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1
Meuret, Isabelle. "“George Orwell Invented Journalism Studies”." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v10.n2.2021.449.
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To inaugurate our series of conversations with scholars in journalism studies with a view to securing some useful insights into the history and practice of journalism education, Prof. Richard Lance Keeble appeared an obvious choice. Now an Honorary Professor at Liverpool Hope University, Prof. Keeble was first director of the International Journalism MA, then director of the Journalism and Social Science BA, at City University, London (1984-2003). He was then appointed Professor of Journalism (2003-present) at Lincoln University where he also became acting head of the Lincoln School of Journalism (2010-2013) and later a Visiting Professor at Liverpool Hope University (2015-2019). Prof. Keeble has been the recipient of prestigious and distinguished prizes, namely the National Teaching Fellowship Award (2011) and the Lifetime Achievement Award for services to journalism education (2014), the latter bestowed by the Association for Journalism Education in the UK. Parallel to his academic career, Prof. Keeble has always been a practising journalist. On completion of his studies in Modern History at Keble College, Oxford University (1967-70), he started a career in journalism, first as sub editor at the Nottingham Guardian Journal/Evening Post (1970-73) and then at the Cambridge Evening News (1973-77). He was deputy editor, then editor, of The Teacher, the weekly newspaper of the National Union of Teachers (1977-84). His dual pedigree in journalism, as a practitioner and a professor, led him to take on many editorial responsibilities. He is emeritus editor of Ethical Space: The International Journal of Communication and Ethics and joint editor of George Orwell Studies and is also on the board of an impressive number of journals, among which are Journalism Studies, Digital Journalism, Journalism Education, International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, Media Ethics, Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, to name just a few. Prof. Keeble was also Chair of the Orwell Society1 (2013-2020) and has authored or edited no less than 44 books. They include Ethics for Journalists and The Newspapers Handbook,2 respectively on their second and fifth editions, as well as several volumes on George Orwell, investigative journalism, and the British media. It was an honour and privilege to talk to Prof. Keeble in a phone interview on March 25, 2021. The conversation was transcribed while some passages were edited for clarity. I hereby express my immense gratitude for his time, generosity, expertise, and humour. It is such a thrill to start our series of interviews in a way that only makes us want more such conversations.
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Amado, Adriana, and Natalia Pizzolo. "Journalism studies in Argentina: background and questions." Brazilian Journalism Research 10, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v10n1.2014.623.
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This article summarizes the background of empirical journalism studies in Argentina. In recent publications, researchers have consistently underscored the lack of data on the profession and the scarce development of theoretical frameworks related to journalism studies. The local investigations have prioritized approaches and methods that do not give the whole picture of the population of journalists. Most of the research tends to equate media analysis and media messages with journalism study and keeps on failing to provide data that allows for learning about the working conditions and the professional profile of the Argentinean journalists.
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Zeng, Li, Dharma Dailey, Owla Mohamed, Kate Starbird, and Emma S. Spiro. "Detecting Journalism in the Age of Social Media:Three Experiments in Classifying Journalists on Twitter." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 13 (July 6, 2019): 548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v13i01.3352.
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The widespread adoption of networked information and communications technologies (i.e. ICTs) blurs traditional boundaries between journalist and citizen. The role of the journalist is adapting to structural changes in the news industry and dynamic audience expectations. For researchers who seek to understand what, if any, distinct role journalists play in the production and propagation of breaking news, it is vital to be able to identify journalists in social media spaces. In many cases, this can be challenging due to the limited information and metadata about social media users. In this work, we use a supervised machine learning model to automatically distinguish journalists from non-journalists in social media spaces. Leveraging Twitter data collected from three crisis events of different types, we examine how profile information, social network structure, posting behavior and language distinguish journalists from others. Additionally, we evaluate how the performance of the journalist classification model varies by context (i.e. types of crisis events) and by journalism outlets (i.e. print versus broadcast journalism), and discuss challenges in automatic journalist detection. Implications of this work are discussed; in particular we argue for the value of such methods for scaling analysis in journalism studies beyond the capacity of human coders. Employing classification methods in this context allows for systematic, large-scale studies of the role of journalists online.
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Flew, Terry, and Jason Sternberg. "Media Wars: Media Studies and Journalism Education." Media International Australia 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000104.
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Stănuş, Cristina. "Politics and the ‘Ideology’ of Journalism in Romania: Results from Local Case Studies." Social Change Review 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scr-2016-0019.
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AbstractThe paper approaches the ‘ideology’ of Romanian post-communist journalism as identified in local news media organisations. We focus on the practical philosophy of journalism, emphasizing elements such as autonomy, truth, objectivity; and the relationship of journalists and news organisations with political actors. Special attention is given to the interplay between this practical philosophy and the political and economic constraints influencing news media organisations in Romania. We approach this topic using in-depth interviews with journalists and editors from news media organisations in three Romanian cities. We argue that two different ‘ideologies’ of journalism as a profession exist. These are complemented by a tendency toward reducing journalism to a simple occupation, linked to the politicization of media ownership in Romania and the widespread use of media organisations as vehicles for the free speech of their owners.
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Gouse, Valerie, Mariely Valentin-Llopis, Stephen Perry, and Beryl Nyamwange. "An investigation of the conceptualization of peace and war in peace journalism studies of media coverage of national and international conflicts." Media, War & Conflict 12, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635218810917.
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According to Galtung’s articles ‘On the role of the media in worldwide security and peace’ (1986) and ‘High road, low road: Charting the course for peace journalism’ (1998), war journalism and peace journalism are two competing frames when reporting news on war and conflict. War journalists reactively report on conflict in a way that propagates violence, victory, and an elitist orientation. On the contrary, peace journalists proactively report on the causes of and solutions to a conflict, giving voice to all parties through responsible, empathetic journalism. By searching databases for multiple examples of qualitative and quantitative literature on peace and war journalism, new paths to best practices of how scholars articulate and measure the concepts of peace and war using content analysis methods can be found. This article reports on studies published in peer-reviewed journals that investigate the attributes of peace and war as they are conceptualized by scholars analyzing newspaper articles, television broadcasts, and radio reports within the context of peace journalism. Results suggest the majority of peace journalism studies examine media surrounding direct violence as it is occurring, and assess it most often by using the war/peace indicator of elite-oriented versus people-oriented.
