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Gorodnitskiy, Pavel. "Municipal service Institute at the present stage: a comparative and legal aspect." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 16 (2020): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2020-4-16-463-476.
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In the context of the local self-government system dynamic reform in Russia, the role of the municipal official is significantly increasing, the re-quirements not only for his professional education, skills and abilities, but also for ethics, business behavior and attitude towards service are increasing. In contradistinction from Western countries, where it is customary to con-sider the general institution of state service, the municipal service in the Rus-sian Federation is clearly separated from the state civil service. In the context of the research, we analyze the approach to the regulating issues of municipal official’s ethics and professional conduct of in the European practice of young democracies. We carry out a broad analysis of the codes provisions of official’s ethics and conduct in a number of former Eastern bloc countries: Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Macedonia. We establish that the domestic and foreign approaches are very similar to each other, and the main goal of adopting the relevant codes is the desire for transparency and the eradication of the communist era foundations. We establish that the domestic and foreign approaches are very similar to each other, and the main goal of adopting the relevant codes is the desire for transparency and the eradication of the communist era foundations. At the present stage, the document requires flexibility and a transition from formal to more informal and understandable for the municipal official.
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Cuevas, Adolfo G., Sarah Levine, and Jonathan Purtle. "What Predicts a Mayoral Official’s Opinion about the Role of Stress in Health Disparities?" Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 7, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00639-z.
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Senci, Carlos Maximiliano, Hipólito Hasrun, Rodrigo Moro, and Esteban Freidin. "The influence of prescriptive norms and negative externalities on bribery decisions in the lab." Rationality and Society 31, no. 3 (June 9, 2019): 287–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463119853893.
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In most bribery games in the literature, there is no mention of rights and duties associated to participants’ roles. Authors have hitherto relied on loaded frames, negative externalities, and the possibility of sanctions to implicitly signal prescriptive norms. We argue that participants’ interpretation of these factors may not be univocal. In this study, a participant in the role of a common citizen either did or did not acquire the right to obtain a monetary benefit and could offer a bribe to an associated participant in the role of public official. This participant, in turn, had an explicit duty of providing the benefit only if the citizen acquired the right to it. Conditions with/without the acquisition of the right were crossed with the presence/absence of negative externalities associated with transgressions of the official’s duty. One last (fifth) condition mimicked other bribery games in the literature which rely on loaded frames and negative externalities but no information on rights and duties. We found that both the presence of externalities and information about rights were effective bribery deterrents, and that bribe offers and acceptances were most discouraged with their synergic effect. Interestingly, officials followed prescriptive information even when it was inefficient to do so (when there were no externalities), and implied choosing against their material self-interest (by rejecting a bribe), and not reciprocating bribe offers. We conclude by highlighting the limits of making generalizations from results without explicit normative information and the relevance of present findings as anti-corruption behavioral insights.
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Shymanskyi, Yevhen. "THE HIGHEST TERRESTRIAL OFFICIALS OF CHERNIHIV VOIVODESHIP (1696-1733s)." Kyiv Historical Studies 11, no. 2 (2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.2.13.
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The article is based on academic biographical and genealogical literature with involvement of published legislative sources of the Polish-Lithuania Commonwealth Diet (Sejm). The researching instruments are represented by the method of the prosopography and ruled by principles of objectivity, chronology and historicism. This paper reveals the history of a nobleman group which occupied highest posts (voivode and castellan) in Chernihiv Voivodeship terrestrial office hierarchy during the reign of the king August II (1696-1733). It has been studied out that highest terrestrial officials were represented by people that came from rich magnate nobleman families from the different parts of the country. This group of noblemen were related to the different centers of political power and their careers were built on dependence not only on the land possession of their families but also on the great role of their political relationships with the king and various opposing political forces. Chernihiv Voivodeship can be named as “titular”or “exulant” due to absence of lands in its possession in contradistinction to real voivodeships of the Polish-Lithuania Commonwealth. This circumstance reduces the role of a highest terrestrial official of an “exulant” voivodeship only to the senator’s mission in a republican Diet. It has been found that terrestrial official’s titles can be characterized as “sinecurial” and they also were the instruments for a power increasing of large political fractions in the Diet. The narrower relationships between Chernihiv’s highest officials (senators) and Chernihiv Voivodeship exulants nobleman community grouped over Volodymyr dietine (sejmik) can be found on a wider material of different historical archival sources hiding a various data of political and parliamentarian processes.
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Risakotta, Kathleen Asyera, and Rusdi Akbar. "THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY, JOB MOTIVATION AND EDUCATION ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL’S PERFORMANCE." Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 33, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.13921.
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This study aims to empirically analyze the influence of internal and external accountabilities, job motivation and education on the performance of local government officials with organizational commitment as the intervening variable. This study used a mixed method that consists of Partial Least Square (PLS) for the analysis of the quantitative and a thematic content analysis for the qualitative approach. The sample includes 224 government officers from the Provincial Government of Maluku Province and Ambon City Council. The result of this study shows that internal accountability, job motivation and organizational commitment have a positive influence on the performance of the local government employees, while both external accountability and education do not play a positive role in their organizational commitment. These are the driving factor for organizations to improve the accountability and performance of government institutions, so that good governance may occur in the future. The results of this study could be used as advices to local governments on their employee training programs in order to improve the performance of the employees of local government agencies.
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Lung, Rachel. "Sillan Interpreters in 9th-century East Asian Exchanges." Meta 60, no. 2 (September 3, 2015): 238–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1032856ar.
