Academic literature on the topic 'Offshore wind turbines, nonlinear water waves, breaking waves, Boundary Element Method'
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Journal articles on the topic "Offshore wind turbines, nonlinear water waves, breaking waves, Boundary Element Method"
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Zheng, Zhiping, Jikang Chen, Hui Liang, Yongsheng Zhao, and Yanlin Shao. "Hydrodynamic Responses of a 6 MW Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Regular Waves and Uniform Current." Fluids 5, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040187.
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In order to improve the understanding of hydrodynamic performances of spar-type Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs), in particular the effect of wave-current-structure interaction, a moored 6MW spar-type FOWT in regular waves and uniform current is considered. The wind loads are not considered at this stage. We apply the potential-flow theory and perturbation method to solve the weakly-nonlinear problem up to the second order. Unlike the conventional formulations in the inertial frame of reference, which involve higher derivatives on the body surface, the present method based on the perturbation method in the non-inertial body-fixed coordinate system can potentially avoid theoretical inconsistency at sharp edges and associated numerical difficulties. A cubic Boundary Element Method (BEM) is employed to solve the resulting boundary-value problems (BVPs) in the time domain. The convective terms in the free-surface conditions are dealt with using a newly developed conditionally stable explicit scheme, which is an approximation of the implicit Crank–Nicolson scheme. The numerical model is firstly verified against three reference cases, where benchmark results are available, showing excellent agreement. Numerical results are also compared with a recent model test, with a fairly good agreement though differences are witnessed. Drag loads based on Morison’s equation and relative velocities are also applied to quantify the influence of the viscous loads. To account for nonlinear restoring forces from the mooring system, a catenary line model is implemented and coupled with the time-domain hydrodynamic solver. For the considered spar-type FOWT in regular-wave and current conditions, the current has non-negligible effects on the motions at low frequencies, and a strong influence on the mean wave-drift forces. The second-order sum-frequency responses are found to be negligibly small compared with their corresponding linear components. The viscous drag loads do not show a strong influence on the motions responses, while their contribution to the wave-drift forces being notable, which increases with increasing wave steepness.
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Esmaeelpour, Keyvan, Rouzbeh Shafaghat, Rezvan Alamian, and Rasoul Bayani. "Numerical study of various geometries of breakwaters for the installation of floating wind turbines." Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 13, no. 1 (June 15, 2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v13i1.22866.
Full textAbstract:
The everyday growing populations all over the world and the necessity of increase in consumption of fossil energies have made the human to discover new energy resources, which are clean, cheap and renewable. Wind energy is one of the renewable energy resources. Considerable wind speed has made settling of wind turbines at sea beneficial and appealing. For this purpose, choosing the appropriate plates to set up wind turbines on the surface of sea is necessary. Regarding the installation condition, by choosing suitable geometry for floating breakwaters, offshore wind turbine can be mounted on them. Suitable geometry of breakwater for multifunctional usage could be selected with analyzing and comparing pressure, force and moment produced by incoming waves. In this article, we implement boundary element method to solve governing differential equations by assuming potential flow. On the other hand, for promoting free surface in each time step, we employed Euler-Lagrangian method. Finally, to find the appropriate geometry for installing the wind turbine on the breakwater, moment and wave profile next to the right and left side of breakwater body are calculated. Among simulated geometries, breakwater with trapezoid geometry which its larger base is placed in the water has more sustainability and it is the most suitable geometry for wind turbine installation.
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Marino, E., H. Nguyen, C. Lugni, L. Manuel, and C. Borri. "Irregular Nonlinear Wave Simulation and Associated Loads on Offshore Wind Turbines." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 137, no. 2 (April 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4029212.
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The accuracy of predicted loads on offshore wind turbines depends on the mathematical models employed to describe the combined action of the wind and waves. Using a global simulation framework that employs a domain-decomposition strategy for computational efficiency, this study investigates the effects of nonlinear waves on computed loads on the support structure (monopile) and the rotor–nacelle assembly of a bottom-supported offshore wind turbine. The fully nonlinear (FNL) numerical wave solver is invoked only on subdomains where nonlinearities are detected; thus, only locally in space and time, a linear solution (and associated Morison hydrodynamics) is replaced by the FNL one. An efficient carefully tuned linear–nonlinear transition scheme makes it possible to run long simulations such that effects from weakly nonlinear up to FNL events, such as imminent breaking waves, can be accounted for. The unsteady nonlinear free-surface problem governing the propagation of gravity waves is formulated using potential theory and a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM) is used to discretize Laplace’s equation. The FNL solver is employed and associated hydrodynamic loads are simulated in conjunction with aerodynamic loads on the rotor of a 5-MW wind turbine using the NREL open-source software, fast. We assess load statistics associated with a single severe sea state. Such load statistics are needed in evaluating relevant load cases specified in offshore wind turbine design guidelines; in this context, the influence of nonlinear wave modeling and its selection over alternative linear or linearized wave modeling is compared. Ultimately, a study such as this one will seek to evaluate long-term loads using the FNL solver in computations directed toward reliability-based design of offshore wind turbines where a range of sea states will need to be evaluated.