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Dmitriev, Oleg, and Hussin J. Hejase. "Multimedia Planning Strategies as a Tool for International Journalism and Alternative Media Studies." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 11, no. 3 (August 9, 2023): p46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v11n3p46.
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News development is currently affected by digitalization. Therefore, media scholars using digital means to cover the news must develop the so-called “multimedia mindset” among professional journalists and media students. It is not enough to teach the technology—the scholars have to embrace new journalism tools to incorporate them with the story planning activities. This article aims to look into how the aforementioned planning activities are used in the curriculum for Russian media students and professionals in the field of international journalism. The paper is qualitative and descriptive based on secondary data reported in hybrid written media. Also, this research uses a case study dealing with a proposed new program “International News Production” a track within the Contemporary Journalism Master program including alternative media at the High School of Economics Media Institute in Moscow. The findings of this study shed light on the skills needed in new alternative media. Students undergoing the proposed new program in alternative and international media enhance their professional skills and qualifications while experiencing Russian culture. Graduates from the program shall have ample opportunities to pursue careers in various areas of the media industry, including visual journalism, data journalism, storytelling, production, and newsroom management at various international newsrooms. Teaching new alternative media methods can be easily projected to the work with practicing journalists in news channels and information agencies.
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Robie, David. "‘Drugs, guns and gangs’: Case studies on Pacific states and how they deploy NZ media regulators." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.292.
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Media freedom and the capacity for investigative journalism have been steadily eroded in the South Pacific in the past five years in the wake of an entrenched coup and censorship in Fiji. The muzzling of the Fiji press, for decades one of the Pacific’s media trendsetters, has led to the emergence of a culture of self-censorship and a trend in some Pacific countries to harness New Zealand’s regulatory and self-regulatory media mechanisms to stifle unflattering reportage. The regulatory Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA) and the self-regulatory NZ Press Council have made a total of four adjudications on complaints by both the Fiji military-backed regime and the Samoan government and in one case a NZ cabinet minister. The complaints have been twice against Fairfax New Zealand media—targeting a prominent regional print journalist with the first complaint in March 2008—and twice against television journalists, one of them against the highly rated current affairs programme Campbell Live. One complaint, over the reporting of Fiji, was made by NZ’s Rugby World Cup Minister. All but one of the complaints have been upheld by the regulatory/self-regulatory bodies. The one unsuccessful complaint is currently the subject of a High Court appeal by the Samoan Attorney-General’s Office and is over a television report that won the journalists concerned an investigative journalism award. This article examines case studies around this growing trend and explores the strategic impact on regional media and investigative journalism.
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Sinha, Aditya, Ranjeet Kumar, Ramanuj Vishwakarma, and Debabrata Basu. "Unmasking Misinformation: Evolving Roles and Responsibilities of Indian Journalists in the Digital Age." Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico 29, no. 4 (December 12, 2023): 807–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/esmp.85674.
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The spread of misinformation and fake news with the advent of social media is widespread to influence public opinion. A lack of common consensus between the journalists, media houses and social media companies on combating disinformation is causing distrust and scope for pessimism. The current research was conducted in the Indian context adopting mixed methods research to find out the roles and responsibilities of journalists and media houses in combating disinformation along with the effect of social media and advanced technologies in the changing scenario. The results revealed that journalists demanded more access to audience and providing a platform for practicing ethical journalism. Secondly, the effect of social media on journalism was considered as a net positive with no escape from the same in this digital era. Thirdly, an upgrade of skills related to tackling misinformation with technology was felt by the journalists. The paper provides the intricacies of journalism practice in the changing world for a better future..
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Melki, Jad. "JOURNALISM AND MEDIA STUDIES IN LEBANON." Journalism Studies 10, no. 5 (October 2009): 672–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616700902920174.
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Belair-Gagnon, Valerie. "News on the fly: journalist-audience online engagement success as a cultural matching process." Media, Culture & Society 41, no. 6 (November 22, 2018): 757–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443718813473.
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Looking at web analytics in newsrooms, journalism studies scholarship has explored the notion of success in using web analytics and metrics in measuring journalist-audience engagement. Scholars have looked at the role of organizational structures, cognition, and emotion in defining success with analytics. This article analyzes how journalists interpret journalist-audience engagement success using web analytics and what this reliance on web analytics might mean for contemporary news production. Using direct observation of newsrooms and interviews with news media workers, this article argues that media workers interpret success in audience engagement using web analytics as a process of cultural matching between web analytics companies, media workers, and audiences. This article shows that analytics in journalism have highlighted some of the shared values and practices across the matchers and revealed the challenges of measuring success in audience-journalist engagement.
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Amirudin, Amirudin. "Jurnalisme sebagai Arena Pertarungan Kepentingan: Telaah Teori Kebudayaan." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.13.4.644-657.
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This paper is a theoretical study of the use of cultural theory which played to explain journalism activities that just not an activity to provide accurate information in the public space. In an industrial context, in fact journalism activities has face any complex situasion. Now, the activities is no longer exclusively owned by journalists, but journalism is a kind of football arena that have some interest in it. To present news, journalists must be able to absorb various interest from various trajectories. There is a game metaphor that journalists must follow, and how journalist do "practice" the game in the field of contestation, which will be explored using Bourdieu's cultural theory,Through this article, I hope, it can contribute to how anthropology plays a role in developing media studies, and vice versa, it can be a trigger for how anthropologists should begin to enter cultural studies which are not just exotic and simple social units; but also entered the study arena into more complex social units, for example in media organizations
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Supriadi, Dandi, Hanny Hafiar, Abdul Manan Safi, and Kholidil Amin. "Journalism and public relations: An interconnection in academic research." PRofesi Humas Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Hubungan Masyarakat 7, no. 2 (February 24, 2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/prh.v7i2.42064.
