Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Offset Compensatio'
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1
Ravert, Jeffrey. "ON FREQUENCY OFFSET COMPENSATION FOR EQUALIZED SOQPSK." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624246.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes the use of a phase lock loop (PLL) to compensate for and remove a residual
frequency offset when using data-aided estimators to equalize SOQPSK-TG. The problems of
multipath and residual frequency offset will be shown my example. An equalizer followed by a
PLL will be shown to be a viable option to mitigate multipath and residual frequency offset by
example.
2
Crain, Ethan A. (Ethan Alan) 1972. "Fast offset compensation for a 10Gbps limit amplifier." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28380.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-118).
A novel offset voltage compensation method is presented that significantly modifies the existing tradeoff between control loop bandwidth, and therefore total compensation time, and total output jitter. The proposed system achieves comparable output jitter performance to traditional approaches while significantly reducing the total compensation time by nearly three orders of magnitude. Traditional offset compensation methods are based on simple offset measurement techniques that generally rely on passive compensation blocks and exhibit a direct inverse relationship between total compensation time and resulting output jitter. Therefore, current high-speed data-link systems suffer from extremely long offset compensation loop settling times in order to satisfy the strict protocol jitter specifications. In the proposed system, the new CMOS peak detector design is the enabling component that allows us break this relationship and achieve extremely fast settling behavior while preventing data dependence of the control signal. Simulated results show that the implemented system can achieve output jitter performance similar to existing methods while dramatically improving the compensation time. Specifically, the proposed system can achieve less than 2pS of peak-to-peak jitter, or less than 700fS of RMS jitter, while reducing the total compensation time from roughly 500[mu]S to less than 1[mu]S. The system was implemented in National Semiconductor's CMOS9 0.18[mu]m CMOS process. Packaged parts will be tested to verify agreement with simulated performance.
by Ethan A. Crain.
M.Eng.
3
Hauck, Shahram. "Automated CtP Calibration for Offset Printing : Dot gain compensation, register variation and trapping evaluation." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119366.
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Although offset printing has been and still is the most common printing technology for color print productions, its print productions are subject to variations due to environmental and process parameters. Therefore, it is very important to frequently control the print production quality criteria in order to make the process predictable, reproducible and stable. One of the most important parts in a modern industrial offset printing is Computer to Plate (CtP), which exposes the printing plate. One of the most important quality criteria for printing is to control the dot gain level. Dot gain refers to an important phenomenon that causes the printed elements to appear larger than their reference size sent to the CtP. It is crucial to have the dot gain level within an acceptable range, defined by ISO 12647-2 for offset printing. This is done by dot gain compensation methods in the Raster Image Processor (RIP). Dot gain compensation is however a complicated task in offset printing because of the huge number of parameters affecting dot gain. Another important quality criterion affecting the print quality in offset is the register variation caused by the misplacement of printing sheet in the printing unit. Register variation causes tone value variations, gray balance variation and blurred image details. Trapping is another important print quality criterion that should be measured in an offset printing process. Trapping occurs when the inks in different printing units are printed wet-on-wet in a multi-color offset printing machine. Trapping affects the gray balance and makes the resulting colors of overlapped inks pale. In this dissertation three different dot gain compensation methods are discussed. The most accurate and efficient dot gain compensation method, which is noniterative, has been tested, evaluated and applied using many offset printing workflows. To further increase the accuracy of this method, an approach to effectively select the correction points of a RIP with limited number of correction points, has also been proposed. Correction points are the tone values needed to be set in the RIP to define a dot gain compensation curve. To fulfill the requirement of having the register variation within the allowed range, it has to be measured and quantified. There have been two novel models proposed in this dissertation that determine the register variation value. One of the models is based on spectrophotometry and the other one on densitometry. The proposed methods have been evaluated by comparison to the industrial image processing based register variation model, which is expensive and not available in most printing companies. The results of all models were comparable, verifying that the proposed models are good alternatives to the image processing based model. The existing models determining the trapping values are based on densitometric measurements and quantify the trapping effect by a percentage value. In this dissertation, a novel trapping model is proposed that quantifies the trapping effect by a color difference metric, i.e.
4
Souza, Barbara Almeida. "Análise da compensação por perda de biodiversidade no setor de mineração de calcário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3134/tde-28112017-080639/.
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Em resposta à crescente perda de biodiversidade, diversos países adotam políticas de compensação que buscam equilibrar a destruição do habitat local restaurando, aprimorando e / ou protegendo áreas. Tais mecanismos são cada vez mais importantes no setor de mineração, onde a perda de habitat pode ser inevitável devido à rigidez locacional dos recursos minerais e com a coincidência com as áreas de importância da biodiversidade. Buscando contribuir para o avanço da compreensão da prática atual de compensação por perda de biodiversidade, investigamos as práticas adotadas em três minerações de calcário, em conformidade com a Lei da Mata Atlântica, lei federal que visa proteger este hotspot. Foram adotados os mecanismos de proteção e restauração em razões de área de 1: 1 a 1: 5. As principais dificuldades relatadas pelos atores chave foi encontrar áreas adequadas, métodos para calcular perdas residuais e incertezas sobre o sucesso da restauração. As melhores práticas recomendadas internacionalmente são parcialmente seguidas, com maior aderência observada para o caso cuja avaliação de impacto ambiental foi mais detalhada e forneceu uma base mais forte para planejar a compensação. Os resultados sugerem que a qualidade do planejamento e implementação de compensações está diretamente relacionada à qualidade da avaliação de impacto ambiental e, portanto, do licenciamento ambiental.In response to the increasing loss of biodiversity, several countries have adopted offsetting policies that seek to balance local habitat destruction by restoring, enhancing and/or protecting equivalent values offsite. Such mechanisms are increasingly important in quarrying, where habitat loss may be unavoidable due to colocation of mineral resources and areas of biodiversity importance. Seeking to contribute to advance understanding of the current practice of biodiversity offsetting, we investigated actions required for environmental approval of three limestone quarries in compliance with Brazil\'s Atlantic Forest Act, a federal law that aims at protecting this biodiversity hotspot. Both protection and restoration offsets were applied at area ratios from 1:1.1 to 1:5. The main difficulties reported by practitioners are to find suitable areas, methods to calculate residual losses and uncertainties about the success of restoration. Internationally recommended best practices are partially followed with the highest adherence observed for the case whose environmental impact statement was more detailed and provided a stronger basis for designing the offset. Results suggest that the quality of offset planning and implementation is directly related to the quality of the environmental impact assessment.
5
Paredes, Samantha Jane. "The role of offsets in compensating for damage in the coastal and marine environments." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/86512/3/Samantha_Paredes_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the extent of which economic instruments can be used to minimise environmental damage in the coastal and marine environments, and the role of offsets to compensate for residual damage. Economic principles are used to review current command and control systems, potential incentive based mechanisms, and the development of appropriate offsets. Implementing offsets in the marine environment has a number of challenges, so alternative approaches may be necessary. The study finds that offsets in areas remote from the initial impact, or even to protect different species, may be acceptable provided they result in greater conservation benefits than the standard like-for-like offset. This study is particularly relevant for the design of offsets in the coastal and marine environments where there is limited scope for like-for-like offsets.
6
Buga, Cristina. "Les politiques d'offset (compensation) : enjeux généraux et étude du cas de l'Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAE003/document.
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L’offset, appelé également opération de compensation, est un outil de politique discriminatoire destiné à favoriser la production locale. Il désigne un transfert ou une création d’activités en échange de l’octroi d’un contrat commercial d’achat-vente dans le cadre d’un marché public international. Les gouvernements utilisent ces mécanismes comme un levier stratégique de développement et d’amélioration de la balance des paiements. Malgré la portée de ces pratiques, elles restent un mécanisme d’échange relativement méconnu et peu décrit dans la littérature académique. L’objet de cette thèse est de définir, expliciter et évaluer l’importance de ces pratiques dans le commerce international et de proposer des pistes de réflexion pour le succès (l’efficience et l’efficacité) d’une politique de ce type imposée par le gouvernement hôte aux firmes internationales. Afin de prendre en compte les variables critiques du succès d’une politique d’offset, la relation entre l’État hôte et l’entreprise obligataire et le résultat de cette interaction sont examinés par l’intermédiaire de la théorie des jeux. L’application de ce cadre d’analyse à l’étude de la politique d’offset de l’Afrique du Sud et plus particulièrement à l’analyse des 121 projets d’offset civils fournis entre 1996 et 2012, dans le cadre du programme d’achats stratégiques de Défense met en évidence les résultats suivants : lors de la signature des contrats, les projets d’offset laissent espérer d’importantes retombées économiques et sociales pour le pays. Toutefois, au cours du processus de mise en œuvre, les nombreuses dérogations aux règles et aux procédures réglementaires fixées réduisent largement les effets positifs des projets et nuisent à leur efficacité. L’opacité des modalités de négociation, de sélection et d’exécution des projets d’offset permettent d’affirmer que ces pratiques n’ont pas toujours garanti la meilleure valeur possible des achats publics. Pour des problèmes d’information et d’analyse, il est difficile de statuer sur l’efficience globale de la politique d’offset sud-africaine mais le bilan estimatif reste positifOffsets arrangements in government procurement are discriminatory policy tools aimed at increasing local production. They reflect a transfer or a creation of new activities as a pre-condition to the validity of the purchasing contract. The governments use these mechanisms to encourage local development or to improve the balance-of-payments. In spite of the broad utilization of offset practices, they are relatively unknown and little described in academic literature. The goal of this thesis is to define, to explain and to assess the importance of these practices in the international trade and to provide a theoretical framework within which it will be possible to critically appraise the success of an offset policy (its effectiveness and efficiency) for host countries. In order to take into account the success factors for an offset policy, the relationship between the host country and the obligor as well as the result of this relationship is examined through the game theory approach. By applying this general framework to the study of South African Offset policy and more particularly to the evaluation of 121 civil offset projects provided between 1996 and 2012, under the Strategic Defense Package purchase we find the following results: at the conclusion of public procurement contracts, South-African offset projects hold out promises of important economic benefits for the country. Nevertheless, during the implementation process, many violations of rules and procedures decrease the positive impact of these projects and hinder their effectiveness. The lack of transparency in the negotiation process, the selection and the execution phase of offset projects show that South Africa did not obtain best value for public money. It is difficult to appraise global program efficiency because of lack of data and analysis problems. However the estimated impact remains positive
7
Huang, Defeng. "Low complexity diversity combining and carrier frequency offset compensation for ubiquitous OFDM based broadband wireless communications /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202004%20HUANG.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-171). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
8
Mustefa, Dinsefa, and Ermias Mebreku. "OFDM Systems Offset Estimation and Cancellation Using UKF and EKF." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, fysik och matematik, DFM, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-15524.
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an efficient multi- carrier modulation scheme, which has been adopted for several wireless stan- dards. Systems employing this scheme at the physical layer are sensitive to frequency offsets and that causes Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) and degra- dation in overall system performance of OFDM systems. In this thesis work, an investigation on impairments of OFDM systems will be carried out. Anal- ysis of previous schemes for cancellation of the ICI will be done and a scheme for estimating and compensating the frequency offset based on Unscented Ka- man Filter (UKF) and Extended Kaman Filter (EKF) will be implemented. Analysis on how the UKF improves the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR); and how well it tracks the frequency offset estimation under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and flat fading Rayleigh channel will be carried on.
9
Sit, Ji-Jon 1975. "A low-power analog logarithmic map circuit with offset and temperature compensation for use in bionic ears." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16893.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-75).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Logarithmic map circuits are useful in many applications that require non-linear signal compression, such as in speech recognition and cochlear implants. A logarithmic current-mode A/D converter with temperature compensation and automatic offset calibration is presented in this paper. It employs a dual-slope, auto-zeroing topology with a 60 dB dynamic range and 300 Hz sampling rate, for capturing the envelope of speech signals in a bionic ear. Fabricated in a 1.5 [mu]m process, the circuit consumes only 1 [mu]W of analog power and another 1 [mu]W of digital power, and can therefore run for over 50 years on just a couple of AA batteries. At the current level of power consumption, we have proven that this design is thermal-noise limited to a 6-bit precision, and higher precision is possible only if we expend more power. As such, it is already useful for cochlear implants, as deaf patients can only discriminate 1 dB out of a 30 dB dynamic range in the auditory nerve bundles. For the purpose of using this circuit in other applications, we conclude with several strategies that can increase the precision without hurting the power consumption.
by Ji-Jon Sit.
S.M.
