Academic literature on the topic 'Of landscape units'
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Journal articles on the topic "Of landscape units"
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Ostaszewska, Katarzyna. "Models of Landscape Units – Utopia or Necessity?" Miscellanea Geographica 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2006-0001.
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Abstract This paper is devoted to typology as the basic method of landscape research. The first part shows the cognitive, educational and practical roles of landscape typology models. Second part presents a new method of creating a universal model, independent of the charting scale. The results of the paper confirm the feasibility of creating a reference base of Earth’s landscapes and indicate the necessity to an international discussion on this topic.
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Gharari, S., F. Fenicia, M. Hrachowitz, and H. H. G. Savenije. "Land classification based on hydrological landscape units." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 2, 2011): 4381–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-4381-2011.
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Abstract. This paper presents a new type of hydrological landscape classification based on dominant runoff mechanisms. Three landscape classes are distinguished: wetland, hillslope and plateau, corresponding to three dominant hydrological regimes: saturation excess overland flow, storage excess sub-surface flow, and deep percolation. Topography, geology and land use hold the key to identifying these landscapes. The height above the nearest drain (HAND) and the surface slope, which can be readily obtained from a digital elevation model, appear to be the dominant topographical parameters for hydrological classification. In this paper several indicators for classification are tested as well as their sensitivity to scale and sample size. It appears that the best results are obtained by the simple use of HAND and slope. The results obtained compare well with field observations and the topographical wetness index. The new approach appears to be an efficient method to "read the landscape" on the basis of which conceptual models can be developed.
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Solecka, Iga, Dietmar Bothmer, and Arkadiusz Głogowski. "Recognizing Landscapes for the Purpose of Sustainable Development—Experiences from Poland." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123429.
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Landscape identification forms a base for landscape management and sustainable land use policy. According to the European Landscape Convention, each Member State needs to recognize the landscapes as an essential component of people’s surroundings. Poland developed a method for landscape auditing that will be conducted for landscapes in the whole country. The identification of landscape units is based on landscape type characteristics and spatial data that is layered and analyzed in order to identify landscape units. In this paper, we aim to test the possibilities of automatic landscape identification. We take the assumptions designed for landscape identification for the needs of the audit. Based on the “Typology of Poland’s current landscapes”, we design a process to identify landscape units with the use of the aggregation of land cover data and multivariable analysis. We use tools in an ArcGIS environment to design a process that will support human perception. Our approach is compared with the approach presented in the method designed for a landscape audit in order to be used for landscape unit identification at the municipal level. The case study area is the municipality of Siechnice within the suburban area of the city of Wrocław, an example of a changing landscape under suburbanization pressure. We conclude that both approaches can support each other in the landscape identification process.
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Mikulec, J., and M. Antoušková. "Landscape and tourism potential in the protected landscape areas." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 6 (June 28, 2011): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/16/2011-agricecon.
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Reasons to travel and to visit concrete destinations in the Czech Republic are especially the nature and cultural/historical sightseeing. The presented paper specializes on the first reason and it studies the specific landscape features together with the primary tourism potentials. It focuses on the protected landscape area of Kokořínsko, which is divided into 6 landscape units according to their landscape character. In these landscape units, the authors study the primary tourism potential and the elements of natural, cultural-historical and aesthetical characterization of landscape. The relation between the tourism potential and the landscape features is measured by the Spearman´s coefficient. Moreover, the expert's evaluation of landscape characteristics is confronted with the the landscape perception of tourists which were questioned in the PLA Kokořínsko.
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Anatolievna Ogneva, Elena. "Specificity of space landscape language units at the fiction conceptsphere." Journal of Language and Literature 5, no. 3 (August 30, 2014): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/jll.2014/5-3/10.
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RAMDHAN, BILLYARDI, TATIK CHIKMAWATI, and EKO BAROTO WALUYO. "Perspektif Kultural Pengelolaan Lingkungan pada Masyarakat Adat Cikondang Kabupaten Bandung Jawa Barat." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 1, no. 1 (October 22, 2015): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.1.1.7-14.
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Peoples of Traditional Cikondang Village, located in the village of Lamajang, Pangalengan, Bandung City West Java have a very close relation to the environment along with its natural resources. This relation is expressed in the form of procedures and rules on the management and utilization of landscape units as well as the diversity of plants as a form of adaptation to the natural environment. This research was conducted through ethnographic method for photographing people’s lives and ethnobotany to know the biological resources that are important to Cikondang’s people’s daily lives. Descriptive and analytical methods are used through interviews with 87 respondents and 4 key informants. Results of research on landscape units that were identified by the community, indicates that in terms of the character, function, and its management there are 9 units of landscape that is both natural landscape and which has been modified by Cikondang community activities. Each unit of the landscape is characterized by vegetation cover according to the type of value in order for daily life. Meanwhile, cultural factors, economic, and political could be a trigger to the landscape transformation of one type of landscape into other landscapes.
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Zielinski, Seweryn, Celene B. Milanés, Elena Cambon, Ofelia Perez Montero, Lourdes Rizo, Andres Suarez, Benjamin Cuker, and Giorgio Anfuso. "An Integrated Method for Landscape Assessment: Application to Santiago de Cuba Bay, Cuba." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 4773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094773.
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Human activities often drive landscape degradation and the associated loss of value. This paper describes a method that, by integrating multiple factors, characterize landscape value to establish relevant and effective management practices. The new integrated method for landscape assessment (IMLA) is a four-step model that includes: (i) establishment of a general theoretical basis for sustainability relevant metrics; (ii) characterization of the landscape; (iii) landscape valuation; (iv) recommendations for landscape value management. Each step includes different interactive components of analysis. The new IMLA considers the potential range of values associated with each landscape unit and facilitates sustainable landscape management. The method is systematic and includes both inductive and deductive reasoning. Its articulation is represented in the conjunction and overlapping of all factors and variables considered. IMLA was tested in Santiago de Cuba Bay (Cuba) and used to determine five landscape scopes, eight first-order landscape units and 29 s-order units. It proved to be a useful tool to establish landscape values and sound management strategies. Application of IMLA in Cuba will help local authorities institute land-use plans and to establish decision-making processes that include valuation of cultural landscapes.
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Silva, Rossi Allan, José Aldo Alves Pereira, and Schirley Fátima Nogueira da Silva Cavalcante Alves. "As paisagens de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais: decodificação no espaço e no tempo." Ornamental Horticulture 25, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v25i1.1240.
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Landscapes are formed by physical elements of material order and abstract elements of immaterial order, so their management and planning should consider these two aspects. Aiming to understand the landscapes of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais State, the appropriation by the actors who work in the landscape was identified and classified, and also its dynamics from 1973 to 2015. The research analyzed the current landscape and its historical evolution, distinguishing material and immaterial dimensions, from field trips, soil types, relief, slope, drainage, conservation units, administrative zoning, urban areas, natural resources, transport and building infrastructure, satellite images, and semi-structured interviews. As a result, a map with the landscape units and their subunits, which have distinct characteristics, with their proper settings was obtained. The landscape has continuous boundaries with various operating scales, posing a major challenge for its proper management. The number of generated ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but its benefits are used by everyone. The dynamics of the landscape has been shaped by a slow evolution, set by mining activities, including revegetation areas after clear cuts and currently the inclusion of tourism in certain regions.
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Rotem, Dotan, and Gilad Weil. "Natural Ecosystem-Units in Israel and the Palestinian Authority - Representativeness in Protected Areas and Suggested Solutions for Biodiversity Conservation." Journal of Landscape Ecology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2014-0011.
