, Donna M. Williams-Hill, William B. Martin, and Marc W. Allard. "Detection and Identification of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Shigella spp. via PCR-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Isolate Testing and Analysis of Food Samples." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 23 (September 21, 2012): 8403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02272-12.
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ABSTRACTAn assay to identify the common food-borne pathogensSalmonella,Escherichia coli,Shigella, andListeria monocytogeneswas developed in collaboration with Ibis Biosciences (a division of Abbott Molecular) for the Plex-ID biosensor system, a platform that uses electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) to detect the base composition of short PCR amplicons. The new food-borne pathogen (FBP) plate has been experimentally designed using four gene segments for a total of eight amplicon targets. Initial work built a DNA base count database that contains more than 140Salmonella enterica, 139E. coli, 11Shigella, and 36Listeriapatterns and 18 otherEnterobacteriaceaeorganisms. This assay was tested to determine the scope of the assay's ability to detect and differentiate the enteric pathogens and to improve the reference database associated with the assay. More than 800 bacterial isolates ofS. enterica,E. coli, andShigellaspecies were analyzed. Overall, 100% ofS. enterica, 99% ofE. coli, and 73% ofShigellaspp. were detected using this assay. The assay was also able to identify 30% of theS. entericaserovars to the serovar level. To further characterize the assay, spiked food matrices and food samples collected during regulatory field work were also studied. While analysis of preenrichment media was inconsistent, identification ofS. entericafrom selective enrichment media resulted in serovar-level identifications for 8 of 10 regulatory samples. The results of this study suggest that this high-throughput method may be useful in clinical and regulatory laboratories testing for these pathogens.
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Novotna, Gabriela Balikova, Min Jung Kwun, and Hee-Jeon Hong. "In VivoCharacterization of the Activation and Interaction of the VanR-VanS Two-Component Regulatory System Controlling Glycopeptide Antibiotic Resistance in Two Related Streptomyces Species." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 3 (December 28, 2015): 1627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01367-15.
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The VanR-VanS two-component system is responsible for inducing resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics in various bacteria. We have performed a comparative study of the VanR-VanS systems from two streptomyces strains,Streptomyces coelicolorandStreptomyces toyocaensis, to characterize how the two proteins cooperate to signal the presence of antibiotics and to define the functional nature of each protein in each strain background. The results indicate that the glycopeptide antibiotic inducer specificity is determined solely by the differences between the amino acid sequences of the VanR-VanS two-component systems present in each strain rather than by any inherent differences in general cell properties, including cell wall structure and biosynthesis. VanR ofS. coelicolor(VanRsc) functioned with either sensor kinase partner, while VanR ofS. toyocaensis(VanRst) functioned only with its cognate partner,S. toyocaensisVanS (VanSst). In contrast to VanRsc, which is known to be capable of phosphorylation by acetylphosphate, VanRst could not be activatedin vivoindependently of a VanS sensor kinase. A series of amino acid sequence modifications changing residues in the N-terminal receiver (REC) domain of VanRst to the corresponding residues present in VanRsc failed to create a protein capable of being activated by VanS ofS. coelicolor(VanSsc), which suggests that interaction of the response regulator with its cognate sensor kinase may require a region more extended than the REC domain. A T69S amino acid substitution in the REC domain of VanRst produced a strain exhibiting weak constitutive resistance, indicating that this particular amino acid may play a key role for VanS-independent phosphorylation in the response regulator protein.
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Serbanescu, M. A., M. Cordova, K. Krastel, R. Flick, N. Beloglazova, A. Latos, A. F. Yakunin, D. B. Senadheera, and D. G. Cvitkovitch. "Role of the Streptococcus mutans CRISPR-Cas Systems in Immunity and Cell Physiology." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02333-14.