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Interpreters are often anonymously and flimsily archived, given their subsidiary role in diplomatic exchanges. These fragmentary records pose problems for in-depth studies on ancient interpreters. Japanese monk Ennin’s (794-864) diary documenting his decade-long (838-847) China sojourn, however, provides a delightful contrast to this evidence limitation. Known for its authentic, detailed, and objective descriptions, it contains thirty-eight references to four Sillan (ancient Korean) interpreters, of whom one was an interpreting clerk affiliated with a prefecture in eastern coastal China. He was also Ennin’s longest-serving interpreter, from 839 through 847, having been documented twenty-three times. This interpreting functionary, Yu Sinǒn, worked in a regional office of a Sillan enclave and assisted visitors from Japan and Silla. His work, apart from language mediation, included liaising, trading, logistics and message go-betweens. As a civil servant, this Sillan interpreter was expected to be law-abiding. Yet in his mediating services for Ennin, he frequently flouted the legal limits. In the process, he was given monetary rewards, although later textual hints suggest that his mediation for the Japanese monks was primarily based on goodwill and friendship. The detailed descriptions in Ennin’s travelogue offer us first-hand information about an interpreting official’s infringements of the Tang Chinese laws. However, was it not exactly his official position, with easy access to institutional networks and legal bureaucracy, which enabled him to work around the loopholes? This case of an interpreter and his patron provides valuable evidence for the development of their initial professional ties and subsequent personal bonding. It also speaks of the arbitrary boundaries between interpreting officials and civilian interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges.
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Kanwal, Shagufta. "THE IMPACT OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY ON HUMAN RIGHTS." Journal of Law & Social Studies 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.01.02.9098.
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Pharmaceutical industry and human rights are opposing each other and having conflict at each point relating to access to essential medicine in developing countries. At this point of research some focal points of discord and contestation from the both sectors are tried to explain. The views from pharmaceutical industry can be explained in the form of official’s submission during negotiation surrounding the Doha Declaration and the decision that were taken after the Doha Declaration. The industry’s views can also be supported by the others who paid their vital role to support the pharmaceutical industries by their writings and morally as well. The main argument given from the pharmaceutical industry was stating that patent is not creating any kind of obstacle creating any obstacle to access essential medicine in developing countries. Actually, they try to state that there were health care issues to the citizens of the developing nations before the IP protection is given to the pharmaceutical industries. So, it can be said that the progress in the field of pharmaceutical industry in the developing countries have nothing to do with IP system and the innovation in the pharmacy cannot be achieved by undermining the IP. Most of the problems in the health sector in not related to the patent system in developing countries.
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Tsymbalenko, Yevhen, Dmytro Oltarzhevskyi, Lesya Horodenko, and Olha Oltarzhevska. "The role of company’s top officials in corporate communications." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.22.
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In contemporary society, corporate communications are becoming an increasingly important and significant component of management. This field includes not only building an external and internal image of a company but also interacting with stakeholders and achieving business aims. This research aims to define the potential and features of company’s top officials (owners, CEOs, presidents, and other top managers) involvement in corporate communications and representing a business. It is based on the content analysis of corporate websites of the first 100 international companies from the Forbes list. The study demonstrated that most (62%) world successful firms involve their owners, CEOs, and top managers in corporate communications as speakers. At the same time, business owners appear on corporate websites less often (only 2%). CEOs engage in such communications in 47% of cases. Most often, other authorized representatives are speakers of companies (51%). A descriptive analysis of topics helped to distinguish the most common types of texts: formal ideological speeches, corporate news, corporate blog texts, and personalized corporate storytelling. Most texts are posted on corporate websites in the News chapter (28%). This suggests that news as a genre may be the most appropriate form of communication on behalf of management. Thus, some recommendations are proposed regarding the participation of top officials as speakers. From a practical point of view, companies can be guided by the outcomes of this research when deciding to engage their leaders in corporate communications.
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Tarbeev, Igor. "Transfer of Ideas in Soviet-American Relations at the Turn of the 1960—1970s (Based on the Example of the Expert Activity of the Institute for US Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016257-1.
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Recordings of conversations between Soviet amerikanists (experts for US studies) and American scientists, politicians, public figures, and businessmen became an important information source for experts and for the Soviet party leadership. In the late 1960s — early 1970s these conversations played the role of an informal channel connecting representatives of American and Soviet elites through the Institute for US Studies of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. Using the theory of cultural transfer and the methodology of social constructivism, the author of this article conducts a detailed analysis of an information note that was sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU by the Institute for US Studies in 1969. The note is a recording of a conversation between amerikanists and American businessman Charles Thornton. It contains Thornton’s statements about the perception of the USSR in the United States; Soviet economic development and American-Soviet cooperation opportunities; American principles of management and organization of production. The American experience became a reference for the USSR in the context of détente and the ongoing economic reform. The ideas evoked a potent reaction among the Soviet party elite. There are a lot of marks in the margins of the note made by readers from different departments of CPSU. However, despite the favorable environment and official’s interest, the note was not discussed, and no specific decisions were made. This case-study allows us to raise a number of questions about the Soviet-American transfer of ideas, the image of the United States in the USSR, and the process of making domestic and foreign policy decisions.
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Khachatryan, Elina, Sebastian Kube, and Björn Vollan. "Mitigating Extortive Corruption? Experimental Evidence." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 235, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 228–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2015-0208.
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Summary Extortive petty corruption takes place when a public official elicits small bribes from citizens for providing public services that the citizens are legally entitled to receive. We implement a novel experimental design that mimics this phenomenon and explores bottom-up approaches for its mitigation. In different setups we examine how monitoring by citizens affects public official’s tendency to demand bribes and whether citizens are more willing to engage in monitoring if they can recommend rather than report. Our results are mixed. Recommendations seem to perform better in environments with personal and repeated interactions, where reports might cause discontent and further disadvantaged treatment by public officials. In contrast, reports and the sanctions these potentially cause are more likely to deter public officials from extortive behavior in settings similar to the stranger matching protocol. Regarding citizen’s monitoring involvement, we find a strong preference for recommendations over reports, even among stranger matching treatments. Moreover, independent of the matching protocol and the endogenous monitoring mechanism, we find that agents in both roles are sensitive to monitoring and detection rate variations: public officials in their decision to demand a bribe and citizens in their decision to monitor.
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Simović, Marina M., and Vladimir M. Simović. "The Role of Authorized Officials in Criminal Proceedings in Bosnia and Herzegovina // Prava i dužnosti ovlašćenih službenih lica u krivičnom postupku u Bosni i Hercegovini." Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1808194s.
