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1
Collia, Demetra V., and Roland L. Moreau. "SafeOCS Industry Safety Data Program: An Industrywide Safety Data Management Framework." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0034-jpt.
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Introduction In the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the oil and gas industry, regulators, and other stakeholders recognized the need for increased collaboration and data sharing to augment their ability to better identify safety risks and address them before an accident occurs. The SafeOCS program is one such collaboration between industry and government. It is a voluntary confidential reporting program that collects and analyzes data to advance safety in oil and gas operations on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) established the program with input from industry and then entered into an agreement with the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) to develop, implement, and operate the program. As a principal statistical agency, BTS has considerable data-collection-and-analysis expertise with near-miss reporting systems for other industries and the statutory authority to protect the confidentiality of the reported information and the reporter’s identify. Source data submitted to BTS are not subject to subpoena, legal discovery, or Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. Solving for the Gap Across industries, companies have long realized the benefits of collecting and analyzing data around safety and environmental events to identify risks and take actions to prevent reoccurrence. These activities are aided by industry associations that collect and share event information and develop recommended practices to improve performance. In high-reliability industries such as aviation and nuclear, it is common practice to report and share events among companies and for the regulators to identify hidden trends and create or update existing recommended practices, regulations, or other controls. The challenge for the offshore oil and gas industry is that industry associations and the regulator are typically limited to collecting data on agency-reportable incidents. With this limitation, other high-learning-value events or observed conditions could go unnoticed as a trend until a major event occurs. This lack of timely data represented an opportunity for the industry and the offshore regulator (BSEE) to collaborate on a means of gathering safety-event data that would allow for analysis and identification of trends, thereby enabling appropriate interventions to prevent major incidents and foster continuous improvement. The SafeOCS Industry Safety Data (ISD) program provides an effective process for capturing these trends by looking across a wider spectrum of events, including those with no consequences.
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Wright, Chris. "Routine Deaths: Fatal Accidents in the Oil Industry." Sociological Review 34, no. 2 (May 1986): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1986.tb02702.x.
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This paper is a study in the relatively neglected field of the Sociology of Accidents and is concerned with fatalities in the UK Offshore Oil Industry. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the social and organizational causes of these accidents. Common sense and expert opinion both present industrial accidents as products of extra organizational abnormality but evidence from this research locates the causes of accidents in work organization and dependence on bureaucratic rationality. In particular it is shown that the hazardous situations in which the accidents occurred were themselves largely the products of two aspects of the formal organization of work, the ‘speed-up’ and the practice of ‘sub-contracting’. It is demonstrated that the common sense equation of the ‘normal’ and the ‘routine’ inhibited recognition of the organization causes of these accidents. Finally it is argued that, since there is little support for the view that the accident were produced by unique working conditions in the offshore industry, it is therefore likely that the causes of accidents in this industry will be found to exist in other industries.
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Huynh, Tin Trung, and Vinh Trong Bui. "Application of quantitative risk assessment on offshore oil & gas industry." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i3.1476.
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Production of Oil & Gas in offshore involves some of the most ambitious engineering projects of the modern world, is a prime source of revenue for many countries. It is also involved risks of major accidents which have been demonstrated by disaster on the UK production platform Piper Alpha. Major accidents represent the ultimate, most disastrous way in which an offshore engineering project can go wrong. Accidents cause death, suffering, environmental pollution and disruption of business. To ensure all risks identified and controlled, risk management approaches need applying. This paper discusses the application of quantitative risk assessment approaches and its importance throughout the entire offshore installation.
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Xu, Jin, Ying Li, Bo Li, Hai Yang Feng, and Dao Tao Yu. "Marine Rader Oil Spill Network Monitoring System Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.880.
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Oil spill accidents occur constantly with the rapid development of marine resources exploitation industry. Based on the offshore oil rigs hardware conditions of Sinopec, including radars and wireless network stations, this paper puts forward a architecture mode of oil spilled network monitoring system. This system can monitor the oil spill information of offshore oil rigs and provide bases for tracing sources, handling pollution and identifying responsibility of oil spilled accidents.
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Downie, Margaret, and Denise Gosling. "Offshore Helicopter Travel: Is the U.K. Oil and Gas Industry Failing Workers?" NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 29, no. 4 (November 9, 2019): 504–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291119887189.
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In the United Kingdom, oil and gas workers have been transported by helicopter to their workplace at offshore installations for more than fifty years. During that time, there have been numerous fatal helicopter accidents. Despite calls from trade unions, families, and politicians, a public inquiry has never been held into offshore helicopter transport. The authors consider whether enough has been done to ensure the safety of these workers to meet legal and ethical standards. They analyze the legal position, the implementation of recommendations made in the wake of these accidents, and the way in which the power imbalance between oil and gas companies and helicopter operators influences safety in this area. They conclude that a public inquiry is required into helicopter safety in the U.K. Continental Shelf area.
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Gordon, Rachael P. E. "The contribution of human factors to accidents in the offshore oil industry." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 61, no. 1-2 (July 1998): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(98)80003-3.
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Kulkarni, Ajit C. "Saturation diver fatality due to hydrogen sulphide while working on a subsea pipe line." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 51, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm51.1.94-97.
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In the offshore oil industry, Multipurpose Support Vessels with extensive diving capability are used for inspection, maintenance and repair of subsea pipelines. The diving industry has developed systemic safety checks and strict regulatory control after a number of fatal accidents in early years. However, accidents do continue to occur and, when involving divers in the water, are often fatal. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), called ‘sour gas’ in an oil field, is produced by the action of anaerobic bacteria on sulphate containing organic matter. A highly toxic gas, it remains a constant danger for offshore oil industry workers who must remain vigilant. Crude oil and gas produced in these oilfields is called ‘sour crude’ and pipelines carry this crude with varying content of dissolved H2S to shore for processing. Divers are routinely called to attend to leaking pipelines and come in contact with this crude. Their hot water suits and umbilical lines are often covered with crude containing dissolved H2S. There is always a possibility that these may enter and contaminate the bell environment. Such a case leading to fatality is reported here.
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Kulkarni, Ajit C. "Saturation diver fatality due to hydrogen sulphide while working on a subsea pipe line." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 51, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm51.1.94-97.
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In the offshore oil industry, Multipurpose Support Vessels with extensive diving capability are used for inspection, maintenance and repair of subsea pipelines. The diving industry has developed systemic safety checks and strict regulatory control after a number of fatal accidents in early years. However, accidents do continue to occur and, when involving divers in the water, are often fatal. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), called ‘sour gas’ in an oil field, is produced by the action of anaerobic bacteria on sulphate containing organic matter. A highly toxic gas, it remains a constant danger for offshore oil industry workers who must remain vigilant. Crude oil and gas produced in these oilfields is called ‘sour crude’ and pipelines carry this crude with varying content of dissolved H2S to shore for processing. Divers are routinely called to attend to leaking pipelines and come in contact with this crude. Their hot water suits and umbilical lines are often covered with crude containing dissolved H2S. There is always a possibility that these may enter and contaminate the bell environment. Such a case leading to fatality is reported here.
9
Zhu, Gaogeng, Guoming Chen, Jingyu Zhu, Xiangkun Meng, and Xinhong Li. "Modeling the Evolution of Major Storm-Disaster-Induced Accidents in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 7216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127216.
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Storm disasters are the most common cause of accidents in offshore oil and gas industries. To prevent accidents resulting from storms, it is vital to analyze accident propagation and to learn about accident mechanism from previous accidents. In this paper, a novel risk analysis framework is proposed for systematically identifying and analyzing the evolution of accident causes. First, accident causal factors are identified and coded based on grounded theory (GT). Then, decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is integrated with interpretative structural modeling (ISM) to establish accident evolution hierarchy. Finally, complex networks (CN) are developed to analyze the evolution process of accidents. Compared to reported works, the contribution is threefold: (1) the demand for expert knowledge and personnel subjective influence are reduced through the data induction of accident cases; (2) the method of establishing influence matrix and interaction matrix is improved according to the accident frequency analysis; (3) a hybrid algorithm that can calculate multiple shortest paths of accident evolution under the same node pair is proposed. This method provides a new idea for step-by-step assessment of the accident evolution process, which weakens the subjectivity of traditional methods and achieves quantitative assessment of the importance of accident evolution nodes. The proposed method is demonstrated and validated by a case study of major offshore oil and gas industry accidents caused by storm disasters. Results show that there are five key nodes and five critical paths in the process of accident evolution. Through targeted prevention and control of these nodes and paths, the average shortest path length of the accident evolution network is increased by 35.19%, and the maximum global efficiency decreases by 20.12%. This indicates that the proposed method has broad applicability and can effectively reduce operational risk, so that it can guide actual offshore oil and gas operations during storm disasters.
