Academic literature on the topic 'Office building stock'
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Journal articles on the topic "Office building stock"
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İNCEOĞLU, Zuhal, and Asena SOYLUK. "ANALYSIS OF OFFICE BUILDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF PLAN TYPES; EXAMPLE OF ANKARA ESKİŞEHİR ROAD REGION." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE, no. 22 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17365/tmd.2021.turkey.22.04.
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Since the beginning of history, human beings have made great advances in technology. In the field of architecture, this movement has had reflections such as new construction and application techniques and the use of different materials. In parallel with this rapid progress in building and construction technology, solutions that meet the changing needs in architectural design have started to be offered. Aim: The aim of the research is to find out which plan type is the most preferred in terms of design in high-rise office buildings in Eskişehir road region, which attracts attention with its office building stock in Ankara, and to analyze the relationship of this plan type preference with the building's height and current value parameters. Method: Tracing method was used to find the ratio of plan types in the examined office buildings and to establish the relationship of these plan types with height and m2 current value. Then the obtained data were evaluated statistically and regression values were found by using regression analysis method. Results: In the 12 office structures examined in the study, open office (47%), mixed office (27%), closed (13%) and co-working offices (13%) were preferred, respectively. 66% of the multi-storey office buildings in the sample space of the research have a height of 100 m or more. Closed offices are the lowest value in terms of market value and mixed offices are the highest valued. Conclusion: It is understood that open-plan offices are preferred in the Ankara Eskişehir road region. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that these plan types, which are mostly used in office buildings, have a directly proportional relationship with the concept of current value per m2, but not with the height of the multi-storey building. In this respect, it is possible to say that architectural design decisions directly affect the real estate market of the country and this interaction has formed an important relationship with the country's economy by shaping the capital market.
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Martinopoulos, Georgios, Anna Serasidou, Panagiota Antoniadou, and Agis M. Papadopoulos. "Building Integrated Shading and Building Applied Photovoltaic System Assessment in the Energy Performance and Thermal Comfort of Office Buildings." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124670.
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Non-residential and more specifically office buildings are, nowadays, an integral part of the building stock and milestones of urban areas in most of the developed and developing countries all over the world. Compared to other building types, office buildings present some of the highest specific energy consumption rates. In the present study, a typical nine-story office is assessed for a number of different building integrated retrofitting measures. Measurements of indoor environmental conditions were used in order to validate the developed simulation model of the building in EnergyPlus. Then, a number of different building integration options for photovoltaic systems and shading options are examined, in order to evaluate the best option in terms of indoor air quality, thermal comfort and energy consumption. The amount of electricity produced can meet 65% of the building’s annual electricity requirements, while the shading options can reduce energy requirements by as much as 33%. Although this in not a value that can be dismissed easily, it becomes clear that further—and more deeply aiming—measures are needed, if the building is to achieve near zero energy status.
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Zuo, Jian, Bo Xia, Qing Chen, Stephen Pullen, and Martin Skitmore. "GREEN BUILDING RATING FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS – LESSONS LEARNED." Journal of Green Building 11, no. 2 (March 2016): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.11.2.131.1.
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Office buildings constitute a significant proportion of the non-residential building stock. In recent years, various rating tools have been developed to foster green office building development. The Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) has developed the Green Star - Office rating tools for this purpose. There are an increasing number of stakeholders adopting these tools to showcase their efforts in sustainable development. This research focuses on the challenges and barriers in obtaining GBCA ratings in Australian Office buildings. To accomplish this, the scoring sheets from the rating of 264 certified office buildings were collected and critically analysed. The findings indicated that credits related to the attributes of innovation, ecology and energy are comparatively difficult to achieve. It was also found in this study that a large number of projects did not apply for the specific credits of refrigerant global warming potential, re-use of façade, topsoil and fill removal from site, and individual comfort control. This study provides a useful reference to both the property developer and the Green Building Council of Australia for green building developments in the future. In particular, the findings provide useful inputs to the development of the next generation of green building rating tools.
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Buschka, Michael, Julian Bischof, Christina Meier-Dotzler, and Werner Lang. "Developing non-residential building stock archetypes for LCI—a German case study of office and administration buildings." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 9 (September 2021): 1735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01963-5.
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Abstract Purpose To accomplish the national and international climate goals, building renovation and optimisation of their energy and resource efficiency are essential. Thus, reliable information on the building stock (BS) is necessary. Most previous building typologies are focussing on residential buildings and the operational phase. This paper shows the development of a methodology for generating non-residential building (NRB) typologies for life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) of building constructions. Hereby, archetypes of office, administration and department (OAD) buildings are developed, exemplarily for the German NRB stock. The methodology can further be utilised for quantity surveying of urban material stocks, related recycling scenarios and waste management. Furthermore, the exemplarily generated archetypes provide necessary information for the estimation of realistic refurbishment scenarios. Methods Approaches for the development of NRB archetypes, the descriptions of associated building materials and the LCI of BS were analysed and integrated into a methodology. It provides a clear path on the classification in building usage categories and determination of relevant building parameters for conducting LCI studies. Its aim is the creation of NRB typologies, presenting construction materials and building geometry in a useful way for life-cycle assessments (LCA). To demonstrate the methodology’s usability, it is applied to a case study with the sample of 161 OAD buildings, provided by the German NRB database ENOB:dataNWG. In combination with relevant literature on BS archetypes and materials, a sample OAD building typology has been created. Results and discussion Minimum data requirements for conducting simplified LCI calculation of BSs were identified by analysing existing LCA methods, like the German BNB system. Important clusters for developing NRB archetypes were determined: building usage category, building construction types and building age. These data gaps between required information for simplified LCA studies and available information in ENOB:dataNWG were identified, and solutions for closing these data gaps were proposed and tested. Since building archetypes must reflect the overall BS, uncertainties were discussed. The ENOB:dataNWG database was not completed at the time this paper was written, so comprehensive uncertainty analyses are important next steps. Conclusions This methodology development forms the groundwork for creating LCI building typologies for simplified LCA studies. It shows practically how to deal with a BS database and illustrates which typical values can be chosen for closing data gaps. The methodology was tested on an exemplary sample of OAD buildings. Based on this case study, the methodology concept was proven useful for the generation of a NRB typology.