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Abstract The geographic location of Israel and the Palestinian Authorityon the border between Mediterranean and desert climate, and the strong topographic and geomorphological variation resulting from its position on the Great African Rift Valley, combine to sustain a great diversity of landscapes in a very small country. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the protected areas in Israel and the Palestinian Authority adequately represent the range of landscapes and ecosystems in the region. Altogether, we defined 23 natural ecosystem-units in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, of which 17 are terrestrial landscapes and 6 are aquatic systems. In considering the adequacy of coverage in protected areas, we mapped Israel and the Palestinian Authority landscapes according to a set of environmental factors (climatic, geomorphological, geological and botanical) that we believe most effectively distinguish landscape types in this region. When the separation between adjacent units relies on sharp topographic or edaphic change in the landscape, the mapped units can be separated by a clear and sharp line. When adjacent units are actually a gradient of continuous environmental conditions the separation lines relied mostly on botanic characteristics. The main land use categories in this analysis were urban areas, agricultural areas, nature reserves, national parks and forest reserves. For the first time in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, we quantified the different landscape types under the different categories of land use. This process, known as systematic conservation planning, allowed us to detect natural landscapes that are underrepresented in protected areas, and can guide decision makers to establish or improve management for the better representation of biodiversity.
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Udovychenko, V. "BIOCENTRIC-NETWORKING CONFIGURATION OF THE FOREST-STEPPE LANDSCAPES OF THE LEFT BANK OF UKRAINE: METRIZATION AND ASSESSMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (86) (2019): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.86.09.
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The aim of the research is to do metrization and evaluation of the biocentric-networking configuration of landscapes on the example of the foreststeppe complexes of the Left Bank of Ukraine research area as a key basis for the landscape planning implementation by using GIS-parcel MapInfo Professional 15.0. Specificity of the biocentric-networking configuration of landscapes of the research area is taken into account according to the hierarchic, structural morphometric and landscape presentivness principles, and due to the concept of landscape diversity, biocentric-networking structure of landscape of a skeleton type, landscape-planning skeleton, and from the functional landscape features evaluation point of view. For the first time detachment, metrization, graphic and mapping modelling of the biocentric-networking configuration of the forest-steppe landscapes complexes of the Left Bank of Ukraine research area was done according to its division into the geniuses and units, its elements differentiation establishing; evaluation of the specificity of their formation and typization according to its environment stabilizing function and landscape-topological territory structure was done for the purpose of future landscape-planning activities elaboration and implementation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Of landscape units"
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Colville, David L. "Ecological landscape analysis, a GIS-based tool for defining natural landscape units." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0025/MQ49712.pdf.
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Robidoux, Scott Andrew. "Changing the City Landscape: From Garages to Second Residential Units." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/539.
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The City of Santa Maria, located between San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara in California, is experiencing rapid population growth, cultural transformation, and growth in household size. The growth rate of the city has been a consistent 20% for the past 20 years. Culturally, more than 70% of the almost 100,000 city residents predominantly identified as Hispanic or Latino in the 2010 census. The household size has consistently increased for the past 20 years; currently it is 3.52 people per household.
An issue which is becoming a growing problem for the city is the prevalence of illegal housing in the form of garage conversions. Motivations for illegally converting are primarily centered on actual economic gain for the homeowner and affordable rent for the participant. Few cities allow for the construction of additional residential units on parcels which are zoned for single family, the majority prohibit additional units. The most prominent of these cities which allow for second units is Santa Cruz. The second unit program in the City of Santa Cruz allows for garage conversions and detached second units but on-site parking must be provided for the additional unit. Santa Cruz argues the second unit program provides affordable housing, prevents sprawl, and is a form of in-fill development.
The Santa Cruz second unit program is utilized as the framework for developing a second unit program for the City of Santa Maria which allows for garage conversions to occur. City records from 2000-2010 indicate that more than 1% of the total housing units were found to have an illegal garage conversion. The actual rate of active garage conversion is likely to be higher, more than likely in the neighborhood of 3% to 5%.The proposed ordinance is influenced at the Federal and State level by respective decisions by the Supreme Court and California Court on definition of what constitutes a family. California‘s Second Unit Law and legislative amendments establishing ministerial approval for affordable housing provides for legal options to increase the present housing supply.
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Bier, Anthony Friedrich. "Using artificial tracers to observe timing of runoff from different landscape units in a small headwater catchment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2345.
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Four artificial tracers were applied to a small headwater catchment in south western
British Columbia to study runoff generated from topographically distinct landscape units.
The seven hectare catchment is located in the University of British Columbia Malcolm
Knapp Research Forest at low elevation (190-280 masl). A weir, multiple tipping bucket
rain gauges and several piezometers were used to collect hydrological data. Three
separate landscape units were identified based on topography, soil properties and
proximity to the stream. The units included an area of shallow slope and deep soil, a
riparian area along the intermittent stream channel and an area of very shallow soil with
bedrock outcrops on a steep slope. Tracers used included rhodamine-WT, uranine,
sodium chloride and potassium bromide. A suite of ion selective and fluorometric probes
were used along with automated water sampling to monitor tracer breakthrough. The
collected samples were analysed in the lab to validate the field measurements. Tracers
were dissolved in solution and applied aerially with a backpack sprayer at the onset of
forecasted precipitation events to facilitate rapid infiltration into the soil. The first
application took place January 4th, 2006. Measurements were then taken continuously
until March 20th, 2006, when a second round of tracers was applied to the landscape
units. During the first measurement period, 532 mm of precipitation fell below the forest
canopy over 75 days. During the second 78 day measurement period, 290 mm of rain fell.
It was found that the overall wetness of the catchment affected travel times significantly.
Large storms during the first, significantly wetter, application period exhibited similar lag
times from peak event discharge to tracer arrival between the different landscape units.
During small precipitation events and under dryer conditions, travel times were greatest in the area of shallow slope and deep soils. These lag times are indicative of longer
pathways and perhaps the non-initiation of preferential flow below certain thresholds. In
general, it was concluded that delineating catchments into groups of similar landscape
units based on physical characteristics may be a promising new approach to explaining
catchment runoff response.
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Swiatek, Teresa H. "Delineation of Ecological Units for the Ashley National Forest, at the Landscape Level, Using Classification Tree Modeling." DigitalCommons@USU, 1997. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6555.
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This study integrated remotely sensed data, geographic information system (GIS), and classification tree-based modeling to delineate ecological units for the Ashley National Forest. Data points , provided by the Ashley National Forest, with a known location and dominant vegetation type, were related to data layers that were determined to be helpful in a landtype classification. These layers included elevation, slope, aspect, potential solar irradiation, precipitation, geology, basins, Landsat thematic mapper (TM) bands 3, 4, 5, and 6, and basic land cover. These points, with their related information, were then used to train the tree-based model for landtype classification. This resulted in a set of rules, in the form of a binary decision tree, that could be applied to the entire study area. After the landtype classification was obtained, it was cross-classified with geology to produce a landtype association layer. This resulting data layer was compared to an existing landtype association map and it was determined, by cross-tabulation, that the two classifications identified many of the same patterns.
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Righi, Fernanda Pereira. "A cartografia ambiental como suporte para o estudo das unidades de paisagem: o caso da reserva biológica de São Donato." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-11012013-111131/.