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Kong, Fan Jie, Ming Xie, Yu Chen, Shu Shen Zhang, and Su Ling Liu. "A Comparative Study on Emergency Materials and Equipment for Oil Spills." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3039.
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With increasing import and export volumes of oil products in China, port terminals are under increased pressure to prevent water pollution. The prevention of offshore oil spill accidents, and the remedial and control measures for such accidents are one of the most important aspects of maritime management, and are also major issues for the entire shipping industry. This paper describes different emergency materials and equipment for oil spill management and describes the use of these techniques in domestic and international ports. Suggested changes to port emergency materials and equipment are also described, based on the processing capabilities for oil spills in different situations, combined with the port's environmental characteristics and ecological situation
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Kharionovskiy, V. V. "Offshore Pipeline Safety." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 5 (May 2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-5-7-14.
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Due to the nature of the development of gas transmission network, the problem of ensuring reliability and safety of the underwater gas pipelines was practically exhausted by the calculation of underwater crossings through the rivers, lakes, and other water barriers. However, in recent years in connection with the development of oil and gas fields on the shelf, and the globalization of the gas transmission network, the question came up related to designing, building, and subsequently ensuring the stable operation of the offshore deep-water pipelines. Individual information about the accident rate of the offshore pipelines is given. They mainly concern the coastal pipelines transporting raw materials from the offshore production platforms to the onshore terminal. The largest number of accidents is typical for the pipelines of small diameters (2–6 inches) — 59 % of their total number. A group of medium-diameter pipelines (8–16 inches) accounts for 32 % of accidents. Pipelines of large diameter (18–36 inches) are the least susceptible to damage — about 3 % of accidents. In recent decades, the offshore main gas pipelines were widely used and are considered as the most promising way of transporting gas due to higher reliability, safety, and environmental friendliness, as well as the advantages of direct Analysis is presented in the article concerning the accident rate and features of failures of the offshore gas pipelines. The criteria of limit states and the algorithm for calculating the stress-strain state of the offshore pipeline, which are the main part of the safety assessment, are given. Methodology for the safety of the offshore gas pipelines was developed, based on which the example of the safety assessment of the Blue Stream gas pipeline is given. The materials of the article were used in the development of the projects for the offshore gas pipelines and are also included in the industry regulatory document.
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Dong, Jinxin, Zunaira Asif, Yarong Shi, Yinying Zhu, and Zhi Chen. "Climate Change Impacts on Coastal and Offshore Petroleum Infrastructure and the Associated Oil Spill Risk: A Review." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070849.
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Climate change has been observed worldwide in recent decades, posing challenges to the coastal and offshore oil and gas infrastructure. It is crucial to identify how climate change affects these infrastructures and the associated oil spill risk. This paper provides an analysis of the vulnerability of coastal and offshore oil and gas infrastructure in response to climate change. The paper examines oil spill incidents worldwide and addresses climate change’s possible influences on oil spill risk. Moreover, available oil spill modeling and decision support tools for oil spill response are reviewed considering climate change. The paper signals the need for emerging decision and modeling tools considering climate change effects, which can help decision-makers to evaluate the risk on time and provide early warnings to adapt or prevent the unforeseen impacts on the oil industry partially resulting from global warming, including oil spill accidents.
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Chou, Jui-Sheng, Pin-Chao Liao, and Chung-Da Yeh. "Risk Analysis and Management of Construction and Operations in Offshore Wind Power Project." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 7473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137473.
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Many countries have increased the use of renewable energy and strongly promoted offshore wind power (OWP). However, OWP in Asia is in the preliminary stage of development, for which no precedents exist. The literature on wind energy generation has mostly investigated the causes of onshore wind turbine accidents and risk prevention, and more work on the risks associated with domestic OWP is required for energy market development. According to statistics on international wind power accidents, most offshore accidents occur in the construction and operation stages. Therefore, this work investigates risk management in the construction and operations of offshore windfarms in Taiwan. The goal is to help decision-makers to understand better the risks of the industry and so more effectively manage them. In this study, risk factors are identified from organizing data in the literature, and research methods and action strategies are developed. Research and analysis follow the risk management steps in the PMBOK® Guide (A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge). The risk rankings and preventive measures that are based on the results of this study can serve as references for relevant industry personnel in island cities and nearby Asian countries to reduce risk in the management of OWP projects.
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Onshus, Tor, Lars Bodsberg, Stein Hauge, Martin Gilje Jaatun, Mary Ann Lundteigen, Thor Myklebust, Maria Vatshaug Ottermo, Stig Petersen, and Egil Wille. "Security and Independence of Process Safety and Control Systems in the Petroleum Industry." Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2022): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcp2010003.
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The developments of reduced manning on offshore facilities and increased information transfer from offshore to land continue and may also be a prerequisite for the future survival of the oil and gas industry. A general requirement from the operators has emerged in that all relevant information from offshore-located systems should be made available so that it can be analysed on land. This represents a challenge to safety in avoiding negative impacts and potential accidents for these facilities. The layered Purdue model, which helps protect OT systems from unwanted influences through network segregation, is undermined by the many new connections arising between the OT systems and the surroundings. Each individual connection is not necessarily a problem; however, in aggregate, they add to the overall complexity and attack surface thereby exposing the OT systems to increased cyber risk. Since the OT systems are critical to controlling physical processes, the added connections represent a challenge not only to security but also to safety.
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Cabrera, Jairo H., and Cinthya Marcela Medina. "Analysis of Operational and Seakeeping aspects in the Design of PSV type for the Colombian Caribbean Sea." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 10, no. 19 (July 21, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.140.
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Colombia is currently searching for oil and gas at sea as new exploratory frontiers so as to incorporate new reserves. With the beginning of maritime operations comes the need for large offshore structures that allow the extraction and separation of oil and gas before transporting it to land. Most of these platforms require specific support and supply vessels, carrying a variety of loads, from liquid and bulk up general cargo, and various specific activities such as towing, rescue staff in case of accidents, firefighting and positioning anchor handling. In the offshore industry, these are known as PSV (Platform Supply Vessels). e main purpose of this work is the hydrodynamic PSV considering the environmental and operational conditions of the Colombian Caribbean including a case study.
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Brkić, Dejan, and Pavel Praks. "Proper Use of Technical Standards in Offshore Petroleum Industry." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080555.
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Ships for drilling need to operate in the territorial waters of many different countries which can have different technical standards and procedures. For example, the European Union and European Economic Area EU/EEA product safety directives exclude from their scope drilling ships and related equipment onboard. On the other hand, the EU/EEA offshore safety directive requires the application of all the best technical standards that are used worldwide in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, it is not easy to select the most appropriate technical standards that increase the overall level of safety and environmental protection whilst avoiding the costs of additional certifications. We will show how some technical standards and procedures, which are recognized worldwide by the petroleum industry, can be accepted by various standardization bodies, and how they can fulfil the essential health and safety requirements of certain directives. Emphasis will be placed on the prevention of fire and explosion, on the safe use of equipment under pressure, and on the protection of personnel who work with machinery. Additionally considered is how the proper use of adequate procedures available at the time would have prevented three large scale offshore petroleum accidents: the Macondo Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010; the Montara in the Timor Sea in 2009; the Piper Alpha in the North Sea in 1988.
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Jablonski, Silvio. "The interaction of the oil and gas offshore industry with fisheries in Brazil: the "Stena Tay" experience." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 56, no. 4 (December 2008): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592008000400004.
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Most of the oil and natural gas produced in Brazil derive from offshore fields, virtually concentrated in the Campos Basin off the coast of Rio de Janeiro State. The area is also of intense fisheries interest, involving participation of hand-liners artisanal boats and tuna boats due to the fish aggregating effect of the oil rigs. In order to avoid accidents with the platform "Stena Tay", in operation at Santos and Campos Basins, in 2001 e 2002, an awareness project was developed aiming at avoiding the presence of fishing boats in its 500 m exclusion zone. This paper summarizes the main observations concerning the extent of the fish aggregating effect and the behavior of the fishing boats in the vicinity of the platform.