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CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive microbial immunity against invading viruses and plasmids. The cariogenic bacteriumStreptococcus mutansUA159 has two CRISPR-Cas systems: CRISPR1 (type II-A) and CRISPR2 (type I-C) with several spacers from both CRISPR cassettes matching sequences of phage M102 or genomic sequences of otherS. mutans. The deletion of thecasgenes of CRISPR1 (ΔC1S), CRISPR2 (ΔC2E), or both CRISPR1+2 (ΔC1SC2E) or the removal of spacers 2 and 3 (ΔCR1SP13E) inS. mutansUA159 did not affect phage sensitivity when challenged with virulent phage M102. Using plasmid transformation experiments, we demonstrated that the CRISPR1-Cas system inhibits transformation ofS. mutansby the plasmids matching the spacers 2 and 3. Functional analysis of thecasdeletion mutants revealed that in addition to a role in plasmid targeting, both CRISPR systems also contribute to the regulation of bacterial physiology inS. mutans. Compared to wild-type cells, the ΔC1S strain displayed diminished growth under cell membrane and oxidative stress, enhanced growth under low pH, and had reduced survival under heat shock and DNA-damaging conditions, whereas the ΔC2E strain exhibited increased sensitivity to heat shock. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the two-component signal transduction system VicR/K differentially modulates expression ofcasgenes within CRISPR-Cas systems, suggesting that VicR/K might coordinate the expression of two CRISPR-Cas systems. Collectively, we providein vivoevidence that the type II-A CRISPR-Cas system ofS. mutansmay be targeted to manipulate its stress response and to influence the host to control the uptake and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Bollman, Scott L., and Christy L. Sprague. "Effect of Tillage and Soil-Applied Herbicides with Micro-Rate Herbicide Programs on Weed Control and Sugarbeet Growth." Weed Technology 23, no. 2 (June 2009): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-075.1.
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Field trials were conducted to determine if tillage and soil-applied herbicides had an effect on weed control and sugarbeet growth with a micro-rate herbicide program. Sugarbeet emergence was earlier in the moldboard plowed system compared with the chisel plowed system at three of four sites. Conditions were dry and sugarbeets emerged 5 d later in the moldboard plowed system compared with the chisel plowed system at the fourth site. Even though the rate of sugarbeet emergence differed between tillage systems at all four sites, final sugarbeet populations did not differ at two of the four sites. Sugarbeet injury from PRE treatments ofS-metolachlor, ethofumesate, and ethofumesate plus pyrazon, followed by four POST micro-rate applications, ranged from 11 to 27% and 1 to 18% in the chisel and moldboard plowed systems, respectively, 6 wk after planting (WAP). Under wet conditions, sugarbeet stand was reduced and injury was greatest from PRE applications ofS-metolachlor. Common lambsquarters, pigweed (redroot pigweed and Powell amaranth), and giant foxtail control in mid-August was consistently higher when a PRE herbicide was applied prior to micro-rate herbicide treatments. Even though there were differences between PRE and no-PRE treatments with respect to sugarbeet injury and weed control, recoverable white sucrose yield did not differ between herbicide treatments. However, recoverable white sucrose yield was greater in the moldboard plowed treatments compared with the chisel plowed treatments at three out of the four sites.
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Supriyadi, Eko. "PEMANFAATAN SATELIT ALTIMETRI UNTUK VERIFIKASI TINGGI GELOMBANG SIGNIFIKAN OCEAN FORECAST SYSTEM (OFS) – MODEL BMKG." Jurnal Meteorologi dan Geofisika 19, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31172/jmg.v19i2.586.
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Zhang, Chenchen, Yongping Xin, Yue Wang, Tingting Guo, Shiyi Lu, and Jian Kong. "Identification of a Novel Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase, EfeB, Translocated by a Twin-Arginine Translocation System in Streptococcus thermophilus CGMCC 7.179." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 18 (June 19, 2015): 6108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01300-15.