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J. Wilkinson, Sara. "Office building adaptation and the growing significance of environmental attributes." Journal of Corporate Real Estate 16, no. 4 (November 4, 2014): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcre-06-2014-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to investigated the importance of environmental attributes for office building adaptation and whether the importance of environmental attributes for adaptation has changed over time from 1998-2008 to 2009-2011. With 1-2 per cent added to the total stock of buildings each year and the need to take action to mitigate the impacts of predicted climate change (IPCC, 2013), it is necessary to focus efforts on adaptation of existing buildings. Design/methodology/approach – This research adopted a quantitative approach, using a database of office building attributes and applying principal component analysis to ascertain the respective importance of various building attributes in adaptation. Using two databases; the first dating from 1998 to 2008 and comprising 5,290 adaptation events and the second covering the period 2009 to 2011 and comprising 1,272 adaptation events, a comparison of results was undertaken. Findings – The findings indicate the importance of some environmental attributes in building adaptation has changed and that legislation and changes market perceptions towards to promote built environment sustainability may be having a positive impact. The research demonstrates that different property attributes vary in importance over time and used existing buildings in an international city to confirm application to urban settlements elsewhere where existing buildings can be adapted to reduce the effect of climate change. Research limitations/implications – The databases are limited to Melbourne, Australia and to these specific points in time. It is possible that other cities are seeing changes in adaptation practices to accommodate increased awareness and the growing importance attributed to environmental issues; however, additional studies would be required to ascertain whether the level of importance was stronger or weaker than that found in Melbourne. Practical implications – The impacts of the mandatory The National Australian Built Environment Rating System energy rating tool and the Green Star voluntary tool provide actionable data for property stakeholders and the academic community. Policy-makers can see that building owners are integrating environmental attributes into their stock and that the market is shifting towards increased sustainability. This study uses real world data to feed the scholarship process, with real economic and commercial impacts. New buildings account for about 1-2 per cent of the total building stock annually and existing buildings must be adapted, and thus the questions of the success of voluntary or mandatory measures are essential to future environmental decision-making. Originality/value – This research reports on data covering all office building adaptation conducted from 1998 to 2011 in the Melbourne CBD. As such, it is a comprehensive analysis of all works undertaken and how the significance of different physical, social, economic and environmental attributes is changing over time.
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Gangolells, Casals, Ferré-Bigorra, Forcada, Macarulla, Gaspar, and Tejedor. "Energy Benchmarking of Existing Office Stock in Spain: Trends and Drivers." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 6356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226356.
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Buildings play a central role in the clean energy transition, which is why it is vital to understand how energy is consumed in this sector. Energy performance certificate databases are considered a key source of information on the characteristics of built building stock. Despite a growing portfolio of studies based on information from such databases, little is known about energy consumption in offices. This paper explores the modelled energy performance of existing offices in Spain, using data from 13,701 energy performance certificates collected by the Catalan Institute of Energy (ICAEN) in 2013–2018. Offices were found to consume between 202.66 and 212.10 kWhp/m2·year and were mostly ranked in classes C and D (~64%). Offices with E, F or G labels represent ~28% of the sample while A and B energy ratings are very scarce (~8%). Key drivers of energy consumption variation were found to be the office type, construction period, climate zone, renewable energy use, energy certification procedure and motivation for obtaining an energy performance certificate. Ownership was not found to affect average calculated energy consumption. The results will help policy makers to plan future energy conservation strategies.
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Chidiac, S. E., E. J. C. Catania, H. L. Perry, E. Morofsky, and S. Foo. "Computational tools for selecting energy conservation measures for retrofitting existing office buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 5 (May 2013): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-037.
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Existing buildings consume most of our non-transportation related energy and are a major contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases. Improving their energy efficiency by applying energy conservation measures (ECMs) remains a major challenge. This paper presents computational tools developed to screen office buildings for retrofit and to select specific ECMs for each building. This selection process accounts for climate, occupancy, building operation, heating and cooling systems, distribution systems, envelope properties, building geometry, and cost of ECMs. The tools screen the complete building set for optimal retrofit opportunities. The methodology adopted in developing the computational tools includes characterization of the office building stock into a manageable set of archetypes; simulation of building operation using specific occupancy characteristics and local climate data; development of energy prediction models for lights, equipment, pumps, fans, domestic hot water, chillers, and boilers; and application of present value analysis to evaluate the cost effectiveness of ECMs.
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Wilkinson, Sara J., Kimberley James, and Richard Reed. "Using building adaptation to deliver sustainability in Australia." Structural Survey 27, no. 1 (April 3, 2009): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800910941683.
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PurposeThis paper seeks to establish the rationale for existing office building adaptation within Melbourne, Australia, as the city strives to become carbon neutral by 2020. The problems faced by policy makers to determine which buildings have the optimum adaptation potential are to be identified and discussed.Design/methodology/approachThis research adopts the approach of creating a database of all the buildings in the Melbourne CBD including details of physical, social, economic and technological attributes. This approach will determine whether relationships exist between attributes and the frequency of building adaptation or whether triggers to adaptation can be determined.FindingsThis research provided evidence that a much faster rate of office building adaptation is necessary to meet the targets already set for carbon neutrality. The findings demonstrate that a retrospective comprehensive examination of previous adaptation in the CBD is a unique and original approach to determining the building characteristics associated with adaptation and whether triggers can be identified based on previous practices. The implication is that a decision‐making tool should be developed to allow policy makers to target sectors of the office building stock to deliver carbon neutrality within the 2020 timeframe.Practical implicationsDrastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are required to mitigate global warming and climate change and all stakeholders should be looking at ways of reducing emissions from existing stock.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the existing body of knowledge by raising awareness of the way in which the adaptation of large amounts of existing stock can be fast tracked to mitigate the impact of climate change and warming associated with the built environment, and in addition it establishes a framework for a decision‐making tool for policy makers.