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Gordon, Rachael, Rhona Flin, and Kathryn Mearns. "Designing a Human Factors Investigation Tool to Improve the Quality of Safety Reporting." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 20 (October 2001): 1519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104502017.
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Engineers in the UK offshore oil industry endeavour to analyse the causes of accidents with regard to the human and organisational factors. However, their expertise tends to lie in the analysis of the technical failures. In an attempt to improve the investigation of the human factors causes of accidents, a human factors investigation system was developed for the UK Health and Safety Executive and five oil companies. The development and evaluation of two previous reporting systems provides the background to this current study, where both systems were found to increase the quantity of human factors information collected. The Human Factors Investigation Tool (HFIT) improves on these two systems, where it collects four types of human factors information including (i) the observable errors occurring immediately prior to the incident, (ii) the error recovery process, (iii) the information processing stage at which the error occurred and (iv) the underlying causes.
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Fedorov, A. V., K. K. Ospanov, E. N. Lomaev, A. M. Aleshkov, and M. S. Mintsaev. "Statistical and causal factors analysis of accidents at oil refining and petrochemical industry of Russia and Kazakhstan." Technology of technosphere safety 92 (2021): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2021.2.92.156-168.
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Introduction. Every year, at the facilities of the oil refining and petrochemical industries of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, emergency situations occur with the emissions of dangerous substances, fires and explosions leading to human casualties, major material damage to the economy and ecology of regions and states. To reduce the number of accidents at the facilities under consideration, first of all, it is necessary to determine the primary source - the cause of which the emergency occurred. Goals and objectives. The main aim is analysis of annual quantitative changes in the number of accidents and their consequences, identification of the main cause-and-effect relationships of accidents. Methods. To obtain the results, general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge were used: analysis, synthesis, generalization, which were based on the provisions of the theory of systems, information theory. The results of the study. An assessment of the frequency of occurrence of fire-hazardous events, their cause-and-effect relationships was carried out by means of an analytical review of accidents that have already occurred at the facilities of the oil refining and petrochemical industry of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2015-2019. Conclusions. The analytical review of the statistics of emergency events at the facilities of the oil refining and petrochemical industry in Russia and Kazakhstan for 2015-2019 showed no tendency to reduce both the number of accidents and their consequences. The predominant types of accidents occurred were fires and explosions, the main fatally damaging factor for people was thermal burns. Main causes of accidents and their antecedent factors of development were determined. The results of the study provide a clear picture of the problems that exist at the facilities of the oil refining and petrochemical industry of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. It was shown that open technological installations of NNP facilities are the most dangerous and allow us to imagine, simulate and consider scenarios for the development of an emergency situation at this type of installations. Keywords: accident, analysis, fire, explosion, damage, depressurization, risk, statistics
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Fragouli, Evangelia, Faye Nzioka, and Selma Manar. "Safety & Environmental Risk Management: Borrowing from the Past to Enhance Knowledge for The Future." Risk and Financial Management 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): p64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/rfm.v1n1p64.
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The oil and gas industry is facing more and more challenges in the latest decades. Indeed, as oil and gas became more difficult to be found, new areas are targeted, as deep water offshore or more hostile environments like Alaska. These involve high technology industry and imply deep uncertainty. Thus, the application of classical approaches of risk management is limited, as shown by major safety and environmental oil disasters like the Deep Water Horizon Accident. This paper analyses the later as a case study, to discuss the complexity of safety and environmental risk management in deep-water drilling. Given this complexity, the paper will also analyse how feedback from previous accidents can improve knowledge, and change the perception and thus the way safety and environmental risks are managed in deep-water drilling. The findings of the paper contribute to development of risk management policy and risk decision making.
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Nguyen, Phuoc Quy Phong. "The Oil Spill Incident in Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.7.802.
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At present, oil spills are a potential threat to coastal states. In many sea areas of the sea, the phenomenon of "black tide" is common. There are many causes for this situation such as collisions, accidents of water transport vehicles (especially oil tankers), oilrig incident, oil spill incident due to geological changes, waste oil burglary on the sea. For Vietnam, about 200 million tons of oil are transported each year through the sea. In the process of transporting and exploiting offshore, there may be incidents leading to oil spills into the sea, polluting the marine environment. According to statistics, in the past 20 years, about 10 oil spills have been recorded annually, especially in 2012, there were 12 cases affecting the estuarine and coastal environment of Vietnam and coastal ecosystems as well as coastal resorts. This article presents a report on oil spills occurring in Vietnam and policies of the Vietnamese government to respond to oil spills.
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Nguyen, Phuoc Quy Phong. "The Oil Spill Incident in Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.7.802.
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At present, oil spills are a potential threat to coastal states. In many sea areas of the sea, the phenomenon of "black tide" is common. There are many causes for this situation such as collisions, accidents of water transport vehicles (especially oil tankers), oilrig incident, oil spill incident due to geological changes, waste oil burglary on the sea. For Vietnam, about 200 million tons of oil are transported each year through the sea. In the process of transporting and exploiting offshore, there may be incidents leading to oil spills into the sea, polluting the marine environment. According to statistics, in the past 20 years, about 10 oil spills have been recorded annually, especially in 2012, there were 12 cases affecting the estuarine and coastal environment of Vietnam and coastal ecosystems as well as coastal resorts. This article presents a report on oil spills occurring in Vietnam and policies of the Vietnamese government to respond to oil spills.
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De Nichilo, Stephenie. "The future of safety in the oil and gas industry." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17235.
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A focus on safety is at the heart of oil and gas work practices. Often the number one objective for companies operating in the oil and gas industry is to ensure everyone goes home from work without injury or illness. Industry has historically held a view that best practice in safety is demonstrated if a workplace has an absence of accidents or when injury rates are reduced to zero. However, research has shown that this approach limits the ability to develop a resilient safety culture. Santos has established a future view of safety and developed a new 3-year strategy that has been built around six fundamental safety principles. Safety initiatives that are designed to embed the safety principles have commenced, and, as a result, safety conversations in the workplace are changing from injury rates and statistics to a focus on the prevention of harm, effectiveness of critical controls for high-risk exposures, learning and workforce leadership and risk competency.
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Hoyle, W. Sloane, and S. Camille Peres. "Situation Awareness Offshore: Relevant Influencing Factors and Risks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1700–1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601913.
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Offshore operations are an inherently hazardous activities that can result in catastrophic outcomes. The amalgamation of different hazards, constraints, and demands on offshore platforms can presents a substantial threat to the performance, productivity, and safety of workers. For most industrial accidents, there is a causal chain between human errors and organizational conditions. An investigation into the Macondo incident identified failures of situation awareness (SA) and risk perception as root causes of the disaster. Improving worker SA has become an important objective for the Oil and Gas industry. SA is a distinct, safety critical component for workers operating in complex, high-risk, and interactive work environments. Possession and maintenance of good quality SA is important for personnel whose work can be hazardous, complex, and pressured by time constraints. The drilling environment can change suddenly and for a drill crew, with an improper decision or inattention, the end result can be loss of life, severe injury, and cost millions of dollars in production loss. Offshore workers need to acquire and integrate information under operational conditions while contending with competing sources of information for their attention. SA can serve as a predictor of performance and has been particularly important where technical and situational complexity impacts the decision making efforts of the driller. A scoping literature review was conducted in order to identify how the influencing factors of elements of human factors on personnel and environmental safety, operational costs, and loss of time. Numerous databases were searched (e.g., EBSCOhost, Medline, PsychInfo, Science Direct) in combination other databases search using key terms: human factors or ergonomics and offshore with all of the following: drilling, production, fatigue, situation awareness, cognitive, oil and gas, as well as a search for human factors offshore and ergonomics offshore and human error offshore. Finally, our primary studies search was supplemented with a search of papers and abstracts within conferences. The fields of interest included stress, fatigue, interface design, human machine interaction, automation, safety culture and safety climate, risk perception and awareness. The purpose of this research was to present a summary of the current literature on the status of the oil and gas industry with regard to the adoption and integration of Human Factors methods, principles, and processes. Specific objectives were to summarize the state of the science regarding situation awareness for offshore operations, understand the importance of situation awareness for this environment, and determine key influencing factors that could affect drillers’ performance.
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McGuire, William, Ellen Alexandra Holtmaat, and Aseem Prakash. "Penalties for industrial accidents: The impact of the Deepwater Horizon accident on BP’s reputation and stock market returns." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): e0268743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268743.