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Background: Journalism and public relations are two fields that collaborate and compete with each other. Several studies have confirmed this dualism, where both terminologies are interrelated in the same scientific publication. Purpose: This study is aimed to find the interconnection between the two fields in several studies published in international journals. Method: This inquiry applies the bibliometrics method with data sources from the Web of Science and uses VosViewer as an analysis and mapping tool. Results: Results show that the number of keywords containing “public relations” counts more than “journalism.” This study reveals six clusters of keyword mapping that form specific themes: crisis communication management, ethics, professional education, public relations practitioners- journalist relationships, media relations, and publicity scope, news media management, and public relations and the media. Comparing the most cited references from the field of public relations and journalism shows the number 2:2 or equal. There are six most cited authors, four from the USA and two from Australia. Conclusions: The issue of public relations was found more than journalism because most articles are written by experts, especially Americans, and Australians, who have worked in the field of public relations, although some also had early careers in journalism. However, journalism studies were still considered as references for most articles. Implications: The work of western researchers is still at the forefront of the development of public relations science and journalism studies, which becomes a challenge for researchers from developing countries to develop studies more at the international level.
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Putri, Ratih Cahyani, Diana Teresa Pakasi, and Widjajanti Mulyono Santoso. "PENGALAMAN PEREMPUAN JURNALIS OLAHRAGA DAN MASKULINITAS PELIPUTAN OLAHRAGA." Jurnal Pustaka Komunikasi 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 264–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32509/pustakom.v5i2.2102.
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Integration and efforts to include women journalists are increasing as a result of advocating for a more inclusive media, including in sports desk. However sports journalist broadcasters are limited, as seen from the way women athletes are covered at various levels, the representation of athletes who get the spotlight as well as the focus on sports industry issues that get coverage priority. This literature review uses the scoping literature review method - a literature discussion on women sports journalists - and Bourdieu's framework to understand sports journalism as doxa and its influence on women journalists and other women workers in sports journalism. Experiences and decision making of women journalists were analyzed with the perspective of Gender Psychology based on previous researches from Journalism, Communication, Sports and Media Studies. The literature analysis resulted in a mapping of the various issues faced by women sports journalists, as well as describing the dynamics and identity negotiations that were experienced. The existence of women sports journalists influences the way sports desk works, the issues and focus of their work, their writing styles, and their strategies in the workplace and sports media as institutions. Women sports journalists create a space to work through their daily lives.
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Barkho, Leon, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. "A decade of journalism and media studies from a practical and applied perspective." Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00103_2.
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The Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies celebrates a decade of disseminating original research that advances the understanding of journalism and media studies from a practical and applied perspective – not only for academics, but also to journalists, media practitioners, media owners and scholars. Our role continues to foster dialogue and exchange while underpinning academic collaboration and thus this edition brings together groundbreaking works from across different regions, providing a convergence point for both North and South dialogue and exchanges.
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Yakova, Tamara. "Mass Media and Conflicts: Media-Geographical Studies." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 680–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2021.10(4).680-697.
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This article presents the results of media geographical studies of publications of American and European mass media covering conflicts and crises of different levels and scales (global, international, regional, and local). Through the prism of media-geographical views on the processes of media reality formation, the author examined mass media approaches of different countries on the topic of coverage. The research methodology included media metric analysis, rank analysis (rank distributions of the popularity of semantic categories for Internet audiences around the world), quantitative and qualitative content analysis of media texts and analysis of publications according to the criteria of the theory of peaceful journalism. The results of the rank analysis illustrated the possibilities of using this method to study the mental landscapes of different countries and regions. Special attention was paid to the interpretation of meanings and their transformation in space and time, as well as to the spatial analysis of big data (based on Google Trends statistics) with an emphasis on the dynamics of changes in media behavior and media consumption of Internet audiences in different time periods. The empirical basis for content analysis was made up of publications of online versions of 10 American and European mass media in English, German and French of 2020. The main result of the study: the majority of media texts — about 80 % — do not contribute to the search for ways of peaceful settlement of conflicts (they abound in emotionally colored vocabulary, negative markers, categorical assessments, journalists do not make attempts to deeply analyze the situation, synthesize different positions and search for creative non-violent ways to resolve contradictions). Mass media publications often become a source of increasing tension in society, the parties of conflicts are represented as antagonists in media texts, journalists fail to establish a connection between them and bridge the gap between their interests. The results of a comparative analysis of media texts according to the criteria of the theory of peaceful journalism allowed us to classify the main approaches for the mass media conflicts covering and develop a number of proposals and recommendations to use in journalistic practice.
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Veronika, Veronika, Fathia Barnez, and Fitri Murfianti. "ACTION RESEARCH FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF MOBILE AND SOCIAL MEDIA JOURNALISM STUDIES." ASPIRATION Journal 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56353/aspiration.v2i2.28.
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Mobile phone and social media are very inherent in human life today. These device and platform then becomes a tool to help or facilitate human life, including working activities. One of them is in the field of journalism. This is replicated in the journalism curriculum at universities. This study uses action research method to evaluate mobile and social media journalism class at Universitas Multimedia Nusantara.This study aims to know the level of understanding and ability of students related to mobile and social media journalism and the final result or evaluation of the course. This research uses survey and in-depth interview for collecting the data. 87 students took a part in this study; then the result was explored by conducting in-depth interviews with unique samples of student. The result, students who have taken the mobile and social media journalism course already have the knowledge and ability to use mobile devices and social media platform. The challenge is when they uses a mobile device in the news production process and in the news editing process because of the characteristics of the device (small screen). Knowledge of the specifications of each editing application is very helpful as a mobile journalist. The class will be more ideal with learning how to reporting or hosting news which is very common on social media platform.