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The role of authorized officials in the investigative procedure has certain specificities that result from the fact that authorized officials in the investigative procedure act not only on the grounds of existence of reasonable doubt that a criminal offense has been committed, but their regular work is mainly determined by other regulations too i.e. their activities are not merely investigative but also operational. Activities of authorized officials of operational character represent the regular activities of authorized officials within their regular official duties, prevention, control, notification, information gathering, etc. Within this operational work, authorized officials can collect information from citizens, institutions, etc. and make official records, operational reports, and intelligence reports, file misdemeanour reports, and conduct certain administrative procedures.
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Pérez, Francisca. "Estado, mujer y hogar en Chile. El rol disciplinario en publicaciones de época." Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales 37 (2019): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2019.n37-02.
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Suryawati, Nany, and Martika Dini Syaputri. "Harmonization of the Application of Customary Law and Positive Law in Village Communities of Malang Regency." International Journal of Applied Business and International Management 6, no. 2 (August 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v6i2.993.
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Ngadas Village is a village with an interesting order of life and customs like many other villages. The people have lived long with the customs and norms of local wisdom. Our study aims to investigate the harmonization of both customary law and national law in Ngadas Village. The customary law includes the local wisdom value as a philosophy and obeys positive law. To understand the harmonization, we use an empirical juridical approach in understanding the role of government officials in preserving customs and positive law. Subsequently, we discuss the harmonization through the role of government officials covering aspects of community life. Our findings indicate that the positive law serves as a reference to the customary law. The customary law is in line with national interests and laws and national law. Likewise, the customary law is in harmony with religious elements. This denotes the importance of the village's official roles for the local community's interests.
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Serrano, Elisa Gil, and Hugo Mondragón López. "Civic and Social Infrastructure Conservation through Modern Architecture intervention. Embassy of Chile in Argentina 1966-2009." Brasilis, no. 43 (2010): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/43.a.w81a0p91.
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Modern heritage is not protected in Chile. Most of Chilean modern architectural heritage stands without an official decree protecting it from being modified or even demolished. This is a consequence of having state-controlled organisms in charge of the protection and defense of architectural heritage that use almost exclusively the building’s age as main criteria for its appraisement. From this point of view it seems difficult that constructions that are only between 40 and 90 years old may catch the attention of heritage preservation government officials. However negative the situation which, in the majority of cases has led to the systematic violation of constructions that constitute valuable records of the status of disciplinary and cultural discussion of Modern Architecture, the following case, paradoxically, couldn’t have crystallized the way it did, if the building had been officially protected, and neither could the docomomo–Chile group could have played a protagonic role in its management
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Hou, Rui. "Maintaining Social Stability without Solving Problems: Emotional Repression in the Chinese Petition System." China Quarterly 243 (December 17, 2019): 635–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019001528.
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AbstractWhat role do emotions play in state repression? Building upon ethnographic observation in one Beijing petition bureau, this paper explores the emotional labour performed by grassroots officials to demobilize social dissent. The petition system serves as an official channel through which the Chinese government receives complaints and grievances from citizens. Notwithstanding its institutional inefficiency in addressing petitioners’ requirements, this system plays a critical role in maintaining social stability. I investigate the process by which frontline petition officials manage petitions. I argue that channelling petitioners’ emotions has become one of these officials’ core functions. Petition officials have developed three types of emotional strategies – emotional defusing, emotional constraint and emotional reshaping – to absorb petitioners’ complaints. This study of emotional repression offers a fresh perspective on the affective dimension of contentious politics and also contributes to the theoretical discussion on how authoritarian regimes deal with dissent.
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Kroshus, Emily, John Parsons, and Brian Hainline. "Calling Injury Timeouts for the Medical Evaluation of Concussion: Determinants of Collegiate Football Officials' Behavior." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.11.17.
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Context: Sports officials can play an important role in concussion safety by calling injury timeouts so that athletic trainers can evaluate athletes with possible concussions. Understanding the determinants of whether officials call an injury timeout when they suspect a concussion has important implications for the design of interventions to better support officials in this role. Objective: To assess the knowledge of US collegiate football officials about concussion symptoms and to determine the associations between knowledge, perceived injunctive norms, and self-efficacy in calling injury timeouts for suspected concussions. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Electronic survey. Patients or Other Participants: Of the 3074 US collegiate football officials contacted, 1324 (43% response rate) participated. Main Outcome Measure(s): Concussion knowledge, injunctive norms (belief about what others would want them to do), and behavioral self-efficacy (confidence in their ability to call injury timeouts for suspected concussions in athletes during challenging game-day conditions). Results: Officials reported calling approximately 1 injury timeout for a suspected concussion every 4 games during the 2015 season. Structural equation modeling indicated that officials with more concussion-symptom knowledge had greater self-efficacy. Independent of an official's symptom knowledge, injunctive norms that were more supportive of calling an injury timeout were associated with greater self-efficacy. Conclusions: Concussion education for officials is important because when officials are aware of concussion symptoms, they are more confident in calling injury timeouts. Beyond increasing symptom knowledge, fostering sports environments that encourage concussion safety can support officials in calling injury timeouts. Athletic trainers can help by educating stakeholders, including officials, about the importance of concussion safety. When officials believe that other stakeholders support concussion safety, they are more likely to call injury timeouts if they suspect a concussion has occurred.
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Malanii, Zinovii Mykhailovych. "Between the imperial identity and national vocation: a generalized image of the Habsburg state official in Galicia (1848−1919)." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261706.
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The article deals with the problem of the social status of the Habsburg state officials in Galicia in the time of 1848−1918. The author analyzes the main key-points of the imperial-class officials functions in the public space of the province. Further, the collaboration between the central authority and local political community is described in the context of absolutist reforms since the end of XVIIІ century. Significant emphasis was placed on the interpretation of management reforms of Joseph II and Franz Joseph. The «discourse» of the Galician officials – a faithful servant of the Emperor, and a supporter of his local nationality and interests, is singled out. Special attention was given to "personal" style of government in Galicia, its structure and constituent elements at the local level, describes the public status of the personality (stadtholder and bezirk governor on a background of legal competence and public expectations). Particular consideration is paid to significance of rituals (audience and official inspection) as a means of strengthening the power, support and encourage public authority among the population. Ethos of state officials analyzed according to official regulations and perceptions of provincial society as construction of peculiar behavior of ordinary officials, solved the role of education and public manners.
