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1
Ifrim, Ioan Teodor. "Effects of tax policy on economic growth in OECD countries." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/449777727/viewonline.
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Lusth, Tobias. "The Effect of Environmental Policy Instruments : -An empirical study of the OECD countries’ environmental performance." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146282.
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The concept of environmental performance is in this study regarded as either countries’ carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita, or an index that considers not only reduction in emission levels but also produced output. Two environmental policies that are available for mitigating CO2 emissions will be discussed. First, the use of environmentally related taxes (ERT:s), where both a general measure and specific ozone tax is used when examining the effect of ERT:s on environmental performance. The results are ambiguous and in many cases not statistically significant. Second, the effect on countries’ environmental performance caused by participating in the EU ETS system is tested. A conclusion that can be made is, that participating in the EU ETS system reduces CO2 emissions per capita. Time lags of one and four years are used to evaluate the rigidity of these two policies. The results are unclear, but the effect of a four-year lag seems to be stronger for the EU ETS case.
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Kinrade, Peter. "Sustainable energy in Australia : an analysis of performance and drivers relative to other OECD countries /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3613.
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Voth, Jeffrey Michael. "Oil price shocks and policy implications the emergence of U.S. tight oil production: a case study." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15054.
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How have shocks to supply and demand affected global oil prices; and what are key policy implications following the resurgence of oil production in the United States? Highlights: − The recent collapse in global oil prices was dominated by oversupply. − The future of tight oil in the United States is vulnerable to obstacles beyond oil prices. − Opinions on tight oil from the Top 25 think tank organizations are considered. Global oil prices have fallen more than fifty percent since mid-2014. While price corrections in the global oil markets resulted from multiple factors over the past twelve months, surging tight oil production from the United States was a key driver. Tight oil is considered an unconventional or transitional oil source due to its location in oil-bearing shale instead of conventional oil reservoirs. These qualities make tight oil production fundamentally different from regular crude, posing unique challenges. This case study examines these challenges and explores how shocks to supply and demand affect global oil prices while identifying important policy considerations. Analysis of existing evidence is supported by expert opinions from more than one hundred scholars from top-tier think tank organizations. Finally, implications for United States tight oil production as well as global ramifications of a new low price environment are explored.
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Mata, Flores Edgar. "Strategic dimensions of macroeconomic policy in OECD countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37973.
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This research is focused on the study of international aspects of interdependence between monetary and fiscal policies. Its main objective is to reveal specific measurements and features of the impacts of cross-country and cross-policy spillovers among heterogeneous economies interrelated within networks of commercial and financial exchange. In the achievement of this purpose, our study also contributes to the enhancement of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models by the inclusion of a wider scope of analysis able to address the consequences of regional and global disturbances in the context of a multi-country setting. Other important additions in our international modelling framework, as the incorporation of financial intermediation, also play an important role in the enhancement of its potential as a wide and versatile platform for policy evaluation. With a similar international approach, we also adapt complementary methodologies, as those in the spatial econometrics literature, to scrutinise the effects of national and international cross-policy externalities as the nominal effects of fiscal policies, in particular. By the means of a range of empirical exercises performed with the aid of our resulting body of specialised econometric tools, this study provides valuable insights on policy interactions within and between economies and regions as diverse as those in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
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Jeppson, Jonas. "The OECD cryptography policy guidelines and their implementation /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31164.
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The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) issued on 27 March 1997 a recommendation concerning cryptography policy guidelines in an attempt to foster international co-operation and harmonization. Information is becoming increasingly valuable in society. Globalization of markets, improvements in information and communication technology and the shift to a knowledge-based economy has, furthermore, created an enormous potential for electronic commerce. Conservative estimates predict electronic commerce will have a turnover of more than US $400 billion by 2002. The increasing importance of information and communications has, however, made the information society vulnerable. Cryptography plays an important part in securing transactions in electronic commerce and moreover, in establishing a secure electronic environment in the information society. Fear of privacy infringements and lack of secure methods for electronic transactions has until now been holding electronic commerce back. Cryptographic methods are an essential part in securing electronic commerce. Law enforcement agencies and national security organizations fear, however, that widespread use of strong encryption will impede their work substantially. This thesis analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of strong encryption and how the balance of the conflicting interests has been dealt with in the OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines. Moreover, shows the thesis how the OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines have been implemented and makes suggestions on how the guidelines should be implemented.