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Chibuwe, Albert, and Abioudun Salawu. "Training for English language or indigenous language media journalism: A decolonial critique of Zimbabwean journalism and media training institutions’ training practices." Journal of African Media Studies 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jams_00016_1.
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There is growing academic scholarship on indigenous language media in Africa. The scholarship has mostly tended to focus on the content and political economy of indigenous language newspapers. The scholarship also suggests that much needs to be done in inculcating indigenous languages and indigenous language journalism in journalism education. Grounded in decoloniality, this article explores journalism training practices in selected institutions of higher learning in Zimbabwe. The intention is to unravel the absence or existence of training for indigenous journalism and perceptions of lecturers and attitudes of students towards indigenous language media and journalism. The article also seeks to establish whether there are any attempts to de-westernize journalism, media and communication studies. Methodologically, in-depth interviews were used to gather data from lecturers and students of journalism and media studies at colleges and universities in Zimbabwe. Findings show that the colleges surveyed do not offer any indigenous media journalism-specific modules or subjects. The lecturers, who include programme designers in some cases, have a low regard for indigenous language media. This, the article concludes, will have a knock-on effect on journalism students’ and journalists’ misgivings towards a career in indigenous language media.
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O’Regan, Tom, and Catherine Young. "Journalism by numbers: trajectories of growth and decline of journalists in the Australian census 1961–2016." Media International Australia 172, no. 1 (August 2019): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x19862935.
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In this article, we use the five-yearly census of occupations to develop an historical perspective on Australian journalist employment from 1961. We do so for two reasons. First, we gauge the impact on journalist employment of online media from 1996 and media platforms since 2006 comparing these to previous media transformations. Second, we explore journalism and its occupational profile noting its close connection with authors and public relations professions. To allow for a period when the Australian Bureau of Statistics placed journalists and authors together as in a single occupational grouping (from 1961 to 1981), we track their combined employment from 1961 to 2016. From 1986, we consider journalists and authors separately. In each case, we consider numbers employed, their respective proportion of the workforce and their compound annual growth rates establishing the extent to which employment grew above – or fell below – that of the workforce as a whole. We show the gradual recalibration of journalists and their writer–author counterparts with respect to each other. From 1996, we outline the performance of different kinds of journalist over the 20 years to 2016 covering both online’s first open Internet decade and its second closed media platform from 2006 to 2016.
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Truyens, Pauljan, and Ike Picone. "Audience Views on Professional Norms of Journalism. A Media Repertoire Approach." Journalism and Media 2, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2020015.
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Despite several studies showing discrepancies between audience expectations of journalism and journalists’ professional norms, what remains largely unknown is the audience view on the adherence of journalism to these seemingly essential professional norms. Recent research mainly focused on analysing audience expectations within the context of specific cases. Moreover, these studies rarely take into consideration characteristics that might shape people’s views on journalism such as political ideology. This article seeks to complement these studies by exploring the impact that a user’s news consumption might have on their expectations of journalism. Utilizing data from an online survey among a representative sample of the Flemish audience, we analyse views on adherence to the main professional norms by the Flemish media, and subsequently relate these to news consumption. To grasp the cross- and multi-medial news consumer, we use a news repertoire approach. Flemish news repertoires differ significantly in views on several professional journalistic norms. By linking these distinct news repertoires to their views on professional norms of journalism, we first question how essential these professional norms put forward by journalists really are. Secondly, we discuss if expectations of journalism result in divergent news consumption strategies or vice versa, laying the groundwork for further exploring audience views on professional journalistic norms.
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Bishop, Ronald. "“Not an Ounce of Hollywood Bullshit”: A Narrative Analysis of News Media Coverage of Spotlight’s Oscar Win." Journal of Communication Inquiry 44, no. 2 (March 28, 2019): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0196859919829482.
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A narrative analysis was conducted of news media coverage of the Academy Award-winning movie Spotlight from January 1, 2015, until June 1, 2016, with a focus on how journalists, film critics, and commentators invoked the history of investigative reporting—and of investigative reporting on film—in evaluating Spotlight and the significance of the journalism-related issues it raised. Even as the narrative asks the reader to revisit the “heroic journalist” myth, its elements mitigate against endorsement: the field’s financial distress, the focus on “grunt work,” the desire of the film’s creators to honor journalism’s past, the impression that journalists had been cordoned off somewhere until the film reintroduced us to them, and the Spotlight team begrudgingly accepting Hollywood’s demands—even the repeated comparisons to All the President’s Men—coalesce to negate the film’s potential to remind us of the need for aggressive, uncompromising investigative reporting and to affirm the myth of the dogged investigative journalist.
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Doliwa, Urszula, and Judith Purkarthofer. "Community media’s role in changing centre‐periphery relations through participatory, not-for-profit journalism." International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/macp_00042_1.
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Traditional notions of journalism focus exclusively on professionals, often embedded in media outlets and publishing houses. However, preceding decades have seen transformations in the understanding of journalism. This contribution sets out to explore the role of community media in working towards the recognition of participatory, not-for-profit journalism, more diverse discourses and enhanced participation, especially in relation to minorities. This research draws on policy documents at the European level, reports from European projects with community media involvement as well as on interviews with community media activists and journalists. As a result, we can show strategies of bringing peripheral actors to the centre by using community media based on access and participation, social inclusion, giving a voice and media literacy development. The study proposes a model of the role of community media in shifting peripheral actors to more central positions.
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Tomaselli, Keyan G., and Marc Caldwell. "Journalism education: bridging media and cultural studies." Communicatio 28, no. 1 (January 2002): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02500160208537954.