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Do visible industrial accidents damage firms’ reputations and depress their stock market returns, and do these penalties spill over to other firms in the industry? On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico leased by BP exploded and sank, causing 11 deaths and the largest marine oil spill in US history. We examine the impact of this accident on BP’s reputation and stock market performance using data from YouGov’s BrandIndex and Capital IQ’s financial data for the period 2007–2017. We employ a synthetic control analysis to examine the extent and duration of these penalties. We find that in the aftermath of the Deepwater accident, BP’s reputation declined by approximately 50% relative to the synthetic control, and this decline persisted through the end of 2017. Yet, in terms of financial market returns, though the stock price dropped drastically in the first two months, we do not find a statistically significant decline in the stock market returns either in the mid-term (1–2 years) or the long term (2–7 years). In terms of spillover effects, we find no evidence of reputational damage or a decline in stock market returns for other oil and gas firms. These findings suggest that while environmental accidents invite swift and lasting reputational penalties, they might not depress the stock market performance in the long run. Moreover, the impact either on reputation or stock market returns does not necessarily spill over to other firms in the same industry.
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Ancione, Giuseppa, Nicola Paltrinieri, and Maria Francesca Milazzo. "Integrating Real-Time Monitoring Data in Risk Assessment for Crane Related Offshore Operations." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070532.
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The oil and gas sector is one of the most dangerous and stringent workplaces, due to the hazardousness of materials involved as well as the critical tasks that workers have to perform. Cranes are widely used in this sector for several activities. A wrong load lifting or handling often is due to a limited visibility of working area and could bring to severe accidental scenarios, for this reason safety of these operations becomes of paramount importance. The use of safety devices, that provide an augmented vision to the crane-operator, is essential to avoid potential accidents, moreover risk analysis could benefit from the acquisition of real time information about the process. This work aims to extrapolate and adapt dynamic risk assessment concepts for crane-related operations of a typical oil and gas industry by means of the support of safety devices. To achieve this objective, a set of risk indicators, reporting continuous information about the operations that are carried out, will be defined; successively, a technique of aggregation of these indicators will also be applied with the aim to update the frequency of critical events by a proper Risk Metric Reduction Factor that accounts for the effect of the use of safety barriers.
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Ok, Duo. "Enhancement of Safety and Design in Cargo Handling Spaces to Prevent Accidental Fire or Explosion in Oil Tankers and FPSOs." Journal of Ship Production and Design 35, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.05180018.
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Over the last few decades, there have been a significant number of accidents on crude oil tankers, floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) and offshore units due to fire and explosion, which have resulted in loss of lives, assets, and environmental damage. These incidents increase scrutiny and questions on the current level of safety design in hydrocarbon handling spaces and other high-risk spaces in oil tankers and FPSOs. There are many factors which may contribute to these incidents, including; defects of equipment and components, overlook during design, inappropriate maintenance procedure and history, improper workmanship, and lack of company safety procedures and instruction during maintenance and emergency responses. This study is focused on and has discussed all safety aspects and barriers for the enclosed cargo-handling spaces in tankers and offshore units. Various existing regulations, standards, and guidelines have addressed safety design of enclosed cargo-handling spaces. These requirements and guidelines are referred and investigated to identify typical industry gaps in design and to recommend best engineering practices. The proposed key design recommendations may be considered at the early design stage of new building or conversion projects to enhance the overall safety and to reduce the likelihood of critical safety events.
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M. K., Kozanhan. "Maritime Tanker Accidents and Their Impact on Marine Environment." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXII, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 324–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-19-i1-047.
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Shipping is a fundamental mode of transportation for 85 per cent of the world trade, supplying raw materials, energy, manufactured goods, foodstuffs etc. to the global population, is carried by international shipping industry. In such busy traffic, unfortunately, accidents are inevitable events. Large numbers of casualties occur at sea almost every day. Human loss and marine environmental damage, among others such as financial and property losses, are the most crucial and hazardous disasters caused by maritime accidents. There are several causes playing role in maritime accidents such as natural conditions, technical failures, route conditions, ship-related factors, human errors, cargo-related factors. There are also quite many types of maritime accidents; they include oil spill, ship grounding, fire, to mention a few. The impact of maritime accidents on the marine environment differs from one another. The main purpose of this paper is to determine and analyse the effects of maritime accidents on the marine environment. The analysis was based on data published over the past 56 years involving spills of 7000 tons oils. Within this scope, firstly, the literature related to maritime accidents involving spills was reviewed and then the statistics of maritime accidents and their impact on marine environment worldwide were analyzed and evaluated.
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Abu-Khasan, M. S., and Y. I. Makarov. "Analysis of soil contamination with oil and petroleum products." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 022046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022046.
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Abstract The oil industry has a considerable role to play in the development of scientific and technological progress, it should also be taken into account that oil and its components are increasingly being used in various industries every year. Obviously, oil also has a decisive influence on the economies of individual sectors and the country as a whole. Therefore, monitoring the activities of oil companies is important so that environmental disasters arising from oil spills are avoided, and knowledge of techniques for dealing with such accidents is essential. Within the scientific article the composition of oil, its types depending on its density are considered, different methods of environmental remediation are analysed, including the stages of chemical analysis of soil, the most optimal method is selected, research on assessment of the level of soil contamination with oil and oil products is conducted, statistics of soil remediation are given, and relevant conclusions are drawn.
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Bethune, Graeme, and Susan Bethune. "Petroleum production and development across Australia 2017." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18009.
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This Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia review looks in detail at the trends and highlights for oil and gas production and development both onshore and offshore Australia during 2017. Gas production soared while oil production plummeted yet again. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) did well; 2017 was a great year for LNG and 2018 should be even better. There are stark contrasts between domestic gas on the west and east coasts. On the west coast, prices are affordable and supply relatively plentiful. On the east, prices are high and gas is in short supply. This paper canvasses these trends and makes conclusions about the condition of the oil and gas industry in Australia. This paper relies primarily on production and reserves data compiled by EnergyQuest. In its latest review of Australian energy policy, the International Energy Agency comments yet again on the weaknesses of Australian oil and gas statistics. This paper also makes some observations on these weaknesses.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Integrated Work Flow Aids Data Digitization, Management for Offshore Drilling." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1021-0049-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202290, “Digital Documentation and Data Management for Offshore Drilling,” by Zhong Cheng, SPE, Xi’an Shiyou University and CNOOC, and Rongqiang Xu and Xiaolong Yu, CNOOC, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Perth, Australia, 20–22 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The industry is expending significant effort into using instrumentation and software to optimize operations in all domains for exploration and production to move toward the digital oil field. The complete paper describes an integrated geological-engineering data-management project covering all aspects of well-engineering work flows, with the objective of providing a continuous improvement platform to users. Introduction CNOOC has spent more than 20 years on the progression of information construction. A private cloud platform was completed in 2018, and the characteristics of oil and gas data and critical storage-management technologies were studied systematically. At the same time, nearly 20 kinds of drilling- operation analysis software have been developed independently. From the perspective of engineering technology, these provide real-time monitoring, remote decision-making, technical training, and other information resource services and support for offshore drilling operations. However, the following problems restrict the efficient operation of such projects: - Because of the lack of a unified data-integration-application platform, data sharing has not yet been realized. - In the process of real-time monitoring and remote decision-making, more engineering information based on drilling operations lacks the support of geomechanical data. - The knowledge base and case library to guide the prevention and handling of drilling-operation accidents have not been established. System-Target Analysis The design goals of the platform are embodied in three aspects: function, safety, and operability, while system performance requirements are summarized as adaptability, response speed, scalability, maintainability, and the effective-ness of failure-handling mechanisms. According to the functional requirements of different users for offshore-drilling cloud technical services, users generally are divided into three categories: headquarters decision-making managers, drilling-operation project teams, and system-operation and maintenance-service providers. System Construction Goals and Architecture Construction Goals - Chief among these was to build a geological-engineering integrated data-management platform. Another important goal was to build a case-management platform. An intelligent search engine is established to retrieve the corresponding disposal knowledge through a comprehensive information model. A knowledge-management subsystem is established, and users are linked with internal knowledge-management processes with the help of the cloud. The specific operation process is carried out in the private cloud, and the results are fed back to the user through the human/computer interface.
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Jødestøl, Kjell Andreas, Bjørge Fredheim, Espen Edward Hoell, Sami Wakili, Jan Erik Vinnem, Arne Uno Myhrvold, Jon Rytter Hasle, and Gina Ytterborg. "Achieving an Industry Standard in the Assessment of Environmental Risk: Oil Spill Risk Management and the Mira Method." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-155.