10
Giasson, Moara Menta. "A compensação ambiental e os instrumentos da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNIVATES, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10737/1102.
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As preocupações com a degradação ambiental cada vez mais visível em meados do século XX mobilizaram as Conferências da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) sobre meio ambiente em Estocolmo (1972) e no Rio de Janeiro (1992). Esse movimento deu origem às políticas ambientais no Brasil, marcadas pelas concepções de meio ambiente da época. A Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, de 1981, cria instrumentos para compatibilizar o desenvolvimento econômico-social com a preservação da qualidade ambiental e do equilíbrio ecológico. O controle de empreendimentos poluidores é feito por meio do licenciamento e da avaliação de impactos ambientais. Já a criação de espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos é uma ferramenta da Política para a conservação da biodiversidade. No Brasil, estes instrumentos embasam a compensação ambiental, a qual garante recursos de empreendimentos licenciados para criação e manutenção de unidades de conservação. Internacionalmente, o objetivo da compensação é alcançar a equivalência entre perdas e ganhos em termos de biodiversidade, de forma mensurável. Nesta dissertação é investigada a possibilidade da compensação ambiental no Brasil ser considerada um mecanismo gerador de ganho ambiental ou que garanta, minimamente, não haver perda de biodiversidade na implantação de projetos licenciados. Os estudos de caso evidenciaram que o procedimento de licenciamento não aponta claramente a conexão entre os impactos identificados nos estudos ambientais, e as medidas de mitigação e compensação executadas. As compensações, no entanto, revelaram que há equivalência ecológica entre a área impactada e as unidades de conservação beneficiadas. Conclui-se que a ferramenta de compensação ambiental brasileira apresenta potencial de contribuição para a perda zero de biodiversidade nos empreendimentos licenciados, sendo necessária a adequação no procedimento de licenciamento para a utilização da hierarquia de mitigação, e a exigência de medidas compensatórias que sejam mensuráveis e que garantam a equivalência ecológica entre as áreas impactadas e protegidas.
Worries about the ever more visible environmental degradation in the mid-twentieth century ignited the United Nations’ (UN) Conferences on the Environment in Stockholm (1972) and in Rio de Janeiro (1992). This movement originated environmental policies in Brazil, marked by the period’s understanding of environment. The 1981 National Environmental Policy creates instruments to reconcile social-economic development and preserving environmental quality and ecologic balance. Polluting enterprises are controlled through licensing and the environmental impact assessment. The creation of protected areas is tool in the policy for biodiversity conservation. In Brazil, these instruments are the foundation of environmental compensation (offset), which guarantees resources from licensed enterprises to create and maintain conservation units. Internationally, the goal of offset is to reach the equivalency between gains and losses in terms of biodiversity in a measurable way. In this dissertation, the possibility of environmental compensation in Brazil being considered a mechanism to generate environmental gain and to guarantee, at a minimum, no loss of biodiversity in the establishment of licensed projects is investigated. Case studies show that the licensing procedure has no clear connection between impacts identified by environmental studies and executed mitigation and compensation measures. Compensations, nevertheless, reveal that there is ecologic equivalency between the impacted area and the benefited conservation units. In conclusion, Brazil’s environmental compensation tool presents the potential to contribute to zero net loss of biodiversity in licensed enterprises. However, it is necessary to adjust the licensing procedure in order to use mitigation hierarchy, and the requirement of measurable compensatory ecologic equivalency measures.
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Lucas, Marthe. "Étude juridique de la compensation écologique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAA029.
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Tentant d’accommoder protection de l’environnement et artificialisation de la nature, les mesures de compensation consistent techniquement à rééquilibrer un dommage écologique par un gain écologique. Imposées juridiquement dans les années 1970, la place de ces dispositifs interroge toujours. Mesures de police administrative par nature, elles s’assimilent à un mode de réparation en dehors de tout régime de responsabilité par leur finalité : remédier en nature aux atteintes causées aux milieux naturels. Échappant à toute définition en dépit de la variété des régimes juridiques actuels, les compensations à visée écologique demeurent inabouties sur le plan juridique. De cette hétérogénéité des régimes juridiques, peut-il émerger un concept unique propre à garantir sa nature curative ? Leur vocation commune est desservie par les indéterminations juridiques dont souffrent ces compensations et qui résident tant dans la pluralité juridique des compensations que dans les défaillances pratiques lors de leur mise en œuvre. Se créé alors un hiatus entre les décisions prises fondées sur une compensation idéalisée, à savoir un instrument de lutte contre la perte de biodiversité, et la réalité des mesures le plus souvent sans équivalence écologique, précaires voire inexistantes. C’est pourquoi il convient de mettre fin à cet amalgame grâce à une caractérisation juridique de ce que devrait être la compensation écologique. Cette tentative de définition s’accompagne d’une exploration des perspectives d’avenir de la compensation écologique notamment sous l’angle d’une mutualisation des sites de compensationThe aim of ecological offsets is to combine environmental protection with the social and economic opportunities of implementing new projects on natural spaces. Technically, these measures involve restoring balance between ecological damages and ecological benefits to be provided for by the ecological offset. Ecological offsets measures became mandatory in the seventies, yet their adequacy is still questioned today. They are administrative policy measures, distinct from liability. Although several different ecological offsets exist, no law explicitly defines them. It appears then very important to know whether it’s possible to draw one global legal definition of ecological offset, in order to assure the achievement of the ecological goals of all this measures: providing effective reparation of the damages caused to the ecosystems. All the more as the lack of legal offset criteria is adding to already existing practical difficulties which may in term bring about the downfall of ecological offset.Actually, though it is widely presented as a legal instrument to reverse the loss of biodiversity; reality shows that this purpose may not be attained, especially because of a lack of unanimous ecological measurement model. That’s why ecological offset deeply needs a legal characterization of what it should be. After this attempt at a definition, the thesis proposes to explore the future of the ecological offset, including the opportunities offered by shared sites of natural remediation
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Silva, Robson Alves da. "Acordos de Compensação (Offsets) na Força Aérea: uma análise do Projeto H-X BR." reponame:Repositório Institucional do UniCEUB, 2016. http://repositorio.uniceub.br/handle/235/12130.
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A presente pesquisa teve como meta avaliar criticamente em que medida os Acordos de Offset contribuem para o desenvolvimento da indústria de defesa, na perspectiva do setor aeronáutico brasileiro. Buscou-se analisar o processo de transferência de tecnologia, a partir dos acordos de compensação firmados no Projeto H-X BR, cujo objeto é a aquisição de 50 helicópteros franceses e suporte logístico inicial, destinados à satisfação de demandas operacionais das três Forças Armadas. A presente pesquisa analisou também as contribuições teóricas das principais linhas de pensamento em relação ao papel da inovação para o segmento de defesa, levando-se em conta os múltiplos participantes da estrutura estatal, a análise do arranjo normativo brasileiro e a natureza jurídica das práticas compensatórias, bem como o papel dos atores envolvidos no processo de aprovação dos Acordos de Offset.
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Teichmann, Dorothee. "The role of public-private partnerships in local infrastructure : the case of carbon offset projects." Paris 9, 2011. http://basepub.dauphine.fr/xmlui/handle/123456789/8201.
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L’investissement dans des infrastructures locales sobres en carbone est considéré comme une composante importante de la lutte contre le changement climatique. Les mécanismes de règlementation climatique (comme la compensation carbone) font supporter aux développeurs de projet les risques liés à la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES): les risques opérationnels, technologiques ou liés au monitoring environnemental et aux mécanismes régulateurs. Nous montrons que l’efficacité environnementale et économique des projets dépend en grande partie des modalités de partage de ces risques entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans le projet. Sur un échantillon de projets de torchage des gaz d’enfouissement financés par le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre, il est montré que la délégation de la fourniture de la technologie crée des risques supplémentaires. La délégation de l’élaboration de la documentation du projet selon les règles formelles de l’UNFCCC et la séparation de l’opération de la décharge et du projet MDP semblent être maîtrisables par la mise en place de mesures de partage de risquesInvestment in low carbon infrastructure is considered an important component of the fight against climate change. The mechanisms of climate regulation (such as carbon offsets) transfer to project developers the risks associated with reducing emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, i. E. Operational and technological risk, or risks associated with the environmental monitoring and the regulatory mechanism itself. The success of projects depends importantly on the risk sharing arrangements between the private and public partners. It is shown that the delegation of tasks between the partners can create risks that affect the environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of the project. For a sample of landfill gas flaring projects financed under the Clean Development Mechanism, it is shown that the outsourcing of the provision of technology creates additional risks. The outsourcing of the development of the official project documentation required by the UNFCCC and the separation of the operation of the landfill and the CDM project development appear to be manageable by risk sharing arrangements
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Álvares, João Gabriel. "Os contratos de offset como instrumento da política pública de inovação: estudo sobre a efetividade das compensações tecnológicas no setor de defesa." reponame:Repositório Institucional do UniCEUB, 2016. http://repositorio.uniceub.br/handle235/12263.
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O tema do presente trabalho são os contratos de compensação, mais especificamente, aqueles que incluem transferência de tecnologia. Os contratos de offset foram analisados consoante sua instrumentalidade e procedimentalidade. O estudo teve como foco o setor de defesa brasileiro em virtude da experiência adquirida por este setor no emprego do instituto contratual das compensações. Partiu-se das seguintes indagações: de que maneira as compras públicas no setor de defesa podem contribuir com o desenvolvimento tecnológico nacional? E ainda: quais fatores impactam a efetividade das compensações tecnológicas? Realizou-se inicialmente pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Na sequência, realizou-se pesquisa empírica, cujos instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizados foram o painel de especialistas e o questionário on-line. Identificou-se que há grande interação entre o setor de defesa e a inovação tecnológica, e que as compras públicas de defesa podem estimular o desenvolvimento tecnológico a partir de acordos de compensação tecnológica. Outrossim, os órgãos integrantes da defesa já dispõem de estrutura capaz de apoiar o desenvolvimento tecnológico nacional e balizam seus projetos e setores estratégicos por tecnologias inovadoras. No que tange às espécies compensatórias, identificou-se que os offsets tecnológicos são os que possibilitam benefícios mais expressivos para o caso brasileiro, dado o hiato tecnológico que separa o país dos Estado desenvolvidos. Dada a complexidade das compensações tecnológicas, foram identificados doze critérios para avaliação das propostas de offsets tecnológicos, divididos em noventa e seis subcritérios. A partir do processo analítico hierárquico, os critérios e subcritérios foram submetidos ao painel de especialistas. Obteve-se como resultado uma matriz de avaliação de propostas de compensações tecnológicas, a qual contém o valor percentual correspondente à contribuição de cada subcritério para a meta institucional de promover o desenvolvimento tecnológico nacional. Realizou-se estudo de caso do projeto piloto do Sistema Integrado de Monitoramento de Fronteiras (SISFRON), que é um projeto estratégico do Exército Brasileiro. A matriz de avaliação foi validada a partir da sua aplicação às propostas das compensações tecnológicas em execução no referido projeto, obtendo-se um valor numérico para cada proposta, possibilitando priorizar as propostas com base em dados objetivos. A partir das respostas ao questionário on-line, constatou-se que os fiscais dos contratos de compensação tecnológica têm baixo grau de concordância com o painel de especialistas, o que indica que o processo de avaliação de propostas de compensação tecnológica depende de um conjunto de expertises que incluem conhecimentos jurídicos, técnicos e gerenciais. Concluiu-se que as compensações tecnológicas resultantes de compras públicas em defesa podem contribuir com a política pública de inovação desde que esta seja ampla o suficiente para abarcar a defesa e outras áreas de atuação estatal.
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Sharma, Vaibhav. "Three Essays On Executive Compensation." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1879096991&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2009."Department of Finance." Keywords: Agency theory, Executive compensation, Mergers and acquisitions, Spin-offs. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-86). Also available online.
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Dula, Přemysl. "Návrh autokompenzace ofsetu operačního zesilovače." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221038.
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This work deals with the two-stage operational amplifier with automatic offset compensation. An operational amplifier is designed in Cadence design environment for possible implementation in technology CMOS07. Emphasis work is placed on minimum offset of the operational amplifier and the parameters, that are listed in the assignment of work.
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Kylin, Hanna Linnéa. "Assessing the performance of Ecological Compensation in Sweden : A comparative case study of an emerging tool in different contexts." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144307.