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Zhang, Wenlang. "Optimal monetary policy rules theory and estimation for OECD countries /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971939020.
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Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Essays on Fiscal Policy in OECD and developing countries." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10430/document.
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La problématique du financement du développement dans les pays en développement se trouve au coeur de cette thèse. Cette dernière s'articule autour de quatre chapitres sur les questions liées au financement du développement. Le chapitre 1 explore les effets des épisodes budgétaires dans les principaux pays donateurs principaux de l'OCDE (Organisation pour la Coopération et le Développement Economique) sur leur offre d'aide au développement aux pays en développement. On observe que les épisodes budgétaires affectent significativement l'offre d'aide, avec une différence comportementale en termes d'offre d'aide du groupe de pays de l'Union européenne versus le groupe de pays de l'OCDE n'appartenant pas à L'Union européenne. Le chapitre 2 s'intéresse aux conséquences des transferts des migrants et de l'imprévisibilité de l'aide au développement sur la probabilité de consolidation budgétaire dans les pays en développement. Les résultats montrent que les transferts des migrants affectent positivement et significativement cette probabilité alors que l'effet est statistiquement nul pour l'imprévisibilité de l'aide. Ces résultats suggèrent en l'occurrence qu'une meilleure gestion des recettes issues de ces transferts durant les périodes de boom économique pourrait aider à éviter de telles situations et offrir une marge de manoeuvre plus importante à ces gouvernements pour la mise en oeuvre de politiques contra-cycliques pendant les périodes de basse conjoncture. Le chapitre 3 analyse l'existence ou non d'effet de la vulnérabilité structurelle des pays en développement sur leur dette publique totale. Les résultats suggèrent qu'un tel effet existe : en l'occurrence, on montre l'existence d'une relation en forme de 'U' entre la vulnérabilité structurelle de ces pays et leur dette publique totale. En focalisant dans le chapitre 4 sur les pays de la zone Franc CFA, nous examinons si leur vulnérabilité structurelle conduit les gouvernements à un endettement excessif. Les résultats suggèrent que plus ces pays sont vulnérables, plus ils sont enclins à un endettement excessif et qu'au-delà d'un seuil de vulnérabilité, leur probabilité d'endettement excessif diminue. Ces résultats obtenus aussi bien pour l'ensemble des pays en développement que pour les pays de la zone Franc CFA suggère que les Institutions Internationales telles que la Banque Mondiale et le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) devront prendre en compte cette vulnérabilité dans l'évaluation des politiques de développement ainsi que leurs recommandations – en particulier sur les questions liées à l'endettement – pour ces paysThe issue of financing development in developing countries is at the heart of this thesis. The latter revolves around four chapters on financing development related matters. The chapter 1 explores how fiscal episodes in the main traditional OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) donors affect their supply of development aid towards developing countries. Evidence is shown that fiscal episodes affect significantly aid supply, with a behavioural difference between European Union and Non-European countries in terms of aid supply. The chapter 2 deals with the consequences of development aid unpredictability and migrants' remittances on fiscal consolidation in developing countries. We find evidence that while migrants' remittances exert a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of fiscal consolidation in developing countries, development aid unpredictability does not. These results particularly suggest that a better management of the revenues derived from these private transfers during their booms could help avoid such situations and allow greater room of maneuver for governments’ recipients to implement countercyclical measures during bad times. The chapter 3 investigates whether the structural vulnerability of developing countries matters for their public indebtedness and evidence is obtained that it does. More specifically, we observe the existence of U-curve relationship between this structural vulnerability and the total public debt of these countries. Focusing on the specific case of CFA Franc Zone countries in chapter 4, we examine the relationship between the structural vulnerability and the probability of entering into excessive public debt. We also obtain evidence of a nonlinear effect of the structural vulnerability indicator with respect to the probability of entering into excessive debt: a rise in the structural vulnerability of these countries increases their probability to engage into excessive debt; however this probability declines after a certain threshold of their structural vulnerability. These results (both for developing countries and particularly for CFA Franc Zone countries) suggest that international development institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) should take into account such vulnerability in their assessment of the adequate development policies and recommendations - especially those related to debt issues -, to these countries
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YU, YAN. "The relationship between inflation and economic growth in OECD countries." Thesis, KTH, Samhällsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-77468.