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Calabrese, Andrew. "Historical memory, media studies and journalism ethics." Global Media and Communication 3, no. 3 (December 2007): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766507082574.
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Konow-Lund, Maria. "Reconstructing investigative journalism at emerging organisations." Journal of Media Innovations 6, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jomi.7830.
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While academic research has mainly focused on how legacy media organisations conduct their general news production work, fewer studies have focused on specialised practices such as investigative journalism in relation to innovation and technology. Scholars, however, have observed that news production is increasingly taking place outside the newsroom. In this context, the present article explores the ways in which emerging media organisations innovate and adapt practices of watchdog journalism within their staffs and facilities. Its case studies include a co-op that seeks to engage ordinary citizens in production; a collaborative data desk that aims to professionalise a variety of actors, including local journalists, citizen journalists, activists, hackers, developers and media organisers; and a global tech company that seeks to produce investigative journalism with national but also global resonance.
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Humpherys, Anne. "Journalism." Victorian Literature and Culture 51, no. 3 (2023): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150323000463.
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Focusing on the introduction of the word “journalism” to the British reader in the early 1800s demonstrates the growing importance of the so-called Fourth Estate and the newspaper press in British media history. The word is borrowed from the French journalisme, which had been introduced into France much earlier.
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Bacon, Wendy. "What is a Journalist in a University?" Media International Australia 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000110.
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This paper argues that those who see no place for media theory in journalism education have adopted an intellectual approach to journalism which is both inappropriate in a university context and serves neither journalism nor audiences well. Rather, the interaction between the professional practice of journalism and theory and research into journalism can be a close and dynamic one in which research can produce innovative journalism and the professional practice of journalism and experiences of audiences can feed into a research agenda. Links between journalism research and journalism professional practice can be found in journalism about journalism and in the everyday talk of journalists and audiences. Three case studies which have arisen during recent experience in teaching journalism at the University of Technology, Sydney are used to demonstrate these points.
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Godler, Yigal, Zvi Reich, and Boaz Miller. "Social epistemology as a new paradigm for journalism and media studies." New Media & Society 22, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856922.
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Journalism and media studies lack robust theoretical concepts for studying journalistic knowledge generation. More specifically, conceptual challenges attend the emergence of big data and algorithmic sources of journalistic knowledge. A family of frameworks apt to this challenge is provided by “social epistemology”: a young philosophical field which regards society’s participation in knowledge generation as inevitable. Social epistemology offers the best of both worlds for journalists and media scholars: a thorough familiarity with biases and failures of obtaining knowledge, and a strong orientation toward best practices in the realm of knowledge-acquisition and truth-seeking. This article articulates the lessons of social epistemology for two central nodes of knowledge-acquisition in contemporary journalism: human-mediated knowledge and technology-mediated knowledge.
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Simons, Greg. "World of Media: Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies." Russian Journal of Communication 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19409419.2018.1425962.
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Barkho, Leon, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. "The path to applied journalism and media studies." Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00095_2.
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This editorial note provides a short overview of the journal as it ushers in its second decade of publishing. It highlights the remaining gaps in the literature of praxis-based studies in the realm of journalism and media research and what needs to be done to address these. It lays down the theoretical and praxis-based foundations for the journal and a road map for the future type of submissions the journal encourages as it celebrates its inclusion in Q2 of the ‘Communication’ category on Scopus and commences its second decade of publishing. The note calls for a shift of focus to the top of journalistic and media practice and identifies the areas in which more research is needed within the realm of praxis-based theory and methodology. It concludes with a set of research questions for future submissions in line with the journal’s thrust and interrelated dimensions.
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Carson, Andrea, Denis Muller, Jennifer Martin, and Margaret Simons. "A new symbiosis? Opportunities and challenges to hyperlocal journalism in the digital age." Media International Australia 161, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x16648390.
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This article draws on ‘hyperlocal’ journalism scholarship to explore the civic functions of Australian local reporting in the digital age. Through place-based case studies based on interviews with media and civic leaders from three disparate communities, we find community groups are engaging with social media, particularly Facebook, to connect locals to services and community news. Community service providers are increasingly adept at using social media and, in many cases, prefer it to legacy media to gather, disseminate and exchange news. Concurrently, legacy media have lost newsroom resources that limit their practice of ‘shoe leather’ journalism and increase their dependence on official sources without independent verification. Yet, journalists are adapting to newsroom cutbacks by forming symbiotic relationships with non-media news providers, including local police. We find there are promising alternatives for fostering civic discourse and engagement through digital technologies despite less traditional local news and a reduced capacity for verified journalism.
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Gates, Kelly. "Media Evidence and Forensic Journalism." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i3.14090.
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This essay engages with the question of surveillance and evidence by considering the use of media forensics in journalistic storytelling. The use of video evidence and other data derived from surveillance systems to assemble investigative news results in a documentary form of what Thomas Levin (2002) calls surveillant narration—a tendency in cinema to treat surveillance thematically while at the same time incorporating it into the structure of the narration itself. If using surveillance as the structure of journalistic narration seems like a natural fit, it is for its aesthetic effect as much as its evidentiary value. Forensic journalism is emerging as one site where media forensics becomes formalized as a product of popular consumption and sense-making, taking its place alongside forensic-themed reality television and fictional crime dramas like CSI, as much as real forensic investigations and legal proceedings.
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Lewis, Seth C., and Logan Molyneux. "A Decade of Research on Social Media and Journalism: Assumptions, Blind Spots, and a Way Forward." Media and Communication 6, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1562.