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Kim, Bumjoon, Yohei Yamaguchi, Shun Kimura, Yumei Ko, Kosuke Ikeda, and Yoshiyuki Shimoda. "Urban building energy modeling considering the heterogeneity of HVAC system stock: A case study on Japanese office building stock." Energy and Buildings 199 (September 2019): 547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.07.022.
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Kim, Bumjoon, Yohei Yamaguchi, Shun Kimura, Yumei Ko, Kosuke Ikeda, and Yoshiyuki Shimoda. "Urban building energy modeling considering the heterogeneity of HVAC system stock: A case study on Japanese office building stock." Energy and Buildings 207 (January 2020): 109590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109590.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Office building stock"
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Muldoon-Smith, Kevin. "Taking stock : an investigation into the nature, scale and location of secondary commercial office vacancy in the UK and an appraisal of the various strategies and opportunities for its management and amelioration." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2016. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/32571/.
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There has been little comprehensive investigation of secondary office vacancy in the UK, nor its potential management or amelioration. In response, this thesis is a study of the nature, scale and location of this situation and an appraisal of the various strategies for its management and amelioration. There are three strands of research. An investigation into the nature, scale and location of secondary commercial office vacancy in the UK. An appraisal of potential management strategies and the development of policy recommendations in relation to the potential amelioration of this situation. An appraisal of the literature was conducted to develop an initial theoretical interpretation of secondary office vacancy. A multi attribute database of commercial office vacancy was then developed to evidence the stock of secondary office vacancy in the UK. Finally, a Delphi exercise was conducted to understand the underlying conditions of this phenomenon, its management and potential amelioration. Findings indicate that secondary office vacancy is ambiguous and colloquial. Vacant secondary office property exists in abundance while prime office property is in short supply. The institutions of the commercial office market over simplify and potentially disguise its manifestation. The incidence of secondary office vacancy is primarily caused by a structural change in the nature of demand. It can be held in reserve to support prime office supply, however, it can also overhang less buoyant locations. Consequently, the management strategies for secondary office vacancy are stratified, ranging from exploitation, to demand repositioning, to renewal and finally removal and redevelopment. Findings suggest that these management strategies should be predicated upon the demonstration of economic viability and mediated by the relative era of construction and underlying institutional characteristics. Finally, policy recommendations suggest that the amelioration of secondary office vacancy would be assisted by the promotion of more agile ways of working based on functional tolerance, and optionality.
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Armstrong, Gillian. "The adaptive reuse predicament: An investigation into whether building regulation is a key barrier to adaptive reuse of vacant office buildings." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/129492.
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The problem of vacant buildings affects cities globally, and office vacancy rates have become a specific political issue in Australian CBDs. Specifically, arguments made in public debate claim that building regulation inhibits the take-up for adaptive reuse of vacant office buildings to mitigate obsolescence. Technical performance standards within Australia’s National Construction Code (NCC) are cited as a key barrier to adaptive reuse in public discourse and by previous studies. This thesis pursued an inductive methodology investigating which aspects of NCC standards are barriers to adaptive reuse. The research focuses on the office building population within Adelaide, South Australia. The mixed-methods research design includes analysis of public debate in news articles, a survey of professionals in Australia experienced in adaptive reuse, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders in Adelaide, and an examination of untenanted and ‘greyspace’ vacancy types in Adelaide’s building population using a novel quantitative method developed in this research, referred to as the Vacancy Visual Analytics Method (VVAM). Contrary to popular belief, this study did not find conclusive evidence that building regulation inhibits adaptive reuse of office buildings. While content analysis of news articles and data from the survey and semi-structured interviews highlighted that building regulation is typically presented as a barrier to adaptive reuse, there is a lack of convincing detail, beyond generalised anecdotes. The examination of vacancy, through VVAM, questions simplistic representations of aggregated vacancy rates, present in the public debate, and the need for adaptive reuse to address the perceived obsolescence. Examination of the sample (n=118) revealed that while 56 buildings had high vacancy (office-use vacancy rate above 50%), around 65.3% of high vacancy (276,644m2) resides within only 24 relatively new primary offices. Findings also revealed that only 4 largescale (GLA(BUILDING)>3000m2) secondary buildings had potential for whole building adaptive reuse; however, the vacancy in these 4 buildings was predominantly greyspace, and contextual factors made whole building adaptive reuse unlikely. On a scale smaller than whole building adaptive reuse, 21 large secondary buildings emerged as potentially suitable for mixed-use-multi-level adaptive reuse. Further examination revealed 17 of these buildings had less than 2 stacked floorplates which were wholly untenanted, reducing the viability of multiple level adaptive reuse. The distribution of vacancy across the population reduced the suitability of whole building and mixed-use-multi-level adaptive reuse as a city-wide strategy to solve perceived vacancy problems. This study concludes that aggregated market vacancy rates are poor predictors of the suitability for adaptive reuse as an urban regeneration strategy to mitigate obsolescence in existing buildings. Therefore, a reduction in building regulation requirements would not necessarily lead to greater adaptive reuse of under-used office buildings as the distribution of vacancy does not lend itself to whole building adaptive reuse. This research provides new critical perspectives on the relationship between adaptive reuse and building regulation. Research findings can help shape policy development in urban planning, and interrogate agendas seeking to reduce NCC regulation of existing buildings. Findings can also inform building owner feasibility decisions for adaptive reuse development and has implications for changing stakeholders’ attitudes towards regulation in architectural practice.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Architecture & Built Environment, 2020
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Ren-WeiHuang and 黃仁威. "A Study on Stick System Metal Curtain Wall Renew Work Method- In The Case of Office Building-." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20395042998219614007.