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In modern world, economic growth is the main object of many countries. And the rate of inflation is another central subject for the macro economic policy in many countries and it is an important criteria to measure whether the macro economy in a country works steadily and healthy. So the relationship between these two indexes---economic growth rate and the inflation rate is always debated. There are three possible relations between the two variables: positive, negative and no effect. And many theories and empirical results are carried out to test the relationship. This paper analyses the relationship between inflation and gross domestic product (GDP) in OECD countries while at the same time considering the influence of variables such as: investment rate, trade balance, fertility rate, direct foreign investment and tax. The main object is to asses the effect of inflation on economic growth. The second aim is to check the effect of tax rate on the economic growth rate. Tax is also important for the economy. Econometrics techniques for panel data are used for the analysis.
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DeusdarÃ, Francisca Maria Muniz. "Economic growth and government debt in the countries of OECD." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11518.
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nÃo hÃThis work was developed with the aim of contributing to the discussion about the impact of the public debt on the economic growth of the OECD countries. Different theoretical and empirical work suggest an effect of economic stagnation when there is an increase in the debt, however, and on the other hand, many authors argue that a rise in the growth strengthens the economy by attracting new investors. There is no consensus in the literature on the subject. This work was developed with the main purpose to provide data that may help clarify the debt and growth paradox. To capture the direction of those two variables as well as the mutual influence of this movement, we used in our study an econometric vector auto-regressive type model â VAR, with annual data from 16 out of the 32 countries considered as advanced economies that make up the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development â OECD, during the period from 1995 to 2011. The results presented indicate a weak causality going from growth to debt. Thresholds concerning public debt have not been identified. It has been found out that a low economic growth of the countries within the sample, under the Granger sense, causes bigger Debt/GDP ratios.
Este trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de contribuir com a discussÃo sobre o impacto da dÃvida pÃblica no crescimento econÃmico nos paÃses da OCDE. Diferentes trabalhos teÃricos e empÃricos propÃem um efeito de estagnaÃÃo da economia quando hà uma elevaÃÃo da dÃvida, entretanto e, por outro lado, muitos autores defendem que uma elevaÃÃo no crescimento fortalece a economia atraindo novos investidores. NÃo hà consenso na literatura sobre o assunto. Com a finalidade principal de fornecer dados que possam ajudar a esclarecer o paradoxo dÃvida e crescimento este trabalho foi desenvolvido. Para capturar a direÃÃo destas duas variÃveis, bem como a influÃncia mÃtua deste movimento, no nosso estudo foi utilizado um modelo economÃtrico do tipo autorregressivo vetorial â VAR, com dados anuais de 16 dos 32 paÃses considerados de economia avanÃada que compÃem a OrganizaÃÃo para CooperaÃÃo e Desenvolvimento EconÃmico â OCDE, durante o perÃodo de 1995 a 2011. Os resultados apresentados indicam uma fraca causalidade indo do crescimento para dÃvida. NÃo foram encontrados limiares para dÃvida pÃblica. Foi encontrado que um baixo crescimento econÃmico dos paÃses da amostra causa, no sentido de Granger, maiores razÃes DÃvida/PIB.
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Zowall, Hanna. "Structural changes in the major OECD countries between 1960 and 1980." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65994.
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Hult, Amanda. "Income inequality and economic growth : An investigation of the OECD countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-47283.
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Income inequality is in a majority of earlier studies more or less affirmatively agreed to be negatively related to economic growth. The underlying complexity of the connection lacks well-tried backing in the modern time. The main purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between income inequality and economic growth, but also the effects of other factors, such as human capital and investment. This is conducted with a panel data approach on 34 OECD countries with data over the period 1990-2010. Aggregate income inequality, represented by the Gini coefficient is used in the empirical estimation, together with two other variables to control for the income inequality at the bottom and top end of the income distribution. The results indicate the aggregate inequality level to be significantly and positively related to growth, while bottom end and top end inequality is seen to have a significant and negative relationship with growth. The level of GDP per capita, education and population growth is also seen to have an impact on economic growth.
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Shafiei, Sahar. "Economic growth, energy consumption, and environment : assessing evidence from OECD countries." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1362.
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This thesis aims to investigate the impacts of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth and CO2 emissions in OECD countries. The empirical results show that that both energy sources stimulate economic growth. Further, the empirical results support the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve between urbanization and CO2 emissions. Therefore, policies should be directed toward urban planning as well as substantial usage of renewable energy to mitigate climate change.
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Ghorbani, Chenari Behnam. "Political Attitudes and Growth : An Empirical Analysis on OECD Countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-107052.