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Com crescimento da degradação ambiental, houve um grande investimento em unidades de conservação, que resultou no Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). Embora o SNUC almeje regulamentar as unidades de conservação, muitas dessas tem dificuldade em proteger o meio ambiente, como é o caso da reserva biológica de São Donato, situada entre os municípios de Itaqui e Maçambará - RS, cujo objetivo é proteger o banhado São Donato, frente à expansão da agricultura e da pecuária. Assim, o objetivo da dissertação é contribuir para o estudo das unidades de paisagem da reserva biológica de São Donato, através da cartografia ambiental. Para isso, foram traçados objetivos específicos: (1) elaborar mapas temáticos - hipsométrico, clinográfico e uso do solo; (2) proceder uma análise multitemporal do uso do solo; (3) propor uma cartografia de unidades de paisagem da reserva biológica; (4) avaliar essas unidades de paisagem, quanto ao grau das intervenções antrópicas. Portanto, a partir do conceito de paisagem definido por Bertrand (1968) e da metodologia proposta por Martinelli; Pedrotti (2001) para a cartografia de unidades de paisagem foram identificadas dez unidades de paisagem na reserva biológica de São Donato, sendo que as unidades com maior interferência antrópica estão em expansão, enquanto que as unidades naturais encontram-se em dinâmica de retração, devido ao crescimento da atividade agropecuária no entorno da unidade de conservação, sobretudo do cultivo do arroz irrigado.With growing environmental degradation, there was a large investment in protected areas, which resulted in the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). Although this system aims to regulated conservation units, many of these have difficulty in protecting the environment, such as the biological reserve of São Donato, located between the towns of Itaqui and Maçambará - RS, in order to protect the São Donato wetland, given the expansion of agriculture and livestock. The objective of this research is to contribute to the study of landscape units of the biological reserve of São Donato, through the environmental cartography. For this, specific objectives were outlined: (1) elaborate thematic maps; (2) make a multitemporal analysis of land use, (3) propose a cartography of landscape units of biological reserves; (4) evaluate these landscape units, the degree of human interventions. Therefore, from the concept of landscape defined by Bertrand (1968) and the methodology proposed by Martinelli; Pedrotti (2001) for cartography of landscape units were identified ten scenic drives in the biological reserve of São Donato, and units with greater human interference are increasing, while the natural units are in dynamic retraction, due to the growth of farming in the surrounding conservation area, especially the cultivation of rice.
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Campos, Carlos Alberto Araujo [UNESP]. "Os compartimentos da paisagem e a elaboração de uma matriz para o planejamento ambiental em uma bacia hidrográfica com uso intensivo da agricultura: bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Santa Gertrudes, Veríssimo-MG." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151387.
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Os aspectos pertinentes ao uso dos recursos ofertados pelo meio natural têm sido alvo de diferentes abordagens, seja pela necessidade de aproveitamento ou pelas limitações à sua captação pelo homem. Sendo os elementos que compõem o meio físico passiveis de análises mais apuradas quanto ao seu manuseio, envolvendo técnicas que reduzam os impactos gerados pela sua exploração direta e indireta. A espacialização das informações obtidas de forma direta ou indireta, acerca dos recursos ofertados pelo meio físico, representa uma possibilidade de interação entre as fontes fornecedoras de recursos naturais e sua localização, sendo essa passível de ser mapeada e circunscrita na superfície terrestre. Essa espacialização gera uma poderosa ferramenta de gestão e planejamento das atividades antrópicas. A delimitação de compartimentos da paisagem a partir de unidades do modelado do relevo apresentou resultados satisfatórios quanto as estabilidades dos compartimentos analisados. Assim, a delimitação de compartimentos da paisagem na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Santa Gertrudes que se localiza entre os munícipios de Uberaba e Veríssimo, na região do Triângulo Mineiro no estado de Minas Gerais, com 321 Km2 de área e é tributária da margem direita do rio Uberaba, teve como proposta buscar, analisar e compreender a dinâmica interna da mesma e suas alterações em função da ocupação antrópica e das atividades decorrentes dessa forma de ocupação. O objetivo deste trabalho, foi determinar compartimentos da paisagem a partir do mapeamento de unidades do modelado do relevo. Os compartimentos subsidiaram a elaboração dos mapeamentos de áreas com fragilidades e potencialidades ambientais. Para tanto, foram elaborados mapas geológicos, geomorfológicos, de declividades e usos dos solos, realizados testes de infiltração e análise granulométrica dos solos. Com o uso do sistema de informações geográficas, as informações foram espacializadas em mapas temáticos e o cruzamento dos mesmos dentro de um sistema de multicritérios, permitiu a elaboração dos mapas de potencialidades e fragilidades ambientais. O uso de compartimentos da paisagem a partir de unidades do modelado do relevo, permitiu a elaboração de uma matriz ambiental para o uso dos solos, apontando suas potencialidades e fragilidades de ocupação. Os resultados foram bem satisfatórios no que tange ao diagnóstico da bacia hidrográfica, que permitiu uma visão mais pontual e espacialização de informações, acerca do que ocorre em seu interior. Esse entendimento do comportamento natural de uma bacia hidrográfica, gera parâmetros comparativos, para entendimento das alterações que a sua ocupação pode levar, seja nos aspectos relacionados aos solos e seus usos, vegetação, escoamento superficial, contaminação dos solos e corpos hídricos superficiais e subsuperficiais.
Relevant aspects of the use of resources offered by the natural environment have been the subject of different approaches, either the need for exploitation or the limitations of uptake by man. The elements that compound the physical environment are subject of more accurate analysis regarding handling, involving techniques that reduce the impacts generated by your direct and indirect exploitation. The spatialization of information obtained directly or indirectly about the resources offered by the physical environment, what represents a possibility of interaction between the natural resources sources and location to be mapped and circumscribed on the Earth's surface. This spatialization generates a powerful management and planning tool of human activities. The Santa Gertrudes Creek watershed is located between the municipalities of Uberaba and Veríssimo, in the State of Minas Gerais, with 321 Km2 of area and is a right tributary of Uberaba River. It was proposed to search, analyze and understand the internal dynamics of the watershed and its changes as a function of human occupation and activities resulting from this form of occupation. The use of landscapes compartments from relief units enabled the development of an environmental matrix for land use, pointing potentialities and weaknesses. The aim of this work was the preparation of landscape compartments from the mapping of relief units, what subsidized the elaboration of maps of environmental potentialities and weaknesses for the watershed under study. To do so, maps of geology, slope, geomorphology, and land use have been drawn up and infiltration tests and particle size analysis of soils were performed. It is worth noting, that by using a geographic information system, the information was spatialized in thematic maps and the crossing of them within a multicriteria system allowed the elaboration of maps of environmental potentialities and weaknesses. The results were quite satisfactory with regard to the diagnosis of the watershed, which allowed a more punctual visualization and spatialization of information about what occurs in the area. This understanding of the natural behavior of a watershed generates comparative parameters for understanding the changes that human occupation can take in aspects related to soils, vegetation, runoff, soil contamination and surface and sub-surface water bodies.
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Abubakar, Gada Murtala. "Understanding the water balance of basement complex areas in Sokoto Basin, North-West Nigeria for improved groundwater management." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9296.
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Understanding water balances is essential for sustainable water resource management, especially in semi-arid basement complex areas where there are large demands for water supplies, but the complex hydrogeological conditions limit groundwater development. This research presents an approach for water balance estimation based on the conceptual and computational modelling of six major landscape unit’s which have been classified on the basis of their differing hydrological responses. Detailed conceptual models of the hydrological processes operating in each of the different landscapes in a catchment and the processes that control water movement between the different landscapes are developed based on data analysis, fieldwork and literature. Two computational models (the WaSim soil water balance model and a new water balance model for bare rock) are used to estimate the daily water balance of each of the landscape units taking cognisance of their interconnectivity which includes runoff becoming run-on. Water balance simulations were run for the individual landscapes using input data from the semi-arid Sokoto Basin in Northwest Nigeria, and outputs for representative wet and dry years are used to demonstrate the reliability of model responses. The individual landscapes outputs were subsequently integrated, taking account of their area weighted contributions, to give a catchment-scale water balance which compares favourably with the observed river discharge at Fokku. The catchment water balance results reveal that AET accounts for the largest loss in the catchment at 72 % of the average rainfall for 37 years. This is followed by the groundwater flow to rivers, then runoff to rivers, representing 16% and 11 % of the average rainfall. This research has provided valuable insights into hydrological behaviour of the basement complex system and the effect of landscape variability on the water balance of these areas. The research suggested a rational approach to groundwater resource management in the basement complex areas that takes cognizance of the hydrological behaviour of different landscape units, focussing on areas with deep weathered material within the catchment identified in this research. The research specifically stresses the need to apply methods of water conservation during excess rainfall for future use in the dry season.