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Mj, Dripta, Mark L. McAllister, Henrik Bredmose, Thomas A. A. Adcock, and Paul H. Taylor. "Harmonic structure of wave loads on a surface piercing column in directionally spread and unidirectional random seas." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, January 11, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40722-022-00276-5.
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AbstractWe investigate the harmonic structure of wave-induced loads on vertical cylinders with dimensions comparable to those used to support offshore wind turbines. Many offshore wind turbines are designed, so the structural resonance is two or three times the fundamental wave loading period, which may be excited by higher harmonics of wave loading. The suitability of a ‘Stokes-type’ model for force is examined. We analyse experimental data for unidirectional and directionally spread sea-states. We demonstrate that approximate harmonic components may be extracted from a random time series, using a novel signal processing method. The extracted harmonics are shown to follow a ‘Stokes-like’ model, where the higher harmonics in frequency are proportional to the n-th power of the linear inline force component and its Hilbert transform. Results show that the third harmonic component of force is fitted less well by this model, which is consistent with the literature. A key new result is that the harmonic coefficients for spread and unidirectional seas are nearly identical when fitted as powers of the linear inline force and its Hilbert transform. This finding has the potential to greatly simplify the process of generating harmonic data for new wavelength to cylinder and wavelength to depth ratios. This also implies that the size of the inline component of the $$n\textrm{th}$$ n th harmonic for force in a directional sea relative to the same component in a unidirectional sea scales as $$\cos ^n \sigma _\theta $$ cos n σ θ , where $$\sigma _\theta $$ σ θ is the rms directional spreading angle of the incident wave field. Hence, higher harmonics will be of less importance in directionally spread seas than unidirectional ones. We show that the computationally fast harmonic decomposition approach taken here can reproduce the shape and magnitude of the loading from non-breaking waves waves in a wide range of realistic unidirectional and directionally spread sea-states. The proposed force model has potential as an engineering tool for computationally fast prediction of nonlinear wave loads.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Offshore wind turbines, nonlinear water waves, breaking waves, Boundary Element Method"
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MARINO, ENZO. "An integrated nonlinear wind-waves model for offshorewind turbines." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/600464.
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This thesis presents a numerical model capable of simulating offshore wind turbines exposed to extreme loading conditions. External condition-based extreme responses are reproduced by coupling a fully nonlinear wave kinematic solver with a hydro-aero-elastic simulator. First, a two-dimensional fully nonlinear wave simulator is developed.
The transient nonlinear free surface problem is formulated assuming the potential theory and a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM) is implemented to discretize Laplace's equation. For temporal evolution a second-order Taylor series expansion is used. The code, after validation with experimental data, is successfully adopted to simulate overturning plunging
breakers which give rise to dangerous impact loads when they break against wind turbine substructures. The impact force is quanti ed by means of an analytical model and the total hydrodynamic action is nally obtained by adding the impulsive term to the drag and inertial ones.
In the second main core of the thesis, emphasis is placed on the random nature of the waves. Indeed, a global simulation framework embedding the numerical wave simulator into a more general stochastic environment is developed. Namely, rst a linear irregular sea is generated by the spectral approach, then, only on critical space-time sub-domains, the fully nonlinear solver is invoked for a more re ned simulation. The space-time sub-domains are de ned as a wind turbine near eld (space) times a time interval when wave impacts are expected (time). Such a domain decomposition approach permits systematically accounting for dangerous effects on the structural response,
which would be totally missed by adopting linear or weakly nonlinear wave theories alone, without penalizing the computational effort normally required.
At the end of the work the attention is moved to the consequences that the proposed model would have in the quantification of the structural risk.
Conference papers on the topic "Offshore wind turbines, nonlinear water waves, breaking waves, Boundary Element Method"
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Hague, Caroline H., and Chris Swan. "Numerical Simulations of Large Deep Water Waves: The Application of a Boundary Element Method." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92158.