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Amid a broader reckoning about the role of social media in public life, this article argues that the same scrutiny can be applied to the journalism studies field and its approaches to examining social media. A decade later, what hath such research wrought? In the broad study of news and its digital transformation, few topics have captivated researchers quite like social media, with hundreds of studies on everything from how journalists use Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat to how such platforms facilitate various forms of engagement between journalists and audiences. Now, some 10 years into journalism studies on social media, we need a more particular accounting of the assumptions, biases, and blind spots that have crept into this line of research. Our purpose is to provoke reflection and chart a path for future research by critiquing themes of what has come before. In particular, our goal is to untangle three faulty assumptions—often implicit but no less influential—that have been overlooked in the rapid take-up of social media as a key phenomenon for journalism studies: (1) that social media would be a net positive; (2) that social media reflects reality; and (3) that social media matters over and above other factors.
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Smirnova, Olga, and Mikhail Shkondin. "Media and Journalism Studies in the Context of Conflictology: System-Based Theoretical Aspects." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2021.10(1).5-21.
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The article gives an overview of key approaches to studying the media and journalism as factors that enable participants of the current social environment to deal with disagreements and resolve conflicts. The authors prove that, from the perspective of the objet field of media studies and its integrative character, social conflicts of various scales and levels are the primary object for analysis. Large-scale theoretical generalizations require practical knowledge of conflict resolution; therefore, journalism, being the reflector of the world of everyday life, is the main source of the relevant empirical data. Thus, the authors consider journalism and media the key tools for preventing and resolving social conflicts. They also emphasize the high degree of responsibility of the media and journalists in covering and analyzing conflicts in the world arena, which is becoming even higher in the current processes of digitalization and mediatization of all social realities. The article gives a definition of journalism in the context of conflictology as a theory of social conflict resolution, highlights the importance of further researches into the new field — mediaconflictology, and recommends using empirical and theoretical approaches and the principle of interdisciplinarity. This should provide for a better sensemaking and generalization of social practices, as well as determining the key role of journalism in forecasting and diagnosing social conflicts and disagreements, in de-escalation of social tensions and forming the right culture of conflict perception by the public, which will eventually result in harmonization of social processes.
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Hanusch, Folker. "Charting a Theoretical Framework for Examining Indigenous Journalism Culture." Media International Australia 149, no. 1 (November 2013): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1314900110.
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Indigenous media around the globe have expanded considerably over recent years, a process that has also led to an increase in the number of Indigenous news organisations. Yet research into Indigenous news and journalism is still rare, with mostly individual case studies having been undertaken in different parts of the globe. Drawing on existing research gathered from a variety of global contexts, this article theorises five main dimensions that can help us to think about and empirically examine indigenous journalism culture. They include the empowerment role of Indigenous journalism; the ability to offer a counter-narrative to mainstream media reporting; journalism's role in language revitalisation; reporting through a culturally appropriate framework; and the watchdog function of indigenous journalism. These dimensions are discussed in some detail, in an attempt to guide future studies into the structures, roles, practices and products of indigenous journalism across the globe.
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Rodríguez-Pérez, Carlos, Francisco J. Paniagua-Rojano, and Raúl Magallón-Rosa. "Debunking Political Disinformation through Journalists’ Perceptions: An Analysis of Colombia’s Fact-Checking News Practices." Media and Communication 9, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3374.
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Fact-checking alliances emerged worldwide to debunk political disinformation in electoral contexts because of social concerns related to information authenticity. This study, thus, included the Latin American context in fact-checking journalism studies as a journalistic practice to fight political disinformation. Through analyzing RedCheq, the first fact-checking journalism alliance in an electoral regional context led by Colombiacheck, 11 in-depth interviews were conducted to identify the perceptions of regional fact-checkers regarding the usefulness of this journalistic practice, its achievements, and the key aspects for incorporating fact-checking into the regional media ecosystem. The study results revealed that RedCheq achieved the goal of fighting disinformation, and that fact-checking developed as transformational leverage for the regional media. Regional journalists perceived fact-checking as an element that restores credibility and social trust in regional media as the epistemology of this journalistic practice neglects the power pressure and dissemination of official narratives. Finally, this study highlighted how fact-checking journalism contributes to the democratic quality and civic empowerment in silenced and polarized environments. In addition, it discussed the need to expand fact-checking journalism’s coverage to new geographical areas and improve journalists’ professional competencies and training, thereby enabling them to function as using verification tools based on regional journalists’ requirements.
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Christi, Hana Elga Januari, and Farid Farid. "Analisis Kode Etik Jurnalistik Pemberitaan Keberagaman di Media Online." Koneksi 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/kn.v4i1.6495.
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The press as a deliver of information not only has the right of freedom of the press but also has a responsibility to apply the ethics journalism to every news presented to the public. Implementing an ethics journalism is something that must be done and considered by every journalist in presenting news specifically about diversity. In Indonesia, an ethics journalism that is often used is a journalistic code of ethics established by the Indonesian Press Council. Therefore this research is about the application of ethics journalism in reporting the issue of diversity on the famous Indonesian online media that is called, detik.com. The purpose of this research is to show the application of ethics journalism among journalists. Applying ethics journalism is important among journalists because that is kind of a guide for journalists in carrying out their work. This research’s instruments in this thesis are from coding sheet, the coding sheets filled by two coder. The choice of the coder is based on educational background who takes journalistic studies. The results of this research indicate that detik.com has implemeted the journalistic code of ethics, but 13 of 40 news stories that have been posted, have no element of balance. Pers sebagai penyampai informasi tidak hanya memiliki hak kemerdekaan pers tetapi juga memiliki tanggung jawab dalam menerapkan kode etik jurnalistik pada setiap berita yang disajikan kepada masyarakat. Menerapkan kode etik jurnalistik adalah sebuah hal yang wajib diperhatikan dan dilakukan oleh setiap wartawan dalam menyajikan pemberitaan khususnya pemberitaan mengenai keberagaman. Di Indonesia, kode etik jurnalistik yang sering digunakan ialah kode etik jurnalistik yang ditetapkan oleh Dewan Pers. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini mengangkat tentang penerapan kode etik jurnalistik pada pemberitaan isu keberagaman pada portal berita online, detik.com. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan sifat deskriptif dan analisis isi sebagai teknik analisis data. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan penerapan kode etik jurnalistik di kalangan wartawan. Menerapkan kode etik jurnalistik adalah hal yang penting di kalangan wartawan karena kode etik jurnalistik adalah pedoman bagi wartawan dalam melaksanakan pekerjaanya. Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berupa lembar coding yang diisi oleh dua orang coder. Pemilihan coder berdasarkan latar belakang pendidikan yaitu menempuh studi jurnalistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa detik.com telah menerapkan kode etik jurnalistik, namun masih ada berita yang tidak memiliki unsur keberimbangan.