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Melo, Kelly Cristina de. "Das leituras da paisagem e sua representação cartográfica: as unidades da paisagem do município de Ubatuba - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-06102010-094425/.
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No âmbito da Geografia, verifica-se que o estudo da paisagem é de fundamental importância para a compreensão dos fenômenos resultantes da relação entre a dinâmica social e a dinâmica da natureza, permitindo avaliar os resultados da relação entre o tempo/espaço social e o tempo/espaço natural. Este trabalho de pesquisa trata da identificação de Unidades de Paisagem no município de Ubatuba (SP), partindo da avaliação da paisagem através do estudo das condicionantes do meio físico, social e cultural, destacando-se também a importância da espacialização para construção da síntese, representada por meio da Cartografia Ambiental. O referencial teórico baseou-se na abordagem sistêmica, preconizada na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas. Os procedimentos operacionais e metodológicos desenvolveram-se em etapas, desde a pesquisa bibliográfica, trabalho de campo, sistematização de dados, caracterização e mapeamentos. O modo de análise buscou ser integrador, contendo elementos norteadores, estabelecimento de escalas espaciais de abordagem, definição e mensuração de áreas denotando formas sustentáveis de utilização, em aspectos históricos, espaciais e ecológicos.In Geography, it is known that landscape study is of basic importance to understand the phenomena that result of the relationship between social and environmental dynamics, allowing the relation between time/social space and time/ natural space to be evaluated. This research is about identifying landscape units in the city of Ubatuba (SP), considering the landscape analysis through the comprehension of the determining aspects of physical, social and cultural environment, and highlighting the importance of spatializing to build up a synthesis represented by environmental cartography. The theory reference is based in the systemic approach preconized in the general systems theory. The operational and methodological procedures were developed in stages, from the bibliographical research, field work, data systematization, characterization to mapping. The form of analysis intended to be integrating, containing guiding elements, establishing spatial scales approach, definition and areas measure indicating sustainable ways of use in historical, spatial and ecological aspects.
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Mendes, JociclÃa de Sousa. "Dynamic of landscape of the river estuary apa mundau: space-time evolution and potential environmental." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10320.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorAs unidades de paisagem do litoral cearense possuem um grande valor paisagÃstico, entretanto vÃm sendo utilizadas de forma incorreta, principalmente nas Ãltimas dÃcadas, comprometendo a sustentabilidade ecolÃgica dos ecossistemas e provocando mudanÃas nas caracterÃsticas dos ambientes naturais, bem como no modo de vida das comunidades tradicionais. Nesse contexto, a criaÃÃo de Ãreas de ProteÃÃo Ambiental està sendo vislumbrada como uma alternativa para controlar essas mudanÃas e manter as relaÃÃes ecolÃgicas estabelecidas entre os seres vivos e o ambiente fÃsico. A pesquisa, pois, teve o objetivo de elaborar um diagnÃstico da APA do EstuÃrio do Rio MundaÃ, localizada na costa oeste do estado do Cearà e propor medidas de gestÃo integrada. Para isso, o estudo abrangeu a anÃlise das condiÃÃes geoecolÃgicas da Ãrea, dos usos a que està sendo submetida e dos efeitos decorrentes dessa utilizaÃÃo, por influÃncia de fatores de ordem ambiental e social. O referencial teÃrico utilizado foi o da geoecologia das paisagens, que ofereceu as condiÃÃes de realizar a anÃlise do espaÃo geogrÃfico, a partir da junÃÃo de procedimentos tÃcnicos contemporÃneos das ciÃncias ambientais, como: i) anÃlise do Ãndice de CondiÃÃo de Vida e Moradia (ICV-MO); ii) anÃlise da qualidade da Ãgua, na qual foi realizado um diagnÃstico da situaÃÃo atual do sistema estuarino; iii) tÃcnicas cartogrÃficas, que possibilitaram a realizaÃÃo da anÃlise espaÃo-temporal da APA, verificando a dinÃmica atuante, assim como os usos realizados. A APA possui sistemas ecolÃgicos de grande importÃncia natural e econÃmica para a regiÃo em que estÃo inseridos, mas que vÃm sendo, entretanto, explorados e ocupados de forma incorreta, gerando diversos impactos ambientais e causando degradaÃÃo, tanto pelas intervenÃÃes humanas sem planejamento ambiental como pela falta de cumprimento da legislaÃÃo vigente. Verificou-se que as mudanÃas significativas na paisagem da APA nos Ãltimos cinquenta e quatro anos foram causadas por intensa dinÃmica ambiental e por prÃticas sociais e econÃmicas que contrariam a legislaÃÃo brasileira, tais como ocupaÃÃo indevida da Ãrea de manguezal, mineraÃÃo ilegal nas dunas, deposiÃÃo inadequada de resÃduos sÃlidos e atividades de carcinicultura no leito do rio. Todavia, concluiu-se que a Ãrea do estuÃrio do rio MundaÃ, apesar de apresentar problemas ambientais, sociais e estruturais, ainda mantÃm um ambiente propÃcio ao desenvolvimento com qualidade, desde que sejam revistos a funcionalidade e os objetivos da APA para a adoÃÃo e o exercÃcio de planos de gestÃo e de fiscalizaÃÃo de forma apropriada e contÃnua.
The landscape units of the coastal zone of the Brazilian state of Cearà have considerable scenic value, but have been exploited inadequately, especially in recent decades. This process has affected the ecological sustainability of the local ecosystems and provoked profound changes in the characteristics of both natural environments and the lifestyle of local traditional communities. In this context, the creation of environment protection areas (known as APAs in Brazil) is considered to be a practical alternative for the control of these changes and the management of the ecological relationships established between living organisms and the physical environment. The objective of the present study was thus to provide a diagnosis of the APA of the estuary of the Mundaà River, located in western CearÃ, and propose measures for the integrated management of the area. The study includes the analysis of the geo-ecological conditions of the area, the forms in which it is being exploited, and the effects of this use, based on the evaluation of both social and environmental factors. The study was based on a landscape geo-ecological approach, which offers a baseline for the analysis of geographic space, derived from the integration of modern technical environmental science procedures, such as (i) the analysis of the Living and Dwelling Conditions Index (ICV-MO); (ii) analysis of water quality, based on a diagnosis of the current situation of the estuarine system; (iii) cartographic techniques, which permitted the development of a spatial-temporal analysis of the APA, the identification of the current dynamics, and the types of land use practiced in the area. The APA encompasses ecological systems that have considerable natural and economic value for the region in which they are located, but which are currently being exploited and occupied inadequately. This has generated a variety of environmental impacts and caused degradation, not only through the lack of environmental planning, but also disrespect for the current legislation. A number of significant changes were identified in the landscape of the APA over the past 54 years, which have been caused by the intense dynamics of the natural environment, as well as social and economic practices, which have ignored Brazilian legislation, such as the gratuitous occupation of mangroves, illegal mining of dunes, inadequate disposal of solid waste, and shrimp farming in the river bed. Despite the environmental, social, and structural problems identified during the present study, the present study concluded that the estuary of the Mundaà River can still be developed satisfactorily, as long as the objectives and operation of the APA can be adapted to include continuous management and monitoring procedures appropriate to the characteristics of the area.