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This paper concerns the description of extreme surface water waves in deep water. A fully nonlinear numerical wave model in three dimensions is presented, based on the Boundary Element Method (BEM), and is applied to nonlinear focusing of wave components with varying frequency and direction of propagation to form highly nonlinear groups. By using multiple fluxes at corners and edges of the numerical domain the “corner problem” associated with BEM-based models in physical space is overcome. A two-dimensional version of the method is also employed to model unidirectional cases, and examples presented include the focusing of Top Hat spectra in deep water to form highly nonlinear wave groups at or close to their breaking limit. The ability of the model to accurately simulate these sea states is highlighted by comparison to the fully nonlinear model of Bateman, Swan and Taylor (2001, 2003).
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Marino, E., C. Lugni, L. Manuel, H. Nguyen, and C. Borri. "Simulation of Nonlinear Waves on Offshore Wind Turbines and Associated Fatigue Load Assessment." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24623.
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By using a global simulation framework that employs a domain-decomposition strategy for computational efficiency, this study investigates the effects of fully nonlinear (FNL) waves on the fatigue loads exerted on the support structure (monopile) of a fixed-bottom offshore wind turbine. A comparison is made with more conventional linear wave hydrodynamics. The FNL numerical wave solver is invoked only on specific sub-domains where nonlinearities are detected; thus, only locally in space and time, a linear wave solution is replaced by the FNL results as input to the Morison equation used for the hydrodynamic loads. The accuracy and efficiency of this strategy allows long timedomain simulations where strongly nonlinear free-surface phenomena, like imminent breaking waves, are accounted for in the prediction of structural loads. The unsteady nonlinear free-surface problem governing the propagation of gravity waves is formulated using potential theory and a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM) is used to discretize Laplace’s equation. The FNL solver is employed and associated hydrodynamic loads are predicted in conjunction with aerodynamic loads on the rotor of a 5-MW wind turbine using the NREL open-source software, FAST. We assess fatigue loads by means of both time- and frequency-domain methods. This study shows that the use of linear theory-based hydrodynamics can lead to significant underestimation of fatigue loads and damage.
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Marino, E., H. Nguyen, C. Lugni, L. Manuel, and C. Borri. "Irregular Nonlinear Wave Simulation and Associated Loads on Offshore Wind Turbines." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11047.
Full textAbstract:
The accuracy of predicted loads on offshore wind turbines depends on the mathematical models employed to describe the combined action of the wind and waves. Using a global simulation framework that employs a domain-decomposition strategy for computational efficiency, this study investigates the effects of nonlinear waves on computed loads on the support structure (monopile) and the rotor-nacelle assembly of a bottom-supported offshore wind turbine. The fully nonlinear (FNL) numerical wave solver is invoked only on sub-domains where nonlinearities are detected; thus, only locally in space and time, a linear solution (and associated Morison hydrodynamics) is replaced by the FNL one. An efficient carefully tuned linear-nonlinear transition scheme makes it possible to run long simulations such that effects from weakly nonlinear up to fully nonlinear events, such as imminent breaking waves, can be accounted for. The unsteady nonlinear free-surface problem governing the propagation of gravity waves is formulated using potential theory and a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM) is used to discretize Laplace’s equation. The FNL solver is employed and associated hydrodynamic loads are simulated in conjunction with aerodynamic loads on the rotor of a 5-MW wind turbine using the NREL open-source software, FAST. We assess load statistics associated with a single severe sea state. Such load statistics are needed in evaluating relevant load cases specified in offshore wind turbine design guidelines; in this context, the influence of nonlinear wave modeling and its selection over alternative linear or linearized wave modeling is compared. Ultimately, a study such as this one will seek to evaluate long-term loads using the FNL solver in computations directed towards reliability-based design of offshore wind turbines where a range of sea states will need to be evaluated.
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Bunnik, Tim, and Erik-Jan de Ridder. "Using Nonlinear Wave Kinematics to Estimate the Loads on Offshore Wind Turbines in 3-Hour Sea States." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77807.