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ABSTRACTStreptococcus thermophilusis a facultative anaerobic bacterium that has the ability to grow and survive in aerobic environments, but the mechanism for this remains unclear. In this study, theefeBgene, encoding a dye-decolorizing peroxidase, was identified in the genome ofStreptococcus thermophilusCGMCC 7.179, and purified EfeB was able to decolorize reactive blue 5. Strikingly, genes encoding two components (TatA and TatC) of the twin-arginine translocation (TAT) system were also found in the same operon with theefeBgene. Knocking outefeBortatCresulted in decreased growth of the strain under aerobic conditions, and complementation of theefeB-deficient strains with theefeBgene enhanced the biomass of the hosts only in the presence of thetatCgene. Moreover, it was proved for bothS. thermophilusCGMCC 7.179 andEscherichia coliDE3 that EfeB could be translocated by the TAT system ofS. thermophilus. In addition, the transcriptional levels ofefeBandtatCincreased when the strain was cultured under aerobic conditions. Overall, these results provide the first evidence that EfeB plays a role in protecting cells ofS. thermophilusfrom oxidative stress, with the assistance of the TAT system.
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Tan, Sue Zanne, Christopher R. Reisch, and Kristala L. J. Prather. "A Robust CRISPR Interference Gene Repression System inPseudomonas." Journal of Bacteriology 200, no. 7 (January 8, 2018): e00575-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00575-17.
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ABSTRACTPseudomonasspp. are widely used model organisms in different areas of research. Despite the relevance ofPseudomonasin many applications, the use of protein depletion tools in this host remains limited. Here, we developed the CRISPR interference system for gene repression inPseudomonasspp. using a nuclease-nullStreptococcus pasteurianusCas9 variant (dead Cas9, or dCas9). We demonstrate a robust and titratable gene depletion system with up to 100-fold repression in β-galactosidase activity inP. aeruginosaand 300-fold repression in pyoverdine production inPseudomonas putida. This inducible system enables the study of essential genes, as shown byftsZdepletions inP. aeruginosa,P. putida, andPseudomonas fluorescensthat led to phenotypic changes consistent with depletion of the targeted gene. Additionally, we performed the firstin vivocharacterization of protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) site preferences ofS. pasteurianusdCas9 and identified NNGCGA as a functional PAM site that resulted in repression efficiencies comparable to the consensus NNGTGA sequence. This discovery significantly expands the potential genomic targets ofS. pasteurianusdCas9, especially in GC-rich organisms.IMPORTANCEPseudomonasspp. are prevalent in a variety of environments, such as the soil, on the surface of plants, and in the human body. AlthoughPseudomonasspp. are widely used as model organisms in different areas of research, existing tools to deplete a protein of interest in these organisms remain limited. We have developed a robust and inducible gene repression tool inP. aeruginosa,P. putida, andP. fluorescensusing theStreptococcus pasteurianusdCas9. This method of protein depletion is superior to existing methods, such as promoter replacements and addition of degradation tags, because it does not involve genomic modifications of the target protein, is titratable, and is capable of repressing multiple genes simultaneously. This gene repression system now enables easy depletion of specific proteins inPseudomonas, accelerating the study and engineering of this widely used model organism.
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Bonifait, Laetitia, Steve J. Charette, Geneviève Filion, Marcelo Gottschalk, and Daniel Grenier. "Amoeba Host Model for Evaluation of Streptococcus suis Virulence." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 17 (July 8, 2011): 6271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00659-11.
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ABSTRACTThe Gram-positive bacteriumStreptococcus suisis a major swine pathogen worldwide that causes meningitis, septicemia, and endocarditis. In this study, we demonstrate that the amoebaDictyostelium discoideumcan be a relevant alternative system to study the virulence ofS. suis.
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Li, Hui, Hongyan Zhao, Laikuan Zhu, Lihua Hong, Hong Zhang, Fanjing Lin, Chunyan Xu, Shentao Li, and Zhimin Zhang. "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis ofS-ribosylhomocysteinase fromStreptococcus mutans." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 68, no. 2 (January 26, 2012): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1744309111054212.
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S-Ribosylhomocysteinase (LuxS) encoded by theluxSgene fromStreptococcus mutansplays a crucial role in the quorum-sensing system. LuxS was solubly expressed inEscherichia coliwith high yield. The purity of the purified target protein, which was identified by SDS–PAGE and MALDI–TOF MS analysis, was >95%. The protein was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method with PEG 3350 as the primary precipitant. X-ray diffraction data were collected at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). Diffraction by the crystal extended to 2.4 Å resolution and the crystal belonged to space groupC2221, with unit-cell parametersa= 55.3,b= 148.7,c= 82.8 Å.