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The concept of ecological compensation (EC) assumes that ecological values are substitutable across spatial units. EC is increasingly recognised in Sweden as a novel policy instrument for land-use planning, however, it suffers from inconsistency in application and outcome. For example, there are no legal provisions to require EC for urban development or new roads and railways. This study shows that there are many context dependent variables affecting the performance of EC in Sweden, which can partly be explained by authorities’ lacking experience in administrating these questions, and by the absence of a standardised structure for handling the full EC process. These shortcomings together with an inadequate legislation may cause EC to result in “license-to-trash” and fails to guarantee no net loss of ecological values. The performance of EC in Sweden was assessed through two case studies: the Sigtuna trading estate and the Aitik mine expansions. Implementation procedures and compensation designs were investigated by analysis of written documents and semi-structured interviews. The data was structured in an analytical framework, displaying similarities and context dependent disparities. The results suggest that, for the Aitik-case, licence-to-trash is a risk if compensation schemes are reviewed by the regulatory authorities during the processing of the application. The Sigtuna case suggests, opposed to earlier findings, that the Plan and Building Act can be utilised for EC if the compensation measures are regulated in a development agreement between the municipality and the landowner/developer. Both cases suggest that additionality can be met by appropriate institutional design, whereas no net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services hardly can be achieved within the existing Swedish legal framework. To improve the performance of EC, structures for handling the process from quantification of social and ecological values, to monitoring of compensation outcomes must be implemented in all development projects affecting nature.
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Valiergue, Alice. "Vendre de l’air : sociologie du marché "volontaire" des services de compensation carbone." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0013/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur le marché dit « volontaire » des services de compensation carbone. Sur ce marché, des entreprises, qui n’ont aucune obligation de souscrire à ces services, achètent à des opérateurs privés, ONG ou entreprises, des « crédits carbone » pour « compenser » leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Pour obtenir ces crédits carbone, les opérateurs du marché mettent en œuvre des projets de réduction des émissions de GES dans les pays du Sud. Ces nouveaux échanges marchands du début des années 2000 ne sont pas sans susciter de critiques. Journalistes, ONG environnementales et scientifiques considèrent que ce marché, d’une part, ne permet pas de réduire efficacement les émissions de GES et, d’autre part, que les populations du Sud encourent de potentiels dangers avec la mise en œuvre de tels projets. La thèse interroge ainsi l’apparent paradoxe du choix des entreprises d’investir dans des services environnementaux contestés alors que ces derniers ne constituent pas une obligation réglementaire et peuvent mettre en danger leur réputation. En considérant le marché « volontaire » comme un « marché contesté », selon le sens donné à cette notion par Steiner et Trespeuch (2014), la thèse rend compte des conditions d’existence et de maintien de ce marché. A partir d’entretiens, d’observations et de l’analyse de sources écrites, elle examine le rôle de divers dispositifs, du travail marchand ainsi que de l’appropriation de l’offre par les acheteurs dans l’organisation de ce marché. La thèse interroge plus généralement le rapport entre économie et environnement et s’intéresse aux ressorts de l’engagement « volontaire » des entreprises pour le climatThis dissertation deals with the so-called “voluntary” carbon offset market. In this market, companies, which have no obligation to subscribe to these services, purchase “carbon credits” to “offset” their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from private operators (NGOs or businesses). To obtain carbon credits, operators implement GHG emission reduction projects in Southern countries. These new trade exchanges, which date from the early 2000s, provoke critics. Journalists, environmental NGOs and scientists believe that this market on the one hand does not effectively reduce GHG emissions to fight against climate change, and on the other hand that people in the South face potential dangers linked to the implementation of carbon offsetting projects. The dissertation thus questions the apparent paradox of the choice of companies to invest in contested environmental services when they are not a regulatory obligation and may endanger their reputation. By considering the “voluntary” market as a “contested market”, according to the meaning given to this notion by Steiner and Trespeuch (2014), the dissertation explores the conditions of existence and maintenance of this market. Through interviews, observations and written sources, our research analyzes the role of various market devices, but also commercial work as well as the appropriation of the offer by buyers in organizing this market. In doing so, it questions more generally the relationship between economy and the environment and is interested in the determinant factors of the “voluntary” commitment of companies for the fight against global warming
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Laurent, Arthur. "Standardism as government : voluntary carbon certification and the Peruvian cookstove sector." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0013.
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Le marché volontaire du carbone est un mécanisme de marché de compensation d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour les entreprises et les particuliers non assujettis à un quota de réduction d’émissions. Jusqu'à présent, il n’a fait l’objet que de peu de recherches académiques. Ce travail s’intéresse à la gouvernance de la chaîne d’acteurs impliqués dans ce marché. Il utilise une approche pluridisciplinaire centrée sur les relations internationales, la science politique appliquée à la compensation et aux standards volontaires environnementaux et s’appuie sur une analyse anthropologique des projets de développement. Il s’agit de répondre à la question: comment les projets de compensation volontaire du carbone sont-ils gouvernés ? L’étude de cas d’un programme de diffusion de foyers améliorés au Pérou se focalise d’abord sur le contexte social et culturel de la cuisson dans les Andes avant d’étudier quatre projets avant financement carbone. Ensuite, le standard utilisé pour certifier ce projet, ainsi que le détaillant des crédits carbone générés par le projet et trois de ses entreprises clientes sont présentés. On peut alors aborder la création, la gestion et les premiers résultats du programme au travers d’une ethnographie de l’entreprise sociale qui en est à l’origine pour comprendre finalement l’influence du projet dans le secteur péruvien. Cette recherche montre un système de gouvernance multi-niveaux et pluri-acteurs majoritairement privée qui agit en grande partie en parallèle de l'État. Ce mode de gouvernance caractérisé par une succession de standards qui tentent de faire coller la réalité à un modèle est appelé standardismeThe voluntary carbon offset market is a market mechanism for offsetting greenhouse gases emissions for organizations and individuals that are not legally committed to reductions. Until now it has not been studied much in academic circles. This dissertation looks at the governance of the chain of actors involved in the mechanism. A pluri-disciplinary approach is used based on international relations, political science of offsets and standards combined with an anthropological analysis of development projects. The central question is thus: how are carbon-offset programs governed? The empirical work is a case study of a new stove (improved cookstoves) diffusion program in Peru under the Gold Standard. The first focus is on the social and cultural context of cooking in the Andes. Then four projects before carbon funding are studied. The standard is the subject of the following section and the retailer of the credits generated by the programme and three different types of clients are then presented. We can then discuss the creation, design and management of the standard through an ethnography of the social business that implements. Finally, the influence of the projects on the sector can be discussed. The chain studied presents a governance system that is multi-level and multi-actors, with mainly private actors that act parallel to the state. This type of governance is characterized by a series of standards that define the model the reality should resemble to and is called standardism
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Hamouda, Assia [Verfasser], Otto [Akademischer Betreuer] Manck, Otto [Gutachter] Manck, Roland [Gutachter] Thewes, and Nour-Eddine [Gutachter] Bouguechal. "Ultrasonic flow metering with highly accurate jitter and offset compensation / Assia Hamouda ; Gutachter: Otto Manck, Roland Thewes, Nour-Eddine Bouguechal ; Betreuer: Otto Manck." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156179955/34.
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Faz, Muhammad Usman [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Eibert, Thomas [Gutachter] Eibert, and Bernhard [Gutachter] Wolf. "Position Offset Compensated Electromagnetic Cavity Resonators for Sensing Continuous Dielectric Material Streams / Muhammad Usman Faz ; Gutachter: Thomas Eibert, Bernhard Wolf ; Betreuer: Thomas Eibert." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1220320498/34.
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Frayssinet, Marielle. "Autisme et schizophrénie." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730760.
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Cette recherche se propose de revisiter l'histoire de l'autisme dans ses rapports avec la schizophrénie en interrogeant leur statut respectif dans la psychopathologie et dans la psychanalyse. Outre l'apport de cas de la littérature, j'ai utilisé l'outil clinique de la construction de cas, pour ordonner et commencer à théoriser les rencontres cliniques que j'ai pu faire. Ilhoa,Sacha, Milo et Louis guident les développements théoriques du chapitre axé sur la question du corps, de l'espace de surface à une contenance, de l'objet et de la jouissance pulsionnelle (orale, anale, scopique, invoquante) dans l'autisme de Kanner. Le travail de Jules, David et Lison illustre la difficulté du diagnostic dans la clinique entre schizophrénie autistique et autisme, où parfois seule la question des hallucinations permet de trancher. Je me suis ensuite appuyée sur le travail de Manu et Léon pour rendre compte du rapport au langage, à la pensée, au vivant, aux affects et à l'autre dans l'autisme de haut niveau et le syndrome d'Asperger. Puis sur le récit de Anna, Max et Gaël pour identifier le traitement réel que le schizophrène, qui a une défense mélancolique ou paranoïde, produit de la perte symbolique, de la division subjective. Ces rencontres m'ont appris que la singularité de ces sujets cache une forme spéciale de créativité pour construire un monde plus ordonné. Des modalités de lien à l'autre s'inventent, dans une dépendance n'impliquant pascependant les mêmes modalités de jouissance... Si cela ne voile pas la part intraitable du réel, un travail avec ces sujets est toujours possible, même s'ils ne se manifestent pas et ne parlent pas, même s'ils sont en errance ou dans un entre-deux... Ainsi, l'a-structure de l'autisme n'est pas assimilable au conformisme ou à la dé-structuration qu'entraîne la schizophrénie.
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Kogiantis, Achilles, Kiran Rege, and Anthony A. Triolo. "LTE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR COVERAGE AND DOPPLER REDUCTION IN RANGE TELEMETRY." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626975.
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A novel approach employing 4G LTE Cellular Technology for Test Range Telemetry is presented. Providing aeronautical mobile telemetry using commercial off the shelf (COTS) cellular equipment poses many challenges, including: Three-dimensional (3D) coverage, need for uninterrupted high data throughputs, and very high Doppler speeds of the Test Articles (TA). Each of these requirements is difficult to meet with a standard cellular approach. We present a novel architecture that provides 3D coverage over the span of a test range, allowing the TA to establish a radio link with base stations that have a manageable Doppler due to the reduced projected TA speed on the radio link line. Preliminary results illustrate that a variety of flight plans can be accommodated with commercial LTE technology by employing LTE’s mobility mechanisms and adding centralized control. The resulting network architecture and Radio Access Network topology allow very high throughputs to be delivered throughout the test range with a judicious placement of base stations.
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Jacob, Céline. "Approche géographique de la compensation écologique en milieu marin : analyse de l’émergence d’un système de gouvernance environnementale." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30001/document.