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碩士國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
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The first ever office building constructed with stick system metal curtain walls is the Taipei World Trade Center International Trade Building. Built in 1974, it has been used for 34 years, and the functions of the exterior walls of the building are deteriorating. Assessment of various factors has determined it less practical to tear down the building and construct a new one simply because the building is old. Without resorting to demolishing old buildings and constructing new ones, how to elongate the lifespan of existing office building and upgrade them to perform the functions modern office buildings will set the trend for dealing with old office buildings. In this study, issues that are encountered when renewing the exterior walls of an office building constructed with stick system metal curtain walls were analyzed and discussed. Cases of renovation of curtain exterior walls were examined to shed light on the various factors for renovating exterior walls of office buildings constructed with stick system metal curtain walls, the objectives to be achieved, and the methods used. Through examination of cases, issues encountered before exterior walls of office buildings constructed with stick system metal curtain walls are renewed were analyzed. For the study, office buildings that had undergone renovation of their metal curtain walls were examined and data were gathered and used. Experts were interviewed to explore issues related to renewing stick system metal curtain walls, which were then analyzed and synthesized. Finally, according to the data gathered, renew work methods currently available for stick system metal curtain walls were reviewed, and suggestions for improving renew work methods for exterior walls are accordingly proposed. The achievement of this study can be described in four parts. First, make clear what considerations prompt domestic industry to renew stick system metal curtain walls and what objectives are to be achieved. Second, find out the items included in renewing stick system metal curtain walls which is practiced currently. Third, sort currently available renew work methods for stick system metal curtain walls and renewing techniques. Fourth, after examining and collating cases of the study, propose suggestions for improving renew work methods.
Book chapters on the topic "Office building stock"
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Armstrong, Gillian. "Understanding vacancy in the office stock." In Resilient Building Retrofits, 61–82. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023975-5.
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Brocato, M., F. Parrini, S. Sciuto, and R. Viadana. "Energy Audit Assessment on Office Buildings Stock: Methodology and First Results." In 1989 2nd European Conference on Architecture, 499–501. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0556-1_145.
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Quinan, Jack. "“In the Thought of the World”." In Buffalo at the Crossroads, 89–109. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749766.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the Larkin Building, which is firmly entrenched in histories of architectural modernism, such as Henry-Russell Hitchcock's Modern Architecture: Romanticism and Reintegration of 1929. It cites Hendrik Petrus Berlage's Amsterdam Stock Exchange, Peter Behren's AEG Turbine Factory, and Otto Wagner's Post Office Savings Bank as buildings that rival Frank Lloyd Wright's Larkin commission for architectural distinction at the turn of the twentieth century. It also reviews the origins of Wright's Larkin Building in the company's history, its material characteristics, and its principal functions. The chapter weighs the Larkin Building against similar considerations of three European buildings in order to identify the ideas and qualities that all four architects shared while also demonstrating characteristics in Wright's building. It describes the Larkin Administration Building that was modern in the abstractness of its blocklike forms and its many innovations.
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Cressy, David. "Material Bounty Brought Ashore." In Shipwrecks and the Bounty of the Sea, 188—C10.P76. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863393.003.0011.
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Abstract The wreckage that came ashore from stricken vessels, and passed into the hands of villagers, gentlemen, and officials, varied enormously in content, condition, and worth. Everything consigned for passage at sea, including the ships and possessions of seamen, was at risk of loss. The transfer to shore could be chaotic, informal, and sometimes illicit, but reports, accounts, and inventories indicate the diversity of items recovered and the values sometimes attached to them. This chapter takes stock of the godsends and gatherings that constituted the goods and gains from wrecks. Building on recent work on material culture, it reveals interactions between maritime and terrestrial cultures, between coastal residents and officials, and between objects and their possessors. Rich records register the commodities retrieved from wrecks, and the gains they represented. Ordinary villagers did well to come clear with a few jars of oil, a few bushels of fruit, and small loads of salvaged timber, while their gentle landlords and masters enriched themselves with prime pickings. The Bacons of Norfolk and the Arundells of Cornwall, for example, stocked their stores with wrecked cargoes and took possession of salvageable ships. The Wardens of the Cinque Ports and agents of the Admiralty accumulated moieties and droits as fruits of office. The crown, as always, registered the most gains, especially when bullion was in view. While commoners performed the labour, and carried the opprobrium, the elite gained honour and status, as well as profit, from the material bounty of the sea.
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Assefa, Getachew. "Life-Cycle Assessment-Based Environmental Performance Targets for Buildings." In Examining the Environmental Impacts of Materials and Buildings, 188–216. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2426-8.ch007.
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The role of targets in delivering meaningful performance improvements for designing new buildings and retrofitting existing building stocks is important. A piecemeal approach of incomprehensive assessments around insignificant changes falls short of achieving deep cuts in impacts. Most of the current assessments are not based on well-defined performance targets. The chapter is centered around exploring the utility of the concept of planetary boundaries for setting well-grounded benchmarking systems in guiding the transformation of the built environment that significantly contributes to the overall environmental impact of the economy. It discusses the role of life cycle assessment, environmental product declarations and product category rules, and how these and relevant standards and guides can be used in tandem with tools and processes used in design offices such as building information modeling. It concludes by charting the need for research on taking concepts such as planetary boundaries to building level benchmarking systems that support better design practices.
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Kuppusamy, Palanivel. "Blockchain Architecture Stack to Smart Education." In Digital Transformation and Innovative Services for Business and Learning, 129–58. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5175-2.ch008.
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Blockchain is an emerging technology that serves as an immutable ledger and publicly available infrastructure for building decentralized applications. Blockchain-based applications ensure transparency and trust between all parties involved in the interaction. Nowadays, educational organizations focus on online education and propose to create a system based on educational smart contracts in a public ledger. This public ledger shall be shared between major online and offline educational institutes around the world. From a software architecture perspective, blockchain enables new forms of distributed software architectures across a large network of untrusted participants. The objective of this chapter is to propose a blockchain architecture stack to smart education. The proposed architecture exploits the benefits of the blockchain and global ecosystem simplification to create a globally trusted higher education credit system.