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This research is an empirical effort to uncover the causal effect of political attitudes on economic growth. The case of study is a sample of OECD countries. Using identification strategy borrowed from Cahuc (2010), the hypothesis of the effect of political attitudes on economic growth is tested in two cross-sectional and fixed effect regression analysis. The result of OLS regression in cross sectional analysis shows a positive significant correlation between inherited political attitudes and economic growth. This means that countries with more social tendencies towards Right (versus Left in political context) are associated with higher economic growth rates. The result of OLS regression in fixed-effect analysis does not show a significant correlation between political attitudes and growth. As a result of weak first-stage, the 2SLS regression cannot provide statistically acceptable conclusion about the causal effect in neither of cross-sectional and fixed-effect frameworks. Thus, the question of causal effect of political attitudes on growth remains open at the end. Moreover, a strong correlations between political attitudes of individuals and their characteristics like gender, age, income, religion and country is detected.
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Hashi, Mohamed, and William Ericsson. "The effects of foreign direct investment inflows on economic growth in OECD countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44329.
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Foreign direct investment is an important topic in economic research. FDI occurs when a firm invests in a foreign country. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically analyze the effects of FDI on the economic growth of the selected sample of twenty-one OECD countries. The thesis is based on a theoretical model of cross-country regressions and a panel data technique methodology was followed. The results of the time-period 1998-2017, show a direct positive impact of FDI on GDP per capita growth, namely economic growth. Moreover, it was found a lack of complementarity between FDI inflows and human capital, and a negative dependency between FDI inflows and institutions such as private sector credit.
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Tatiana, Khomikova. "Contribution of Knowledge Economy and Agglomeration Economies to Economic Growth in OECD Countries." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9729.
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Yang, Yibai. "Economic growth under endogenous technological change and time preference : empirical evidence from selected OECD countries." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28824.
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Technological change and time preference are two important factors affecting the mechanics of the process of economic growth, and the endogeneity of these factors receives increasing attention in recent studies. This thesis provides analyses of the roles of endogenous technological change and endogenous time preference in the growth process, With particular interests in long—run growth7 the organization and direction of innovation, equilibrium dynamics, and improvements of household welfare. The thesis consists of the following chapters.
Chapter 1 introduces the research. Chapter 2 reviews the related literature and the modelling foundations that are extended in the thesis.
Chapter 3 extends the basic Schumpeterian growth model to investigate the relation between the cooperative R&D decision by firms and the aggregate technological Change (productivity growth). In a duopolistic intermediate—good market, duopolistic firms are concerned With their individual R&D cost and profits in noncooperative R&D, Which yields a constant successful probability of innovation; whereas in cooperative R&D, the learning ability and the probability of successful innovation for the duopohsts increase as the level of technology grows, but the R&D cost and profits are shared equally. We show that the duopolists prefer to cooperate in R&D as the economy converges Closer toward the frontier, Which is consistent With our empirical evidence. Moreover, we analyse the dynamics of the convergence paths induced by both R&D cooperation options, implying that if the learning ability of the duopolists is sufficiently high, the economy converges toward a high—technology steady state near the frontier; however, the economy’s technology relative to the frontier may stop growing in a nonconvergence trap if the cost of imitation is relatively low.
Chapter 4 focuses on the direction of technological change and its effect on the growth process and individual welfare. This chapter proposes a directed technological change model where managerial skills become complementary to the production skills in intermediate—good production, and it provides the solutions of high— relative to low—skilled technologies and long-run growth rates. We derive several results from this framework. First, weak and strong equilibrium biases of technological change still hold for the management sectors such that an increase in the relative managerial skills raises the wage inequality between high— and low-skilled managers, which explains the empirical evidence in the US, Australian and British labour markets. Second, the transitional dynamics of the economy—wide technology implies that a sectoral management shock causes temporary growth in both the aggregate total factor productivity and the aggregate output, which is higher than the balanced growth path level. Third, we show that education but not on—the—job training can be a feasible scheme to acquire managerial skills if individuals are heterogeneous in their ability.