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La réglementation actuelle, reposant sur la loi de 1976 sur la protection de la nature, impose aux maîtres d’ouvrage de respecter le principe « éviter – réduire – compenser » lors de la conception de les projets d’exploitation et d’aménagement. Lorsqu’un projet n’a pu ni éviter ni réduire les impacts environnementaux, il est nécessaire de définir des mesures compensatoires pour les impacts résiduels qualifiés de significatifs. Concernant les écosystèmes marins, ces mesures font appel à des actions écologiques ainsi qu’à des mesures de gestion et d’amélioration des connaissances sur le milieu marin. Alors que le développement de l’activité économique maritime est encouragé, en particulier, suite aux appels à la croissance bleue (e.g. tourisme maritime, EMR, pêche, aquaculture, ressources minérales marines, biotechnologies, transport maritime, construction navale), il est primordial de questionner nos capacités à prendre en compte les impacts de ces activités. A partir d’un état des lieux de la compensation sur le milieu marin en France, il s’agit d’identifier les limites du système actuel et de proposer des pistes d’amélioration. Ces dernières peuvent être méthodologiques et techniques, liées à la prise en compte de nouvelles approches ou à l’émergence de nouveaux systèmes de gouvernance. A travers l’analyse d’une cinquantaine d’études d’impacts françaises, les pressions et impacts générés par différents projets d’aménagements (infrastructures portuaires, dragages, extractions de granulats, prises et rejets d’eau, etc.) sont examinés et la pertinence des mesures ERC proposées est discutée. Ensuite, en se basant sur une revue bibliographique, la faisabilité et l’efficacité des techniques d’ingénierie écologique (écoconceptions portuaires, bio-remédiation et techniques de restauration des herbiers, macro-algues, récifs coralliens, populations d’ichtyofaune et bivalves) sont évaluées au regard des exigences de la séquence ERC. Cette analyse permet de discuter de la notion d’équivalence écologique et de proposer un arbre de décision original. D’autre part, constatant que les mesures compensatoires proposées dans les études d’impact ne sont que très rarement dimensionnées, une méthode opérationnelle permettant d’évaluer les besoins compensatoires est élaborée. Cette méthode associe une analyse multicritère de l’état de l’environnement inspirée de l’Unified Mitigation Assessment Method (UMAM, méthode utilisée en Floride pour les impacts autorisés) et une évaluation plus fine à l’échelle d’un indicateur empruntée à l’Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA, développée par la NOAA pour la compensation des dommages accidentels). Il s’agit ensuite d’examiner l’utilisation actuelle de l’approche par les services écosystémiques dans la compensation à travers la réglementation, les standards internationaux et la littérature scientifique. L’objectif est d’étudier en quoi cette approche permettrait d’améliorer la mise en place de la compensation mais aussi d’en souligner les limites. Enfin, l’approche sociologique de l’acteur-réseau (Callon, Latour) permet d’analyser les différents types organisationnels ayant émergé autour de la compensation en Californie. L’objectif est de critiquer, à partir de situations constatées en France et aux Etats-Unis, les réponses formulées en termes de gouvernance par ces deux sociétés côtières exigeant un principe de compensation. Ce travail souligne la nécessité de mettre en place des mesures ambitieuses et efficaces de compensation afin que le développement économique maritime cesse de contribuer à l’érosion de la biodiversitéMy research topic is multidisciplinary combining geography, ecology and economics and addressing the efficiency of current marine offset practice. Building on a state of the art of current practice, I am working on a more prospective approach (compared to current research on mitigation targeting terrestrial ecosystems). By offset, I am referring to legal mitigation that consists in avoiding – reducing – offsetting adverse impacts of development projects such as dredging, port infrastructure, oil exploration, marine aggregate extraction, beach nourishment, etc. on marine and coastal ecosystems. Based on a review of around fifty French marine Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), I analyzed the assessment of impacts, the use of offset sizing methods (robust method to assess ecological losses due to development projects and ecological gains created by offset measures) and the kind of measures proposed. Within these EIAs, sizing methods were seldom used and the very few measures suggested to offset residual impacts could be questioned in terms of equivalency and appropriateness. These measures were either ecological engineering techniques (such as seagrass or coral restoration), management measures (used to reduce pressure on the impacted ecosystems through the funding of management measures in Marine Protected Areas for example) or even knowledge acquisition. Thus, I am also looking at the efficiency of ecological engineering techniques on marine and coastal ecosystems. My research mainly focuses on the offset of authorized impacts but could also deals with some aspects of the offset of accidental damages
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Elie, François. "Effet d'un prélèvement de biomasse ligneuse accru et d'une compensation minérale par apport de cendres sur la biodiversité des sols forestiers." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR040/document.
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Dans le contexte énergétique actuel, les pouvoirs publics s’engagent à réduire la consommation des énergies fossiles et à développer le marché des énergies renouvelables afin de diminuer les émissions de CO2 et de faire face à la raréfaction des sources d’énergie fossile. La demande en bois-énergie, notamment de plaquettes forestières, est appelée à s’accroître dans les années à venir. Afin d’augmenter la production forestière une exploitation des résidus de coupe de diamètre inférieur à 7 cm, appelés rémanents forestiers, est envisagée. De plus, pour compenser la perte de matière organique exportée avec les rémanents, une compensation minérale sous forme de cendres provenant des chaufferies est envisagée. Cependant, l’impact de telles pratiques de gestion sur les écosystèmes forestiers tempérés ne sont que très peu étudiés. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient donc d’étudier l’impact d’un export des rémanents forestiers et d’une compensation par les cendres sur la biocénose du sol à différentes échelles et de tenter d’identifier des indicateurs biologiques pouvant mettre en lumière les perturbations de l’écosystème créées par ces gestions. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la macrofaune et de la mésofaune du sol à une échelle régionale puis nationale a permis de mettre en avant l’importance de l’essence dominante (hêtre ou chêne) dans la réponse du macrofaune à l’export de rémanents. Cette partie a aussi montré que l’export de la totalité des rémanents et de la litière a un impact négatif sur toute la communauté de la faune du sol et que l’apport de cendres ne compensait pas, voire aggravait, l’effet de l’export de rémanents. Dans un second temps, une étude en mésocosme d’un double gradient de quantité de rémanents et de cendres a mis en avant l’importance de la fertilité minérale du sol dans la réponse de l’interface sol-végétation. Dans un sol neutre, l’export des rémanents ou l’apport de cendres ne présentait pas d’impact sur l’interface sol-plante au contraire du sol acide. De plus, dans le sol acide, une importante modification structurelle de la communauté microbienne a été mise en avant lors du mélange entre les rémanents et les cendres. Pour finir cette étude a permis de mettre en lumière les ordres des Lithobiomopha et des Geophilomorpha comme potentielles sources de bioindicateurs des perturbations des réseaux trophiques dans le cadre d’une gestion des rémanents ou d’un apport de cendresIn the current contextof energetic transition, public policies commit to reduce fossil fuel consumption and develop renewable energies in order to reduce CO2 emission. Woody biomass can be one of the solutions in order to increase the share of renewable energu ressources in energetic mix. In order to increase woody biomass production, an export of logging residues (under 7 cm of diameter) is investigated. Furthermore, in order to offset th export of organic matter with logging residue, mineral compensation by wood ash application is investigated. Nevertheless, the effect of such management practices on temperate forest ecosystem were understudied. The aims of this thesis were to study the impact of logging residues management intensity and wood ash offset on soil biota and to investigate potential bioindicators of disturbance led by these practices. First, the study on macrofauna and mesofauna at various scales (regional then northen French) highlited the importance of tree species (oak or beech) the response of soil biota to logging residue export. Furthermore, this first part showed a strong negative impact on the whole soil community when logging residues and litter were exported and wood ash application did not compensate the impacts of logging residues export on macro and mesofauna. Second, a mesocosm study with a cross-gradient of logging residue and wood ash input highlighted the importance of mineral fertility in the response of soil-plant interface. In neutral soil, logging residue export or wood ash application did not impact soil-plant interface, conversely to acidic soil. Furthermore, in acidic soil, a strong structural disturbance of microfloral assemblage was showed when logging residue and wood ash were added together. Third, this thesis highlighted Litobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha orders as potential sources of bioindicators of disturbance of trophic networks in logging residue export and wood ash offset context of forest management practices
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Dauguet, Benoît. "La compensation écologique : conception, inscription et institution de l'équivalence écologique." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0034.
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Depuis la loi du 10 juillet 1976 relative à la protection de la nature, l’étude d’impact des projets d’aménagement pouvant porter atteinte au milieu naturel doit comprendre « les mesures envisagées pour supprimer, réduire et, si possible, compenser les conséquences dommageables pour l’environnement ». Cette disposition légale restée longtemps peu appliquée a été rappelée et réinscrite dans les années 1990 pour devenir la norme dans les projets d’aménagement depuis le milieu des années 2000 et le Grenelle et l’environnement.Structurée autour de la séquence dite « éviter-réduire-compenser », ce dispositif repose sur un principe de non perte nette de biodiversité et vise, selon ses théoriciens et promoteurs, une équivalence écologique entre les gains et les pertes. En France, les études sur la définition et le dimensionnement des mesures compensatoires sont déjà nombreuses, s’intéressant principalement aux méthodes d’équivalences et aux arrangements institutionnels. L’originalité de ce travail de recherche est de s’être focalisé sur les pratiques d’expertises, sur le travail réalisé par celles et ceux qui réalisent les évaluations environnementales, qui instruisent les dossiers réglementaires et qui réalisent les mesures compensatoires. L’analyse produite ici repose ainsi sur une étude ethnographique du travail d’expertise et de contre-expertise tout au long de la procédure réglementaire.La problématique suivie ici s’articule autour de rois axes : comment les équivalences écologiques et les mesures compensatoires sont-elles produites ? ; comment celles-ci deviennent-elles une réalité sociale ? ; quelles sont les conditions (matérielles et idéelles) rendant possibles la compensation écologique ? L’enjeu de cette problématisation est de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ce dispositif et de mettre en évidence ce qui lui permet de perdurer malgré ses contradictions intrinsèques et la contestation dont il est l’objet. L’hypothèse centrale de cette thèse est que la forme que prend ce dispositif (ses arrangement institutionnels, les méthodes d’évaluation, les pratiques d’expertise, notamment) sont le résultat des différentes tentatives de résolution des contradictions qui le parcourent. Ce que ce travail de recherche tend à démontrer est que la compensation écologique ne produit pas seulement des mesures et des évaluations environnementales ; elle produit aussi les propres conditions de son développement, le substrat (matériel et idéel) sur lequel ce dispositif peut prospérerIn France, since 1976, the impact assessment of development plans must include measures to avoid, minimise and, if possible, offset adverse impacts. This regulation remained unimplemented untill the 1990’s but became the norm with the Grenelle de l’environnement. Built according to the mitigation hierarchy, this regulation relies on the principle of « no net loss of biodiversity » and aims for an ecological equivalence. Several research studies on offset design already extist and concern mainly the accounting models and institutional arrangements. This thesis focuses on practices, i.e. on the work accomplished by those who make the environmental assessment, who review the offseting plan and who finally implement the offsets.This research is based on an ethnographic study of assessment and counter-assessment all along the regulatory pocess. This thesis is built on three questions : how are ecological equivalence and offset measures produced ? ; how do they both become a social reality ? ; what are the physical and conceptual conditions to implement biodiversity offsetting ? These issues aim to point out what makes this regulation possible despite it being subject to numerous contradictions and challenge.The central assumption of this thesis is that the form of the regulation (its institutional arrangements, the assessment models, the practices one can observe) results from the attempt to solve its contradictions. The main conclusion the research leads to is that biodiversity offset produces not only environmental assessments and offset measures, but also its own conditions of development, the physical and conceptual substrate on which it can exist and spread
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Rossi, Juliano Scherner. "Transferência internacional de tecnologia: a política de compensação comercial, industrial e tecnológica (de offset) do Ministério da Defesa e o regime internacional de proteção do know-how." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/134957.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Florianópolis, 2014.Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-15T04:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 333695.pdf: 3053792 bytes, checksum: 37bcfd442c36682c9395c3c8db8dca3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
A compatibilidade da Política de Compensação Comercial, Industrial e Tecnológica do Ministério da Defesa (offset) com o regime internacional de proteção do know-how. A importação de tecnologias de segurança e defesa dá-se ainda assim, a despeito da pretensão de autodeterminação dos países e em favor da segurança jurídica, segundo regimes internacionais e domésticos dos contratados. A compatibilidade entre as políticas de aquisição e gestão do conhecimento deve ser aferida em relação à normatização internacional e estrangeira, sob pena de insegurança jurídica e sanções internacionais. Este estudo investiga a compatibilidade da política de offset do Ministério da Defesa brasileiro com o regime internacional de proteção do know-how, na transferência internacional de tecnologia. O propósito da pesquisa é identificar possíveis incongruências, de modo a orientar políticas públicas. Parte-se, por outro lado, da hipótese que haja total congruência entre elas. O tema será abordado primariamente conforme o positivismo jurídico, com enfoque dogmático. O método de abordagem é o dedutivo. A base documental da pesquisa são os textos legais referentes ao tema, especialmente o Acordo TRIPS, a Lei de Patentes (Brasil) e a Lei n. 12.598/12, e os documentos das políticas de defesa (Política Nacional de Defesa e Estratégia Nacional de Defesa), e de propriedade intelectual e offset do Ministério da Defesa (PN n. 1.888/10 e PN n. 764/02) e seus comentários. O Acordo TRIPS prevê exceção à liberdade do comércio em defesa e deixa aos países a formulação de políticas de aquisição de produtos de defesa e tecnologia. A Política de Compensação Comercial... não traz dispositivos acerca de propriedade intelectual. O enfoque da Política de Propriedade Intelectual está nas patentes, não no segredo empresarial ou no know-how. A hipótese confirmou-se, mas foram identificadas inconsistências nas políticas: a ausência de diretrizes quanto a medidas concretas de proteção dos segredos pode descaracterizá-los, conforme o Acordo TRIPS, e o enfoque em patentes não toma em consideração que tecnologias sensíveis associam segredos industriais a patentes, sem que haja diretrizes especificas do licenciamento daqueles.