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Maheshwari, Malvika. "M.F. Husain and the Making of a Campaign." In Art Attacks, 207–68. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199488841.003.0006.
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Building upon the evidence examined in the previous chapters, Chapter 5 analyses the single most widespread and virulent campaign of violence against an artist—that targeting M.F. Husain, mapping precisely the transformation of disconnected, and varied attacks on artists into waging campaigns against them. True, the attacks on Husain since the mid-1990s, and responses in his name, enlarged the word-stock surrounding him, but buried within it the static and isolated view of violence hardly explains the logic and the process of Hindu nationalists’ sustained and obsessive, often even pointless, preoccupation with him. The progress and shifts in their campaigns underline varied and evolving attitudes towards his alleged offences, not always related to the images in question. Given Husain’s extraordinary stature within the art world, and within the world of violent offence-taking, an understanding of the build-up of the campaign waged in his name is essential for any analysis of the phenomenon of violence of offence-taking and its discipline-enforcing attitude towards artists.
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Sogner, Knut. "Transformed Surroundings and New Priorities." In Norway's Pharmaceutical Revolution, 195–224. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869005.003.0009.
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Abstract In the period from 1986 to the merger with British Amersham in 1997, Nyegaard & Co. was rather forcefully changed by the stock-listed Norwegian company Hafslund that had purchased Actinor. Renaming the big company Hafslund Nycomed and going wholeheartedly into pharmaceuticals, Hafslund Nycomed became a major force in imaging products, especially thanks to the success of the product Omnipaque. In 1994, Hafslund Nycomed bought Sterling Drug’s US contrast media operation, in addition to the extensive marketing network having been created elsewhere. Hafslund Nycomed, however, prioritized shareholder value, centralized and streamlined research, divided Nycomed (Nyegaard & Co.) into two parts (Imaging and Pharma), and spent a lot of money building a European generics business through numerous acquisitions. In the brisk climate of the mid-1990s, pressure on drug prices, the looming threat of generic competition to Omnipaque, and a meager research portfolio, Hafslund Nycomed merged with Amersham in 1997, creating a British company led by Amersham’s chief executive officer.
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Dale, Peter, and John McLaughlin. "Land Values and the Fiscal Cadastre." In Land Administration. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233909.003.0010.
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Classic economic theory holds that there are three vehicles for generating wealth in an economy—capital, labour, and land. Land is fundamental, for labour cannot live without space and capital cannot be managed without offices and the infrastructure that is built upon the land. The management of land has social, political, and economic dimensions. While the post-war land reforms were driven largely by political agendas, current reforms are primarily concerned with the development of land markets. In their study of urban land markets, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) pointed out that: . . . Land plays an important role as a financial asset. It is an important element in the portfolios of central and local government, nationalized industries, private companies and financial institutions. Financial markets and property markets are intimately connected. Land, especially seen from an historical perspective, is often considered from an investor’s point of view as a superior asset to the financial assets available on capital markets, mainly because of the potential of land to maintain its value over time and because of favourable tax treatment. The more capital and land markets are developed, the higher is the degree of possible substitution between land and other assets. Land and building values together can account for a substantial share of the market capitalization or many businesses and are often a prime consideration of corporate strategy. Stock market growth can be fuelled by rising prices in real estate markets when land is used as collateral for loans. Should land and prices fall in a volatile market place, a high level of dependency on land and property-based assets may carry the risk of serious financial disruptions. . . . The report went on to state that: Land policy cannot be effectively designed and pursued if governments do not understand how their land markets operate (OECD 1992). Land and property are important components in any market driven economy—their value is a measure of the wealth of any society and probably accounts for more than 20 per cent of GDP (UNECE 1996). In most countries, the biggest landowner is the state.
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Berk, Laura E. "Learning Through Make-Believe Play." In Awakening Children's Minds. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124859.003.0008.
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Two days a week, Kevin leaves his office 45 minutes early to take charge of his 2-year-old daughter, Sophie, while her mother, a university professor, teaches a late class. One balmy spring afternoon, Kevin retrieved Sophie at her child-care center and drove the 15-minute route home. Invited to look in on Sophie’s play, I met the pair at the front door and nestled into a rocking chair from which to observe unobtrusively. After downing the last bite of her snack, Sophie grabbed Kevin’s hand and led him across the family room to a rug lined on two sides by shelves filled with books, stuffed animals, and other play props. Sophie moved a toy horse and cow inside a small, enclosed fence that she and Kevin had put together the day before. Then she turned the animals on their sides and moved them toward each other. “Why are horse and cow lying down?” Kevin asked. “’Cause they’re tired,” Sophie answered, pushing the two animals closer together. “Oh, yes,” Kevin affirmed. Then, building on Sophie’s theme, he placed a teddy bear on another part of the rug and offered, “I think Ted’s tired, too. I’m going to start a bed over here for some other animals.” Sophie turned toward the teddy bear, lifted his paw, and exclaimed, “She wants a lollipop to hold in her hand!” “A lollipop in her hand? We haven’t got any lollipops, have we?” answered Kevin. “Laura has!” declared Sophie, glancing at me. “Has Laura got a lollipop?” Kevin queried. “Yes! She’s got all of those, and a swing and a table, too!” Sophie remarked, referring to my chair, which rocked back and forth next to an end table. “Maybe this could be a make-believe lollipop,” suggested Kevin, placing a round piece on the end of a long TinkerToy stick and handing the structure to Sophie “That’s a lollipop,” agreed Sophie, placing it in the paw of the teddy bear. “Can she suck that while she’s going off to sleep?” asked Kevin. “Do you think that’s what she wants?” “It’s a pacifier,” explained Sophie, renaming the object.
Conference papers on the topic "Office building stock"
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Kim, Dongsu, Heejin Cho, and Rogelio Luck. "Potential Impacts of Net-Zero Energy Buildings With Distributed Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation on the Electrical Grid." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7319.