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Soto-Arias, José Pablo, Russell L. Groves, and Jeri D. Barak. "Transmission and Retention of Salmonella enterica by Phytophagous Hemipteran Insects." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 17 (June 27, 2014): 5447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01444-14.
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ABSTRACTSeveral pest insects of human and livestock habitations are known as vectors ofSalmonella enterica; however, the role of plant-feeding insects as vectors ofS. entericato agricultural crops remains unexamined. Using a hemipteran insect pest-lettuce system, we investigated the potential for transmission and retention ofS. enterica. Specifically,Macrosteles quadrilineatusandMyzus persicaeinsects were fedS. enterica-inoculated lettuce leaf discs or artificial liquid diets confined in Parafilm sachets to allow physical contact or exclusively oral ingestion of the pathogen, respectively. After a 24-h acquisition access period, insects were moved onto two consecutive noninoculated leaf discs or liquid diets and allowed a 24-h inoculation access period on each of the two discs or sachets. Similar proportions of individuals from both species ingestedS. entericaafter a 24-h acquisition access period from inoculated leaf discs, but a significantly higher proportion ofM. quadrilineatusretained the pathogen internally after a 48-h inoculation access period.S. entericawas also recovered from the honeydew of both species. After a 48-h inoculation access period, bacteria were recovered from a significantly higher proportion of honeydew samples fromM. quadrilineatusthan fromM. persicaeinsects. The recovery ofS. entericafrom leaf discs and liquid diets postfeeding demonstrated that both species of insects were capable of transmitting the bacteria in ways that are not limited to mechanical transmission. Overall, these results suggest that phytophagous insects may serve as potential vectors ofS. entericain association with plants.
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Mukouhara, Tadashi, Takafumi Arimoto, Kasei Cho, Matsuo Yamamoto, and Takeshi Igarashi. "Surface Lipoprotein PpiA of Streptococcus mutans Suppresses Scavenger Receptor MARCO-Dependent Phagocytosis by Macrophages." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 12 (October 10, 2011): 4933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05693-11.
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ABSTRACTStreptococcus mutansis associated with the initiation and progression of human dental caries and is occasionally isolated from the blood of patients with bacteremia and infective endocarditis. For the pathogen to survive in the infected host, surface lipoproteins ofS. mutansare likely to play important roles in interactions with the innate immune system. To clarify the role that a putative lipoprotein, peptidyl-prolylcis/trans-isomerase (PpiA), ofS. mutansplays in the macrophage response, we investigated the response of THP-1-derived macrophages toS. mutanschallenge. The deletion of the gene encoding Lgt eliminated PpiA on the cell surface ofS. mutans, which implies that PpiA is a lipoprotein that is lipid anchored in the cell membrane by Lgt. Human and murine peritoneal macrophages both showed higher phagocytic activities for theppiAandlgtmutants than the wild type, which indicates that the presence of PpiA reducesS. mutansphagocytosis. In addition, infection withS. mutansmarkedly induced mRNAs of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) and scavenger receptor A (SR-A) in human macrophages. In particular, transcriptional and translational levels of MARCO in human macrophages infected with theppiAmutant were higher than those in macrophages infected with the wild type. Phagocytosis ofS. mutansby human macrophages markedly decreased after treatment with anti-MARCO IgG. These results demonstrate that theS. mutanslipoprotein PpiA contributes to suppression of MARCO-mediated phagocytosis of this bacterium by macrophages.
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Lee, Hoon-Keun, Jaeyul Choo, and Joonyoung Kim. "16 Ch × 200 GHz DWDM-Passive Optical Fiber Sensor Network Based on a Power Measurement Method for Water-Level Monitoring of the Spent Fuel Pool in a Nuclear Power Plant." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 4055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124055.