Abstract : The compatibility of the offset policy of the Brazilian Ministry of Defence with the international legal framework for the protection of know-how. The import of defense technologies, despite the countries claim for autonomy and in the sake of legal certainty, must be in compliance with the international regimes and the domestic legal systems of the sellers. The incompatibility between the policies of acquisition and management of knowledge must be assessed in relation to international and foreign regulation and may risk legal uncertainty and the imposition of international sanctions. This study investigates the compatibility of the offset policy of the Brazilian Ministry of Defence with the international regime for the know-how protection in international transfers of technology. The purpose of the research is to identify possible inconsistencies, in order to guide public policies. The hypothesis is that there is full coherence between them. The issue will be addressed with regard to the positivistic theory (dogmatic approach). The method of approach is deductive. The basic documents of research are the legal texts, especially the TRIPS Agreement, the Patent Act (Brazil) and Law n. 12,598/12 (Brazil), the official Brazilian defense policies (National Defence Policy and National Defense Strategy) and the Ministry of Defence s intellectual property and offset policies (PN n. 1.888/10 e PN n. 764/02). The TRIPS Agreement provides an exception to free trade in the defense area and grants the countries autonomy in the formulation of technology and defense products acquisition policies. The offset policy does not address directly intellectual property. The intellectual property policy is focused in patents, not in trade secrets or know-how. The hypothesis was confirmed, but some policy inconsistencies were identified: the absence of guidelines on concrete measures for the protection of trade secrets can strip them of one of their requirements, as stablished in the TRIPS Agreement, and the focus on patents does not take into account that sensitive technologies usually associate trade secrets and patents and there is no specific guidelines concerning the licensing of the formers.
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Belfrage, Sara. "In the name of research : Essays on the ethical treatment of human research subjects." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144035.
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Essay 1: Traffic research shares a fundamental dilemma with other areas of empirical research in which humans are potentially put at risk. Research is justified because it can improve safety in the long run. Nevertheless, people can be harmed in the research situation. Hence, we need to balance short-term risks against long-term safety improvements, much as in other areas of research with human subjects. In this paper we focus on ethical issues that arise when human beings are directly affected in the performance of research by examining how the ethical requirements in biomedical research can inform traffic research. After introducing the basic ethical requirements on biomedical research, each of the major requirements is discussed in relation to traffic research. We identify the main areas where biomedical research and traffic research differ, and where the ethical requirements from the former cannot easily be transferred to the latter. We then point to some of the issues that need to be addressed for a systematic approach to the ethics of traffic research. Essay 2: The requirement of always obtaining participants’ informed consent in research with human subjects cannot always be met, for a variety of reasons. In this paper, research situations where informed consent is unobtainable are described and categorised. Some of these kinds of situations, common in biomedicine and psychology, have been previously much discussed, whereas others, more prevalent in for example infrastructure research, introduce new perspectives. The advancement of new technology may lead to an increase in research of these kinds. The paper also provides a review of methods intended to compensate for a lack of consent and their applicability and usefulness for the different categories of situations are discussed, thereby providing insights into one important aspect of relevance for the question of permitting research without informed consent: how well that which informed consent is meant to safeguard can be achieved by other means. Essay 3: This paper starts with the assumption that it is morally problematic when people in need are offered money in exchange for research participation if the amount offered is unfair. Such offers are called “coercive”, and the degree of coerciveness is said to be determined by the offer’s potential to cause exploitation and its irresistibility. Depending on what view we take on the possibility to compensate for the sacrifices made by research participants, a wish to avoid “coercive offers” leads to policy recommendations concerning payment for participation. For sacrifices considered compensable we ought to offer either no payment or payment at a level deemed fair, while for sacrifices deemed incompensable we always ought to offer no payment. Essay 4: It is commonly thought that transactions that are the result of voluntary gift-giving do not constitute exploitation. This paper argues that exploitation is indeed possible in such situations, by showing how gift-giving can fulfil the two commonly proposed criteria for exploitation, namely that in an interaction between two persons one receives disproportionally little and the other disproportionally much of the resulting benefits, and that this disproportion is caused by the latter making inappropriate use of a disadvantage of the former. A theoretical approach to what such inappropriate use would amount to in cases of gift-giving is lacking. The paper therefore aims at spelling out such an approach. The method of reflective equilibrium inspires this endeavour, which proceeds by testing intuitions about examples that embody a set of possible conditions. It is concluded that three of the conditions are necessary for exploitation of gift-giving, namely (1) the giver incurs a loss, (2) the recipient has aimed for the gift, and (3) the gift is undeserved.QC 20140407
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Lombard, Latune Julie. "La compensation écologique : du principe de non perte nette de biodiversité à son opérationnalisation - analyse de l'action collective." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA040/document.
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Titre : La compensation écologique : du principe de non perte nette de biodiversité à son opérationnalisation – analyse de l’action collectiveMots clés : Compensation écologique, action collective, effets spatio-temporels, Non perte nette de biodiversité.Résumé : En France la compensation écologique des impacts résiduels sur la biodiversité a pour objectif l'atteinte de la non perte nette de biodiversité. Un cadre normatif énonçant une dizaine de principes permet théoriquement d'atteindre cet objectif.Nous étudions donc la mise en œuvre de la compensation écologique à travers trois projets de LGV. Nous analysons le jeu d'acteur autour de cette mise en œuvre grâce aux théories de l'action collective, et notamment grâce au cadre analytique de la Traduction proposé par M. Callon. Cette première analyse nous permet de comprendre en quoi la compensation est un objet socio-technique. Nous mettons en évidence que de nombreux acteurs aux intérêts divergents se mobilisent pour mettre en place la compensation écologique. Nous montrons qu’il y a une tension entre la mobilisation des acteurs et les exigences écologiques, ces deux aspects ne sont pas toujours compatibles. La durée des cahiers de charges et la rétribution des propriétaires fonciers, chargés de la mise en œuvre de la compensation écologique est déterminante à la fois pour la mobilisation des humains et des nons humains (biodiversité). Nous nous interrogeons ensuite sur les effets spatiaux temporels de l’action collective et de sa capacité à tendre vers une non perte nette de biodiversité. Nous montrons que les mesures n’ont pas pu être effectives avant le démarrage des impacts. La gestion du foncier en France semble pour le moment difficilement compatible avec une mise en œuvre de la compensation non anticipée très en amont. Nous montrons que la majorité des sites de mesures de compensation sont de petites tailles, bien que des espaces de grandes tailles semblent davantage vertueux d’un point de vue écologique. Enfin nous montrons que la pérennité des mesures de compensations peut être appréhendée à différents niveaux suivant (i) le type de maîtrise foncière (acquisition, conventionnement); (ii) les contrats de mesures de compensation (durée, contenu de ces derniers – les sanctions en cas de manquement aux obligations influent sur le maintien des mesures) ; (iii) la gestion du renouvellement de ces contrats; (iv) la vocation des propriétaires des sites (une entreprises publique ou privée de construction n’a pas comme rôle au départ de conserver la biodiversité, tandis qu’une association naturaliste en a la vocation) ; (v) la pérennité des structures et les assurances quant au devenir des sites de mesures de compensation en cas de faillite; (vi) le suivi et le contrôle l’application de la compensationIn France, the objective of ecological compensation for residual impacts on biodiversity is to achieve no net loss of biodiversity. A normative framework setting out about ten principles theoretically makes it possible to achieve this objective.We are therefore studying the implementation of biodiversity offset through three High Speed Railway projects. We analyze the actor's game around this implementation through the theories of collective action, and in particular the analytical framework of Translation proposed by M. Callon. This first analysis allows us to understand how biodiversity offset is a socio-technical object. We highlight that many actors with diverging stakes are mobilizing to implement ecological compensation. We show that there is a tension between the mobilization of actors and ecological requirements, these two aspects are not always compatible. The duration of the environmental services specifications and the associated retribution of landowners, who set-up biodiversity offset specification, is decisive for both human and non-human (biodiversity) mobilization. We then question the temporal spatial effects of collective action and its ability to achieve a net loss of biodiversity. We show that the measures could not be effective before the impacts began. Land management in France seems for the moment to be difficult to reconcile with the implementation of unanticipated biodiversity offset at a very early stage. We show that the majority of biodiversity offset sites are small in size, although larger areas seem more virtuous for biodiversity. Finally, we show that the sustainability of biodiversity offset measures can be assessed at different levels depending on (i) the type of land control (acquisition, agreement); (ii) biodiversity offset contracts (duration, content of the latter - sanctions in the event of failure to comply with obligations influence the maintenance of the measures); (iii) the management of the renewal of these contracts; (iv) the vocation of the owners of the sites (a public or private construction company does not initially have the role of conserving biodiversity, whereas an environmental NGO has the vocation); (v) the sustainability of the structures and assurances as to the future of the biodiversity offset measures sites in the event of bankruptcy; (vi) the monitoring and control of the implementation
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Bezombes, Lucie. "Développement d'un cadre méthodologique pour l'évaluation de l'équivalence écologique : Application dans le contexte de la séquence "Éviter, Réduire, Compenser" en France." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS044/document.
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Face à l’érosion mondiale de la biodiversité causée par les activités humaines, la compensation écologique, et plus largement la séquence « Eviter Réduire Compenser » (ERC), s’est développée depuis les années 1970, avec l’ambition de concilier développement au niveau des projets d’aménagement et préservation de la biodiversité. L’objectif de cette séquence est d’atteindre « zéro perte nette » (No net Loss, NNL) de biodiversité. Un des enjeux clé pour y arriver consiste à démontrer l’équivalence écologique entre les gains apportés par la compensation et les pertes occasionnées par les impacts. Malgré les avancées règlementaires, le cadre français n’inclut pas de méthode à suivre pour déterminer l’équivalence et aucune n’est unanimement reconnue. Cela amène à des pratiques hétérogènes et une difficulté d’atteindre le NNL. Dans ce contexte, ces travaux de thèse visent à développer un cadre méthodologique standardisé (CMS) d’évaluation de l’équivalence, combinant à la fois opérationnalité, bases scientifiques et exhaustivité (prise en compte des quatre dimensions de l’équivalence : écologique, spatiale, temporelle et les incertitudes). Dans un premier temps, 13 méthodes utilisées à l’étranger sont analysées afin d’identifier des éléments structurant pour le développement du CMS adapté au contexte français. La construction du CMS est décomposée en trois étapes. La première consiste à sélectionner un lot organisé d’indicateurs sur lesquels baser l’évaluation de l’équivalence, permettant de répondre aux exigences règlementaires et reflétant la complexité de la biodiversité : évaluation à deux échelles spatiales (sur le site et dans un périmètre élargi) et à trois niveaux d’enjeu (général, habitat ou espèce). La deuxième étape porte sur la prédiction de l’évolution dans le temps des valeurs initiales des indicateurs, sous l’effet des impacts et de la compensation, en prenant en compte les incertitudes associées. La troisième étape conduit à la détermination de règles de calcul des pertes et des gains aboutissant à l’évaluation globale de l’équivalence. Le CMS ainsi construit est ensuite testé sur deux sites d’étude afin d’en démontrer la plus-value et d’en éprouver les limites. Des perspectives d’amélioration du CMS, et plus largement de l’évaluation de l’équivalence sont dégagées. En dernier lieu, l’ensemble de ces éléments nous permettent de questionner l’efficacité de la compensation écologique pour lutter contre l’érosion de la biodiversitéIn light of the global erosion of biodiversity caused by human activities, biodiversity offsets and, more broadly the Mitigation Hierarchy, are increasingly used since the 1970s, with the ambition of reconciling economic development and biodiversity conservation. Its objective is to achieve "No Net Loss" (NNL) of biodiversity. One of the key issues to achieve this goal is to demonstrate ecological equivalence between the gains from offsets and the losses caused by impacts. Despite regulatory improvements, the French law does not include a method for assessing equivalence, and no method is unanimously recognized. This leads to heterogeneous practices and difficulties in reaching the NNL objective. In this context, this thesis aims to develop a standardized methodological framework (SMF) for assessing equivalence, which combines operationality, scientific basis and comprehensiveness (taking into account the four dimensions of equivalence: ecological, spatial, temporal and uncertainties). First, 13 methods used abroad are analysed in order to identify structural elements for the development of a SMF adapted to the French context. The construction is decomposed into three steps. The first consists in selecting an organized set of indicators, on which equivalence assessment should be based in order to meet legislative requirements and reflect the complexity of biodiversity. The assessment is to be done at two spatial scales (on-site and within an expanded perimeter) and at three levels reflecting general or specific issues (habitat or species). The second step regards the prediction of the values of the indicators over time, consequently to the impacts and offsets, taking into account the implied uncertainties. The third step leads us to establish rules for calculating losses and gains, as well as for the overall assessment of equivalence. Finally, this SMF is tested on two study sites in order to demonstrate the added value and to identify its limits. Prospects for improving the SMF, and more broadly the evaluation of equivalence, are then suggested. Finally, all these elements make it possible to question the effectiveness of offsets in order to tackle biodiversity erosion
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Vandevelde, Jean-Christophe. "Les instruments d'évaluation des impacts sur la biodiversité : entre aménagement du territoire et conservation : Le cas des grands projets ferroviaires." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE1147/document.