Chapter 5 investigates the determinants of time preference and their effects on equilibrium dynamics in the canonical neoclassical growth model, the AK model, and the real business cycle (RBC) model. Two types of marginal impatience endogenize the representative household’s discount function to alter its time preference: increasing (Koopmans—Uzawa type) and decreasing (Becker-Mulligan type), which are induced by current consumption and future—oriented capital, respectively. In the canonical neo—classical growth model, we derive a set of sufficient conditions for a unique steady state equilibrium, in which local stability still holds when marginal return to capital
decreases more slowly than marginal impatience. Moreover, based on functional forms and assumptions, this framework can be extended to the endogenous version of neo—classical growth: the AK model, which sustains long—run growth. In an application of the uncertainty version—the RBC model in a small open economy—the equilibrium
level of future—oriented capital is obtained in a reduced form, which simultaneously overcomes the nonstationarity problem. The positive relation (procyclicality) between the turnover of future—oriented and current consumption is also consistent with the empirical evidence from Australia.
Chapter 6 summarises the research results and points out directions of future research.
This thesis has implications for improving a household’s welfare. In Chapter 3, we find that the representative household in a country that converges towards the frontier along the cooperative R&D path can have higher welfare than the household in a country along the noncooperative R&D convergence path. Moreover, we claim that the government could contribute a lump—sum subsidy as a growth maximization policy for the economy to ameliorate the under contribution to learning ability of duopolistic firms resulted from the decentralized equilibrium, which could lead to growth and welfare maximization, simultaneously. Chapter 4 shows that subsidies to encourage education can increase the supply of one type of skill. If an individual belongs to this type of skilled group, the between-group wage inequality will increase this individual’s welfare if the bias of technological change is strong enough to offset the time cost of education. Finally, Chapter 5 demonstrates that expenditures by the household on particular goods reduce the remoteness of future pleasures. If the effect of these expenditures on the rate of time preference exceeds their counterpart in current utility, the household’s welfare will also be improved.
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Le, Fevre Anne M. "Health care policy and reform a comparative study of policy making and the health care systems in five OECD countries." Thesis, Curtin University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1765.
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Many of the assumptions underlying health care issues appear to be taken for granted by policy makers, when if fact they ought to be examined for their relevance to today's problems. This research attempts to do so, by analysing the non-economic issues and factors involved in the financing and provision of health care. It will be argued that policy makers commonly have a unidirectional economic perspective in both policy making and in health care system reform directives, a situation which leaves issues such as the health status of the population and of equity in resource allocation to political rhetoric, while in practice, policies deal with the issue of cost reduction. Of major importance is the moral dimension in policies dealing with health and welfare, which is clearly either forgotten or is afforded too little consideration in policy making. This is particularly relevant to the issue of rationing of health care in publicly provided health care systems. While always quietly practised by clinicians in the past, rationing is now required to be overt because demand for health care has outstripped available resources.The substance of the argument comes from the analysis of a very large literature on the broader issues affecting health care policy, such as concepts of social justice, ethics of resource allocation and the physician-patient relationship, all of winch ought to underpin policies for the mechanisms of funding and provision of health care systems.A conceptual diagram of a health care system is offered to provide a framework for the discussion of how the issues are interrelated at micro, meso and macro levels in policymaking. Examples of reforms to health care systems are taken from five OECD countries which share a common social, political and economic heritage: Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America.The conclusions from this research show that theoretical incoherence pervades this most complex of policy areas, allowing the economic imperative to take precedence over the substantive health care issues.
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Lee, Hyuntak. "The relationship between income inequality and economic growth in OECD countries, including South Korea." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/442931112/viewonline.
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Matyáš, David. "Economic Rationale for Industrial Policy in Developing Countries." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135907.
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This thesis goes through basic principles of industrial policy in developing countries and analyses examples of recent industrial policies in BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) in the last two decades. The analysis shows the coexistence of unsuccessful and fruitful stories of industrial policy implementation. In the text, I focus especially on the last two decades. I recognize that industrial policy can have a positive impact on economy in some cases, but on the other hand, government failures are frequent and they can result in deep distortions of economic systems and waste of resources. Since 90s', pro-active approach positively contributed to the growth primarily in China and India -- although the progress of these two countries differs substantially. These two countries were (and still are) relatively poorer than Russia and Brazil. Typically, industrial policy in BRIC countries broadly overrides problems of corporate governance, corrupt practices and bureaucratic burdens.
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Le, Fevre Anne M. "Health care policy and reform a comparative study of policy making and the health care systems in five OECD countries." Curtin University of Technology, School of Marketing, 1997. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11246.
