Academic literature on the topic 'Offline-online paradigm'

In the internet age, a considerable amount of information about risk events and objects is shared in cyberspace. Since online and offline spaces are not discrete, there is a cross-effect in which perceptual or attitudinal factors in cyberspace influence offline actions, while offline attitudes affect online actions. However, few studies have examined this cross-effect. In the present study, the intention to engage in online or offline behaviors opposing nuclear energy was the dependent variable. The independent variables included risk perception factors (i.e., perceived risk, perceived benefit, trust, knowledge, and stigma) in the risk perception paradigm, and cyber factors (i.e., self-efficacy in cyberspace, involvement on the internet, trust in cyberspace, conformity to online opinion, and belief in online rumors) in the cyberpsychology paradigm. Our findings offer evidence for the cross-effect of online or offline predictors on online/offline behaviors opposing nuclear energy. All the variables in the cyberspace paradigm influenced offline opposition, while those in the risk perception paradigm affected online opposition. Moreover, the five online-related risk perception variables played a significant role in moderating the relationships of predictors in the risk perception paradigm with offline opposition.

Abstract Brain-computer interface (BCI) applications such as keyboard control and vehicular navigation present significant assistive merit for disabled individuals. However, there are limitations associated with BCI paradigms which restrict a wider adoption of BCI technology. For example, rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigms can induce seizures in photosensitive epileptic subjects. This paper evaluates the novel mirrored-word reading paradigm (MWRP) for BCI implementation using an offline experimental study. The offline study obtained an average single-trial classification accuracy of 74.10%. The results also demonstrate that the use of multiple trials for classification can increase the accuracy as is common with BCIs. The developed MWRP-based BCI also utilized a low presentation frequency which averts the possibility of paradigm induced photosensitivity. However, there are multiple avenues for future work. The MWRP can be implemented in the online format for real-time device control. For example, a vehicular application platform can be used where the word orientation represents directions for travel. The MWRP can also be investigated across a wider range of stimulus presentation parameters such as timing, color and stimulus size. Such studies can be used to suggest further improvements to the paradigm which can enhance its applicability for online device control.

The purpose of this thesis is to find out which of Singapore Airline to promote Premium Economy Class, both online and offline marketing communication channels, has greater impact to increase its Product Awareness and come out with Marketing Strategies purchase decision.This study uses quantitative method by finding out the influence of online and offline Strategic Marketing Communication by Singapore Airlines Premium Economy Class in Purchase Intention followed by post-positivist paradigm and mix method. As the result, the researcher uses 100 correspondences who are Indonesian passengers living in Jakarta and usually travel on Singapore Airlines and registered as Singapore Airlines members. The research result shows that (1) Brand Awareness in online marketing strategies has a greater influence on Purchase Intention at 41.2% while Brand Awareness in the offline marketing strategies has an influence of 33%, (2) brand knowledge on online marketing strategies has a greater influence on Purchase Intention at 48.1% while Brand knowledge in offline marketing strategies has an influence of 15.7%, (3) Brand likeness in online marketing strategies has a greater influence on Purchase Intention at 47.3% while Brand likeness in offline marketing strategies has an influence of 20.7%, (4) Brand preference on online marketing strategies has a greater influence on Purchase Intention at 52.1% while Brand preference on offline marketing strategies has an influence of 24.9%, (5) brand conviction on online marketing strategies has a greater influence on Purchase Intention at 54% while brand conviction in offline marketing strategies has an influence of 26.6%

The change in life continues to change quickly. The 4.0 industry has been examined, marking a development in IT, including the Internet, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence. Everyone was not distinguished from technology by the development of IT in the 21st century. Different opinions from various parties to online learning come from face-to-face shifting paradigms. This sort of learning paradigm has multiple advantages and disadvantages to reach the aim of learning itself. This study seeks to assess the perspective of learners of online learning in this context in a COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on students of the English conversation of Akademi Maritim Nusantara Cilacap. The instruments used are semi-structured interviews. The researcher asked the students about the Covid-19 outbreak via the WhatsApp service. The research design employed in this research was a case study. The online study is unbelievably advantageous in the heart of the pandemic. AMN Cilacap has selected the Google Classroom Service as its Learning Management System. They will receive new terminology, knowledge, and technical skills. Thus, when they graduate in the future, students will no longer have problems using their primary app for education. Online learning is more effective than offline learning for a particular objective, information, skills, and students. Combining the benefit of online and offline teaching approaches known as combined learning will help overcome the potential limitations of online learning in the professional school of AMN Cilacap. But a mix of online and offline learning, notwithstanding the volatility of online, may be the best option to maximize its worth.