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Shilina, Marina G., Irina I. Volkova, Andrey Yu Bombin, and Anna A. Smirnova. "Artificial journalism: the reverse of human-machine communication paradigm. Mapping the field of AI critical media studies." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 28, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 757–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2023-28-4-757-768.
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The study for the first time endeavours to elucidate the distinct conceptual nuances of AI-driven journalism, exploring how it reshapes the core technological and communicative attributes of the field while influencing societal dynamics. The crisis within AI-driven human-machine interaction in journalism rooted in the essence and processing of information is defined. Despite the paradigm of journalism is rooted in a human-centered approach, its AI-driven paradigm is the same - but in a reversible mode. Journalism involves the translation of personal perspectives and experiences through the filter of memory. Algorithms function without the nuances of personal and social memory, thereby undermining the core principles of the journalistic profession. The loss of genuine, “analog” memory among journalists and their audiences, alongside the digital “memory” of algorithms, jeopardizes the fundamental societal role of journalism-upholding social order. Re-thinking the AI phenomenon as artificial communication, the authors propose the term “artificial journalism”. At the basic technological level it is based on various forms of automation and embedded within digital infrastructures; at the societal level it is designed for the central purpose of journalism and entangled with human practices. Both the levels are reversible. The term could serve as an umbrella term for all the AI-driven journalism activities. Also it removes contradictions not only in human-machine communication but clarify the essence of AI performance in journalism and media studies, and for the users. The emergence of AI-driven media practices opens the basic crisis conceptual contradictions which provokes new realms of research and necessitates the establishment of critical AI media studies.
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Hornmoen, Harald. "Constructing Karl Popper." Nordicom Review 27, no. 2 (November 1, 2006): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0237.
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AbstractIn the US, a new generation of science journalists are employing narrative techniques in their writing. What are the characteristics of this journalism? Why does it employ narrative techniques?This article attempts to give some answers to these questions by drawing on studies of science and the media. I argue that literary science journalism is predominantly cast in a characteristic semi-narrative, coinciding with what has been regarded as the main aim of this journalism: a skilled translation of abstract knowledge assumed to have been developed by scientist sources.In a comparative analysis of profiles of scientists written by the journalist John Horgan, I contrast his texts as they first appeared in the magazine Scientific American with later versions in his book The End of Science. The analysis sheds some light on how the different media provide different frames for the journalist’s literary portrayals of the scientists as well as different possibilities with regard to expressing a subjective and critical view on their scientific achievements.
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Durazo-Herrmann, Julián, Tania Gosselin, and Allison Harell. "Populism, Media and Journalism." Brazilian journalism research 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v17n3.2021.1487.
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The articles in this special issue on populism, media and journalism build on, but also contribute to the extensive literature on the nature and consequences of populism. Among the questions raised are those about the gap between populism’s radical democratic discourse and actual practice, the destructive effects of populism on the structure and dynamics of various social fields, the importance of context in determining the actual nature of populist discourse and practice, as well as the role of globalization as it interacts with local context. Anti-elitism, anti-pluralism, polarization, charismatic leadership are not new tropes in studies of populism, yet they gain new tones when its effects on media and journalism are assessed. All in all, the study of populism in media and journalism raises important questions about its specificity in the context of new forms of communication and connection, how crises can create opportunities for its emergences, and how difference political systems engage with, or are resistant to, populist critiques. This special issue contributes to these questions and suggests new avenues for future research.
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Fedotova, Natallia A. "NATIONAL MODELS OF JOURNALISM IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES." Sign problematic field in mediaeducation 48, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2070-0695-2023-48-2-34-40.
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The article presents an analytical review of studies devoted to the study of national models of journalism, the conceptualization of the national experience of journalism in the context of globalization. The author of the article notes the impact of globalization processes, new technologies and mass media commercialization on the global media space. At the same time, the emphasis is on an indigenized approach to studying the media, the essence of which is the conceptualization of the national experience of journalism and the analysis of the activities of media systems in a specific historical context. The theoretical material of the study consists of English-language and Russian-language scientific articles and studies devoted to the study of national models of journalism in different countries. To study the specifics of national Belarusian journalism in the context of an indigenized approach, the data obtained during the research project (2012–2014) were used as an empirical base. The material of the study was 17 interviews with editors and journalists, who were in 1991–1996 founders / creators of new Belarusian periodicals and / or initiators of innovative changes in the information space of the Republic of Belarus. An analysis of the opinions of the interviewed journalists makes it possible to identify such conceptual dominants that characterize the Belarusian print journalism of those years as “freedom”, “influence”, “competition”, which to a certain extent reproduce the normative canon of journalism. The material of the article confirms that the post-Soviet period is of particular interest for research in the context of an indigenized approach to studying national media models. It was then that journalism in the post-Soviet space experienced institutional transformations, mastered new topics and tools of work, integrated into its practice the ideas and principles of journalism borrowed from Western practice.
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Sweet, Melissa. "Promoting Healthier Journalism." Media International Australia 108, no. 1 (August 2003): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0310800104.