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The effects of operational wave loads and wind loads on offshore mono pile wind turbines are well understood. For most sites, however, the water depth is such that breaking or near-breaking waves will occur causing impulsive excitation of the mono pile and consequently considerable stresses, displacements and accelerations in the monopile, tower and turbine. As has been shown in earlier, recent publications, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be used to accurately analyze wave impacts on offshore wind turbines. However, it is not yet well suited to study the statistical variability of wave impact loads in long-duration sea states, and thus estimate the ULS and ALS loads for which a wind turbine has to be designed. An alternative, simplified approach, is the use of a Morison model in which the kinematics (water particle velocities and accelerations) from a nonlinear wave model are used. For long-crested waves the nonlinear wave model can be run in a 2D mode and is therefore relatively cheap. In this paper model tests for steep and breaking waves on an offshore wind turbine are compared with results from the Morison model. First, a deterministic comparison is made between the wave loads from the model tests and the simulation model (simulating the same 3-hour wave realization as in the basin), which turns out to be difficult because of differences between wave reflections in the wave basin (a physical beach) and the numerical wave model (absorbing boundary condition). Second, a statistical comparison is made by comparing with different wave realizations measured in the wave basin.
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Bai, K. J., J. H. Kyoung, and J. W. Kim. "Numerical Computations for a Nonlinear Free Surface Problem in Shallow Water." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28463.
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This paper describes a finite element method applied to a nonlinear free surface flow problem for a ship moving in three dimensions. The physical model is taken to simulate the towing tank experimental conditions. The exact nonlinear free-surface flow problem formulated by an initial/boundary value problem is replaced by an equivalent weak formulation. The same problem was considered earlier by Bai, et. al. [1] where some irregularities were observed in the downstream waves and a transom stern ship geometry could not be treated. In the present paper, specifically, three improvements are made from the earlier work. The first improvement is the introduction of the 5-point Chebyshev filtering scheme which eliminates the irregular and saw-toothed waves in the downstream. The second improvement is that now we can treat a transom stern ship geometry. The third improvement is the introduction of a new boundary condition to simulate a dry bottom behind a transom stern ship which is stretched from the free surface to the bottom at a high Froude number. Computations are made for two models. The first model is tested for the generation of the solitons in the upstream and smooth waves in the downstream. The second model is used to compute the generation of a dry bottom behind a transom stern which is one of highly nonlinear phenomena. The results of the first model show a good agreement with previous results for the generation of the solitons. The results of the second model also show a good agreement with the preliminary experimental observation for a dry-bottom, which will be reported in near future. The numerical simulation of the second model can be applied to the local flow behind a sail of a submarine in cruise, a sloshing problem in LNG tankers, and a dam breaking problem. Both computed models are assumed to be in shallow water for simplicity. However, the present numerical method can treat arbitrary water-depth and practical ship geometries.
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Islam, Mohammed, Dong Cheol Seo, and Wayne Raman-Nair. "Modelling and Analysis of Hydrodynamics of a Submerged Structure in Extreme Waves Using a SPH-Based Tool." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63034.
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Abstract The applications of a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)-based, a Finite Volume Method (FVM)-based and a Boundary Element Method (BEM)-based tools to investigate the nonlinear interactions between large waves and a submerged horizontal circular structure and to some extent a rectangular cylinder at various submergence depths in deep water conditions are presented. The main aim is to validate the Lagrangian technique based SPH tool to predict the wave-structure interaction forces under large waves. The features of typical force curves in a wave cycle, the magnitude of wave forces, and the influence of relative axis depth of the structure in deep water conditions are investigated, primarily using an open-sourced SPH tool. Simulations were carried out in 2D with one deepwater wave at multiple submergence depths. The water surface elevations are predicted at different near- and far-field locations. The time-averaged mean and the average amplitude of the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the cylindrical model at various submergence depths are plotted and then physically interpreted. The wave forces and surface elevations are compared with the available published experimental studies and CFD (both FVM and BEM) predictions. Good agreement between the SPH predictions and the measurements was obtained for the submerged body’s surface elevation and hydrodynamic forces at all submergence depths. The FVM tends to overestimate the wave forces compared to the SPH predictions and the measurements, particularly for the shallowly submerged structure when extreme wave breaking occurs. The BEM predictions are reasonable for the non-wave breaking cases.
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Johannessen, Thomas B. "Estimating Wave Induced Kinematics Underneath Measured Time Histories of Surface Elevation." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18727.