It is curious to reflect that so much significance has been given to Tutoring for teachers within the period of COVID-19 pandemic in the spaces of some destructive changes of the postmodernism educational paradigm. Both the behaviorist/structural model and functional /communicative model have, in their different ways and aspects, consistently played it in terms of the emphasis on correspondence, on-line and off-line courses. This study suggests some ways of opening up daily situations and cases with ICT means for learners in the regional professional spaces of modern language teaching in terms of axiological approach that considers student-centered techniques as a priority a) to establish the psychological balance in the classroom, which is essential for security and stability of the communicative environment and educational process for each participant; b) to fill the gap in different sections of Grammar and Vocabulary for any learner; c) to open up the possibilities for both gifted children and children/adults with special needs.

Abstract ‘The same rights that people have offline must also be protected online’ is used in recent years as a dominant concept in international discourse about human rights in cyberspace. But does this notion of ‘normative equivalency’ between the ‘offline’ and the ‘online’ afford effective protection for human rights in the digital age? This is the question at the heart of this article. We first review the development of human rights in cyberspace as they were conceptualized and articulated in international fora and critically evaluate the normative equivalency paradigm adopted by international bodies for the online application of human rights. We then attempt to describe the contours of a new digital human rights framework, which goes beyond the normative equivalency paradigm. We offer in this connection a typology of three ‘generations’ or modalities in the evolution of digital human rights – the radical reinterpretation of existing rights, the development of new rights and the introduction of new right and duty holders. In particular, we focus on the emergence of new digital human rights, present two prototype rights (the right to Internet access and the right not to be subject to automated decision) and discuss the normative justifications invoked for recognizing these new digital human rights. We propose that such a multilayered framework corresponds better than the normative equivalency paradigm to the unique features and challenges of upholding human rights in cyberspace.

Shopping has undergone a paradigm shift as a result of technological influence, with most consumers preferring online purchasing to traditional physical store shopping. The current pandemic scenario has resulted in a shift in customer spending patterns both online and offline. This paper identifies and analyses customers’ behavior towards online and retail shopping based on various factors affecting their behavior on which mode of shopping most they prefer during the pandemic situation. Primary data was used and a structured questionnaire was utilized to obtain the data. An online survey was conducted to collect from 200 heterogeneous kinds of people. The data collected were subjected to frequency analysis, Chi-square test, and Cronbach’s Alpha Test. IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v23) was used for analyzing the data. The results revealed that among the various technological factors the proficiency rate of respondents utilizing, the internet has shown a significant impact on the consumers’ preference towards the mode of shopping. Factors like quick product information, a wider choice of products, better prices and discounts highly influence the consumers to opt for online shopping, whereas faster delivery time and product quality reliability and accuracy influence the consumers to choose offline shopping.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has accelerated the transition of offline teaching to online teaching at colleges and universities in China which are speeding up the construction of information and intelligent education. Offline teaching is conducive to constructing a new type of education and talent training paradigm in the intelligent era. Through literature review and investigations, it is found that in the post-epidemic era, online teaching still has some problems, such as insufficient information technology guarantee, insufficient interaction between teachers and students, single teaching effect evaluation indicators and students’ poor self-discipline. To cope with the above-mentioned challenges, this paper has proposed the following suggestions for online teaching in the post-epidemic era: increase investment in information infrastructure, improve teachers’ information literacy and online teaching ability in an all-round way, update and improve the academic evaluation system and enhance students’ independent learning ability. All those suggestions aim to promote online teaching and create a new model of college education.

The article examines the key concepts and theories of modern digitalization paradigm of global financial market, its equilibrium, conditions of financial centres, e-commerce, and FinTech companies. It identifies positive and negative aspects of financial market digitalization and its transformation in global digitalization. Effective principles for the digitalization of Ukraine’s economy are explored. The key ways of financial market digitalization are outlined. The article presents a framework of indicators for the digitalization of the financial market in Ukraine. Quantitative analysis is applied to the indicators grouped by type: general indicators of online financial activity of the population; indicators of online and offline accumulation of funds; indicators of credit activity. In addition, some ways to digitalize Ukrainian market are outlined and hierarchical model of FinTech sectors in Ukraine is proposed. This allows us to identify the most promising areas for the future development of financial technologies in such areas as cash flow services, innovations and new standards of technological services, and application development. It is substantiated that in addition to the commonly used payment tools, the most promising areas in Ukraine are the development of IT solutions, financial asset analytics, marketplaces and neo-banking.