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Gardner, Christopher Brent. "Rock-Derived Micronutrient Transport across Landscape Units: Hydrologic Flow Path Analysis and Catchment-Scale Transport in the Tropics and Small Mountainous Rivers." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1449157172.
Full textBooks on the topic "Of landscape units"
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Office, General Accounting. Land ownership: Similarities and differences in the management of selected state and federal land units : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1997.
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Office, General Accounting. Land ownership: Similarities and differences in the management of selected state and federal land units : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.
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Dietrich-Smith, Deborah. Cultural landscape report, North Bridge Unit, Minute Man National Historical Park. Brookline, Mass: Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 2004.
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Service, United States Forest. Terrestrial ecological unit inventory technical guide: Landscape and land unit scales. Washington, D.C.]: The Service, 2005.
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Keweenaw National Historical Park (Agency : U.S.). Calumet Unit historic landscape: Keweenaw National Historical Park : cultural landscape report/environmental assessment. Calumet, Michigan: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Keweenaw National Historical Park, 2013.
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Kesoretskikh, Ivan, and Sergey Zotov. Landscape vulnerability: concept and assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1045820.
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The monograph presents a methodology for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to external influences. A comparative analysis of the concepts of "stability", "sensitivity", "vulnerability" in relation to natural complexes. An overview of existing methods for assessing the vulnerability of natural complexes is presented. The author's method of assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to anthropogenic impacts is described. The methodology is based on: selection and justification of criteria for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes; preparation of a parametric matrix and gradation of assessment criteria in accordance with the developed vulnerability classes; calculation of weighting factors of vulnerability assessment parameters; selection of optimal territorial operational unit for landscape vulnerability assessment. The method is implemented in the GIS environment "Assessment of vulnerability of landscapes of the Kaliningrad region to anthropogenic impacts", created by the authors using modern geoinformation products. The specificity of spatial differentiation of different landscapes in terms of vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts at the regional and local levels is revealed. It is stated that the use of the methodology for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to anthropogenic impacts and its integration into the system of nature management will ensure a balanced account of geoecological features and environmental priorities in territorial planning.
It is of interest to specialists in the field of rational nature management, environmental protection, spatial planning.
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Gilbert, Cathy. Historic landscape report: Spalding unit, Nez Perce National Historical Park, Idaho. Seattle, Wash: National Park Service, Dept. of the Interior, Cultural Resource Division, Pacific Northwest Region, 1990.
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Music as instrument of diversity and unity: Notes on a Namibian landscape. Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, 2003.
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Dietrich-Smith, Deborah. Cultural landscape report for the Wayside unit: Minute Man National Historical Park, Concord, Massachusetts : site history, existing conditions, analysis, treatment. Boston, Mass: Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, National Park Service, 2008.
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Service, Canadian Forest. Landscape unit planning in British Columbia: A review of six pilot projects. Victoria, BC: Canadian Forest Service, Pacific and Yukon Region, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Of landscape units"
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Fujiwara, Nozomi, and Chika Takatori. "Case Studies in Urban Forest Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Fujimaki Town." In Labor Forces and Landscape Management, 213–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2278-4_12.
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Murase, Yuki, Jyun-Ichi Kitamura, Nobuko Kawaguchi, Hiroyuki Shimizu, and Chika Takatori. "Case Studies in Flatland Farmland Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Asami District." In Labor Forces and Landscape Management, 233–61. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2278-4_13.
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Yasufuku, Taito, and Hiroyuki Shimizu. "Case Studies in Coastal Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Saki-Shima Peninsula." In Labor Forces and Landscape Management, 311–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2278-4_16.
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Takatori, Chika, Chiaki Nakatsuji, and Hiroyuki Shimizu. "Case Studies in Paddy Field Satoyama Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Nyu District." In Labor Forces and Landscape Management, 263–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2278-4_14.
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Kawaguchi, Nobuko, and Hiroyuki Shimizu. "Case Study of Other Field Satoyama Neighborhood Landscape Complex Units: Kayumi District." In Labor Forces and Landscape Management, 289–309. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2278-4_15.
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Camargos, Lourdes Manresa, Nicole Andrade da Rocha, and Ana Clara Mourão Moura. "Use of Landscape Metrics and Multi-criteria Analysis to Identify Landscape Units Concerning of Vegetation of Quadrilátero Ferrífero - MG." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2020, 381–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58814-4_27.
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Wu, Jing, and Mengting Li. "Flood Control and Evaluation Study of Small Watershed Units and Urban Topography Landscape for Wuhan City." In Water-Related Urbanization and Locality, 181–204. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3507-9_10.
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Robitaille, André, and Jean-Pierre Saucier. "Land District, Ecophysiographic Units and Areas: The Landscape Mapping of the Ministère Des Ressources Naturelles Du Québec." In Global to Local: Ecological Land Classification, 127–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1653-1_12.
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Venudo, Adriano, Valentina Rodani, and Valentina Devescovi. "Lagoon scenarios for the Bassa Friulana plain: a flooding archipelago." In Proceedings e report, 348–62. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.35.
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The paper first focuses on morphological history of a landscape unit, consisting of biological deserts and wrecks of the endangered landscape. Secondly, it analyzes and elaborates hydrological scenarios to explore and discuss potential design strategies. Water margin continuity could be recovered through development of flooding strategies. In conclusion, form of the archipelago emerges as a specificity of the landscape unit. More than a metaphor but as a conceptual and programmatic dispositive, archipelago can inform on dynamic structure of the Bassa Friulana complex system within an ecological framework.
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"The Landscape Units." In The Manasseh Hill Country Survey Volume 6, 27–36. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004463233_003.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Of landscape units"
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Kurmilavičienė, Giedrė. "TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LANDSCAPE BY DISTINGUISHING LANDSCAPE TAXONOMIC UNITS." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/29.
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"Landscape as a whole of the components around us must be properly explored, analyzed, protected, managed and planned. All of this are necessary to ensure the sustainable (balanced) development of the state, which seeks a harmonious and responsible approach of the state and society to the landscape and spatial planning. Therefore, in this work, the author examines how landscape typological units are distinguished in different areas. Examining the works of different authors, it can be observed that often different and similar features of the landscape are chosen in order to distinguish taxonomic units. Also, even when distinguishing territorial units of a landscape with the same taxonomic level, the features identifying this unit do not always coincide. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize landscape cognition practices in order to achieve a balanced landscape knowledge. The aim of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of the landscape. To achieve this goal, the following goals were set: 1. To perform literature analysis; 2. To determine the diversity of landscape features by distinguishing landscape typological units; 3. Identify the most commonly used landscape features; 4. To present the classification of landscape features according to the typological units of the landscape. The following methods were used in the work: literature analysis, cartographic analysis, database analysis. Therefore, in order to harmonize the practices of landscape typological cognition, at first it should be defined which landscape features are considered essential. In other words, it is necessary to clearly distinguish and identify those features that are the most popular and provide the most information about the landscape itself. Thus, the aim of this work is to present the diversity of these features and to present their possible classification depending on the taxonomic units of the landscape to which they are assigned"
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Pukowiec-Kurda, Katarzyna, and Urszula Myga-Piatek. "Application of New Methods of Environment Analysis and Assessment in Landscape Audits – Case Studies of Urban Areas Like Czestochowa, Poland." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.116.