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This study evaluates potential aggregate effects of net-zero energy building (NZEB) implementations on the electrical grid in simulation-based analysis. Many studies have been conducted on how effective NZEB designs can be achieved, however the potential impact of NZEBs have not been explored sufficiently. As significant penetration of NZEBs occurs, the aggregated electricity demand profile of the buildings on the electrical grid would experience dramatic changes. To estimate the impact of NZEBs on the electrical grid, a simulation-based study of an office building with a grid-tied PV power generation system is conducted. This study assumes that net-metering is available for NZEBs such that the excess on-site PV generation can be fed to the electrical grid. The impact of electrical energy storage (EES) within NZEBs on the electrical grid is also considered in this study. Finally, construction weighting factors of the office building type in U.S. climate zones are used to estimate the number of national office buildings. In order to consider the adoption of NZEBs in the future, this study examines scenarios with 20%, 50%, and 100% of the U.S. office building stock are composed of NZEBs. Results show that annual electricity consumption of simulated office buildings in U.S. climate locations includes the range of around 85 kWh/m2-year to 118 kWh/m2-year. Each simulated office building employs around 242 kWp to 387 kWp of maximum power outputs in the installation of on-site PV power systems to enable NZEB balances. On a national scale, the daily on-site PV power generation within NZEBs can cover around 50% to 110% of total daily electricity used in office buildings depending on weather conditions. The peak difference of U.S. electricity demand typically occurs when solar radiation is at its highest. The peak differences from the actual U.S. electricity demand on the representative summer day show 9.8%, 4.9%, and 2.0% at 12 p.m. for 100%, 50%, and 20% of the U.S. NZEB stocks, respectively. Using EES within NZEBs, the peak differences are reduced and shifted from noon to the beginning of the day, including 7.7%, 3.9%, and 1.5% for each percentage U.S. NZEB stock. NZEBs tend to create the significant curtailment of the U.S. electricity demand profile, typically during the middle of the winter day. The percentage differences at a peak point (12 p.m.) are 8.3%, 4.2%, and 1.7% for 100%, 50%, and 20% of the U.S. NZEB stocks, respectively. However, using EES on the representative winter day can flatten curtailed electricity demand curves by shifting the peak difference point to the beginning and the late afternoon of the day. The shifted peak differences show 7.4%, 3.7%, and 1.5% at 9 a.m. for three U.S. NZEB stock scenarios, respectively.
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Colella, Whitney G., and Viraj Srivastava. "Examining the Integration of Fuel Cell Systems Into Buildings Through Simulation." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2012-91474.
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The widespread use of combined heat and power (CHP) distributed generation (DG) for buildings could significantly increase energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions. By displacing both electricity from conventional centralized power plants and heat from decentralized boilers, CHP DG could reduce primary feedstock fuel consumption in the U.S. by approximately 20%, or 6,000 terawatt hours. However, optimally integrating CHP DG within buildings is challenging. This work aims to elucidate optimal system sizing and design of micro-CHP fuel cell systems (FCSs) integrated with commercial buildings. This modeling effort compares and contrasts the performance of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems (HTPEM FCSs) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems for commercial buildings. A parallel research effort is independently analyzing measured data from HTPEM FCSs installed in commercial buildings. Measured data from that effort is integrated into this modeling work. In certain regions, there has been a research and development and commercialization trend moving from using low temperature PEM FCSs (e.g. with a stack temperature of around 80°C) to using HTPEM FCSs (e.g. with a stack temperature of around 160°C) and to using SOFC systems (e.g. with a stack temperature of around 700°C) for CHP building applications, given the higher temperature of the available waste heat from these systems. In this work FCS performance data is coupled with building energy system models from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) using EnergyPlus™ whole-building energy simulation software. Using these baseline reference commercial building model data, parameters are examined including heat demand for space heating and for domestic hot water heating over time, temperatures and water flow rates associated with this heat demand, and building electrical demand over time, to evaluate FCS integration within the building. Examining the data obtained through the simulation exercise in this work, it is found that in a large office building, with heat demand temperatures in the range of 82°C for space heating and 60°C for hot water heating, an HTPEM FCS with an exhaust temperature of 47°C can potentially access, at a maximum, 19% of the total building heating demand. By contrast, in a small office building, with heat demand temperatures in the range of 23°C (supply air temperature) for space heating and 60°C for hot water heating, it is found that this HTPEM FCS can potentially access, at a maximum, 90% of the total building heating demand. Examining the temporal characteristics of the building heat demand to determine FCS sizing, it is found that a maximum of 50% of the time, the heat demand can be served with an HTPEM FCS with a thermal capacity of 8 kilowatts (kW) (0.05 kW for small office) and an electrical capacity of approximately 4.5 kilowatts-electric (kWe) (0.45 kWe for small office). A maximum of 80% of the time, the heat demand can be served with an HTPEM FCS with a thermal capacity of 85 kW (0.16 kW for small office) and an electrical capacity of approximately 73 kWe (0.14 kWe for small office). The simulation results further indicate that an SOFC has advantages over an HTPEM FCS that originate from its higher exhaust temperature (between 25°C and 315°C), which allows it to meet a greater percentage of the building heating demand (up to 100%). This enables an SOFC to serve a larger percentage of the building stock and a wider variety of building heating systems. Furthermore, if the CHP FCSs are grid independent (i.e., it is not possible to supply electrical power back to the grid), then the heat-to-power ratio of an FCS can be an important parameter. In such a scenario, the heat-to-power ratio of an SOFC (approximately 0.33) is closer to the heat-to-power ratio of a building (approximately 0.081, averaged over an entire year). In a stand-alone configuration, when the CHP DG has a heat-to-power ratio that more closely matches that of the buildings, the utilization of the DG system is likely to be higher and its economics and environmental impacts more favorable.
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Waite, Michael, and Vijay Modi. "Calibrated Building Energy Models for Community-Scale Sustainability Analyses." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6642.