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Frank, Allen J. "Sharīʿa Debates and Fatwas among Nomads in Northern Kazakhstan, 1850–1931." Islamic Law and Society 24, no. 1-2 (March 8, 2017): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685195-02412p03.
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Legal debates among Kazakh nomads and on the Kazakh steppe more broadly have, for the most part, addressed the effects of Russian colonial policy on the administration of law among these nomads. The official and scholarly Russian fixation on Kazakh customary law, based largely on a tendentious categorization of Kazakh Muslims as quasi-shamanists, resulted in policies designed to separate Islamic law (sharīʿa) from customary law (ʿādat), and to suppress the role of sharīʿa in the areas of criminal and civil law. As Muslims, however, Kazakh nomads were directly affected by sharīʿa debates taking place both among Tatar scholars in their midst as well as among Kazakh scholars. These discussions, which occurred largely outside the field of vision of Russian officials or officially-mandated customary law courts, have so far eluded scrutiny. Recorded primarily in recently-published biographical dictionaries of Muslim scholars on the steppe, these discussions addressed a range of issues, including questions of ritual, but also, more significantly, the application of Islamic legal norms to commercial matters.
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Mickiewicz, Ellen. "When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina. By W. Lance Bennett, Regina G. Lawrence, and Steven Livingston. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 278p. $22.50 cloth, $15.00 paper." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 4 (December 2009): 933–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759270999168x.
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It takes a vacuum for the American mainstream press to seize an opening to perform its vital role. And it takes a crack in what the authors portray as an edifice of official secrecy, lying, intimidation, and retribution for the mainstream press to do its job—holding public officials to standards of accountability.
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Al Azemi, Melfi Muhammed, Abdel Majeed Al Omari, and Tawfeeq Al Omrani. "The Role of Islamic Legitimacy Basis to Combat the Financial Corruption in Kuwait." International Journal of Business Ethics and Governance 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51325/ijbeg.v3i2.29.
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The study aimed at identifying the role of Islamic Sharia to prevent the tsunami of the financial corruption in Kuwait nowadays. The researchers depended on the descriptive method through reviewing the related literature review that has to do with the legitimacy basis on combating the financial corruption in general. The study also included interviews with some Kuwaiti` religion officials who have a long experience in the field of financial corruption issues. The results indicated that the role of Islamic Sharia is almost absent due to the absence of religion officials. That’s because their role in the field of combating financial corruption is just restricted in media means rather than the official ministries and organizations that are the only responsible to fight the phenomenon of financial corruption in the state of Kuwait. The successive governments always ignore the real role of sharia in the field of combating the financial corruption according to the annual financial corruption index.
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Al-Jassim, Sulaiman Moosa. "The Cooperative Movement in the United Arab Emirates: Objectives and Obstacles." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 3, no. 2 (January 1990): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9000300205.
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Although Cooperative Societies, in its modern concept was accepted somewhat easily by the UAE society, it’s socio-economic role has not yet been fully understood by both, government officials and society members. The cooperative movement in the UAE which emerged officially after the oil boom in the country has accomplished remarkable successes, however, it is still in the primary stage and facing serious obstacles.
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Subedi, Sudarshan, and Colin MacDougall. "Job Description of Public Health Officials in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 17, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v17i3.1680.
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Background: Job description of public health officials in Nepal has been prepared for assigning the definite role, responsibilities and authorities to exercise in different positions and circumstances. The purpose of this study was to analyse the job description of public health officials emphasizing the perspective of leadership and management.Methods: Document analysis method was used following the sequential process of skimming, reading and interpretation, and the themes were extracted by content analysis.Results: Job description of public health officials is mostly process and/or function oriented. Most of the officials are responsible for managing program and people rather than leading. Staff inspiration, motivation and encouragement, being one of the most important aspects of leadership, has been ignored in job description. District level officials are specifically assigned to manage programs and staff. As the position increases, the extent of practicing leadership increases and management decreases. Public health administrators have more leadership role as compared to public health officers; however, the proportion of management outweighs the leadership. Regional Directors have more leadership roles than other officials do. Conclusions: Role of public health officials vary from being a manager to a leader. Junior officials are predominantly the managers, mid-level officials are leadership-oriented managers, and top-level officials are leaders having managerial roles . In revising the job description (e.g., for the federal context), emphasis should be given to remove job duplication and role conflict, and should ensure role clarity, functions’ precision and output. Keywords: Document analysis; job description; leadership; Nepal; public health.
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Diamant, Neil J. "WHAT THE (EXPLETIVE) IS A “CONSTITUTION”?! ORDINARY CADRES CONFRONT THE 1954 PRC DRAFT CONSTITUTION." Journal of Chinese History 2, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2017.28.
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AbstractFollowing the history of western constitutional history, studies of Chinese constitutionalism have tended to focus on its intellectual origins, or, more commonly these days, its failure to restrain official behavior. Drawing upon new archival materials, this article takes a different tack. I zero in on a critical period of constitutional gestation, when officials read the 1954 constitution in draft form, posed questions about its text and suggested revisions. How did officials react when told that citizens, many of whom were recently persecuted, now enjoy “freedom of assembly”? These materials allow us to see “the state” in real time: How did officials understand core legal concepts such as “right,” “constitution” and “citizen” as well as their role in the new polity? In many respects, the discussion surrounding the draft constitution turned out to be a venue for officials to talk about the meaning of the revolution they had just experienced.
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YAĞCI, Safiye. "DİN GÖREVLİLERİNİN EĞİTİM DURUMLARINA GÖRE DİNİ TÜRK MÜZİĞİNDE KADININ ROLÜNE İLİŞKİN GÖRÜŞLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ (Afyonkarahisar İli Örneği)." Akademik Müzik Araştırmaları Dergisi 3, no. 5 (January 5, 2017): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/amrj.46484.