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L’apport majeur de la thèse est de montrer que la place grandissante de la biodiversité dans les politiques d’aménagement du territoire tient beaucoup au rôle joué par les instruments d’évaluation des impacts, qu’on regroupe sous le terme d’évaluation environnementale. En considérant ces instruments (études d’impact, mécanismes de compensation, processus participatifs associés) comme des « coproductions », c’est-à-dire des instruments mélangeant des éléments de science et de décisions politiques, nous avons montré qu’ils avaient des effets propres qui ont largement influencé les politiques d’aménagement et la manière dont les acteurs de l’aménagement se représentent la biodiversité.L’étude des instruments de l’évaluation environnementale, selon une démarche socio-historique d’une part et au travers de l’étude d’une série de grands projets ferroviaires d’autre part, nous a permis de montrer l’existence de plusieurs « régimes » caractéristiques de l’évaluation environnementale, qui mobilisent différents outils et différentes représentations de la biodiversité, et que nous avons identifié comme « pionnier », « institutionnalisé » et « utilitariste ».L’étude de la biodiversité dans la société peut être appréhendée non seulement au travers des conventions, lois, et conflits d’acteurs qu’elle génère mais aussi par les instruments concrets mis en place pour la prendre en compte, ces instruments étant à la fois des révélateurs des représentations de la biodiversité à un moment donné et des vecteurs de changement de ces représentationsThe major contribution of this thesis is to show that the growing role for biodiversity in territorial planning policies is firmly linked to the role played by impact assessment instruments, grouped together under the term 'environmental assessment'. By considering these instruments (impact studies, offset mechanisms, associated participatory processes) as 'co-productions', that is to say as instruments mixing elements of science and political decision-making, we showed that they had their own effects, which have strongly influenced planning policies and the way in which planning actors conceive of biodiversity.The study of environmental assessment instruments, following on the one hand a socio-historical approach and on the other a series of case studies of large-scale railway projects, allowed us to show the existence of several 'regimes' characteristic of environmental assessment, that mobilise different tools and different representations of biodiversity, and which we have identified as 'pioneering', 'institutionalised' and 'utilitarian'.The study of biodiversity in society can therefore be approached not only through analysing the conventions, law and conflicts between actors that it generates, but also through considering the concrete instruments implemented in order to take biodiversity into account, these instruments revealing the representations of biodiversity at a moment in time and being the vectors of change in these representations
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Escobar, Rozas Freddy. "Ulpian’s offer: The subjective value of the patrimonial nature of the contract." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107264.
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With respect to the patrimonial nature of thecontract, derived from the patrimonial nature of the benefit, a lot has been written and proposed. Authors from different periods andwith different ideas have addressed the subject, since it is fundamental to understand thebasic concepts of obligation and contractualrelationship. The stance of the majority findsthe foundation of the patrimonial nature of the benefit in being a limit to private autonomy,since such nature, which is susceptible ofeconomic value, is defined by the social context,and not by the parties.In this article, the author rejects and discusses the mentioned stance. Based on the liberty that each person has to determine what is more convenient for himself and what is more efficient in economic terms, the author defends a subjective vision of the patrimonial nature of the contractual relation, and gives a different function and foundation to the patrimonial nature of the benefit: Being essential for the calculation of the compensation in case of breach.Respecto a la patrimonialidad del contrato,derivada de la patrimonialidad de la prestación, se ha escrito y propuesto mucho. Autores de diversas épocas e ideas han tocado eltema, siendo fundamental para entender los conceptos básicos de obligación y relacióncontractual. La postura mayoritaria encuentra el fundamento de la patrimonialidad dela prestación en ser un límite a la autonomía privada, ya que lo patrimonial, aquello susceptible de valor económico, no lo definen laspartes, si no el contexto social.En el presente artículo, el autor rechaza y discute dicha postura. Basándose en la libertad que tiene cada persona de definir lo más conveniente para sí y lo más eficiente en términos económicos, defiende una visión subjetiva de la patrimonialidad de la relación contractual y le da a la patrimonialidad de la prestación una función y un fundamento diferente: El ser indispensable para el cálculo de la indemnización en caso de incumplimiento.
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Bas, Adeline. "Analyse de la compensation écologique comme instrument d'internalisation et de lutte contre l'érosion de la biodiversité marine : illustration par l'éolien en mer." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0022/document.
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L’installation des énergies marines renouvelables s’effectue dans le respect des législations environnementales françaises. La séquence Eviter-Réduire-Compenser (ERC) est ainsi appliquée pour aboutir à une non-perte nette de biodiversité. L’objectif de la thèse est de questionner l’efficacité de cette séquence, et plus particulièrement celle de la compensation écologique, en tant qu’instrument d’internalisation et de lutte contre l’érosion de la biodiversité marine. Une approche empirique qualitative a ainsi été mise en oeuvre pour (i) identifier les facteurs écologiques et sociétaux ainsi que leurs caractéristiques théoriques qui doivent permettre à la compensation d’atteindre l’objectif de non-perte nette de biodiversité ; et (ii) contrôler si ces conditions sont vérifiées en pratique dans le cas de l’éolien en mer en Europe et en France. L’analyse met en avant les enjeux juridiques, institutionnels, méthodologiques et sociétaux à relever pour permettre à la compensation écologique d’atteindre son objectif. Sur la base de ce constat, une évaluation multicritères est proposée afin de renforcer les étapes d’évitement et de réduction pour finalement mieux définir les besoins de compensation écologique en mer. L’analyse met par ailleurs en évidence un glissement d’une compensation basée sur une équivalence écologique stricte à une compensation fondée sur une équivalence écologique relâchée. Les actions de compensation tendent à être plus généralistes et/ou davantage dirigées vers les services écosystémiques que sur les composantes des écosystèmes. Associées aux mesures d’accompagnement, elles peuvent contribuer à faciliter l’acceptabilité sociale d’un projet d’aménagementThe installation of marine renewable energies is carried out in compliance with French environmental legislation. The mitigation hierarchy is thus applied to achieve an objective of no net loss of biodiversity. This thesis aims at questioning the effectiveness of the mitigation hierarchy and more specifically biodiversity offsetting as an internalization instrument to halt the erosion of marine biodiversity. We use a qualitative empirical approach to (i) identify the ecological and societal factors as well as their theoretical characteristics that are supposed to enable the offsets achieving the objective of no net loss of biodiversity; and (ii) control whether these conditions are verified in practice for the case of offshore wind farms in Europe and France. The analysis highlights the legal, institutional, methodological and societal issues to be addressed in order to enable biodiversity offsetting to achieve the no net loss priority. On the basis of this observation, a multi-criteria assessment is carried out to reinforce the avoidance and reduction steps of the mitigation hierarchy in order to better define offsetting needs. Ultimately, the analysis shows a shift in biodiversity offsetting based on a strict ecological equivalence to a biodiversity offsetting based on a released ecological equivalence. Offsetting actions tend to be more generalist and / or more directed to ecosystem services than to ecosystem components. Associated with accompanying measures, offsetting actions can help to increase the social acceptability of a development project
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Masoumi, Khazar. "La responsabilité environnementale des Etats : un régime juridique en émergence." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA001.
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Malgré ce que l’on a pu croire, le régime commun pourrait présenter un grand intérêt pour le droit international de l’environnement sous réserve de la prise en compte de certaines considérations environnementales. Il s’agit d’une part, du déclenchement de la responsabilité et, d’autre part, de la réparation. Si, en raison de certaines insuffisances normatives environnementales, l’engagement de la responsabilité pourrait soulever des difficultés, le fondement du régime commun, à savoir le fait illicite, facilite la prévention des dommages environnementaux. Quant à l’invocation de la responsabilité, une évolution concernant les droits des États agissant pour un intérêt collectif pourrait empêcher que de nombreux espaces et espèces échappent à la sphère de la responsabilité des États. Concernant les modalités de la réparation, l’importance d’une réparation en nature ou par équivalent en nature impose une adaptation à l’appréciation ou à la mise en œuvre de la restitution et de l’indemnisation. En revanche, la présente thèse propose une nouvelle forme de satisfaction : la compensation écologiqueDespite some authors’ scepticism, the international environmental law can find certain solutions in the law of state responsibility. However, the success of finding such solutions depends on the introduction of a number of environmental considerations to as conditions of state responsibility, its invocation and reparation. Regarding the first, although the state responsibility, which is based on breach of obligations, may lack normative environmental aspect, its preventive role vis-a-vis the environmental harm should not be underestimated. As to the invocation, the positive law has to acknowledge the right of an injured state acting for the collective interest in order to include spaces and species beyond the state’s sovereignty to the law of state responsibility. Regarding the forms of reparation, restitution and compensation must be adapted taking into consideration the importance of environmental restoration towards baseline conditions. However, satisfaction needs to transform into a multiform and flexible form of reparation. For this purpose the present study suggests the biodiversity offset mechanism as a form of satisfaction
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Vaissière, Anne-Charlotte. "Le recours au principe de compensation écologique dans les politiques publiques en faveur de la biodiversité : enjeux organisationnels et institutionnels : cas des écosystèmes aquatiques marins et continentaux." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0028/document.
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La compensation écologique, envisagée dans le respect de la séquence éviter-réduire-compenser les impacts, cherche à apporter des réponses à la crise actuelle d’érosion de la biodiversité. L’objectif de la thèse est de comprendre quels sont les enjeux organisationnels et institutionnels de la mise en œuvre du principe de compensation écologique pour les impacts sur les écosystèmes aquatiques marins et continentaux en Europe et aux Etats-Unis. La thèse mobilise le cadre théorique de l’économie néo-institutionnelle. Les organisations de type hiérarchique (compensation au cas par cas) ont pour principales limites d’avoir une efficacité écologique discutable et de ne pas permettre le suivi et le contrôle des mesures compensatoires ce qui conduit souvent à ce que la compensation ne soit pas ou peu mise en œuvre. Aux Etats-Unis, les banques de compensation consistent en une réponse anticipée et mutualisée aux dommages à l’environnement. Il s’agit d’une forme organisationnelle alternative hybride fortement régulée à mi-chemin entre la hiérarchie et le marché. Cependant, les acteurs ont des stratégies collectives et individuelles qui engendrent des négociations ayant des conséquences sur les enjeux de développement économique et de maintien des objectifs de conservation de la biodiversité. Le système des banques de compensation crée un double phénomène de redistribution des coûts de transaction et de diminution de ceux-ci mais il semble que l’évolution de l’ensemble du cadre d’application de la compensation écologique américain permet aujourd’hui une complémentarité institutionnelle entre ces deux formes organisationnelles plutôt qu’une disparition des formes hiérarchiquesBiodiversity offset, as the last step of the mitigation hierarchy (avoid/reduce/offset), aims to address the current biodiversity loss crisis. The main goal of this PhD, which relies on the new institutional economics approach as a theoretical framework, is to understand the organizational and institutional issues of implementing biodiversity offsets policies for impacts on continental and offshore wetlands in Europe and the United-States. Hierarchical organizations (i.e. permittee responsible mitigation) often lead to little to no implementation of biodiversity offsets because the ecological effectiveness of case-by-case compensatory measures is unproven and the monitoring and control of numerous measures are difficult. In the United-States, the mitigation banking system aims to compensate for multiple small impacts on wetlands by carrying out restoration projects on fewer but larger wetland areas in order to reach the goal of no net loss of biodiversity. This hybrid organizational form is highly regulated and therefore stands halfway between hierarchical and market organizations. However, actors have individual and collective strategies that generate negotiations with consequences on economic development and biodiversity conservation stakes. The mitigation banking system leads to a decrease of transaction costs and a change of the actors bearing them. It seems that the evolution of the whole framework of biodiversity offsets policy implementation in the United-States leans toward an institutional complementarity between these two organizational forms rather than a disappearance of hierarchical organizations
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Combe, Marius. "Instruments économiques et protection de la biodiversité : analyse juridique des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3055.