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Abstract The present paper is concerned with the accurate prediction of nonlinear wave kinematics underneath measured time histories of surface elevation. It is desired to develop a method which is useful in analysis of offshore measurements close to wind turbine foundations. The method should therefore be robust in relatively shallow water and should be able to account for the presence of the foundation and the shortcrestedness of offshore seastates. The present method employs measurements of surface elevation time histories at one or a small number of locations and solves the associated velocity potential by minimizing the error in the free surface boundary conditions. The velocity potential satisfies exactly Laplace’s equation, the bed boundary condition and (optionally) the boundary condition on the wall of a uniform surface piercing column. This is achieved by associating one wavenumber with every wave frequency thereby sacrificing the possibility of following the nonlinear wave evolution but ensuring a good description of the wave properties locally. For shortcrested waves, the direction of wave component propagation is drawn from a known or assumed directional spectrum. No attempt is made to calculate the directional distribution of the wave field from the surface elevation measurements since this is usually not realistically possible with the available data. The method is set up for analysis with or without a uniform current, for shortcrested or longcrested waves and with or without a surface piercing column in the wave field. It has been compared with laboratory data for steep longcrested and shortcrested waves. The method is shown to be in good agreement with measurements. Since the method is based on a Fourier series of surface elevation, however, it cannot model overtopping breaking waves and associated wave impact loading. For problems where wave breaking is important, the method may serve as a screening analysis used to select wave events for detailed analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
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Bouscasse, Benjamin, Andrea Califano, Young Myung Choi, Xu Haihua, Jang Whan Kim, Young Jun Kim, Sang Hun Lee, et al. "Qualification Criteria and the Verification of Numerical Waves: Part 2: CFD-Based Numerical Wave Tank." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63710.
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Abstract There is increasing interest in numerical wave simulations as a tool to design offshore structures, especially for the prediction of stochastic nonlinear wave loads like those related to air-gap and wave impact. Though the simulations cannot replace all experiments, they are now competitive on some topics such as the computations of wind and current coefficients. To proceed further it is necessary to improve the procedure to account for another complex environmental factor, wave motion. This paper addresses an industrial collaboration to develop modeling practices and qualification criteria of CFD-based numerical wave tank for offshore applications. As a part of the effort to develop reliable numerical wave modeling practices in the framework of the “Reproducible Offshore CFD JIP”, qualification criteria are formulated for the wave solutions generated from either potential-flow based codes in Part 1 of this work. Part 2 presents first a set of solutions for forcing the qualified waves obtained with the potential codes in the CFD domain. Those solutions follow a set of coupling protocols previously proposed in the JIP framework. Two potential codes and two CFD solvers are combined, so that four possible methods of generating waves and modalities are described. Two different potential models are considered, one using the higher order spectral method for numerical wave tank (HOS-NWT), and another using the finite-element method in the horizontal direction and a modal expansion after a sigma transform in the vertical direction (solver is called TPNWT). Both are equipped with a breaking model to generate extreme sea states. The two CFD solvers tested are Simcenter STAR-CCM+ and OpenFOAM. Simulation setups are proposed for both software. Simulation results from eight academic or industrial partners are presented for two sets of 2D test cases in deep water, one with regular waves and one with irregular waves, both with one very steep condition (ratio of wave height over wavelength of 10% for regular waves and 1000 year return period for Gulf of Mexico for irregular waves). The irregular waves are simulated for 10 sets of 3 hours to apply a stochastic approach to verify the quality of the waves generated in the numerical domain. Attention is given to the wave spectrum and the ensemble probability of the crest distribution, both obtained from the wave elevation at the center of the domain.
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Tsao, Wen-Huai, Ying-Chuan Chen, Christopher E. Kees, and Lance Manuel. "Response Mitigation of Floating Platform by Porous-Media Tuned Liquid Dampers." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79607.
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Abstract A porous-media tuned liquid damper (PMTLD) can serve as an eco-friendly, economical, and effective dynamic vibration absorber. Placing porous media within a water tank can improve the capacity for energy dissipation and optimize the performance by varying its material properties. The numerical simulations of the floating platform dynamics in waves coupled with the sloshing problem in PMTLD are emphasized. Two numerical methods are adopted for fluid computation. The first potential-based approach employs a mixed-type boundary value problem (BVP) solver, which is implemented by the boundary element method (BEM), coupled with a free surface particle tracker, which includes the nonlinear damping effects via a quadratic Forchheimer term for PMTLD. Another equivalent mechanical model is also used exclusively for solving the linear PMTLD. The coupling behavior between fluid and structure is solved by the Newmark method. The second viscous approach uses the finite element method (FEM) to spatially discretize the Navier-Stokes equations and handles the free surface via the volume of fluid (VOF) and the level set (LS) equations. The multiphase simulation is implemented by a computational modeling toolkit Proteus for the fluid phase and Chrono for the solid phase. The correlations between potential flow and Navier-Stokes (NS) models are presented. The PMTLD is designed for a floating platform by analogy with the tuned mass damper (TMD). Numerical results show that the PMTLD can effectively reduce the structure’s dynamic response in terms of vibration amplitude around resonance. Such damping devices have great potential for practical applications in offshore platforms and wind turbine design.