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Following the 2000 European Landscape Convention, a new act strengthening landscape protection instruments has been in force since 2015. It sets forth legal aspects of landscape shaping (Dziennik Ustaw 2015, poz. 774) and introduces landscape audits at the province level. A landscape audit consists in identification and characterization of selected landscapes, assessment of their value, selection of so-called priority landscapes and identification of threats for preservation of their value. An audit complies with GIS standards. Analyses use source materials, i.e. digital maps of physical-geographical mesoregions, current topographic maps of digital resources of cartographic databases, latest orthophotomaps and DTMs, maps of potential vegetation, geobotanic regionalization, historic-cultural regionalization and natural landscape types, documentation of historical and cultural values and related complementary resources. A special new methodology (Solon et al. 2014), developed for auditing, was tested in 2015 in an urban area (Myga-Piatek et al. 2015). Landscapes are characterized by determining their analytic (natural and cultural) and synthetic features, with particular focus on the stage of delimitation and identification of landscape units in urban areas. Czestochowa was selected as a case study due to its large natural (karst landscapes of the Czestochowa Upland, numerous forests, nature reserves) and cultural (Saint Mary’s Sanctuary, unique urban architecture) potential. Czestochowa is also a city of former iron ore and mineral resources exploitation, still active industry, dynamic urban sprawl within former farming areas, and dynamically growing tourism. Landscape delimitation and identification distinguished 75 landscape units basing on uniform landscape background (uniform cover and use of the land). Landscape assessment used a new assessment method for anthropogenic transformation of landscape – the indicator describing the correlation between the mean shape index (MSI) and the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) (Pukowiec-Kurda, Sobala 2016). Particular threats and planning suggestions, useful in development of urban areas, were presented for selected priority landscapes.
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McGough, A. S., S. Liang, M. Rapoportas, R. Grey, G. Kumar Vinod, D. Maddy, A. Trueman, and J. Wainwright. "Massively parallel landscape-evolution modelling using general purpose graphical processing units." In 2012 19th International Conference on High Performance Computing (HiPC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hipc.2012.6507488.
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Дряхлов, А. Г., and И. Г. Нестеренко. "THE USE OF LANDSCAPE APPROACH TO STUDY THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION IN THE REGION OF OZ, VASKOV DURING THE STUDENT PRACTICES OF STUDENTS OF GEOGRAPHERS OF FEFU." In Геосистемы Северо-Восточной Азии. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2021.30.64.015.
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В статье обосновывается применение ландшафтного подхода как научной основы проведение учебных практик по специальности «география» Показано, что современные ландшафты – важные территориальные единицы для комплексных оценок состояние окружающей среды для выявления экологических проблем, которые выполняются во время учебных практик. The article substantiates the application of the landscape approach as a scientific basis for conducting educational practices in the specialty "geography" It is shown that modern landscapes are important territorial units for comprehensive assessments of the state of the environment to identify environmental problems that are carried out during educational practices.
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MOORE, LAURA J., ORENCIO DURAN VINENT, DAVID WALTERS, and EVAN B. GOLDSTEIN. "ECOMORPHODYNAMIC FEEDBACKS AND COUPLINGS BETWEEN LANDSCAPE UNITS AFFECT BARRIER ISLAND RESPONSE TO CHANGING CLIMATE." In Coastal Sediments 2015. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814689977_0246.
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Zhang, Donghui, Rainer Kurz, Matt Lubomirsky, David Garcia, Avneet Singh, and Alex Troya. "Gas Compression Optimization for Changing Pipeline Landscape." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56112.
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The natural gas midstream gathering and pipeline landscape has become much more dynamic in recent years. Some of the attributes contributing to these continuous changes in operations are due to increased supply from shale gas explorations in North America and increasing natural gas demand in Asia. These changes require new pipelines and compressor stations to be built or existing pipelines and compressor stations to be modified to match new required operating conditions. Economic factors such as initial capital investment and life cycle costs are very important considerations in the decision process to evaluate the benefits of building new stations or modifying existing stations. This paper presents a discussion of some of the more fundamental factors to be considered in evaluating the economics of station optimization projects, and also introduces a variety of options to manage the lifecycle of the centrifugal gas compressors units and stations.
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Trofimova, L. S., and I. A. Trofimov. "Agro-landscape and ecological zoning for crop and meadow production in Eastern Siberia." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-118.
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The agro-landscape and ecological zoning of the East Siberian natural and economic region has been developed. A map, legend to the map, classification of natural forage lands and classification of deer pastures have been compiled. A detailed description of all 136 designated zoning units (zones, mountain territories, provinces, districts) is given.
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Chen, Chih-Hung, and Chun-Ya Chuang. "Urban form in special geographical conditions: a case study in Kenting National Park." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6186.
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Urban form in special geographical conditions: a case study in Kenting National Park. Chih-Hung Chen¹, Chun-Ya Chuang¹ ¹Department of Urban Planning, National Cheng Kung University E-mail: chihhungchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw Keywords: Kenting National Park, special geographical conditions, Historico-Geographical approach, morphotope Conference topics and scale: City transformations Since the land surface is heterogeneous, the natural landscape as an essential element in contemporary morphological studies becomes the initial factor in the formation of a settlement. Moreover, the interaction with natural landscape, built form and the boundary matrix can illuminate ecological perspective on the form of the city. (Scheer, 2016) To understand the urban form under special geographical conditions, a case study is conducted in Kenting National Park, which is a tropical area with rich landscape such as moutains, lakes and rivers, plains, basins, and surrounded by seas. An analytical approach based on Historico-Geographical approach (Kropf, 2009; Oliveira, 2016) is applied in this paper. After identifying the scope of 42 settlements, there are three outer shape types such as compact, scattered, linear. Then, three kinds of morphotopes (Conzen, 1988) can mainly be figured out by comparing the combination between streets, buildings and plots: i) Detached, duplex houses on small plots along the access road; ii) Attached buildings on small plots along the main road; iii) Villas or hotels on large plots along the main road. Finally, the relationship between the larger plan units (Conzen, 1960) and the geographical conditions shows that the homogeneous configuration of plan units corresponds to the certain landscape. On the other hand, this article seeks to find out the impacts and changes caused by special geographical conditions in consequence of the landscape affects not only the formation of urban form but the evolution because its influence on socio-economic conditions. References Conzen, M. R. G. (1960) Alnwick, Northumberland: A study in Town-plan Analysis (Institute of British Geographers, London). Conzen, M.R.G. (1988) ‘Morphogenesis, morphological regions, and secular human agency in the historic townscape, as exemplified by Ludlow’, in Urban Historical Geography. Recent progress in Britain and Germany, 253-272. Kropf, K. (2009) ‘Aspects of urban form’, Urban morphology 13(2), 105-20. Oliveira, V. (2016) Urban Morphology (Springer International Publishing, Switzerland), 102-111. Scheer, B. C. (2016) ‘The epistemology of urban morphology’, Urban Morphology 20, 5-17.
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Oulmas, Mohand, Amina Abdessemed-Fouda, and Ángel Benigno González Avilés. "Évaluation de degré de défense de l’architecture défensive pré-coloniale en Algérie : cas des villages fortifiés." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11376.