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The media are often not rigorous in their coverage of health and medical issues, and have a tendency towards uncritical amplification of the claims of researchers, doctors and others, including commercial interests. Many journalists are not skilled at evaluating studies and research claims, and news values tend to be driven by factors other than the validity of research evidence. Media coverage of medicines tends to be overly promotional, highlighting the positives and often failing to mention the negatives. Media and public relations activities are a high priority in pharmaceutical industry marketing strategies. Tactics include: using medical opinion leaders and experts to raise awareness of diseases or treatments; generation of ‘new’ medical conditions to expand product markets; sponsorship of conferences; and even funding of journalism prizes. Critical reporting of health, medical and scientific issues could be promoted through appropriate education and workplace training.
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Męcfal, Sylwia. "Local Press in a Small Community—A Case Study of Relationships Between a Local Weekly and Different Local Actors." Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej 10, no. 4 (November 30, 2014): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.10.4.03.
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What are the issues and problems to consider when discussing local (community) media? What are the challenges that local media are facing nowadays? Are phenomena such as: civic journalism, niche journalism, alternative journalism, or the combination of professional and civic journalism, opportunities for further development of local media or are they a threat to the professionalization of local media?
In my paper, I discuss these issues within the context of culture—exploring local media situations in a variety of countries (e.g., Poland, UK, USA, Germany). However, the primary focus is on local media in Poland, and I examine what the biggest challenges are and whether current processes in journalism and media influence local media, and if so, to what extent. On the basis of my own qualitative research (case studies), I show how complex the local relations are and the level of involvement of local journalists and local media owners in these networks of relations. This complexity of relations (media-politics, media-business, media-church, media-media, etc.) might often be a cause of conflicts of interest (individual or institutional) or media bias.
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Edscorn, Steven R. "Book Review: The Routledge Companion to Digital Journalism Studies." Reference & User Services Quarterly 57, no. 1 (October 9, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.57.1.6460.
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This work contains fifty-seven scholarly essays, averaging more than ten pages in length that approach digital journalism as a discrete field of study. The work includes ten major topical divisions that include “Conceptualizing digital journalism studies,” “Investigating digital journalism,” “Financial strategies for digital journalism,” Digital journalism studies: Issues and debates,” “Developing digital journalism practice,” “Digital journalism and audiences,” “Digital journalism and social media,” “Digital journalism content,” “Global digital journalism,” and “Future directions.”
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Peña-Fernández, Simón, Ainara Larrondo-Ureta, and Irati Agirreazkuenaga. "Mediatised Participation: Citizen Journalism and the Decline in User-Generated Content in Online News Media." Social Sciences 13, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci13050266.
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The second generation of web tools shook the journalist profession approximately two decades ago with the proactive incorporation of audiences into the media. Citizen journalism and user-generated content arose as an object of interest due to the democratising value of participation attributed to them, with empowered citizens who could emulate the professional and institutional practises of journalists. However, difficulties soon came to the surface, and audience participation in news media began to be limited. Within this context, this article conducts a critical review of studies on audience participation in news media based on a systematic literature review. The results indicate that, in general, audiences showed low interest in the creation of informative content and that their participation has grown increasingly problematic. In addition, journalists are reticent as they defend their professional role above all else, while company strategies have prioritised making participation profitable. For this reason, the idea of citizen journalism that offers user-created content through the media appears to be a thing of the past, with many characteristics that could define it as a failed innovation. Therefore, the text concludes that audience participation in the media could be defined as mediatised participation.
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Ekström, Mats, and Oscar Westlund. "The Dislocation of News Journalism: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Epistemologies of Digital Journalism." Media and Communication 7, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1763.
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This article focuses on news journalism, social media platforms and power, and key implications for epistemology. The conceptual framework presented is intended to inspire and guide future studies relating to the emerging sub-field of journalism research that we refer to as “Epistemologies of Digital Journalism”. The article discusses the dependencies between news media and social media platforms (non-proprietary to the news media). The authority and democratic role of news journalism pivot on claims that it regularly provides accurate and verified public knowledge. However, how are the epistemic claims of news journalism and the practices of justifications affected by news journalism’s increased dependency on social media platforms? This is the overall question discussed in this article. It focuses on the intricate power dependencies between news media and social media platforms and proceeds to discuss implications for epistemology. It presents a three-fold approach differentiating between (1) articulated knowledge and truth claims, (2) justification in the journalism practices and (3) the acceptance/rejections of knowledge claims in audience activities. This approach facilitates a systematic analysis of how diverse aspects of epistemology interrelate with, and are sometimes conditioned by, the transformations of news and social media.
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Iqra Qureshi, Qasim Mahmood, and Rao Nadeem Alam. "The Impact of Citizen Journalism on Mainstream Media Reporting: A Pakistani Journalists’ Perspective." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication 07, no. 02 (May 25, 2023): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v07-i02-06.
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Citizen journalism has been studied in the past and has become a popular trend in the present era. There is a rising concern about the increasing popularity of citizen journalism and its impact on mainstream media reporting. By employing the concept of the "Public Sphere" as a framework for analysis, the research examines how citizen journalism contributes to the democratic process. A convenient sampling method has been used and semi-structured interviews of 10 journalists of the mainstream media were conducted. A thematic analysis procedure has been adopted to draw the findings from the collected data. The research outcomes were evaluated according to the journalists' responses' pertinence to the study's objectives. The study's conclusions addressed its aims and revealed the influence of citizen journalism on mainstream media reporting. The study's practical implications include awareness of the concern for the general audience, citizen journalists and mainstream media. Keywords: citizen journalism, mainstream media reporting, Pakistani journalists
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Deuze, M. "Journalism studies beyond media: On ideology and identity." Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 25, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/ajs.25.2.275.
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Deuze, Mark. "Journalism studies beyond media: On ideology and identity." Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 25, no. 2 (January 2004): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2004.9653298.
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Tomaselli, Keyan G., and Arnold Shepperson. "The poverty of journalism: Media studies and ‘science’." Continuum 13, no. 2 (July 1999): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304319909365796.
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