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ABSTRACT A quantitative approach to assess environmental risks from offshore petroleum activities is developed in this paper. Taking into account both reservoir- and project-specific data, different kinds of oil spill scenarios are analyzed. Oil characteristics and weathering properties are incorporated in a standardized geographical information system (GIS)-based oil spill modeling system, simulating oil trajectories based on wind and current data. Mapping of environmental resources is combined with a sensitivity evaluation and protection value classification. Nationally accepted criteria in Norway for identification of valued ecosystem components (VECs) are adopted to select a limited number of high priority risk indicators. Oil spill statistics are combined with occurrences of VEC resources on a seasonal basis. Oil pollution effect and damage keys have been established based on past oil spill incidents and scientific documentation. Impact assessments are based on available specific resource data and provide results related to the recovery potential of each resource component included. The recovery time is adopted as a general stand-alone parameter that allows classification of severity and ecological significance of acute oil pollution incidents. Quantitative risk results are used to describe and rank environmental risks issued from different sources and scenarios, covering different seasons and activity plans. The ranking also is used to identify high priority resources and geographic areas for contingency actions. The variability in presence and vulnerability of natural resources gives the operator the possibility of adjusting activity plans according to the time-window providing the lowest environmental risk. Contingency plans can be designed for and focused on periods or geographic areas with increased risk. The results are further used in combination with oil spill statistics to determine specific requirements for oil spill contingency systems. Requirements for key factors—such as response time, equipment, functional capability, and efficiency with respect to weather, oil type, and oil quantity—also are established. The overall efficiency of contingency systems is assessed and the risk reanalyzed to identify the potential for risk reduction. Further developments are proposed advising that risk reduction should be considered in combination with costs involved in investments, maintenance and exercises, as well as real combat action costs and compensation costs. Cost-benefit could then be assessed for different contingency arrangements, providing a basis for selection of optimal solutions for contingency systems according to the ALARP principle—“as low as reasonably practicable”—where costs of countermeasures are weighted against potential risk reduction.
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Nazarov, V. P., D.-l. A. Stepanenko, and D.-s. A. Stepanenko. "Rationale for increasing the level of fire safety during preparation of tanks for fire repairs." Technology of technosphere safety 89 (2020): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2020.3.89.75-85.
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Introduction. According to statistics, Russia is the third largest oil producer in the world. The processing, transportation and storage of such a large volume of petroleum products requires maintaining the constant operability of tank farms. However, a significant number of accidents and fires are occurring at these facilities, which significantly undermines production and economic stability. Goals and objectives. The need to keep reservoir parks in working condition poses a problem of increasing the level of fire and explosion safety of fire repairs. This type of work is often impossible without the use of equipment that can serve as an open source of ignition, which can cause an explosion. Methods. To justify the need to achieve a fire and explosion-proof state of working conditions when preparing the tank for repair, methods of analysis and classification of data on fires that occurred at oil production and refining facilities not only in Russia, but also abroad were applied. Results and discussion thereof. The article calls attention to the process of pre-repair preparation as one of the main causes of accidents at oil-related facilities. More than 34,7 % of the explosions are related to fire repairs. There is a need to improve the regulatory framework relating to the preparation of tanks for repair, as well as the use of modern mechanized mobile treatment plants and the use of highly skilled personnel for the organization of work. Conclusions. The development of various industries, agriculture, and electric heating systems encourages increased demand for oil refining products for the successful implementation of their activities. This demand increases both the number of oil production, transportation and refining facilities and the number of jobs and personnel to service those facilities. Therefore, fire safety of oil and gas industry facilities is a current problem. Key words: reservoir park, fire, oil product, pre-repair, cleaning, gas-freeing, firing.
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Petrilin, Dmitry Andreevich. "Analysis of the fire and explosion hazard of the formation of corrosive deposits on the inner surface of tanks with sulfurous oil." Technology of technosphere safety 97 (2022): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2022.3.97.74-83.
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Introduction. The annual number of fires at the facilities of the petrochemical industry is increasing. Spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric corrosive deposits is one of the main sources of ignition. The large damage caused by fires on tanks with sulfur oil indicates a serious danger of the formation of pyrophoric corrosive deposits on the surface of oil tanks. The purpose of the study. Analyze the fire and explosion hazard of the formation of pyro-form corrosion deposits on the surface of oil tanks. The tasks of the work: - analysis of statistics of accidents that occurred at the facilities of the petrochemical industry; - analysis of fires that occurred due to spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric corrosive deposits; - analysis of the danger of formation of corrosive deposits on the surface of oil tanks, protection systems against them. Methods. In the course of the work, methods of comparison, description, generalization were used. The information basis of the study was various literary sources, regulatory documents, materials of fire analysis at tank farms. Results and discussion. The practice of operating oil tanks during the storage of sulfurous oil and the origin of fires shows that modern methods of corrosion protection are ineffective. It is necessary to adjust the existing regulatory and legal documentation in the field of improving the fire and explosion safety of petrochemical industry facilities, to develop new, more effective means of anticorrosion protection of tanks with sulfurous oil. One of the methods to protect the oil tank from corrosion is to apply protective coatings on the inner surface of the tank. However, modern anticorrosive coatings do not have the required protective ability. Conclusion. The corrosion protection system currently used is insufficiently effective. At the same time, the problem of protecting the inner surface of sulfurous oil tanks by applying anticorrosion paint coatings has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, a more thorough study of this issue is necessary in order to increase the fire and explosion safety of sulfur oil tanks. Keywords: fire and explosion safety, tank, corrosion, pyrophores, protection, oil, sulfur.
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SN, Longinos. "Assessment of Occupational Health Hazards Among four Different Areas: A Case study of Upstream Workers in Turkey." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 5, no. 2 (2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000263.
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The growing oil and gas industry is projected to prominently impact the lives and economies of modern communities around the world. Safety at work must be an implementation rather than a goal directed conduct. Accidents that arise from occupational health hazards have human, economic and social costs. This must not be a concern at only the individual level but also at the national and international level. This questionnaire examined the awareness of health hazards, the cognition of occupational casualties and disorders and actions taken to protect and/or audit dangers connected to these perils. Data from the questionnaire was analyzed by using descriptive statistics. In order to measure the agreement amongst responses for each question, Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance (W) was used. To estimate different health hazards and risks that normally occur in upstream activities, responses from participants of the questionnaire were used.
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Lardner, Ronny. "Human factors in process safety: the top 10 issues." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12055.
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There is an increasing emphasis on the importance of managing human factors to achieve improved safety and business performance in the chemical process industries and resource sector. Major process safety accidents, including those at Texas City, Varanus Island and Montara have again highlighted the importance of addressing this aspect of performance. Recently the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA) announced an additional focus on human factors as part of their regulatory activities, noting that these factors are relevant to performance across safety, integrity, and environmental management. This extended abstract explains how the subject of human factors in process safety has been defined in the UK, categorised by the top 10 key topics. How this targeted approach helps manage this aspect of process safety performance is also discussed. Finally, this extended abstract shows how safety culture and behavioural safety are not the same as human factors. Case studies of the oil and gas industry show how attending to the top 10 delivers benefits by strengthening the effectiveness of management systems, and improving human reliability. This extended abstract directs the reader to a range of high-quality, open-source research, guidance, tools, and techniques to improve across the top 10 human-factors subjects in process safety.
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Scaperdas, A., and D. Howson. "CAA research programme – Helicopter Operations to Moving Offshore Helidecks." Aeronautical Journal 124, no. 1280 (May 11, 2020): 1463–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2020.29.