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Regroupés sous le vocable d’« instruments économiques » – ou instruments de marché (market-based instrument) –, les mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux se sont imposés comme des instruments incontournables des politiques de protection de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes. Articulés autour d’une pluralité de principes (principe pollueur-payeur, principe bénéficiaire-payeur, etc.) et de concepts (services écosystémiques, capital naturel, etc.) largement influencés par les approches économiques de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes, ces deux instruments caractérisent l’émergence d’une nouvelle approche des politiques environnementales. L’étude révèle la pluralité des liens juridiques qui unissent la compensation écologique et les paiements pour services environnementaux. Tantôt rapprochés, tantôt distingués, ces mécanismes s’imposent, in fine, comme les deux faces d’une même pièce. L’utilisation des paiements pour services environnementaux, à des fins de compensation écologique, apparaît toutefois comme une orientation préoccupante de nature à détourner cet instrument de son objet. En dépit de leurs vertus théoriques, l’efficacité des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux pour la protection de la biodiversité se révèle discutable, justifiant un renforcement et une mise en cohérence de leur cadre juridiqueGathered under the term “economic instruments” – or market-base instruments -, mechanisms for ecological compensation and payments for environmental services have established themselves as the essential tool for the biodiversity and ecosystem protection policies. Built around a plurality of principles (polluter pays principle, beneficiary pays principle, etc.) and concepts (ecosystem services, natural capital, etc.) largely influenced by economical approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems, these two instruments characterize the oncoming of a new take on environmental policies. The study reveals the plurality of judicial links that unite ecological compensation and payments for environmental services. Sometimes close together, sometimes distinguishable, these mechanisms are, in fine, both sides of a same coin. The use of payments for environmental services, as ecological compensation, appears however as a preoccupying orientation, likely to deflect this instrument from its purpose. In spite of their theoretical virtues, the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanisms and payments for environmental services for the protection of biodiversity turns out to be questionable, justifying a reinforcement and more consistency in their legal framework
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Mofti, Wirya. "FÖRFRÅGNINGSUNDERLAG-TOTALENTREPRENAD : BYGGNATION AV DUBBELSPÅRFUNKTION GODSSTRÅKET HALLSBERG- DEGERÖN DELEN STENKUMLA-DUNSJÖ." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-29310.
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Turnkey contract is a commonly used form of contract for procurement of projects, however not so common when it comes to rail infrastructure, because railway installations are so complex and makes greater demands on availability and traffic safety. Performance contracts have occurred in railway projects for a long time. The Swedish Transport Administration has received directives from the government to push for increased productivity and increased degree of innovation in the construction industry. The Swedish Transport Administration has the ambition to transform its role as a client to create the conditions for the market and its driving forces for increased innovation and productivity by handing over a greater commitment and responsibility to the contractors. A strategic primary focus is to increase the proportion of turnkey projects within the construction industry. Contracts relating to investments between 25-500 million will be procured through turnkey projects. The purpose of this report is to identify how the market views the specifications with emphasis on object-specific technical description, its calculability, structure and clarity. The section that has been analyzed in this report is the construction of the freight line between Stenkumla - Dunsjö that is part of the whole distance between Hallsberg - Degerön. Interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs who have participated in the bidding contest. The purpose of the interviews was to get the contractors' views on the specifications that can be taken into account in future projects. Responses will be analyzed by the Swedish Transport Administration and taken into account for the development of future specifications in turnkey contracts for the construction industry. OTB for the route Stenkumla - Dunsjö, entrepreneurs are not allowed to come up with innovative solutions, since the specifications contain many technical solutions specified by the Swedish Transport Administration. The contractors want more freedom in the specifications in order to provide innovative solutions. One reason that there are many technical solutions in this project is because, the project was meant to be procured as performance contract and Traffic Authority had already planned a lot before they decided to purchase it as Turnkey contract.Totalentreprenader är vanligt förekommande entreprenadformen vid upphandling av projekt dock inte så vanligt när det gäller järnvägsanläggningar eftersom järnvägsanläggningar är så komplexa och ställer större krav på tillgänglighet och trafiksäkerhet. Utförandeentreprenader har varit entreprenadformen som har förekommit vid järnvägsprojekt under en längre tid. Trafikverket har fått direktiv från regering att verka för ökad produktivitet och ökad innovationsgrad i anläggningsbranschen. Trafikverket har som ambition att förändra sin roll som beställare för att skapa förutsättningar för marknaden och dess drivkrafter till ökas innovation och produktivitet genom att överlämna ett större åtagande och ansvar till entreprenörerna. En strategisk huvudinriktning är att öka andelen totalentreprenader inom anläggningsbranschen. Entreprenader som avser investeringar mellan 25 – 500 Mkr ska 50 % av entreprenaderna upphandlas genom totalentreprenader. Syftet med denna rapport är att kartlägga hur marknaden ser på förfrågningsunderlaget med tonvikt på det objektspcifik tekniska beskrivningen, dess kalkylbarhet, struktur och tydlighet. Sträckan som har i denna rapport analyserat är byggnationen av godsstråket mellan Stenkumla – Dunsjö som är en del av hela sträckan mellan Hallsberg – Degerön. Intervjuer har utförts med entreprenörerna som har deltagit i anbudstävlingen. Syftet med intervjuerna har varit för att få entreprenörernas synpunkter på förfrågningsunderlaget som kan tas hänsyn till i kommande projekt. Svaren kommer analyseras av Trafikverket och tas i hänsyn till utvecklingsarbetet av framtida förfrågningsunderlag inom totalentreprenader för anläggningsbranschen. OTB för just sträckan Stenkumla – Dunsjö, tillåts inte entreprenörerna komma med innovativa lösningar eftersom förfrågningsunderlaget innehåller många tekniska lösningar som angivits av Trafikverket. Entreprenörerna vill ha mer frihet i förfrågningsunderlagen för att kunna bidra med innovativa lösningar. En anledning till att det finns många tekniska lösningar i detta projekt är att det finns en beslutad järnvägsplan. Järnvägsplanen styr utformningen av anläggningen.
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Tylš, Ladislav. "Získávání dat z kamer." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217760.
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This thesis describes the principles of making application which is able to set and control camera. The first part describes basic camera connections and it explains definition and specification of camera’s features. The second part of my thesis describes implementation of application, which can use more cameras to image preview, image acquisition and to simply set of camera’s features. To implement the applications we can use MATLAB and C++BUILDER uses opencv libraries.
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Tarabon, Simon. "La prise en compte des fonctionnalités écologiques dans l'aménagement des territoires et l'application de la séquence Éviter-Réduire-Compenser : De l'échelle projet à la planification Environmental impact assessment of development projects improved by merging species distribution and habitat connectivity modelling Integrating a landscape connectivity approach into mitigation hierarchy planning by anticipating urban dynamics. Landscape and Urban Planning Améliorer la prise en compte des fonctionnalités écologiques dans la séquence Éviter-Réduire-Compenser Maximizing habitat connectivity in the mitigation hierarchy. A case study on three terrestrial mammals in an urban environment The effects of climate warming and urbanised areas on the future distribution of Cortaderia selloana, pampas grass, in France." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0720.
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La biodiversité est confrontée à une érosion accélérée et est devenue une préoccupation environnementale mondiale ces dernières décennies. En France, la séquence Éviter–Réduire–Compenser (ERC) est un des outils réglementaires mis en place dans un contexte de destruction et de fragmentation des habitats d’espèces. Elle permet le développement des territoires tout en visant une absence de perte nette de biodiversité. Cependant, malgré les récentes évolutions réglementaires européennes et françaises, le triptyque ERC présente de nombreuses limites et enjeux d’ordre opérationnel. En positionnant nos travaux à l’interface entre recherche et opérationnalité, nous proposons un cadre méthodologique basé sur plusieurs approches de modélisation afin d’améliorer les processus d’évaluation et décisionnels aux différentes étapes d’aménagement, de la planification à l’opérationnel au moment de l’autorisation des projets. Dans une première partie du travail, nous intégrons les enjeux spatio-temporels de la biodiversité à l’ensemble de la séquence ERC, de l’évaluation des impacts potentiels au dimensionnement des mesures écologiques. À partir du cas précis de l’aménagement du Grand Stade de Lyon, nous montrons l’intérêt de combiner les modèles de distribution d’espèces et les graphes paysager pour identifier les réseaux écologiques et poser un cadre de calcul de l’équivalence écologique basé sur le volet fonctionnel de la biodiversité. Intégrer les dimensions spatiales et temporelles permet d’accroitre la connectivité des habitats et améliorer la conception des projets. Nous montrons ensuite qu’organiser la compensation à l’échelle des territoires en les intégrant aux réseaux écologiques améliore davantage les bénéfices et réduit le risque d’échecs des mesures. Notre démarche est présentée dans le contexte périurbain de l’Ouest de Lyon. Enfin, nous démontrons les implications d’une démarche anticipée et planifiée de la séquence ERC dans la planification stratégique des territoires. Pour cela, nous montrons dans le cadre de la Métropole de Toulouse l’intérêt d’étudier conjointement les dynamiques urbaines et écologiques pour mettre en place une stratégie de conservation de la biodiversité à l’horizon 2040 en assurant l’absence de perte nette sur les habitats d’espèces et leur connectivité selon différentes trajectoires d’urbanisation et de ratio de compensation. Cette thèse offre une approche globale pour orienter les décideurs et améliorer la prise en compte des fonctionnalités écologiques à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles dans l’aménagement des territoires et l’application de la séquence ERC. Ce travail est basé sur des logiciels novateurs et accessibles pour tous les acteurs et constitue une contribution intéressante à l’appui des maitres d’ouvrage qui souhaitent s’assurer de l’absence d'effets significatifs ou irréversibles sur la biodiversité, et des autorités environnementales qui veillent à ce que l’ensemble des enjeux environnementaux soient bien pris en compte dans la conception des projets d’aménagementOver the past decades, biodiversity erosion has speeded up and become a global environmental concern since. Anthropization has led to. The mitigation hierarchy (avoidance, reduction and offsetting of impacts) is a regulatory tool implemented in a context of habitat destruction and fragmentation, disrupting species’ life cycle. The objective is to achieve “no net loss” of biodiversity following urban development. Although biodiversity conservation regulations have recently better addressed ecosystem functioning, the mitigation hierarchy is still being implemented with little concern for the spatial configuration of ecosystems in the landscape. This thesis hypothesizes that the major difficulties encountered by stakeholders are, in part, methodological and technical. Situating our research at the knowledge-action interface, we propose a methodological framework based on several modeling approaches, to respond to the different scientific and operational challenges. This thesis joins forces with other scientific projects and stakeholders’ networks by exploring complementary axes. To this end, we first integrate spatio-temporal issues of biodiversity into overall mitigation hierarchy application, focusing on potential impacts and dimensioning at “territorial development project” scale through a case study on the new stadium in Lyon (Southern France). Combining species distributions models and spatial graphs improves habitat connectivity and therefore the design of the development projects. Next, we demonstrate the positive impacts on peri-urban habitat connectivity of pooling and anticipating offsets in the suburbs of Lyon. In the last part, we demonstrate the implications of an anticipated and planned approach to the mitigation hierarchy on a planning scale. We consider both ecological connectivity and urban dynamics, in an attempt to minimize the ecological impacts of urban sprawl by avoiding urbanization of areas of highest ecological value and then enhance the application of biodiversity offsetting. This method is tested on projections for the Toulouse conurbation (Southern France) by 2040. Thus, this thesis presents an overall approach that can help to increase habitat connectivity and to improve the design of territorial development projects at different spatial and temporal scales. This methodology is based on freeware available to all practitioners. It will serve planners, designers, and decision-makers needing to ensure that there are no significant or irreversible effects on biodiversity, and environmental authorities making sure that all environmental issues are taken into account in the design of development projects
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Marek, Ewelina. "Essays on mental accounting effects of personal carbon allowances : implications for transportation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2083.