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Assassing the defensibility of the pre-colonial defensive architecture in Algeria: case study on the medieval fortified villagesAlgeria’s pre-colonial towns of the medieval period still exist in different typologies, ranging from the isolated buildings (forts, castles) and town enclosures to whole urban units (fortified villages, defensives towns). Indeed, the constituent of these fortresses was their defense system, characterized by its large dimension, constituted essentially by the enclosure wall, and architectural features of defensiveness correlated with the outside and the inside of the fortresses. This paper aims to evaluate the relationship between physical landscape, built defensive features and cultural values of the medieval fortified villages in Algeria, two medieval fortified villages in our case “Kalaa of Beni Abbes” in Bejaia and “Kalaa of Beni Rached” in Oran, that we identified as an evolved landscape and interpreted as complex system (both defensive architecture and continuing cultural landscape). This current study consists of quantifying the defensiveness degree of these sites situated within different contexts, in fact, this method ensures to identify the strategy adopted to be protected against different invasions. However, in order to achieve this we calculate a spatial defensiveness index (DI) of these sites. The parameters of our choice are related to the implantation site, the elevation, the visibility and the geometrical shape, which allow us to estimate the defensiveness degree of the defense system of our case studies.
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Kemmouche, Akila, and Catherine Mering. "Use of macro texture for landscape units mapping from satellite images: application to vegetation-density mapping in arid and semi-arid areas." In Satellite Remote Sensing III, edited by Jacky Desachy. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.262885.
Full textReports on the topic "Of landscape units"
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Gould, William A., Michael E. Jimenez, Gary Potts, and Maya Quinones. Landscape units of Puerto Rico: influence of climate, substrate, and topography. San Juan, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/iitf-rmap-6.
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Beauchemin, M., D. Pan, and K. B. Fung. Unsupervised Landscape Unit Mapping Based on Multi-scale Analysis. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219807.
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Michalak, Julia, Josh Lawler, John Gross, and Caitlin Littlefield. A strategic analysis of climate vulnerability of national park resources and values. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287214.
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The U.S. national parks have experienced significant climate-change impacts and rapid, on-going changes are expected to continue. Despite the significant climate-change vulnerabilities facing parks, relatively few parks have conducted comprehensive climate-change vulnerability assessments, defined as assessments that synthesize vulnerability information from a wide range of sources, identify key climate-change impacts, and prioritize vulnerable park resources (Michalak et al. In review). In recognition that funding and planning capacity is limited, this project was initiated to identify geographies, parks, and issues that are high priorities for conducting climate-change vulnerability assessments (CCVA) and strategies to efficiently address the need for CCVAs across all U.S. National Park Service (NPS) park units (hereafter “parks”) and all resources. To help identify priority geographies and issues, we quantitatively assessed the relative magnitude of vulnerability factors potentially affecting park resources and values. We identified multiple vulnerability factors (e.g., temperature change, wildfire potential, number of at-risk species, etc.) and sought existing datasets that could be developed into indicators of these factors. To be included in the study, datasets had to be spatially explicit or already summarized for individual parks and provide consistent data for at least all parks within the contiguous U.S. (CONUS). The need for consistent data across such a large geographic extent limited the number of datasets that could be included, excluded some important drivers of climate-change vulnerability, and prevented adequate evaluation of some geographies. The lack of adequately-scaled data for many key vulnerability factors, such as freshwater flooding risks and increased storm activity, highlights the need for both data development and more detailed vulnerability assessments at local to regional scales where data for these factors may be available. In addition, most of the available data at this scale were related to climate-change exposures, with relatively little data available for factors associated with climate-change sensitivity or adaptive capacity. In particular, we lacked consistent data on the distribution or abundance of cultural resources or accessible data on infrastructure across all parks. We identified resource types, geographies, and critical vulnerability factors that lacked data for NPS’ consideration in addressing data gaps. Forty-seven indicators met our criteria, and these were combined into 21 climate-change vulnerability factors. Twenty-seven indicators representing 12 vulnerability factors addressed climate-change exposure (i.e., projected changes in climate conditions and impacts). A smaller number of indictors measured sensitivity (12 indicators representing 5 vulnerability factors). The sensitivity indicators often measured park or landscape characteristics which may make resources more or less responsive to climate changes (e.g., current air quality) as opposed to directly representing the sensitivity of specific resources within the park (e.g., a particular rare species or type of historical structure). Finally, 6 indicators representing 4 vulnerability factors measured external adaptive capacity for living resources (i.e., characteristics of the park and/or surrounding landscape which may facilitate or impede species adaptation to climate changes). We identified indicators relevant to three resource groups: terrestrial living, aquatic living (including living cultural resources such as culturally significant landscapes, plant, or animal species) and non-living resources (including infrastructure and non-living cultural resources such as historic buildings or archeological sites). We created separate indicator lists for each of these resource groups and analyzed them separately. To identify priority geographies within CONUS,...
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Galvin, Jeff, and Sarah Strudd. Vegetation inventory, mapping, and characterization report, Saguaro National Park: Volume II, association summaries. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284793.
Full textAbstract:
The Sonoran Desert Network (SODN) conducted a vegetation mapping and characterization effort at the two districts of Saguaro National Park from 2010 to 2018. This project was completed under the National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory, which aims to complete baseline mapping and classification inventories at more than 270 NPS units. The vegetation map data were collected to provide park managers with a digital map product that meets national standards of spatial and thematic accuracy, while also placing the vegetation into a regional and national context. A total of 97 distinct vegetation communities were described: 83 exclusively at the Rincon Mountain District, 9 exclusively at the Tucson Mountain District, and 5 occurring in both districts. These communities ranged from low-elevation creosote (Larrea tridentata) shrub-lands spanning broad alluvial fans to mountaintop Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests on the slopes of Rincon Peak. All 97 communities were described at the association level, each with detailed narratives including lists of species found in each association, their abundance, landscape features, and overall community structural characteristics. Only 15 of the 97 vegetation types were existing “accepted” types within the National Vegetation Classification (NVC). The others are newly described and specific to Saguaro National Park (and will be proposed for formal status within the NVC). This document is Volume II of three volumes comprising the Saguaro National Park Vegetation Mapping Inventory. This volume provides two-page summaries of the 97 associations identified and mapped during the project, and detailed in Volume I. Summaries are presented by district, starting with the Tucson Mountain District. These summaries are abridged versions of the full association descriptions found in Volume III.
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Evans, Julie, Kendra Sikes, and Jamie Ratchford. Vegetation classification at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mojave National Preserve, Castle Mountains National Monument, and Death Valley National Park: Final report (Revised with Cost Estimate). National Park Service, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279201.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetation inventory and mapping is a process to document the composition, distribution and abundance of vegetation types across the landscape. The National Park Service’s (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) program has determined vegetation inventory and mapping to be an important resource for parks; it is one of 12 baseline inventories of natural resources to be completed for all 270 national parks within the NPS I&M program. The Mojave Desert Network Inventory & Monitoring (MOJN I&M) began its process of vegetation inventory in 2009 for four park units as follows: Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE), Mojave National Preserve (MOJA), Castle Mountains National Monument (CAMO), and Death Valley National Park (DEVA). Mapping is a multi-step and multi-year process involving skills and interactions of several parties, including NPS, with a field ecology team, a classification team, and a mapping team. This process allows for compiling existing vegetation data, collecting new data to fill in gaps, and analyzing the data to develop a classification that then informs the mapping. The final products of this process include a vegetation classification, ecological descriptions and field keys of the vegetation types, and geospatial vegetation maps based on the classification. In this report, we present the narrative and results of the sampling and classification effort. In three other associated reports (Evens et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2020c) are the ecological descriptions and field keys. The resulting products of the vegetation mapping efforts are, or will be, presented in separate reports: mapping at LAKE was completed in 2016, mapping at MOJA and CAMO will be completed in 2020, and mapping at DEVA will occur in 2021. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) and NatureServe, the classification team, have completed the vegetation classification for these four park units, with field keys and descriptions of the vegetation types developed at the alliance level per the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). We have compiled approximately 9,000 existing and new vegetation data records into digital databases in Microsoft Access. The resulting classification and descriptions include approximately 105 alliances and landform types, and over 240 associations. CNPS also has assisted the mapping teams during map reconnaissance visits, follow-up on interpreting vegetation patterns, and general support for the geospatial vegetation maps being produced. A variety of alliances and associations occur in the four park units. Per park, the classification represents approximately 50 alliances at LAKE, 65 at MOJA and CAMO, and 85 at DEVA. Several riparian alliances or associations that are somewhat rare (ranked globally as G3) include shrublands of Pluchea sericea, meadow associations with Distichlis spicata and Juncus cooperi, and woodland associations of Salix laevigata and Prosopis pubescens along playas, streams, and springs. Other rare to somewhat rare types (G2 to G3) include shrubland stands with Eriogonum heermannii, Buddleja utahensis, Mortonia utahensis, and Salvia funerea on rocky calcareous slopes that occur sporadically in LAKE to MOJA and DEVA. Types that are globally rare (G1) include the associations of Swallenia alexandrae on sand dunes and Hecastocleis shockleyi on rocky calcareous slopes in DEVA. Two USNVC vegetation groups hold the highest number of alliances: 1) Warm Semi-Desert Shrub & Herb Dry Wash & Colluvial Slope Group (G541) has nine alliances, and 2) Mojave Mid-Elevation Mixed Desert Scrub Group (G296) has thirteen alliances. These two groups contribute significantly to the diversity of vegetation along alluvial washes and mid-elevation transition zones.