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ABSTRACTThe oil and gas industry relies heavily on helicopters for transporting personnel and cargo to and from offshore installations and support vessels. A growing number of offshore helicopter operations are to moving helidecks, which include large vessels such as FPSOs, drill ships, and semi-submersibles, as well as smaller service vessels. Landing a helicopter on a moving helideck presents additional challenges to those faced on fixed helidecks, not only at the point of touchdown but also for the entire period the helicopter remains on the helideck.The UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), on behalf of the joint CAA/industry Helicopter Safety Research Management Committee has led a comprehensive programme of research over a number of years, aimed at improving the operational safety of helicopters landing on moving helidecks. The work focused on the aspect of the stability of helicopters once landed on a moving helideck, this being the main source of in-service incidents and accidents as evidenced in the Mandatory Occurrence Reports. The project culminated in the development of a new standard for Helideck Monitoring Systems (HMS), which was published by the Helideck Certification Agency in April 2018 with an implementation compliance date of 31 March 2021. Operations to moving helidecks not equipped with HMS meeting the new standard will be restricted to stable deck conditions from this date. The research underpinning the new standard is presented in two papers.This paper (Part A), presents the analytical approach that has been developed to model the Reserve of Stability (ROS) for all modes of failure of a helicopter on a moving offshore helideck.The analytical model covers all modes of on-deck failure (roll-over and sliding), for any nose wheel tricycle undercarriage helicopter. The mathematical expressions that have been derived are remarkably simple, physically intuitive, and make the relative contribution of all the destabilising factors easy to understand and assess. These analytical expressions can be used to calculate the ROS of any helicopter in real time, as well as for calculating an envelope of safe operating limits.This approach has many advantages compared to conventional ‘black box’ modelling methods. The main advantage is that it simplifies the modelling of the destabilising effect of helideck motion and allows the most salient parameters governing on-deck ROS to be defined, namely the Measure of Motion Severity, the instantaneous wind speed as the Measure of Wind Severity, and the wind direction relative to the helicopter (Relative Wind Direction).The main rotor lift generated during the time the helicopter remains on-deck (at Minimum Pitch on Ground, MPOG) has been one of the most important unknowns that this research programme has sought to address. An empirical model for estimating the lift at MPOG has been developed, based on experimental and field data. Practical methods for quantifying fuselage wind drag and the vertical position of the centre of gravity were also developed, which allow different helicopter types to be assessed without recourse to helicopter Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) proprietary information or models. Finally, a comparison and evaluation of the model against dedicated field trial measurements is presented, together with a discussion of the modelling strengths and weaknesses, and recommendations for further work.
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McSpadden, Charles L. "U.S. Refining — Changing Supply and Slate Requirements." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 2-3 (March 1994): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200208.
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With international refining industries facing a number of challenges in the near future, it seems clear that those who survive will be ones with the ability to turn serious problems into real opportunities. In the U.S. refining industry, challenges such as slow growth in product demand, increasing reliance on imported raw materials, and continued exposure to offshore exporting refineries will have critical effects on the ability of the industry to capitalize on available opportunities. Other challenges include the ability to tolerate continued declines in crude oil quality and the serious monetary questions related to compliance with environmental legislation, including air, soil, and water clean-up. This paper presents the challenges which the U.S. refining industry faces over the coming years, and seeks to address those issues which will impact the success or failure of the industry as a whole. The paper begins with a focus on the demand for U.S. petroleum products, encompassing brief historical data and forecasts of demand for the next few years. Closely related to demand is the subject of U.S. refinery operations, including product import and yield patterns. In this vein, the paper offers forecasts of crude runs to stills, as well as forecasts of capacity changes. Because profitability of U.S. refineries is affected by raw material costs, the paper next probes the possibilities resulting from world crude oil price fluctuations, considering the reemergence of Iraq as a market player. Forecasts of profit margins for U.S. refiners in 1998 are also offered. Turning to crude oil supplies and qualities, the paper examines the downward trend of U.S. crude oil production, providing a forecast of the decline by 1998. An associated trend, that of U.S. crude oil imports, is also evaluated, with a discussion of the origins of these imports included. The paper then presents a brief discussion of the principal recipient of Canadian crude oil exports, the U.S. Midwest (PADD II), encompassing statistics for refinery runs and deliveries of crudes. Volumes of Canadian crude exported to the region are also presented, as well as crude oil qualities in the region. Finally, heavy crude oil prices are examined because of the degradation of average crude oil qualities consumed by U.S. refiners. Spreads between light and heavy crudes are contemplated, with a forecast for the current-dollar WTI/Maya price spread provided.
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Babadagli, Tayfun. "Technology Focus: Heavy Oil (April 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0048-jpt.
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After serving two terms for a total of 6 years, my time writing this column is coming to an end. This issue of JPT marks my last opportunity to share my thoughts, recap my observations, and make note of some final touch-ups to the research conducted over this 6-year period with regard to recent heavy oil practices. Here are some highlights to keep in our minds over the coming years. Despite all the recent negative and serious changes affecting the whole world and our industry, life goes on and we will increasingly be needing energy. One should recall that statistics predict oil will continue to be the main source of energy for the next 2 decades, with heavy oil constituting a great portion of that. That means that, while the oil industry is going through unprecedented and even unpredictable economic downturns, the status of heavy oil is still unquestionable. However, we have to face the fact that this energy should be tapped in a cheap, clean, and sustainable way. The best aspect of this effort is that heavy oil technologies have been established and tested over a long period of time, unlike other unconventional resources. Lowered steam consumption, down to zero if possible, has been under consideration to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) while simultaneously producing heavy oil. This green effort leads us to nonsteam techniques such as the use of water with chemicals (mainly polymer) and noncondensable gases and certain unconventional methods such as solvent injection and electromagnetic heating, the latter being unavoidable especially for extraheavy oil and bitumen. These areas have been critically considered by researchers and practitioners with a considerable number of applications existing at the field scale. At the same time, the oil industry must deal with mature steam projects in the near future. We have accumulated so much heat energy over the decades, yet a substantial amount of oil remains in these reservoirs. What can be done to reuse this energy? Can we recover different forms of energies using methods with no GHG emission? The current practices encountered in field-scale operations to improve the heavy oil recovery in mature steam applications use noncondensable gases; mainly, these techniques serve to pressurize steam-assisted gravity drainage wells, improve sweep and microscopic displacement by adding chemical additives to the steam (or hot water), and re-engineer well designs (flow control for efficient heating and sweep). My final example highlighting new practices is the increasing trend of offshore heavy oil practices. Of particular interest is polymer injection through vertical and horizontal wells and pilot steam applications, methods that are effective even if they occur at the pilot stage of the process. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 199947 - Enhanced Oil Recovery in Post-Cold Heavy Oil Production With Sand Heavy Oil Reservoirs of Alberta and Saskatchewan Part 2: Field Piloting of Cycling Solvent Injection by Gokhan Coskuner, Consultant, et al. SPE 199925 - Scalable Steam Additives for Enhancing In-Situ Bitumen Recovery in SAGD Process by Armin Hassanzadeh, Dow, et al. SPE 199927 - The Myth of Residual Oil Saturation in SAGD - Simulations Against Reality by Subodh Gupta, Cenovus Energy, et al.
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Sharp-Paul, Alastair, Alexandra Hare, Alice Turnbull, and Tara Halliday. "2010 environmental update." APPEA Journal 51, no. 1 (2011): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10012.
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Focusing on Australian projects, this paper provides a summary of the key environmental challenges and developments that arose in 2010 and the industry’s response. The paper considers: developments in legislation and the regulatory environment relating to environmental approvals and management; major project approvals and their environmental requirements and implications; key environmental incidents; and reviews new environmental research and management initiatives that were introduced by the industry. A number of states have introduced changes to the way legislation and regulations are interpreted through changes to guidelines and administrative procedures. There has been a general increase in the standard and level of information that regulators expect proponents to provide and while generally these expectations are documented in guidelines and other documents, in some instances there has been a perceived ‘moving of the goal posts’ without clear guidance on what is expected and how the information will be considered once provided. There has been a number of major projects either commencing or gaining environmental approval in 2010. This includes major projects: in Western Australia, on the North West Shelf and in the Timor Sea/Browse Basin; onshore in Queensland in the coal-seam gas fields and continued exploration and development both onshore and offshore around Australia. One of the most significant approvals in 2010 was the Prelude LNG Project–the first approval in Australia of floating LNG technology. Major environmental incidents in 2009 (Montara in Australia and Macondo in the USA) continued to have repercussions in 2010 with the draft government response to the Report of the Montara Commission of Inquiry released in November. These incidents have put the oil and gas industry under the spotlight and this paper looks at some of the statistics on the frequency and severity of environmental incidents, albeit at a high level. Finally, the industry has continued to implement a number of environmentally related initiatives both in response to government policy and suggestion and independently through groups such as the APPEA environment committee.
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Li, Zhaohui, Fan Yang, Deyao Wang, Yuanyuan Pan, Chenlong Zhang, and Rui Fu. "PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF OIL SPILL IN SHENZHEN PORT." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): A71—A72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac032.098.