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Toute procrastination à lutter contre le changement climatique aura pour conséquence une augmentation croissante des coûts à l'avenir (voir par exemple Stern, 2006). Le manque de changement dans le comportement des individus, indépendamment de l'investissement dans les technologies de réduction des émissions, pourrait entraîner des coûts exorbitants. Ces derniers sont déjà aujourd'hui très élevés en raison du faible nombre d’options disponibles pour réduire les émissions (Abrell, 2007; Bottrill, 2006; Proost, 2008; SDC, 2005). Par conséquent, des efforts sont nécessaires pour introduire des mesures politiques efficaces le plus rapidement possible. Bien que cette question concerne de nombreux secteurs de l’économie, cette thèse se concentre sur le secteur des transports car il s’agit de l'un des plus grands émetteurs de CO2 (CE, 2012). C’est également un secteur, qui se caractérise par des coûts de dépollution élevés. Cela signifie que tout progrès vers une technologie moins carbonée sera coûteuse et prendra du temps (Kesicki, 2012).Ostrom et al. (2012) signalent qu’une solution peut être trouvée en établissant et en appliquant des limites sur les ressources communes. De nombreuses études ont été entreprises à ce sujet (voir par exemple Dudley, 1993; Hackett et al., 1994; Kramer et al, 1986;. Randall, 1975, 1978;. Walker et al, 1991, 1992). Cependant, ce dernier n'a pas encore été épuisé. Au contraire, de nouveaux instruments de politique soulèvent de nouvelles discussions et suscitent le besoin pour de nouvelles recherches. Les « Personal Carbon Allowances » (PCA), aussi dénommés en français par le terme « permis d’émission », sont un de ces instruments. Le PCA est un instrument de politique publique de plafonnement et d’échange (« cap-and-trade ») dans lequel les droits d’émissions de carbone sont attribués à des individus. D'un point de vue néoclassique, les permis d'émission constituent un instrument de politique efficace et efficient dans la lutte contre la pollution (Weitzman, 1974; Montgomery, 1972). Ils entraînent une augmentation des prix qui couvre le montant exact des émissions produites par un individu. Toutefois, des éléments socio-psychologiques compliquent le problème. Cette thèse tente d’apporter un éclaircissement sur la manière dont l'économie comportementale pourrait être utilisée pour lutter contre la pollution de l'environnement du transport personnel. Elle fait des propositions concernant la mise en place des PCA et comment ces derniers pourraient influencer les choix personnels de déplacement. Plusieurs conclusions et recommandations en matière d’économie comportementale sont formulées dans quatre articles. Aux fins de cette thèse, trois des quatre articles sont basés sur des expériences. Dans les expériences de laboratoire, les sujets ont géré leurs quotas sous la dénomination française de « permis d'émissions » (et non de PCA) dans la mesure où l'étude a été menée en France. Une des conclusions mise en évidence par les expériences est que l'étiquetage a une influence positive sur les participants. L'effet de l'étiquetage pourrait être introduit dans le système PCA de différentes manières. Par exemple, les quotas de carbone personnels accordés à l’ensemble des activités pourraient être étendus sous forme de quotas pour les transports en commun. Les transports en commun pourraient être étiquetés dans le budget. Il s’agirait d’une alternative moins polluante que les transports privés., Les expériences montrent que les sujets, qui disposent d’un certain nombre de PCA à dépenser exclusivement pour les transports publics sont incités à privilégier ce mode de transport. Une autre leçon qui peut être tirée de cette thèse est l’importance du retour d’informations et d’expérience. Les individus peuvent non seulement s’appuyer sur leurs expériences personnelles passées pour faire des choix (y compris des choix de transport) mais aussi vouloir étendre leurs connaissances grâce au retour d'expérienceThe excessive anthropogenic activities related to burning of fossil fuels emit around 80 percent of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere per year, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014). Among the GHG emissions, the anthropogenic CO2 emissions belong to the most dangerous ones. About 40 percent of these CO2 emissions have remained in the atmosphere (880 ± 35 GtCO2) since 1750, contributing to the global warming effect (IPCC, 2014). Since the 1950s, humanity is clearly responsible for more than half of the observed increases in temperatures (IPCC, 2014). The world energy consumption in 2011 tripled when comparing to 1965 and it has increased more rapidly than the world population (BP and UN, 2012). The above problem concerns a number of sectors, but only one of them has become the main subject of this dissertation. More precisely, this dissertation focuses on the transportation sector, which belongs to one of the greatest contributors of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere ((EC, 2012). Researchers warn that if the personal transportation demand continues to augment, which is likely due to the steady increase in population and greater accessibility to transport modes, the levels of congestion could become intolerable and even more costly to mitigate (Stern, 2006; EEA, 2010; Ostrom et al., 2012). Lack of changes in individual’s behavior, irrespectively of investment in abatement technologies, could lead to excessive costs, which already today are estimated to be high due to a very few low-carbon alternatives available (Abrell, 2007; Bottrill, 2006; Proost, 2008; SDC, 2005). The essays presented in this dissertation shed some light on how insights from the behavioral economics could be used to tackle the environmental pollution from personal transportation. At the core, lies the implementation of a market-based policy instrument (i.e., personal carbon allowances) in hypothetical commuting choices. The personal carbon allowances, abbreviated as PCA, constitute “a right to pollute” the atmosphere during personal activities, such as commuting and traveling (Roberts and Thumim, 2006; Howell, 2008; 2012; Parag et al., 2011). This dissertation provides suggestions on how a PCA design could influence personal choices of commuting. On the basis of four essays, a number of conclusions were drawn, and policy recommendations were formulated. For the purposes of this dissertation, PCA was defined to be any ‘cap-and-trade’ public policy instrument in which carbon emission rights are allocated to individuals. Three out of four essays encompassed laboratory experiments. The experimental subjects managed their allowances under a term emission permits (les permis d'émission, in French) because the study was conducted in France. One of the conclusions that should be highlighted is that the labeling effect had a positive influence on the experimental subjects and that it would be beneficial to consider it in the PCA scheme. For example, the personal carbon allowances that are granted for all activities could be extended by allowances that would be valid for public transportation only. The public transportation should be labeled in the budget because it is a less polluting alternative to private transportation. Having a certain number of allowances for public transportation at their disposal, subjects may be more willing to use this transport mode in replacement of commuting by private transportation. Another lesson that can be drawn from this dissertation is that the provision of feedback matters. Moreover, individuals may not only rely on their personal past experiences but also may want to extend their knowledge by the feedback on activities of their peers or neighbours
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Liu, Yan-Ze, and 劉彥澤. "Offset Compensation of Trimmed b-spline Surfaces." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21438189630972219210.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
102
With the development of the computer science, computer aided software is applied in several areas. Especially, the computer aided design is applied on many industries. For example, the CNC machining is important in the manufacture of the product. In the progress of the NC tool path simulation, it should have the inseparable geometry association of offset curve and offset surface. The research focuses on the improvement of the surface offset method, by combining the advantages of using the data point and the control point for the construction of the offset surface. After the mutually application, finding the start position of the critical point, and using the golden search for the optimum local maximum and minimum is the key achievement of the proposed thesis. From the topological structure of the boundary curve and the base surface, the proposed method can be extended to the offset of the trimmed surface.
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McLeod, Scott. "Limiting amplifier offset compensation in 65-nm CMOS." 2009. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=958029&T=F.
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Chen, Wei-Yu, and 陳威宇. "Carrier Frequency Offset Compensation for Uplink OFDMA systems." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24812712269733703831.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
通訊工程研究所
97
In OFDMA uplink system, the oscillator mismatch between transmitter and receiver destroys the orthogonality among subcarriers. Unlike downlink, the carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) in uplink system not only cause phase shift and inter-carrier interference (ICI) but also multiple access interference (MAI). Thus, how to estimate and compensate the CFOs becomes a crucial task. For this reason, many MAI compensation methods have been proposed but they still suffer from MAI effect. Therefore, we propose an MAI cancellation scheme that improves the MAI that is caused by CFOs. Using simulation results, we show that the proposed method effectively cancels the MAI effect and we also verify that the performance of our proposed method is better than the other previous works.
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Hung, Shao-Ping, and 洪紹評. "Effect Compensation of Both IQ Imbalance and Frequency-Offset." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29986962235183416010.
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碩士國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
92
There are two types of RF front-end imperfections in most communication devices, the frequency offset and the IQ imbalance, namely and respectively. The two effects can affect serious impact on performance. This study proposes a novel scheme which adopts the Least Square (LS) method to estimate the IQ imbalance when the frequency offset effect exists by using a preamble of repeated training sequence. An analogous scheme to estimate the frequency offset was also developed in this study when the IQ imbalance effect exists. These proposed schemes were applied in IEEE 802.11a standard and validated their performance by simulation.
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Chang, Chun-Hung, and 張椿宏. "A Capacitor Sharing Method for Multi-Stage Offset Compensation." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45458797045624723672.
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碩士國立清華大學
電子工程研究所
89
We propose a capacitor sharing method for multi-stage offset compensation. The offset voltage of the 1st stage can be compensated using the difference of voltages at output between two phases. The offset voltage of the 2nd stage can be canceled using a closed loop auto-zero compensation technique ( input storage ). Only one capacitor is required for a multi-stage circuit in case of single-ended implementation. The method can be applied to many types of a multi-stage circuit. Such as comparators, frequency shift keying (FSK) signal process system and so on. In the application of comparators, for example, only one capacitor is needed between two pre-amplifiers that are serial connection to compensate offset voltages. We proposed three comparator circuits with switched-capacitor amplifiers or switched-resistor amplifiers based on ping-pong structure. They can increase the active time. Similarly in the FSK signal process system, only one capacitor is needed between the high-pass filter and hysteresis limiter that are serial connection to compensate offset voltages. Such a circuit is mixed-signal mode, and thus we need to use the CADANCE tools to design the circuit. The HSPICE simulation of the designed compensation circuit shows that the input offset voltage can be reduced to less than 0.3%. It is realized by using TSMC 0.35mm CMOS process. The measurement result shows that we can reduce the offset voltage to mv level. The results prove that the capacitor sharing method is useful for multi-stage offset compensation.
46
Chang, Sekchin 1969. "Compensation of nonlinear distortion and frequency offset in OFDM systems." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/10714.
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47
Lai, Sin-Lang, and 賴信良. "Clock Offset and I-Q Imbalance Compensation for OFDM Systems." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26452447780184268565.
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碩士國立交通大學
電信工程系
91
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising transmission technology for future high data rate communications. OFDM has been used in wide varieties of applications. In this thesis, the issues of clock offset and I-Q imbalance of OFDM systems are investigated. A novel open-loop phase-tracking with phase interpolation is proposed to counteract the effect of clock offset. In addition, three new compensation methods for I-Q imbalance that appears in the direct conversion RF frond-end are proposed. Simulations on the IEEE 802.11a OFDM WLAN system show that the implementation loss due to clock offset estimation is less than 1 dB, and the proposed new methods for I-Q imbalance compensation significantly outperform the traditional ones. Finally, a complete transceiver that complies with the IEEE 802.11a specification is designed and simulated. The overall implementation loss is less than 2 dB.
48
Li, Zheng Yi, and 李正一. "Estimation and compensation of sampling frequency offset for OFDM systems." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nq643j.
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Lin, Kuan-Ren, and 林寬仁. "Estimation and Compensation of Carrier Frequency Offset for Uplink OFDMA Systems." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fy6r43.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
電機工程系研究所
98
For the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, carrier frequency offset (CFO) leads to loss of orthogonality among subcarriers; thus significantly degrading bit error performance. Moreover, in the uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, multiple CFOs due to multi-user result in multiple access interference (MAI), further degrading system performance. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is one potential scheme for CFOs estimation, however, its performance gradually degrades with the increasing number of users due to the lack of diversity. While attractive and repulsive PSO (ARPSO) can enhance diversity using attraction and repulsion operators, its convergent speed is very slow. Therefore, this study proposes a modified PSO, which is called MRPSO for simplicity, to improve mean square error (MSE) performance and convergent speed of PSO by integrating mutation and repulsion operators. Additionally, least square (LS) is employed to mitigate the effect of ICI and MAI. Simulation result indicates that our proposed scheme is superior to LPSO_Mut and ARPSO for CFOs estimation and compensation.
50
Wu, Chun-Ye, and 巫峻儀. "Study of Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation and Compensation for OFDMA Systems." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83965205650576167426.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
電信工程學研究所
98
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a popular physical layer technique for wireless communication nowadays. Due to carrier frequency offset caused by local oscillator mismatch and Doppler Effect, frequency synchronization is a crucial issue for mobile communication. Although many literatures have proposed lots of solutions for OFDMA downlink, there are still lots of problems that degrade the performance in uplink. At the beginning of this thesis, the pilots are inserted in transmitting signals to assist the CFO estimation. With the iterative algorithm, the perfect CFO estimation is achieved at the second iteration. In addition, we also try to exploit the banded matrix to reduce the computational complexity of the full matrix. Therefore, exploiting from such scheme, the low complexity estimation is obtained without sacrificing much performance. Second, in the later chapter, we consider the problem of the unequal power allocation to the base station. Unequal power users would make strong multiuser interference on our estimation and degrade our performance. Therefore, in order to acquire better performance, a modified method is proposed to eliminate the interference before the estimation. Finally, considering practical implementation, we would set the environment to that of Taiwan High Speed Rail. With the proposed algorithm, the estimation performance can achieve the same quality in time-invariant channels.