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Galvin, Jeff, and Sarah Studd. Vegetation inventory, mapping, and characterization report, Saguaro National Park: Volume III, type descriptions. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284802.
Full textAbstract:
The Sonoran Desert Network (SODN) conducted a vegetation mapping and characterization effort at the two districts of Saguaro National Park from 2010 to 2018. This project was completed under the National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory, which aims to complete baseline mapping and classification inventories at more than 270 NPS units. The vegetation map data were collected to provide park managers with a digital map product that meets national standards of spatial and thematic accuracy, while also placing the vegetation into a regional and national context. A total of 97 distinct vegetation communities were described: 83 exclusively at the Rincon Mountain District, 9 exclusively at the Tucson Mountain District, and 5 occurring in both districts. These communities ranged from low-elevation creosote (Larrea tridentata) shrub-lands spanning broad alluvial fans to mountaintop Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests on the slopes of Rincon Peak. All 97 communities were described at the association level, each with detailed narratives including lists of species found in each association, their abundance, landscape features, and overall community structural characteristics. Only 15 of the 97 vegetation types were existing “accepted” types within the NVC. The others are newly de-scribed and specific to Saguaro National Park (and will be proposed for formal status within the NVC). This document is Volume III of three volumes comprising the Saguaro National Park Vegetation Mapping Inventory. This volume provides full type descriptions of the 97 associations identified and mapped during the project, and detailed in Volume I. Volume II provides abridged versions of these full descriptions, briefly describing the floristic and structural characteristics of the vegetation and showing representative photos of associations, their distribution, and an example of the satellite imagery for one polygon.
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Terzyan, Aram. Belarus in the Wake of a Revolution: Domestic and International Factors. Eurasia Institutes, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-3-2020.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores the political landscape of Belarus in the aftermath of the 2020 presidential elections, with a focus on both domestic and international factors behind the ongoing crisis. Lukashenko’s regime has a long record of sustaining its power by preserving elite unity, controlling elections, and/or using force against opponents. Therefore, massive fraud characterizing the 2020 presidential elections and brutal suppression of peaceful protests in its aftermath came as no surprise. Against this backdrop, the anti-government protests following the presidential elections raised a series of unanswered questions regarding both their domestic and foreign policy implications. The biggest question is whether the Belarusian civil society and opposition will prove powerful enough to overcome state repression and change the status quo in Europe’s “last dictatorship”. Worries remain about the Belarusian opposition’s emphasis on foreign policy continuity, meaning that Belarus is bound to remain in the orbit of the Russian authoritarian influence. The total fiasco of post-Velvet Revolution Armenian government both in terms of domestic and foreign policies, among others, further reveals the excruciating difficulties of a democratic state-building within the Russia-led socio-political order.
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Wells, Aaron, Tracy Christopherson, Gerald Frost, Matthew Macander, Susan Ives, Robert McNown, and Erin Johnson. Ecological land survey and soils inventory for Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2016–2017. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287466.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of future field- and RS-based studies, facilitates further analysis and contextualization of existing data, and will help inform natural resource management decisions. We collected information on the geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetation characteristics of ecosystems using a dataset of 724 field plots, of which 407 were sampled by ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research and Services (ABR) staff in 2016–2017, and 317 were from existing, ancillary datasets. ABR field plots were located along transects that were selected using a gradient-direct sampling scheme (Austin and Heligers 1989) to collect data for the range of ecological conditions present within KATM, and to provide the data needed to interpret ecosystem and soils development. The field plot dataset encompassed all of the major environmental gradients and landscape histories present in KATM. Individual state-factors (e.g., soil pH, slope aspect) and other ecosystem components (e.g., geomorphic unit, vegetation species composition and structure) were measured or categorized using standard classification systems developed for Alaska. We described and analyzed the hierarchical relationships among the ecosystem components to classify 92 Plot Ecotypes (local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the variation in soils, vegetation, and disturbance properties observed at the field plots. From the 92 Plot Ecotypes, we developed classifications of Map Ecotypes and Disturbance Landscapes that could be mapped across the park. Additionally, using an existing surficial geology map for KATM, we developed a map of Generalized Soil Texture by aggregating similar surficial geology classes into a reduced set of classes representing the predominant soil textures in each. We then intersected the Ecotype map with the General-ized Soil Texture Map in a GIS and aggregated combinations of Map Ecotypes with similar soils to derive and map Soil Landscapes and Soil Great Groups. The classification of Great Groups captures information on the soil as a whole, as opposed to the subgroup classification which focuses on the properties of specific horizons (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Of the 724 plots included in the Ecotype analysis, sufficient soils data for classifying soil subgroups was available for 467 plots. Soils from 8 orders of soil taxonomy were encountered during the field sampling: Alfisols (<1% of the mapped area), Andisols (3%), Entisols (45%), Gelisols (<1%), Histosols (12%), Inceptisols (22%), Mollisols (<1%), and Spodosols (16%). Within these 8 Soil Orders, field plots corresponded to a total of 74 Soil Subgroups, the most common of which were Typic Cryaquents, Typic Cryorthents, Histic Cryaquepts, Vitrandic Cryorthents, and Typic Cryofluvents.
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Hamill, Daniel, and Gabrielle David. Hydrologic analysis of field delineated ordinary high water marks for rivers and streams. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41681.
Full textAbstract:
Streamflow influences the distribution and organization of high water marks along rivers and streams in a landscape. The federal definition of ordinary high water mark (OHWM) is defined by physical and vegetative field indicators that are used to identify inundation extents of ordinary high water levels without any reference to the relationship between streamflow and regulatory definition. Streamflow is the amount, or volume, of water that moves through a stream per unit time. This study explores regional characteristics and relationships between field-delineated OHWMs and frequency-magnitude streamflow metrics derived from a flood frequency analysis. The elevation of OHWM is related to representative constant-level discharge return periods with national average return periods of 6.9 years using partial duration series and 2.8 years using annual maximum flood frequency approaches. The range in OHWM return periods is 0.5 to 9.08, and 1.05 to 11.01 years for peaks-over-threshold and annual maximum flood frequency methods, respectively. The range of OHWM return periods is consistent with the range found in national studies of return periods related to bankfull streamflow. Hydraulic models produced a statistically significant relationship between OHWM and bank-full, which reinforces the close relationship between the scientific concept and OHWM in most stream systems.