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This paper presents a remote 16 Ch × 200 GHz dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)-passive optical fiber sensor (OFS) network. We particularly investigate the remote water-level monitoring capability of the OFS network based on an optical power measurement that features simplicity and a fast processing speed. The OFS network utilizes a seeded amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light that is spectrum-sliced and distributed by an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) towards multiple sensing units (SU), where each SU is installed at a different height in the water pool. Then, each SU reflects either of the two different optical powers according to the medium (air vs. water) back to the monitoring station. Therefore, the total received optical power at the monitoring station linearly changes according to the water level. We can simply recognize the water level by utilizing the optical power meter (OPM) at the monitoring station rather than the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), which is bulky and expensive and requires a relatively long processing time. Consequently, we can reduce the system complexity, processing time, and cost (both installation and maintenance). However, the OPM-based OFS network requires a new methodology to derive the water level from the measured optical power. Thus, we come up with the reference-to-power ratio () analysis, which can be used for the maximum distance analysis as well as water level recognition. Based on the new reception architecture supported by the new post-processing scheme, the OFS network can distinguish 17 different water levels of the SFP at the monitoring station, which is > 40 km away from the SFP, without using any active devices (such as optical amplifiers) at the remote places.
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Price, Katherine E., Amanda A. Naimie, Edward F. Griffin, Charles Bay, and George A. O'Toole. "Tobramycin-Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 Enhances Streptococcus constellatus 7155 Biofilm Formation in a Cystic Fibrosis Model System." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 2 (October 19, 2015): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00705-15.
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ABSTRACTCystic fibrosis (CF) is a human genetic disorder which results in a lung environment that is highly conducive to chronic microbial infection. Over the past decade, deep-sequencing studies have demonstrated that the CF lung can harbor a highly diverse polymicrobial community. We expanded our existingin vitromodel ofPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilm formation on CF-derived airway cells to include this broader set of CF airway colonizers to investigate their contributions to CF lung disease, particularly as they relate to the antibiotic response of the population. Using this system, we identified an interspecies interaction betweenP. aeruginosa, a bacterium associated with declining lung function and worsening disease, andStreptococcus constellatus, a bacterium correlated with the onset of pulmonary exacerbations in CF patients. The growth rate and cytotoxicity ofS. constellatus7155 andP. aeruginosaPA14 were unchanged when grown together as mixed biofilms in the absence of antibiotics. However, the addition of tobramycin, the frontline maintenance therapy antibiotic for individuals with CF, to a mixed biofilm ofS. constellatus7155 andP. aeruginosaPA14 resulted in enhancedS. constellatusbiofilm formation. Through a candidate genetic approach, we showed thatP. aeruginosarhamnolipids were reduced upon tobramycin exposure, allowing forS. constellatus7155 biofilm enhancement, and monorhamnolipids were sufficient to reduceS. constellatus7155 biofilm viability in the absence of tobramycin. While the findings presented here are specific to a biofilm ofS. constellatus7155 andP. aeruginosaPA14, they highlight the potential of polymicrobial interactions to impact antibiotic tolerance in unanticipated ways.IMPORTANCEDeep-sequencing studies have demonstrated that the CF lung can harbor a diverse polymicrobial community. By recapitulating the polymicrobial communities observed in the CF lung and identifying mechanisms of interspecies interactions, we have the potential to select the best therapy for a given bacterial community and reveal potential opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. Using anin vitromodel of bacterial infection on CF airway cells, we tested how a particular polymicrobial community grows, damages human cells, and responds to antibiotics in single and mixed infections. We describe here the mechanism of an interspecies interaction between two pathogens in the CF lung,P. aeruginosaandS. constellatus, which is potentiated by a commonly prescribed antibiotic, tobramycin.
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Ivaniga, Tomáš, and Petr Ivaniga. "Suppression of Nonlinear XPM Phenomenon by Selection of Appropriate Transmit Power Levels in the DWDM System." International Journal of Optics 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9357949.