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Murashkin, Nikolay. "Japanese Involvement in Central Asia." Asian Journal of Social Science 43, no. 1-2 (2015): 50–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04301004.
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This paper looks into the role of policy-making carried out by various government officials in the Japanese financial community who contributed to the formulation and implementation of Japanese “Silk Road Diplomacy” in the 1990s and 2000s. Furthermore, it examines the role of key Japanese ministries in the overall Japanese geopolitical engagement in Central Asia. When the five Central Asian republics of the USSR became independent in 1991, they soon encountered a proactive engagement of Japanese diplomacy toward them. Besides boosting bilateral assistance and economic ties, official Tokyo has vigorously promoted the Central Asian states’ eligibility in many international financial institutions and provided extensive advice on reform policies. Both Japanese and Central Asian officials shared a preference for gradualism in economic reforms as a popular approach alternative to the Western neoliberalism in Central Asian countries, although the extent of embracing gradualism varied upon individual republics and advising officials. Spurred by the failures of the Washington consensus and financial crises of the 1990s, Central Asian gradualism can be regarded as an early precursor attempt at post-neoliberalism.
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Kampf, Zohar. "From “There are no Palestinian people” to “Sorry for their suffering”." Journal of Language and Politics 11, no. 3 (November 26, 2012): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.11.3.06kam.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the evolving Israeli discourse of recognition of the Palestinian people and their suffering as a case study for theorizing the role of recognition statements in peace processes. Three stages of recognition are characterized and applied in order to understand the changing attitudes of Israeli officials toward the Palestinians: (1) acknowledgment of a political entity; (2) acknowledgment of their suffering; (3) acknowledgment of responsibility for their suffering. An analysis of Israeli officials’ statements allows one to track the evolving recognition of one side in a conflict vis-à-vis the suffering of the other. Further, analysis of the response in Israel, in Palestinian territories and in the Arab world to what is considered the most far-reaching recognition statement made by an Israeli official enables us better to understand the role of such statements in promoting reconciliation.
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Connolly, Jennifer M., and Dyana P. Mason. "Ideology and Local Public Expenditure Priorities." Political Research Quarterly 69, no. 4 (September 28, 2016): 830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912916665702.
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Local governments prioritize spending on various types and levels of public services. Although scholars have shown that citizen preferences and institutional factors, such as economic, political, and legal arrangements, play a role in resource allocation, scholars have not systematically examined the impact of local elected officials’ own ideological preferences on service prioritization. A better understanding of the impact of personal ideology on local government resource allocation is needed as this provision of funds has implications for democratic governance and responsiveness. We develop and use a novel measure of local elected official ideology using a 2011 survey of California local elected officials to test the hypothesis that local decision-maker ideology affects attitudes on funding-specific service categories. We find evidence that local elected officials’ attitudes toward service reductions are associated with both their own individual ideology, measured on the conservative–liberal spectrum, and the ideology of their constituents.
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Chaba, Dawid. "Public officials’ liability: a case study on Poland." International Review of Administrative Sciences 86, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852318758366.
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Performing the role of a public official entails the necessity of accepting a certain responsibility. This results from the fact that officials handle various tasks of great significance to both the state and its citizens. The duties should be carried out in a professional, upright and lawful manner. Otherwise, it is essential to hold public officials responsible and bring them to justice. This article will focus on the basic issues concerning one particular type of responsibility, which is a financial liability for a serious breach of the law. A particular emphasis will be put on the specification of the subjective and objective scope of the said responsibility. Points for practitioners The research provides public administration practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of issues related to the liability of administration employees for serious breaches of the law. Officials should be aware that the tasks they perform should be carried out thoroughly and in accordance with the law due to their significance to the state and citizens. Otherwise, it is necessary to hold officials accountable and liable. The article demonstrates how the regulations are practically implemented in the Polish legal system, whether officials are held liable and various relevant issues.
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Cunningham, Ian, Peter Simmons, Duncan Mascarenhas, and Steve Redhead. "Skilled Interaction: Concepts of Communication and Player Management in the Development of Sport Officials." International Journal of Sport Communication 7, no. 2 (June 2014): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2013-0098.
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Communication and player management are integral to effective sport officiating, but most research has focused on physical performance and decision making. The few previous studies of officiating communication tended to use “transmission” conceptualizations of communication (e.g., decision communication, impression management). Eleven officiating-development managers and coaches from 7 peak Australian sport bodies were interviewed to explore conceptualizations of communication and player management, the way officials improve, and the role of the sport bodies in improvement. Four salient themes emerged in conceptualizations of effective officiating communication and player management: personal qualities of the official, 1-way-communication direction giving and impression management, situation monitoring (interpreting player and context), and skilled interaction (adapting communication appropriately for context). The findings highlight a mismatch between (a) interpretive and interactive communication skills perceived to be most important and challenging and (b) the training that is currently provided to officials. There was general commonality in practice and training issues across sport codes. The article makes theoretical contributions to the study of sport-official communication and practical recommendations for improving approaches to training skilled communication and player management.
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Alexander, Jocelyn. "The local state in post-war Mozambique: political practice and ideas about authority." Africa 67, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161268.
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The article explores the ways in which post-independence political practices in Mozambique's rural areas have shaped attitudes towards official authority, and considers the legacy of those attitudes for the recently promulgated Municipalities Law. The law will transfer a range of state functions to elected district institutions, and grant a greater role to ‘traditional authorities’ (chiefs). Mozambican officials and academics see the law—and decentralisation more widely—as a means of making the state more efficient and more responsive to local needs. However, drawing on case study material from Manica Province, the article argues that neither the Frelimo party-state, nor the opposition military movement Renamo, inculcated a political practice which prepared the way for democratic demands. Nor are chiefs likely to represent community interests effectively. In Manica's rural areas ‘local leaders’ such as businessmen, political party leaders, chiefs and church leaders strongly associate official authority with a level of wealth and education that they do not possess, and which consequently exclude them from holding such positions. They also see elections as potentially destabilising. While there is a strong popular desire for chiefs to resume various roles, officials (and chiefs themselves) usually see their future in terms of a late colonial model, i.e. as an extension of administrative authority. Academic literature on democratisation and civil society often posits an opposition between state and civil society, and democratic aspirations within civil society. However, local attitudes towards authority in Manica Province were strongly based in the history of political practice, and are not necessarily sympathetic to democratic ideals. Nor is there a clear opposition between what has often been called ‘civil society’ and the state: individuals moved in and out of association with official authority; leaders of ‘civil society’ often sought to become part of, not to oppose, the state.