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Many of the assumptions underlying health care issues appear to be taken for granted by policy makers, when if fact they ought to be examined for their relevance to today's problems. This research attempts to do so, by analysing the non-economic issues and factors involved in the financing and provision of health care. It will be argued that policy makers commonly have a unidirectional economic perspective in both policy making and in health care system reform directives, a situation which leaves issues such as the health status of the population and of equity in resource allocation to political rhetoric, while in practice, policies deal with the issue of cost reduction. Of major importance is the moral dimension in policies dealing with health and welfare, which is clearly either forgotten or is afforded too little consideration in policy making. This is particularly relevant to the issue of rationing of health care in publicly provided health care systems. While always quietly practised by clinicians in the past, rationing is now required to be overt because demand for health care has outstripped available resources.The substance of the argument comes from the analysis of a very large literature on the broader issues affecting health care policy, such as concepts of social justice, ethics of resource allocation and the physician-patient relationship, all of winch ought to underpin policies for the mechanisms of funding and provision of health care systems.A conceptual diagram of a health care system is offered to provide a framework for the discussion of how the issues are interrelated at micro, meso and macro levels in policymaking. Examples of reforms to health care systems are taken from five OECD countries which share a common social, political and economic heritage: Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America.The conclusions ++from this research show that theoretical incoherence pervades this most complex of policy areas, allowing the economic imperative to take precedence over the substantive health care issues.
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Jeroslow, Phyllis Ina. "Lives in the Balance| A Comparative Study of Public Social Investments in Early Childhood Across OECD Countries." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10192554.
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Across the globe, the viability of welfare states depends on the success of policy adaptations to a post-industrial, internationalized economy and domestic demographic changes that encompass family formation, declines in fertility, and lifespan extensions of the elderly. One of the most important issues facing contemporary welfare states is the need to adjust social policy to the demise of the male breadwinner model in favor of the increased participation of women and mothers in the workforce. Whereas childrearing was traditionally the central occupation of stay-at-home mothers, their workforce participation has necessitated out-of-home care for children under the ages of five or six, before the start of primary school. Providing financial supports and investing in early childhood care and education are several policy instruments that can be used, not only to ease the burden of care faced by working mothers and their partners, but to promote the well-being and long-term economic productivity of their children as adults. In turn, the increased economic productivity of future generations can mitigate social risks and threats to the survival of the welfare state. Using a social investment approach based on human capital development in children, a set of indices is constructed to measure public investments in early childhood by ten member countries of the OECD from 2001 through 2011. The indices permit a theoretical exploration of patterns of expenditure and characteristics of policy design relative to their conformity to acknowledged types of welfare state regimes. The indices are also used to detect empirical changes in welfare state expenditures for early childhood investments pre- and post- the fiscal crisis of 2008. The study contributes to the literature of welfare state theory by situating investments in early childhood as a stage in the evolution of family policy; by creating a set of measures that characterizes public investments from a child-centered developmental perspective, one that is less prominent than work-family balance and gender equity viewpoints; and lastly, by combining expenditures and policy design components into a single measure.
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Cihan, Cengiz. "An Empirical Analysis of Knowledge Production Function: What Differs Among The OECD Countries Including Turkey." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1757.
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Since the 1950s, economic growth has been one of the main topics of economic discipline. In this context, the sources of economic growth have been analysed by different economic theories. These theories can be decomposed into two groups, namely modern neoclassical theory and evolutionary economic theory. In the modern neoclassical economic theory, the technological progress is considered as the main determinant of the long-run economic growth. In this regard, the sources of economic growth differences among countries are analyzed by using various types of models. In the earliest studies, it is assumed that technological progress is exogenous (Solow-Swan model). Constant returns to scale and perfectly competitive market structure assumptions are the main characteristics of these studies. After the developments in the economic theory, technological progress has been taken into account in a different way by a new line of models, namely endogenous growth models. More specifically, technological progress is endogenously determined process in these models. Contrary to the previous models, increasing returns to scale, which stem from externality and the monopolistic market structure, play a significant role in endogenous growth models. We have reached to the conclusion that, although it suffers from some weaknesses, endogenous growth model proposes a more realistic explanation for the economic growth process. In the evolutionary economic theory, technological progress is also considered as the main determinant of economic growth. However, this theory deals with empirical issues by focusing on observed facts instead of constructing theoretical models, and provides both guidance and interpretation regarding technological progress. In this theory, variables and relationships that are considered have many practical implications. In that respect, its