Abstract Social media play increasingly important roles in changing young people’s learning styles. The most significant implication for moral and citizenship education would be that young people nowadays are employing social media for cybercivic participation and learning, constructing to both online and offline communities. This paper, based on a virtual ethnographic study, examines how Chinese university students participate in civic discussions and activities by the use of online forums and social network sites. It further explores youth capabilities of learning to be responsible, reciprocal, and reflective citizens. The paper presents three potential learning paradigms, namely dutiful, actualising, and reflective cybercivic learning, and argues that each paradigm has its advantages and limitations in developing moral and civic knowledge, values, and skills. To integrate three learning paradigms into the institutional education system would be an innovation of moral and citizenship education in the age of social media.

AbstractInterprocedural data-flow analyses form an expressive and useful paradigm of numerous static analysis applications, such as live variables analysis, alias analysis and null pointers analysis. The most widely-used framework for interprocedural data-flow analysis is IFDS, which encompasses distributive data-flow functions over a finite domain. On-demand data-flow analyses restrict the focus of the analysis on specific program locations and data facts. This setting provides a natural split between (i) an offline (or preprocessing) phase, where the program is partially analyzed and analysis summaries are created, and (ii) an online (or query) phase, where analysis queries arrive on demand and the summaries are used to speed up answering queries.In this work, we consider on-demand IFDS analyses where the queries concern program locations of the same procedure (aka same-context queries). We exploit the fact that flow graphs of programs have low treewidth to develop faster algorithms that are space and time optimal for many common data-flow analyses, in both the preprocessing and the query phase. We also use treewidth to develop query solutions that are embarrassingly parallelizable, i.e. the total work for answering each query is split to a number of threads such that each thread performs only a constant amount of work. Finally, we implement a static analyzer based on our algorithms, and perform a series of on-demand analysis experiments on standard benchmarks. Our experimental results show a drastic speed-up of the queries after only a lightweight preprocessing phase, which significantly outperforms existing techniques.

Game-based learning is widely followed at the school level in India, but the higher education system has been longer in adopting it. The pandemic situation has transformed teaching and learning processes from the traditional to the technical method, which requires a more versatile approach. Because of the rapid change from the offline mode to the online mode in higher education, there is little evidence available on the inefficiency of implementing the traditional system of teacher-centered education on online platforms. There comes a lot of the significance in of adapting technology-based games in order to engage and motivate students throughout their course of study. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the effectiveness of game-based learning strategies over traditional learning methods. Moreover, the results of a cross-sectional study conducted by the authors in South Indian universities at the higher education level is included.

The chapter discusses a paradigm shift from offline to online marketing strategies that organisations may employ to build customer-based brand equity. The rationale for online marketing is fully discussed in the chapter. This chapter considers how business practitioners would select best fitting strategies to build brand equity. The chapter discusses among others the virtual presence, the marketing activities, the product, the price, and the distribution strategies. In addition, online strategies to enhance brand awareness and image, elicit a brand response and increase brand resonance are discussed. The chapter will include strategies that are contextual to developing economies.

This chapter examines the practices of the 2004 presidential campaigns. This election cycle exhibits an important shift from the mass media campaigning paradigm to the networked media campaigning paradigm. Howard Dean’s remarkable rise in the polls and financial largesse came after capitalizing on the affordances of DCTs for two-step flow. The best illustration of this paradigm shift, though, is in the candidacy of Wesley Clark, which started as a “netroots” movement and eventually became a frontrunner campaign. The clash between the netroots and a new way of campaigning and the historically professional way of mass-mediated campaigning illustrates the paradigm shift. In the meantime, George Bush continued to build a comprehensive data file of offline and online voter behavior for microtargeted messaging. And John Kerry conducted analytic testing of website design and e-mail messaging features to maximize effects. Both practices were harbingers of future election cycles.

Due to the low cost of searching for alternatives online, it is difficult to increase customer repurchase intention in the business-to-customer context. Relationship marketing (RM) is seen as an important way to foster customer trust, and in turn encourage repurchase intentions, which is consistent with the RM tactics-relational mediator-outcome paradigm in the offline context. Several studies have noted that the 4Rs marketing strategy both reflects and implements the concept of RM. This study thus examines whether RM-related constructs based on the 4Rs marketing strategy (i.e., assurance, customer satisfaction, perceived usefulness, corporate image, and perceived value) positively affect online customer repurchase intention; it also adopts trust as a relational mediator to investigate whether trust mediates the effect of the 4Rs marketing strategy on repurchase intention. The results of an online survey indicated that satisfaction, perceived usefulness, corporate image, perceived value, and trust were antecedents of repurchase intention. Additionally, this study statistically confirms that trust is a critical mediator of the indirect effects of RM-related constructs on repurchase intention. The theoretical and practical implications of this work are also discussed.