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In the 21st century, it is not possible to implement fully optical communication systems without software tools to test the system for all unwanted phenomena occurring during real-time operation. With ever-increasing transmission rate and low latency, nonlinear phenomena are associated with higher power levels and smaller spacing between channels began to appear in OFs (optical fibers). This paper aims to implement a four-channel DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex) system on which the nonlinear XPM (cross-phase modulation) phenomenon will be investigated. At the output of the system, we will eliminate the phenomenon (partially suppressed) by the appropriate choice of transmitting power levels (power levels operating at 193,025 THz to 193,175 THz) when the OF is dispersed. In optical transfer data systems a system is functioning if the measured BER parameter is not bigger than 10−12.
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Binepal, Gursonika, Kamal Gill, Paula Crowley, Martha Cordova, L. Jeannine Brady, Dilani B. Senadheera, and Dennis G. Cvitkovitch. "Trk2 Potassium Transport System in Streptococcus mutans and Its Role in Potassium Homeostasis, Biofilm Formation, and Stress Tolerance." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 7 (January 25, 2016): 1087–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00813-15.
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ABSTRACTPotassium (K+) is the most abundant cation in the fluids of dental biofilm. The biochemical and biophysical functions of K+and a variety of K+transport systems have been studied for most pathogenic bacteria but not for oral pathogens. In this study, we establish the modes of K+acquisition inStreptococcus mutansand the importance of K+homeostasis for its virulence attributes. TheS. mutansgenome harbors four putative K+transport systems that included two Trk-like transporters (designated Trk1 and Trk2), one glutamate/K+cotransporter (GlnQHMP), and a channel-like K+transport system (Kch). Mutants lacking Trk2 had significantly impaired growth, acidogenicity, aciduricity, and biofilm formation. [K+] less than 5 mM eliminated biofilm formation inS. mutans. The functionality of the Trk2 system was confirmed by complementing anEscherichia coliTK2420 mutant strain, which resulted in significant K+accumulation, improved growth, and survival under stress. Taken together, these results suggest that Trk2 is the main facet of the K+-dependent cellular response ofS. mutansto environment stresses.IMPORTANCEBiofilm formation and stress tolerance are important virulence properties of caries-causingStreptococcus mutans. To limit these properties of this bacterium, it is imperative to understand its survival mechanisms. Potassium is the most abundant cation in dental plaque, the natural environment ofS. mutans. K+is known to function in stress tolerance, and bacteria have specialized mechanisms for its uptake. However, there are no reports to identify or characterize specific K+transporters inS. mutans. We identified the most important system for K+homeostasis and its role in the biofilm formation, stress tolerance, and growth. We also show the requirement of environmental K+for the activity of biofilm-forming enzymes, which explains why such high levels of K+would favor biofilm formation.
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Iwashita, T., and N. Ury?? "Ising Spin System ofS = 1 on a Triangular Lattice with Three-Site Four-Spin Interaction." physica status solidi (b) 169, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221690120.
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Ursel, Tomasz, and Michał Olinski. "Displacement Estimation Based on Optical and Inertial Sensor Fusion." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041390.
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This article aims to develop a system capable of estimating the displacement of a moving object with the usage of a relatively cheap and easy to apply sensors. There is a growing need for such systems, not only for robots, but also, for instance, pedestrian navigation. In this paper, the theory for this idea, including data postprocessing algorithms for a MEMS accelerometer and an optical flow sensor (OFS), as well as the developed complementary filter applied for sensor fusion, are presented. In addition, a vital part of the accelerometer’s algorithm, the zero velocity states detection, is implemented. It is based on analysis of the acceleration’s signal and further application of acceleration symmetrization, greatly improving the obtained displacement. A test stand with a linear guide and motor enabling imposing a specified linear motion is built. The results of both sensors’ testing suggest that the displacement estimated by each of them is highly correct. Fusion of the sensors’ data gives even better outcomes, especially in cases with external disturbance of OFS. The comparative evaluation of estimated linear displacements, in each case related to encoder data, confirms the algorithms’ operation correctness and proves the chosen sensors’ usefulness in the development of a linear displacement measuring system.