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Building energy contributes approximately 40% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and 75% of emissions in some urban areas. Evaluating modifications to existing building stocks is essential to a proper assessment of GHG reduction policy at various levels. With deeper penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources, supply and demand effects at a high resolution (e.g. hourly) will become more important as variations in grid emissions will become more significant. City-level hourly electricity load data is available; however, effects of building stock changes on usage profiles are not easily analyzed, and on-site fossil fuel usage — the dominant loads in many urban areas — are generally only available annually. Building energy models allow for detailed simulation of building systems, but existing building models must be calibrated to actual energy usage to predict the effects of energy conservation measures. Reference building models developed by the U.S. Department of Energy for the EnergyPlus software tool were used as the basis for a set of calibrated building energy models to perform community-scale energy conservation measures on the dominant building classes in NYC (i.e. residential and office buildings). A statistical analysis of zip code-level annual electricity and fuel usage data was performed to determine electricity, space heating fuel and domestic hot water (DHW) fuel usage intensities (EUIs) for three broad building categories encompassing these building types in New York City. Several parameters were adjusted for each model until simulations produced the EUIs from the statistical analysis: Thermal envelope characteristics, peak electric equipment and lighting loads, DHW flow requirements, cooling equipment coefficient of performance and heating equipment efficiency. Cooling energy demands were adjusted based on the electricity demand vs. temperature behavior during the cooling season. The hourly daily usage schedules of internal electric and lighting loads were then adjusted for all models, targeting the actual hourly electricity demands for NYC. Because hourly changes affect annual EUIs, the calibrations were performed iteratively until the model outputs, weighted by each building type’s total NYC square footage, equaled the annual EUIs for each building type and the hourly electricity demand data. This paper shows that this comprehensive calibration approach can achieve root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 7% from the average annual electricity demand for these building types, compared to a 31% RMSD for an approach using annual energy calibration only.
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Boyer, Jeffrey L., Mehdi Jalayerian, Andrew Silverstein, and Mohamad T. Araji. "Systems Integration for Cost Effective Carbon Neutral Buildings: A Masdar Headquarters Case Study." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90335.
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Essential to the development of a low carbon economy will be the advancement of building product and process to reduce the capital and whole lifecycle cost of low, zero and net-positive energy buildings to allow these structures to be realized at a greater rate. On the whole, the built environment is responsible for one of the largest fractions of global energy consumption and thus anthropomorphic climate change, a result of the greenhouse gas emissions from power generation. When one also considers the energy required to design, fabricate, transport and construct the materials necessary to bring new building stock online, keeping pace with the rapid trend towards urbanization, the importance of the built environment in the energy sustainability equation is clearly evident. Yet, while technologically feasible, the realization of carbon neutral buildings is encumbered by the perception of increased annualized costs for operation and a greater upfront investment. This paper will review the design case of the Masdar International Headquarters, the flagship building of the net-zero carbon emission Masdar city currently being developed within the Abu Dhabi Emirates. Specifically, how an integrated approach enabled by computer simulation early within the design process allowed for improvements in economy and efficiency, setting a model for future high performance buildings. The five-story, 89,040-square-meter office building will incorporate eleven sculpted glass environmental towers to promote natural ventilation and introduce daylight to the interior of the building. These towers will also serve as the structural support for one of the world’s largest building integrated photovoltaic arrays, sized to supply 103% of the building’s total annual energy requirements while protecting the building and roof garden from intense heat and solar gains. Moreover, by integration into a separate structural trellis system, clean energy can potentially be generated to offset construction requirements while dually shading workers below during the heat of the day. This, along with other key sustainability design strategies such as a solar powered central district cooling system, thermoactive foundation piling, underfloor air distribution, desiccant dehumidification, a nanotechnology enabled building envelope and smart grid enabled facilities management infrastructure will allow the Masdar Headquarters to reach carbon neutrality within a decade, allowing for the remaining century of its operation to serve as a platform for clean energy generation.
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Drgona, Jan, Lieve Helsen, and Draguna L. Vrabie. "Cutting the Deployment Costs of Physics-Based MPC in Buildings by Simulation-Based Imitation Learning." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3118.
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Abstract It has been shown that model predictive control (MPC) is a promising solution for energy-efficient building operations. However, the deployment of MPC in a large portion of the building stock has not been possible partially because of high installation costs. Every building is unique and requires a tailored MPC solution. The best performing solutions are often based on physics-based modeling, which is, however, computationally expensive and requires dedicated software. A promising direction that tackles this problem is to train a neural network-based optimal control policy to imitate the behavior of physics-based MPC from the simulation data generated offline. The neural networks give control actions that closely approximate those produced by physics-based MPC, but with a fraction of the computational and memory requirements and without the need for licensed software. The main advantage of the proposed approach stems from simple evaluation at execution time, leading to low computational foot-prints and easy deployment on embedded HW platforms. In the case study, we present the energy savings potential of physics-based MPC applied to an office building in Belgium. We demonstrate how neural network approximators can be used to cut the implementation and maintenance costs of MPC deployment without compromising performance. We also critically assess the presented approach by pointing out the remaining challenges and open research questions.
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Chang, Gary, Karim El Mokhtari, Russell Richman, and J. J. McArthur. "Evaluating stack effect impact of thermal comfort in high rise office towers." In 2021 Building Simulation Conference. KU Leuven, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2021.30421.
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Sturel, Eric, Andrew Robertson, and Henry Tayler. "1 Triton Square – Structural reuse for low-carbon architecture." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.1063.