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Hidayatulloh, Amir, Agung Dwi Nugroho, and Kahfi Fikrianoor. "Moralitas, Peran Perangkat Desa, Dan Kepatuhan Masyarakat Dalam Membayar Pajak Bumi Dan Bangunan Pedesaan Dan Perkotaan: Sanksi Sebagai Variabel Moderating." Reformasi Administrasi 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31334/reformasi.v7i2.1063.
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This research aims to determine the factors that influence the community in paying property taxes in rural and urban areas, and to find out whether the risk variabel moderates the effect between morality and the role of village official on commuity compliance in paying property taxes in rural and urban areas. The population in this research is individual taxpayers who in bantul regency. The sample in this research is individual taxpayers who own land and buildings. The research data wase collection by distributing questionnaires to respondents who were met by researchers. Respondents in this research were 127 respondents. This research data analysis techniques uses Partial Least Square, with the help of WarpPLS. This research found that coomunity compliance in paying property taxes in rural and urban areas influenced by the role of village official and sanction. However, morality has no effect on community compliance to property taxes in rural and urban areas. This reserach also found that sanction moderate the effect of morality on the community’s compliance to pay land and urban rural building taxes. However, sanction cannot moderate the effect between role of village officials on community’s mandatory the effect between the role of village official on community’s compliance to pay land and urban rural building taxes.
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Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. "Embodying Empire: European Tattooing and German Colonial Power*." Past & Present 234, no. 1 (January 29, 2017): 101–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtw047.
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Abstract Via an investigation of the broader historical conditions of European tattooing practices, this article argues that the example of the last German Governor of Samoa, Erich Schultz, demonstrates the key role of the body in colonial entanglements. By allowing himself to be tattooed in Samoan style, Schultz signalled his strong affinity with Samoan social practices and politics. Not merely indicative of a subjective shift, his tattooing also furthered his authority as a German colonial official. At a time when other European officials, including Germans in other colonies, shied away from engaging with the cultural and political practices of those they governed, Schultz and other German officials in Samoa self-consciously sought to colonize the Samoans while accepting and employing Samoan symbols of authority.
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Chaplan, Margaret A., and Edward J. Hertenstein. "Role-related library use by local union officials." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 56, no. 10 (2005): 1062–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20198.
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Heery, Edmund. "The Role of Union Full-Time Officials: Results." Industrial Law Journal 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwj006.
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Citramanik, Luh Gede Ratna, and Ni Ketut Puji Astiti Laksmi. "Peran Tokoh Agama dalam Birokrasi Pemerintahan Raja Marakata." Humanis 23, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2019.v23.i03.p09.
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In the period of ancient Bali, religious leaders who were generally known to play a role in religious aspects had also an essential role in the government bureaucracy of a king. This was seen in the reign of King Marakata that the inscriptions he issued in 944 ?aka to 962 ?aka. The inscriptions claimed that the existence of royal government positions held by complete religious leaders indicated by their titles and symbols. There were two purposes of this study. The first was to explain the position and role of religious leaders in the bureaucracy of the government of King Marakata. Second, explained about the mutation of positions of religious leaders. The method used in data collection is in the form of observation, interviews, and using library research. The analysis used is a qualitative analysis, comparative analysis, and contextual analysis. The theories used are structural functionalism theory and power relations theory. Based on theanalysis of the contents of King Marakata’s inscriptions, the results obtained that the position and the role of religious leaders are interrelated. Religious leadersdomiciled in the holy place and government bureaucracy. Religious leadersact as clergy and officials both as structural officials and functional officials. The mutation of positions of the religious leaders occurred on his act as an official or clergy. Factors that affect mutations of positions are death, resignation, a dismissal, the appointment, a decline or a promotion, and ability.
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Bruhn, Anders. "Changing Occupational Roles in Audit Society—The Case of Swedish Student Aid Officials." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i1.4764.
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This article is about occupational change concerning a non-professional group of Street Level Bureaucrats—student aid officials at the Swedish Board for Study Support (SBSS). The aim is to describe and analyze changes in their occupational role—their discretional space and working conditions under the impact of changed ways to manage public service organizations and new information and communication technology. The SBSS is the sole administrator of student financial aid in Sweden. Its officials investigate and take decisions about students’ applications and repayment of loans. This work includes interacting with clients via telephone and computer. These officials have to have a certain amount of discretion to interpret and apply rules and regulations on specific circumstances in individual cases. How are their working conditions affected by organizational and policy changes in the authority? How is their ability to exercise influence and control over their own work performance affected? The analysis highlights how officials suffer from decreased discretion and an increasing routinization in their work. This is a result of a regulatory framework continuously growing in detail together with increasing management control based on new information and communication technology. What remains of discretion is a kind of ‘task’ discretion, the ability to do minor technical manipulations of rules in individual cases. Even today’s top management seems critical of this development. Besides further automatization and reduction of staff an ongoing process of organizational change is therefore also aiming to develop officials’ competence and working conditions toward what may be seen as organizational professionalism, a development of specific occupational skills and a discretion adjusted and subordinated to managerial means and ends. The analysis rests on data from a research project (2011 to 2014) about Institutional Talk. Data sources are qualitative interviews, audio-taped speech sequences, observational field notes, and official documents.
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Gaskins, David A., Bradley C. Petty, and Stephen V. Rey. "Cutting Edge Techniques in Intramural Sports Officials' Development." Recreational Sports Journal 26, no. 1 (May 2002): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.26.1.54.