The Privacy Journal (2003), a print newsletter and Web site devoted to privacy matters, defines the present-day use of the word privacy as “the right of individuals to control the collection and use of personal information about themselves.” Similar definitions are provided by law specialists (Gavison, 1980; Warren & Brandies, 1890). The networked society changes the way in which privacy rights are defined, used and interpreted, because: a. The IT-enabled channels of communication change the rules of personal and commercial interaction; b. The participation in the networked society implies a diminishing of individual privacy rights. The fundamental principle of the networked society is information sharing and processing (Kling & Allen, 1996). Advances in computing technology—that represents the infrastructure of the networked society—make possible to collect, store, analyze, and retrieve personal information created in the process of participation. The manifestation and the protection of individual privacy rights represent the field of conflict between various disciplines and social events. The heterogeneous nature of this phenomenon is mirrored in this paper, which aims to present the complex nature of privacy rights in the context of the networked society. The study proposes a negotiating model of online privacy rights, and analyses the necessary conditions for the implementation of this model on the Internet. The new economy is redefined on the basis of information entrepreneurism (Kling & Allen, 1996; Zwick & Dholakia, 1999). This cultural paradigm emphasizes the use of data-intensive analysis techniques for designing and implementing effective marketing and management strategies. This has as a direct consequence the use of an information superpanopticon–a concept derived from Foucault’s panopticon, a system of perfect surveillance and control. Online privacy is a major concern for Internet users (Ackerman, Cranor, & Reagle, 1999). For the individual Internet user, the privacy threats fall into two main categories: a. Web tracking devices that collect information about the online behavior of the user (e.g., cookies); b. The misuse of the personal information provided by the online user in exchange of specific benefits: increased personalization, Web group membership, etc. The databases, intelligent agents and tracking devices are surrounding the Internet users with a Web of surveillance, which is often hidden and unknown to the users. The surveillance is initiated by the simple act of presence on the Internet. Specialized software applications, such as cookies are tracking the online behavior of Internet users, feeding the data into databases, which create and permanently update a profile of online consumers. These profiles are then used for segmenting the market and targeting the most profitable consumers. A company can use cookies for various valid reasons: security, personalization, marketing, customer service, etc., however, there is an important distinction between cookies, which are active only within a specific Web site, and the ones that can track the user’s activity across unrelated Web sites. Recently, some aggregator networks have deployed hidden ‘pixel beacon’ technology that allows ad-serving companies to connect unrelated sites and overcome the site-specific nature of traditional cookies (Mabley, 2000). Additionally, some companies are now connecting this aggregated data with offline demographic and credit card data. Eventually, these resulting databases can be used or sold as powerful marketing tools. Exercising control of information, after it was voluntarily released, presents another critical problem. The misuse of personal information covers many possible aspects, which can be defined as any use which is not explicitly defined in the company’s privacy disclaimer, or which is not approved by the informed customer. For example, in 2000, Toysurus.com was subject to intense debate and controversy, when it was discovered that shoppers’ personal information was transferred through an unmarked Internet channel to a data processing firm, for analysis and aggregation. This operation was not disclosed in the company’s privacy disclaimer, and therefore, online customers were not aware of it. Regulators and legislators have addressed the controversial privacy issue quite differently across the world (Nakra, 2001). The USA, the largest world’s financial and Internet market, has not yet adopted a national, standard-setting privacy law (Jarvis, 2001). U.S. privacy statutes have primarily focused so far on protecting consumers’ financial data, health information, and children’s personal information (Desai, Richards, & Desai, 2003; Frye, 2001). In comparison with the American official opinion that online privacy protection is a matter of voluntary self-regulation by market-driven companies, the Europeans consider that it is more effective to enforce specific legislation regarding this issue. The current European approach is based on three basic tenets: 1. Individuals have the right to access any data relating to them and have it kept accurate and up-to-date; 2. Data cannot be retained for longer than the purpose for which it was obtained, nor used or disclosed “in a matter incompatible with that purpose”, and must be kept only for “lawful purposes”; 3. Those who control data have “a special duty of care” in relation to the individuals whose data they keep. Data commissioners oversee these rights in each European country and require most “data controllers”—people who handle data—to register with them to track what information is being collected and where. They are charged also with investigating all complaints from citizens. These principles have been incorporated in the European Data Directive, which came into effect in 1998, and more recently, in the European Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications, adopted in 2002. Despite these legislative efforts, it is not yet clear how effective are the measures implemented by EU States. The direct involvement of governmental institutions can be considered as a form of censorship that can undermine the freedom and the flexibility of the Internet domain.