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<p>1 Triton Square is exemplary for how ingenious structural engineering can be instrumental in maximising the value of the existing building stock as part of a low-carbon agenda.</p><p>A commercial office development built in the late 1990s in the London West End, 1 Triton Square had been designed to height limits which were no longer relevant when the tenant vacated the premises at the end of a twenty-year lease. When the building owner approached Arup to examine the possibility of enhancing the value of their asset, it was decided, instead of designing a taller new build, to develop a refurbishment and extension scheme, in line with both organisations’ low-carbon agenda.</p><p>The proposed scheme included the part-infilling of existing atria and the addition of three new levels, thus increasing the number of storeys from six to nine, and the floor area by 70%. Columns and foundations had to be strengthened to cater for the resulting uplift in loading. The original structure was predominantly a concrete frame, with steel-framed cores. Due to this variety of structural forms as well as to access constraints, a palette of strengthening methods was implemented, including concrete encasement and fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping for concrete columns, and concrete encasement and welding of strengthening plates for steel columns. Existing piled foundations were strengthened with small-diameter supplementary piles installed from within the existing basement and connected to them within new pile caps or within a new piled raft, depending on locations.</p><p>1 Triton Square has been completed in May 2021, achieving BREEAM Outstanding rating. The structural embodied carbon associated with the redeveloped scheme has been estimated at 136 kgCO2e/m2, to be compared to the October 2020 “best-practice” target of 350 kgCO2e/m2 for a new build, thus demonstrating the pivotal role of structural reuse in reducing carbon emissions.</p>
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Thompson, Jordan, and Moncef Krarti. "Resiliency Evaluation of Net-Zero Residential Communities." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63651.
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Abstract In this report, a resiliency analysis is carried out to assess the energy, economic, and power outage survivability benefits of efficient and Net-Zero communities. The analysis addresses the appropriate steps to designing an energy-efficient and Net-Zero community using Phoenix, Arizona as a primary location for weather and utility inputs. A baseline home is established using International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2018 code requirements. Three occupancy levels are evaluated in BEopt to provide diversity in the community’s building stock. The loads from the baseline, energy-efficient optimum, and Net-Zero optimum single-family homes are utilized to determine energy use profiles for various residential community types using occupancy statistics for Phoenix. Then, REopt is used to determine the photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage system sizes necessary for the community to survive a 72-hour power outage. The baseline community requires a 544-kW PV system and 375-kW/1,564 kWh battery storage system to keep all electrical loads online during a 72-hour power outage. The energy-efficient community requires a 291-kW PV system and a 202-kW/820 kWh battery storage system while the Net-Zero community requires a 291-kW PV system and a 191-kW/880 kWh battery storage system. In this study, the economic analysis indicates that it is 43% more cost-effective to install a shared PV plus storage system than to install individual PV plus storage systems in an energy-efficient community. After analyzing the system sizes and costs required to survive various outage durations, it is found that only a 4% difference in net present cost exists between a system sized for a 24-hour outage and a 144-hour outage. In the event of a pandemic or an event that causes a community-wide lockdown, the energy-efficient community would only survive 6 hours out of a 72-hour power outage during a time where plug loads are increased by 50% due to added laptops, monitors, and other office electronics. Finally, a climate sensitivity analysis is conducted for efficient communities in Naperville, Illinois and Augusta, Maine. The analysis suggests that for a 72-hour power outage starting on the peak demand day and time of the year, the cost of resiliency is higher in climates with more heating and cooling needs as HVAC is consistently the largest load in a residential building.
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Kramer, Justin, Brenton Greska, and Anjaneyulu Krothapalli. "Construction and Implementation of the Off-Grid Zero Emissions Building." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90387.
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This paper deals with the construction and implementation of the Off-Grid Zero Emissions Building (OGZEB), a project undertaken by the Energy Sustainability Center (ESC), formally the Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center (SESEC), at the Florida State University (FSU). The project involves the design, construction and operation of a completely solar-powered building that achieves LEED-NC (Leadership in Energy and Environment Design-New Construction) platinum certification. The 1064 square foot building is partitioned such that 800 square feet is a two bedroom, graduate student style flat with the remaining 264 square feet serving as office space. This arrangement allows the building to serve as an energy efficient model for campus designers in student living and office space. The building also serves as a prototype for developing and implementing cutting edge, alternative energy technologies in both residential and commercial settings. For example, hydrogen is used extensively in meeting the energy needs of the OGZEB. In lieu of high efficiency batteries, the excess electricity produced by the buildings photovoltaic (PV) panels is used to generate hydrogen via water electrolysis for long term energy storage. The hydrogen is stored on-site until needed for either generating electricity in a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack or combusted in natural gas appliances that have been modified for hydrogen use. The use of hydrogen in modified natural gas appliances, such as an on-demand hot water heater and cook top, is unique to the OGZEB. This paper discusses the problems and solutions that arose during construction and includes detailed schematics of the OGZEBs energy system.
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Kramer, Justin, Anjaneyulu Krothapalli, and Brenton Greska. "The Off-Grid Zero Emission Building." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36170.
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This paper deals with the Off-Grid Zero Emissions Building (OGZEB), a project undertaken by the Sustainable Energy Science & Engineering Center (SESEC) at Florida State University (FSU). The project involves the design, construction and operation of a completely solar-powered building that achieves LEED-NC (Leadership in Energy and Environment Design-New Construction) platinum certification. The resulting 1000 square foot building will be partitioned such that 750 square feet will be a two bedroom, graduate student style flat with the remaining 250 square feet serving as office space. This arrangement will allow the building to serve as an energy efficient model for campus designers in student living and office space. The building will also serve as a prototype for developing and implementing cutting edge, alternative energy technologies in both residential and commercial settings. For example, hydrogen will be used extensively in meeting the energy needs of the OGZEB. In lieu of high efficiency batteries, the excess electricity produced by the building’s photovoltaic (PV) panels will be used to generate hydrogen via water electrolysis. The hydrogen will be stored on-site until needed for either generating electricity in a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack or combusted in natural gas appliances that have been modified for hydrogen use. Although commercial variants already exist, a highly efficient water electrolysis device and innovative PEM fuel cell are currently under development at SESEC and both will be implemented into the OGZEB. The use of hydrogen in modified natural gas appliances, such as an on-demand hot water heater and cook top, is unique to the OGZEB.
Reports on the topic "Office building stock"
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Head Office Building - January 1963-January 1965 - View of Bonds & Stock - January 1965. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-011586.
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