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Abstract Background In recent years, the frequent occurrence of offshore oil leakage has increased the risk of offshore oil pollution. According to statistics, in the 1970s, there were two tanker accidents every week in the world. The American oil tanker “Tory Canyon” drowned in the English Channel after hitting a rock in 1967, and the “Exxon Valdez” ran aground in 1989. Oil tanker leakage has had a significant impact on the marine environment, economy and human health. Therefore, we must focus on the safety of oil tanker transportation in the port, so as to protect the mental health and property of the crew and the marine environment. The mental health of crew members in closed environment is also controversial. Research Objects and Methods A survey was conducted in Xiadong port, Shekou port and Ma'an port of Shenzhen port. Through questionnaire survey, expert interview and field survey, the comprehensive evaluation index system of coastal ports is determined, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is constructed. Finally, correlation analysis is used to determine the impact of each component on risk. Watson and friend (1969) defined “fear of negative evaluation” (fne) as being superior to others' evaluation, being distressed by others' negative evaluation, and expecting to be negatively evaluated by others.The items of this scale are completely consistent with the above concepts. The prototype of fne scale (Watson and friend, 1969) contains 30 “yes and no” items, of which the positive and negative scores are roughly the same. The revised concise scale (Leary, 1983) contains 12 items in the original scale and is rated at level 5 (1 = completely inconsistent with me: 5 = very consistent with me). The score range of the original fne scale is from. (minimum fne) to 30 (maximum fne). The concise scale ranged from 12 to 60. The opposite of high fne is that there is no guarantee of excellence in the evaluation of others, but not necessarily the expectation or need for positive evaluation. The average score of 205 college students in the original table was 15.5 (SD = 8.6), and the score was rectangular distribution. The mean score of another sample composed of 128 subjects was 13.6 (SD = 7.6) A. The mean score of the sample (n = 150) used to compile the 12 item concise scale was 35.7 (SD = 8.1). Results The results show that: (1) the risk value of oil spill in Xiadong port is the largest, followed by Shekou port and Mawan port. The average oil spill risk level of oil tankers in the three ports is “general risk”; (2) The responsibility coefficient is an important index to measure the safety of oil tankers; (3) In terms of natural environmental factors, Xiadong port is dominated by wind, Shekou port and Mawan port are dominated by visibility and velocity; Among the navigation environment factors, the navigation conditions of Xiadong port are the main factors affecting the safety of oil tankers, while the density is the main factor affecting the safety of oil tankers in the other two ports. The results showed that the scores of the four dimensions of suicide attitude in the two groups were less than 2 points, and the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). After 8 weeks of cognitive behavioral intervention, the average scores of crew members in the four dimensions of understanding the nature of suicidal behavior, attitude towards suicides, attitude towards family members of suicides and attitude towards euthanasia were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). It is suggested that cognitive behavioral intervention can change the cognition and attitude of depression patients towards suicide Conclusion The results of this study provide basis and support for port area and ship safety management decision-making, and have certain practical guiding significance. According to the evaluation model, ports and shipping companies can determine the risk degree of ships in the sea area and take appropriate preventive measures to reduce oil leakage. However, this paper also has some defects that need to be improved: (1) although the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method has certain advantages in the case of relatively few accident data, the acquisition of its weight needs to be combined with expert experience, so it is difficult to avoid the subjectivity of its view, which has a certain impact on the final evaluation. (2) There are many factors affecting the oil spill risk of oil tankers. With the passage of time, the port environment and ship structure will change, and the factors affecting oil leakage will also change. At the same time, by comparing the effects of depression on crew suicidal ideation in a closed environment, this study found that cognitive behavioral therapy can improve the suicidal ideation of depressed patients. It can not only effectively improve patients' depression and suicide attitude, but also make patients face difficulties and setbacks rationally, and better adapt to the society. It is worthy of clinical promotion. (3) The tanker data used in this risk analysis is limited. If you want to obtain more comprehensive and rigorous analysis results, you should collect more data with the help of Shenzhen municipal government.
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Lamnisos, D., M. Michail, D. Stasinopoulos, and K. Giannakou. "Preventing accidents in the offshore Oil and Gas industry: An interrupted time series analysis." European Journal of Public Health 29, Supplement_4 (November 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.652.
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Abstract Background Oil and Gas industry suffers from high accident rates because of the dangerous working conditions. Eastern Mediterranean countries have an immature Oil and Gas industry and therefore it is crucial for preventing accidents in this early stage to implement internationally proven successful policies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the accident prevention policies implemented by Norwegian government in 2001 were effective in reducing accident rates in the offshore Oil and Gas industry. Methods Data on the number of accidents, dates and type of facility (fixed or movable) for the years 1999-2006 were obtained from the Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA). The effectiveness of the policy to reduce accident rates was estimated in interrupted time series analysis with post-intervention period the 1st of January 2001. Poisson regression was used to model the number of accident per months. Results The dataset had 96 months with a median number of accidents per month 6.5 (IQR: 4-10) for fixed facilities and 5.0 (IQR: 3-9) for movable facilities. The analysis suggested that there was a reduction in accident rates for fixed and movable facilities. Following the policy, there was a reduction in accidents of 45% for fixed facilities (rate ratio (RR) 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47-0.64), while for movable facilities there was a decrease of 67% (RR 0.33; 95% CI 0.28-0.39). Conclusions The policies implemented by Norwegian government in 2001 were effective in reducing the accident rates for fixed and movable facilities. The immature Oil and Gas industry of the Eastern Mediterranean countries will be benefited from studying and adopting some of the policies implemented by Norwegian government. Key messages Norwegian policies for accident prevention in the offshore Oil and Gas industry were successful. Oil and Gas industry of Eastern Mediterranean countries should adopt proven successful policies to prevent accidents.
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Nieves-Zárate, Margarita. "Supervision of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration and Production and the Independence of Regulators as a Response to Major Accidents." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (May 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687498.
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ABSTRACT This article analyzes the reforms of offshore oil and gas (O&G) regulators in the United Kingdom (the UK), Norway, the United States of America (the USA), and the Netherlands after major accidents in the industry. The reforms introduced a measure to make regulators more independent, and to avoid conflicts of interest by separating economic and risk regulation. This research calls such measure “the functional separation criterion”. In order to identify what makes a regulator independent, this research goes beyond the offshore O&G industry to analyze the theory of independent regulators developed in the field of public administration. This approach evidences that, in contrast to the understanding of independent regulators used in the offshore O&G industry, the independence of regulators in the field of public administration is a multidimensional concept. A multidimensional assessment of the independence of offshore O&G regulators reveals findings that remain hidden if one uses a single and limited approach such as the functional separation criterion.
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Mohajeri, Leila, Mohammad Ali Zahed, and Morteza Pakravan. "Health and Well-being Challenges of Workers on the Upstream Sector in the Oil and Gas Industry." Journal of Tolooebehdasht, March 13, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/tbj.v19i6.5713.
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Introduction: Occupational nature, strenuous physical activity, shift work, spatial and geographical location, as well as support facilities and equipment, pose greater risks to individuals in the oil and gas industry, especially those engaged in offshore oil exploration and production activities. The purpose of this article is to explain the issue of health and well-being of oil and gas industry workers with regard to accidents in this industry, which can be better and more effective by managing safety, health and environment (HSE) by modeling events in other countries.
Methods: This review article analyzes the health problems of oil and gas workers. The research question is what issues and challenges the upstream part of the oil and gas industry has in the field of employee welfare. Physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic risk factors have been investigated. It has also pushed the specific problems of the drilling industry (restrictions on offshore work, psychological hazards, stresses from frequent relocations, and sleep quality to choose from).
Results: Physical, chemical and biological hazards have been identified as the most important hazards. In addition, psychological hazards have a very serious effect on health and safety.
Conclusion: Systematic assessment of health risks, personnel health, training programs, accident analysis, is an effective method of HSE management.
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Savov, Ognyan. "Günther Handl and Kristoffer Svendsen (eds.), Managing the Risk of Offshore Oil and Gas Accidents: The International Legal Dimension (Cheltenham: E. Elgar, 2020)." Nordicum-Mediterraneum 17, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/nm.17.1.16.
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Managing the Risk of Offshore Oil and Gas Accidents: The International Legal Dimension is a book from the Edward Elgar’s New Horizons in Environmental and Energy Law Series. It is structured around the assessment of domestic and regional legal concepts regarding safety, liability and compensation for harm, and is divided in three Parts containing topics consisting of one or several Chapters. Part I is on prevention and reduction of harm. Without restricting itself only to the offshore industry, Topic/Chapter 1 acknowledges the deficiencies of risk management by considering State and stakeholder involvement in corporate governance and concludes that transparency is one of the most important factors for improving it.