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Many professionals have identified the crucial role of officiating in determining the success of an intramural sports program. Topics such as recruiting, retention, training, motivation, and evaluation have endured over time as critical aspects in managing these personnel. However, the landscape of sports officials' development itself has changed dramatically over the past decade. New approaches that are more effective have replaced the old traditional methods in many cases. These changes reflect a transition that encompasses philosophical, practical, and implementation elements. New recruiting methods include increased pay, specialized brochures, webpages, online applications, and promotional videos. Extramural assignments, “memorable moments” championship game experiences, assuming booking duties for outside recreational leagues, and mentor programs are among the new techniques implemented for retention/recognition. There is greater computer use to schedule officials, as well as establishing “crews” for the season. The area of training has undergone a significant transformation. Locating outstanding clinicians, access to NIRSA-sponsored educational workshops, the development of “approved” clinicians certification, greater usage of practical application teaching stations, emphasis on small-group instruction, and technological innovations are changing the way sports officials are trained. Sports officials' performance assessment is now done in a variety of ways. Audiotape, webpage forms, and videotaping, just some of the more effective techniques to study and critique the official's skills and abilities, are replacing old observation and evaluation forms.
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Handoko, Rais Firdaus. "Weakness Of Political Law Notice Not Reflecting Justice For Notary." Jurnal Akta 7, no. 1 (June 14, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v7i1.9190.
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The purpose of this paper is to show the role and authority of the Notary Public profession as a non-ASN official, and the need for a change in notary law politics in the form of changes to the formation of Notary regulations in the future so as to better guarantee justice and welfare for the Notaries. This study uses a normative juridical type of research with the specification of the study conducted analytically descriptive. Normative research uses secondary data types, namely data obtained from library studies. Data collection methods used by conducting Library Research (literature study) and techniques used in deciphering and processing the data collected is a qualitative description.Weaknesses of Notary regulations, both in the Civil Code and statutory regulations, are said by State officials but in practice the Notary independently looks for his own clients, so that it is more appropriate to say a general profession than State officials because they do not receive salary from the State and the role of the Notary from time to time is not doubt. Thanks to the performance of the Notary, economic traffic is particularly related to agreements, commitments, inheritance, etc., legal actions by the people who need and carry out legal actions helped in proving authentic deeds, so that they get legal certainty.This writing concludes that the Notary Public is a public official who is not an ASN official and needs further study by the government in the future in revising the Notary regulations. Also his advice on notary legal politics needs to be changed and the government of the relevant institutions authorized to form legislation should involve senior Notaries in revising Notary regulations.Keywords: Political Law; Notary; Justice.
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Marwick, Charles. "Aspirin's Role in Prevention Now Official." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 9 (March 5, 1997): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540330025010.
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Marwick, C. "Aspirin's role in prevention now official." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 9 (March 5, 1997): 701–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.277.9.701.
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Tukiman Hendrawijaya, Arief, Tatang Ary Gumanti, Sasongko, and Zarah Puspitaningtyas. "The mediating role of emotional intelligence in the employees performance." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.14.
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This study investigates the mediating effect of emotional intelligence on the relationship between motivation, compensation, satisfaction, work climate and employees’ performance. The sample consists of 96 field officials who were the government employees specializing in coping with the eradication of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in the district of Jember, Indonesia. Results using path analysis reveal that all examined variables positively and significantly affect employees’ performance. The study finds that emotional intelligence mediates the relationship of work motivation, compensation, work satisfaction, and work climate with employees’ performance.
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DAL BÓ, ERNESTO, PEDRO DAL BÓ, and RAFAEL DI TELLA. "“Plata o Plomo?”:Bribe and Punishment in a Theory of Political Influence." American Political Science Review 100, no. 1 (February 2006): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055406061995.
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We present a model where groups attempt to influence policies using both bribes (plata, Spanish for silver) and the threat of punishment (plomo, Spanish for lead). We then use it to make predictions about the quality of a country's public officials and to understand the role of institutions granting politicians with immunity from legal prosecution. The use of punishment lowers the returns from public office and reduces the incentives of high-ability citizens to enter public life. Cheaperplomoand more resources subject to official discretion are associated with more frequent corruption and less able politicians. This predicts that violence in a country will typically go together with corruption and worse politicians. Moreover, the possibility of punishment changes the nature of the influence game, so that even cheaperplatacan lower the ability of public officials. Protecting officials from accusations of corruption (immunity) willdecreasethe frequency of corruption if the judiciary is weak and may increase the quality of politicians. These predictions cannot emerge from a traditional model where only bribes are used.
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LI, LAN. "The Changing Role of the Popular Religion ofNuo(傩) in Modern Chinese Politics." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 5 (August 12, 2010): 1289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x10000090.
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AbstractSince the early 1980s, China's rapid economic growth and profound social transformation have greatly changed the role of popular religion in modern Chinese politics. In the case ofnuo, these changes have been directly responsible for the incorporation of this popular religion into the implementation of Party-state's policy on ethnic minority and the provision of evidence to support the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party's regime. Through manipulation and reinterpretation by local governments, the popular religion ofnuohas not only become the target of local socio-economic development, a common phenomenon in contemporary China, but has also played a key role in ethnic identification, which is an important step for a post-Mao's CCP to maintain political stability in ethnic minority areas. In addition,nuohas through the research of Marxism-influenced schools fundamentally altered its position from an officially unrecognized religion opposed to both socialist political order and atheist ideology to a politically favoured ‘living fossil’1of primitive culture. This proves the Marxist evolutionary theory in which socialism and communism are thought to be inescapable consequences of social development. The positive role played bynuoin modern Chinese politics has brought the popular religion much open support and endorsement from party-state officials at all levels, including top-ranking officials within the Central Committee of the CCP. Like any popular religion,nuohas over the centuries undergone significant changes, but never before has it experienced such dramatic changes in its relationship with an anti-religious and pragmatic central government, something which has significantly altered the course of its development.
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Mojapelo, Samuel Maredi. "Challenges faced by libraries in a democratic South Africa." Information Development 34, no. 4 (May 26, 2017): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666917712337.