At the end of the twentieth century, a handful of research groups discovered that neural processing leaves a characteristic signature in intracranial EEG recordings: an increase of power in a broad frequency range above 50 Hz, dubbed ‘high-gamma’ of high-frequency activity ([50–150 Hz]). Since then, intracranial EEG research on human cognition has focused primarily on high-gamma activity to reveal the large-scale cortical dynamics of most major cognitive functions, not only offline in well-controlled paradigms, but also online, while patients freely interact with their environment. This chapter introduces that approach, including its recent extension to task-induced neural activity suppressions and functional connectivity mapping, and its clinical application to minimize cognitive deficits induced by epilepsy surgery.

The purpose of this research is to study the impact of Social Networking Sites on student academic performance. An online survey was conducted and 628 students of University of Bahrain replied. This research studies and explores the relationships between the use of SNS and students' academic performance. The survey questions (21) were grouped into 8 variables that identify the interest that the students draw from SNS. Furthermore, these variables aim to show the effects of SNS on students' academic performance and the futuristic online and offline paradigms that can enhance teaching methodology. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the collected data and find correlations between SNS and the students' academic performance. From this research it was found that the SNS have positive and negative impacts on student academic performance. At the end, the authors came up with fruitful recommendations on how to get benefit from the SNS to improve the learning process.

Nonlinearities inherent in soft-tissue interactions create roadblocks to realization of high-fidelity real-time haptics-based medical simulations. While finite element (FE) formulations offer greater accuracy over conventional spring-mass-network models, computational-complexity limits achievable simulation-update rates. Direct interaction with sensorized physical surrogates, in offline or online modes, allows a temporary sidestepping of computational issues but hinders parametric analysis and true exploitation of a simulation-based testing paradigm. Hence, in this paper, we develop Radial-Basis Neural-Network approximations, to FE-model data within a Modified Resource Allocating Network (MRAN) framework. Real-time simulation of the reduced order neural-network approximations at high temporal resolution provided the haptic-feedback. Validation studies are being conducted to evaluate the kinesthetic realism of these models with medical experts.

Product development is seeing a paradigm shift in the form of a simulation-driven approach. Recently, companies and designers have started to realize that simulation has the biggest impact when used as a concept verification tool in early stages of design. Early stage simulation tools like ANSYS™ Design Space and SIMULIA™ DesignSight Structure help to overcome the limitations in traditional product development processes where analyses are carried out by a separate group and not the designers. Most of these commercial tools still require well defined solid models as input and do not support freehand sketches, an integral part of the early design stage of product development. To this extent, we present APIX (acronym for Analysis from Pixellated Inputs), a tool for quick analysis of two dimensional mechanical sketches and parts from their static images using a pen-based interface. The input to the system can be offline (paper) sketches and diagrams, which include scanned legacy drawings and freehand sketches. In addition, images of two-dimensional projections of three dimensional mechanical parts can also be input. We have developed an approach to extract a set of boundary contours to represent a pixellated image using known image processing algorithms. The idea is to convert the input images to online sketches and use existing stroke-based recognition techniques for further processing. The converted sketch can now be edited, segmented, recognized, merged, solved for geometric constraints, beautified and used as input for finite element analysis. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in the early design process with examples.

The paper presents the two perspectives of IT in the Palestinian schools. The basic IT literacy - based courses have been introduced in most of private schools since 1985, and formally started in all public as well private schools in 1999. This covers eight grades from the fifth up to the twelfth. An additional two classes per week have been introduced to the weekly school program. The main objective is to create a new technological-mentality generation that understand, use, explore, and involve in the highly demanded field. Students will be facilitated with the basic IT skills to understand, use, and promote their studies in effectively understanding, searching, reporting, and documenting. Teachers badly need IT paradigms to boost their instructional materials and teaching aids. In addition to the workshops, an Arabic language-based web site will be constructed to assist schoolteachers, administrators, and students etc. in learning technology online an offline. Further more, a collaborative Palestinian School Teachers