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"Seabirds and North Sea oil." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 316, no. 1181 (September 16, 1987): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1987.0036.
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The history of large and well-publicized incidents of seabird mortality resulting from oil pollution from tanker accidents (such as the Torrey Canyon in 1967) and from unattributed oil slicks at sea, gave rise to real fears that the development of North Sea oilfields would result in serious mortality and declines in the large populations of seabirds breeding and wintering in and around the North Sea. The oil industry recognized the problem and attempted to minimize pollution risks in all exploration, production and transport operations. Preliminary maps were prepared showing the distribution of vulnerable concentrations of breeding and wintering birds to facilitate contingency planning, and, particularly in Shetland, Orkney and the Moray Firth, extensive and long-term programmes are established to monitor: (1) the numbers of breeding birds; (2) wintering concentrations (particularly of sea ducks); (3) the distribution and abundance of seabirds at sea; (4) the numbers, and percentage oiled, of birds found dead on beaches. The feared increase in oil pollution incidents has not materialized. The few accidents associated with offshore production have had little effect on seabirds. Tanker accidents have been few, but have had large, temporary and local effects (e.g. the Esso Bernicia at Sullom Voe in 1978-79). Breeding seabird populations in the area have increased, although in recent years, in some places, some species may have declined, but these declines cannot be attributed to oil activities in the North Sea. The Beached Bird Survey suggests that chronic oil-induced mortality is at a relatively low level.
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Geng, Bingxu, Wen Zhou, Lingyan Lu, Qian Cao, Man Hong, and Ding Wen. "Risk assessment of offshore oil spill in the northern South China Sea: A stochastic scenario modeling approach." Frontiers in Marine Science 9 (September 2, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.986379.
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The coastal area in the northern South China Sea (nSCS) is one of China’s most economically active regions. The fast-growing industry of marine sector and the shipping has increased the probability of oil spill accidents. An oil spill is a usually unexpected incident that is harmful to the ecological environment and marine organisms of the coastal area. As a result, utilizing a numerical model to simulate the fate and transport trajectory of spilled oil and to assess the potential risk of an oil spill accident to the coastal marine environment is of great necessity. The present study aimed to examine the impact of the risk of oil spills on the coastal environment in the nSCS. We built a hydrodynamic model and an oil spill dispersion model based on MIKE21 FM to study the tidal dynamics and oil spill dispersion in the coastal area in the nSCS. Moreover, the stochastic approach was used to simulate and predict the fastest arrival time and the probability distribution of the pollution of the oil film to the surrounding environment in the coastal regions of the nSCS. We examined the mechanisms for the influences of tides and wind on the fastest arrival time of oil film and the spatial distribution of the pollution probability of oil spill incidents at different locations in the nSCS based on the model. The results showed that the wind direction has a dominating effect on the direction of the oil dispersion. Due to the differences in the tidal dynamics in different regions, the migration and dispersion of the oil are also affected by the tidal current. This research provides guidance on the risk assessment of oil spill accidents for marine environmental management.
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Taleghani, Negar Dahi, and Mayank Tyagi. "Impacts of Major Offshore Oil Spill Incidents on Petroleum Industry and Regional Economy." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 139, no. 2 (January 16, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4035426.
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Disasters such as offshore oil spills will have a significant negative impact on occupations, incomes, tariffs, and further profits, adding to the struggles of regional area held up in difficulty. Such a broad size of impact can more impair the functioning of the economy of the district. In addition to costs encountered by cleanup activities, industries and individuals dependent on coastal resources can experience huge economic losses. Many other related businesses and sectors can possibly hurt by disruptions and loss of earnings. To better understand different aspects of the problem, we explain the problem through a case study for recent incident in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH) on April 20, 2010, the worst oil spill disaster in the history of the U.S. start off the coastline of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. We have conducted study to focus on the positive impact of economic compensation on Gulf coast employment and wages. Regardless of estimates of main job losses resulting from the oil spill, we estimated that Louisiana experienced a net rise in employment and wages. Input–output (I-O) model will be applied in this study to approximate the economic compensation created by economic injection due to the Deepwater Horizon accident. Then, we can estimate the gross damages to the Louisiana economy. More importantly, the final results should provide useful information on measuring the economic impact of any future large-scale disasters and for how companies must react to minimize the economic impact of events. One positive side that will come out of the oil spill is the spotlight on the need for new and developed prevention and response strategies to this kind of major disasters. The analysis of losses in the employment and earnings in Louisiana in the aftermath of accidents in petroleum industry makes to know the importance and significance of the oil and gas sector as a powerful economic machine that provides a wide range of opportunity for the state. It is no surprise how remarkable is the influence of oil and gas industry on the income of the state workers and the output of the state. Therefore, having approximation of the impact helps to facilitate strong recovery and to prevent potential harm to the related industry.
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Asad, Muhammad Mujtaba, Fahad Sherwani, Razali Bin Hassan, Zafarullah Sahito, and Najmonnisa Khan. "Workforce safety education and training for oil and gas industry: a conceptual framework for virtual reality-based HAZFO expert 2.0." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (June 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-08-2020-0330.
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Purpose Oil and gas industries play a major role for the growth of world economy, and drilling operation is considered as most important and hazardous procedure at the same time for oil and gas drilling crew because of the lack of effectual and user-friendly safety and health teaching and learning aids with updated knowledge and training capability. According to the previous studies, there is an urgent industrial need for user interactive technological aid for enhancing the teaching and learning of oil and gas drilling crew and safety officials at onshore and offshore drilling domains to fulfill the requirements of fourth industrial and educational revolutions. Therefore, this proposed virtual reality (VR)-based Hazard Free Operation (HAZFO Expert 2.0) teaching and learning aid to reduce the workplace risk and hazards to enhance the vestibule and experiential learning performance of oil and gas drilling process at Pakistani drilling industries. Design/methodology/approach In this proposed product based study for interactive teaching and learning application for industry, sequential explanatory research design will be adopted to prevent the accidents according to the modern technologies in this era of IR 4.0. Whereas, for the development of VR-based educational aid for Pakistani oil and gas industries, Autodesk 3ds Max, visual studio and MySQL software’s will be used. Findings This new concept of VR-based interactive educational aid (HAZFO Expert 2.0) for accident prevention at oil and gas drilling industries will be based on potential hazards and their suitable controlling measures for onshore and offshore drilling sites. Practical implications VR-based interactive educational aid for oil and gas workforce will facilitate the health and safety professionals for the elimination of potential hazards associated with oil and gas drilling activities to the next level of identification of hazards which has been identified in HAZFO Expert 1.0 at onshore and offshore drilling sites. Originality/value This proposed VR-based interactive educational aid for safe drilling process will be the first visual teaching and e-learning technology which covers all onshore and offshore drilling operations in Pakistani oil and gas industries and provides effective hazard controlling strategies to overcome challenging industrial hazards.
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Kim, S. J., J. M. Sohn, and J. K. Paik. "An Advanced Procedure for the Quantitative Risk Assessment of Offshore Installations." International Journal of Maritime Engineering Vol 159 2017 A2 Vol 159, A2 (June 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.ijme.2017.a2.394.
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Hydrocarbon explosion and fire are typical accidents in the offshore oil and gas industry, sometimes with catastrophic consequences such as casualties, property damage and pollution. Successful engineering and design should meet both functional requirements associated with operability in normal conditions and health, safety, environmental and ergonomics (HSE&E) requirements associated with accidental and extreme conditions. A risk-based approach is best for successful design and engineering to meet HSE&E requirements. This study aimed to develop an advanced procedure for assessing the quantitative risk of offshore installations in explosions. Unlike existing industry practices based on prescriptive rules or qualitative approaches, the proposed procedure uses an entirely probabilistic approach. The procedure starts with probabilistic selection of accident scenarios. As the defining components of risk, both the frequency and consequences associated with selected accident scenarios are computed using the most refined technologies. Probabilistic technology is then applied to establish the relationship between the probability of exceedance and the physical values of the accident. Acceptance risk criteria can be applied to define the nominal values of design and/or level of risk. To validate and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed procedure, an example of its application to topside structures of an FPSO unit subjected to hydrocarbon explosions is detailed. The conclusions and insights obtained are documented.