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Community libraries are crucial for people to have access to information to satisfy their multiple needs. As custodians of information and knowledge in diverse spheres, they play a role in the socio-economic development of nations. This article attempts to investigate challenges faced by libraries in three different settings in post-apartheid South Africa. The study adopted a qualitative research design. The users, librarians and a well-placed official of the relevant department were interviewed. Convenience sampling was used to select users and librarians while purposive sampling was used to select an official. Face-to-face interviews and observation and a checklist were used to collect data. Senior officials of the Department of Sport, Arts and Culture need to study challenges revealed by the findings and to take action to remedy the situation.
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Kharisma, Bintang Ulya. "OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TRANSFER OF OFFICIAL RESIDENCE LAND." Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v4i1.2591.
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In a legal state, land has a very important role in human life. It can determine the existence and the sustainability of legal actions. In its development, the government or private sector companies provide Official Residences to their employees, or what may be called a state house. Based on the law, the Official Residence is a building owned by the state, and functions as a residence or a dwelling. It serves as a developmental facility for families and supports the job implementation of officials and/or government employees. The humans’ need for land as a place of dwelling may cause conflicts regarding the provision of the Official Residence. The method used in this research is the juridical-normative method. It uses secondary data. The ownership rights transfer of the Official Residence to private sectors may happen without violation of the constitution, as it is regulated in the Presidential Decree No. 11 of 2008 which states that the tenant may own the Official Residence with some conditions. For example, the house must be an Official Residence Group III. The rightful tenant must file a request to its related Department. Then, the tenant and the related department create a Lease Agreement. After the tenant settles the debt, he/she may own the house.
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Pratama, Fani, and Akhmad Khisni. "Executing Public Notary Officials Role In Making Cooperative Agreement." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i3.3181.
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True cooperative is a business entity that stands based on family rules, in Indonesia cooperative stand up and walk before the independence of Indonesia. First it was a banking company in Purwokerto, Central Java founded by Raden Aria Wiria Atmadja aided and forwarded by a Resident De Wolf Van Westerorde using cooperative system is not running because it is considered more pro natives. Trip the cooperative development of the pre and post-independence Indonesia severely affected the economy of Indonesia. Development side by side with other economic system, cooperatives perceived need of the legality of the law in all of their business activities. The legality of a cooperative is the agreement of establishment of cooperatives. A public official who has the authority to make the authentic act is a notary.Keywords: Cooperative, Agreements, Notary.
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Williams, GL, J. Gray, and J. Beynon. "Cancer Genetics Clinics and the Surgeon: A Valuable Role for Family History Screening." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 2 (March 2007): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588407x155789.
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INTRODUCTION This study examines how a colorectal surgeon can use a regional cancer genetics service to deal safely and efficiently, with community referrals for colorectal cancer screening on the basis of family history. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of consecutive asymptomatic people with a strong family of colorectal cancer referred by the surgeon to the genetics service over a 30-month period. RESULTS A total of 45 people were referred by the surgeon to the cancer genetics service. Following official verification of family histories, 15 were thought to be in a low-risk category for developing colorectal cancer, 18 were moderate risk, 4 had a high-to-moderate risk and 2 satisfied the criteria for HNPCC. After official authentication, it was discovered that 20% of people had mistakenly informed the surgeon of important inaccuracies in their family history. CONCLUSIONS The cancer genetics service seeks to identify accurately those at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer due to their family history. It has the time, resources and expertise to verify officially a family history that cannot be properly done in a busy surgical clinic. This study shows that it can provide a valuable role for correctly identifying and counselling people who truly require screening due to their familial predisposition for colorectal cancer.
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Goodin, Robert E. "Public Service Utilitarianism as a Role Responsibility." Utilitas 10, no. 3 (November 1998): 320–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800006245.
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Elsewhere I have defended utilitarianism as a philosophy peculiarly well suited to the conduct of public affairs, on grounds of the peculiar tasks and instruments confronting public officials. Here I add another plank to that defence of ‘utilitarianism as a public philosophy’, focusing on the peculiar role responsibilities of people serving in public capacities. Such ‘public service utilitarianism’ is incumbent not only upon public officials but also upon individuals in their capacities as citizens and voters. I close with reflections on how best to evoke appreciation of these utilitarian role responsibilities from officials and electors alike.
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Smith, Kent W., and Loretta J. Stalans. "Negotiating Strategies for Tax Disputes: Preferences of Taxpayers and Auditors." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 02 (1994): 337–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00762.x.
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Disputes between officials and citizens during tax enforcement differ from most civil disputes between citizens in several ways: They are initiated when the officiat claims the citizen has not followed the law; they are fundumentally about the cowect interpretation of the law; and the official has the formal power to end the dispute within the enforcement arena by making a decision that is legally binding on the citizen. Using data from pre-audit interviews with taxpayers and state tax auditors, we explore how these characteristics of tax disputes, the roles of the parties, citizens' perceptions of the attitudes and orientations of the officials, and other contextual factors drawn from regulatory and procedural justice research affect the strategies officials and citizens prefer for resolving disputes. We close with some evidence on the predictive rekwance of the strategic preferences of the parties in combination with their roles: For new resolutions to emerge, the party with the power must be open to them, and the subordinate party must have the assertiveness to present them. We also explorate how the analysis may be extended to other enforcement and regulatory settings.
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Edmond, Jacob. "Dissidence and Accommodation: The Publishing History of Yang Lian from Today to Today." China Quarterly 185 (March 2006): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000075.
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The career of the poet Yang Lian provides a case study of the tension between dissidence and accommodation in PRC literary publishing over the past quarter of a century. In the 1980s, Yang published unofficially and officially, attempting to maintain his dissident independence while also taking advantage of the accommodations available within official culture. In 1989, the accommodation that Yang had reached with official culture collapsed. Since 1989, Yang has been promoted outside China as a dissident. Inside China, Yang's work has been adapted to the demands of censorship. This study shows that accommodations with China's official publishing system have been important to the careers of writers like Yang throughout the 1980s and 1990s. It also suggests that dissidence has played an important role in the achievement of such accommodations. The findings of this case study are pertinent to the situation of many artists and writers in the PRC today.