structure is very much realistic and it avoids certain logical gaps and inconsistencies. One of the aims of this thesis is to examine developments in economic theory by focusing on technological progress. For this purpose, we compare formal and evolutionary theories. Our theoretical review reveals that both the endogenous growth models in the tradition of modern neoclassical theory, and the important insights of the evolutionary economic theory help to analyze technological progress and/or economic growth. Furthermore, this thesis aims to measure technological progress. The measurement of technological progress is vital for the nations’ development strategies and the firms’ innovation policies. In this regard, we use patent statistics as a proxy of technological progress. The empirical parts of the thesis involve a number of applications of endogenous growth theory by taking into account the propositions of modern neoclassical economic theory. In this regard, the growth rate differences across countries are examined by using the frameworks of both the modern neoclassical and evolutionary theories. The results show that both theories have reasonable power to explain why growth rate differs across countries. In addition, we conclude that patenting activities rather than R&D activities more suitably represent innovative activities. Moreover, this thesis empirically tests the knowledge generation process in the framework of endogenous growth approach. We employ the knowledge production approach for this purpose. It is found that both domestic and international stocks of knowledge as measured by granted patent statistics, R&D activities, human capital and openness measures are significant factors in explaining productivity growth. Furthermore, product variety and quality improvement dimensions of technological progress are empirically analyzed by using patent statistics. It is found that both dimensions of technological progress significantly affect creation of new technologies. Finally, the findings indicate that technological capability of Turkey is far away from other developed countries covered by this study.
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Siaroff, Alan. "Employment patterns and policies : a comparative analysis of OECD nations, 1973-1983." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65919.
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Ossono, NII Edith Gloria. "Impact of economic freedom on CEMAC countries." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019713.
Full textAbstract:
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of economic freedom on economic growth and investments in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). The region was created in 1994 by the six states of Cameroon, Chad, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. CEMAC countries comprise low and middle-income countries that share the same currency - the CFA Franc. The CEMAC countries were observed between 1995 and 2008 and panel regression methodologies were employed. A positive impact of economic freedom on economic growth was established using fixed effects method and the generalised method of moments. The impact of a unit increase in the economic freedom index on GDP per capita ranged between 72.65 and 124.51 units (dollars) increase on GDP per capita, ceteris paribus. Economic freedom was also found to Granger-cause economic growth. The results underline a significantly positive relationship between economic freedom and economic growth which is consistent with existing literature. The impact of economic freedom on domestic investment and foreign directs investment was then examined. With regard to domestic investment, economic freedom was found to be statistically significant and positive in all specifications of the model, thereby implying that a unit increase in the economic freedom index increases domestic investment by values of between 0.50 and 0.69 dollars in the CEMAC. The results obtained were consistent with most findings on the relationship between economic freedom and investments. With regard to the relationship between economic freedom and foreign direct investment inflows, economic freedom was unexpectedly statistically insignificant in most specifications of the model. The latter implies that economic freedom does not have a significant impact on foreign direct investment in the CEMAC. However, the study revealed that economic freedom Granger-causes foreign direct investment but foreign direct investment does not Granger-cause economic freedom. This means that economic freedom precedes foreign direct investments, and foreign direct investments do not precede economic freedom. The study strongly recommends an improvement of institutions in the CEMAC in order to enjoy greater levels of economic freedom and therefore foster economic growth and domestic investment in the region.
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Škropeková, Andrea. "The Economic Rationale for Industrial Policy in Developing Countries." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135906.
Full textAbstract:
The role of the government in an industrialization process of developing countries is highly debated. The opinions of scholars diverge. Proponents of extensive government involvement claim that it is a key to sustainable development, while opponents see it as an obstacle to it. The goal of my thesis is to analyze what consequences has had the reduction in the weight of the State in economies of developing countries, especially in Kenya. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first one talks about an evolution of industrial policies in the developing countries. Since the end of colonialism, import substitution had become a dominant pro development strategy in most developing countries, but in 1980s it was substituted by the structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). Those two sets of development strategies are described and assessed in this part. The second part of the thesis is a case study of Kenya. In this part I describe and assess industrialization policies of Kenyan government, analyze a change of its economic freedom since an adoption of SAPs and an influence of an increase in economic freedom on industrialization and social welfare.
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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Welfare state change in leading OECD countries the influence of post-industrial and global economic developments." Wiesbaden Gabler, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995018928/04.
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Cheung, Joel, and Zerina Ljungqvist. "The impact of Trade Openness on Economic Growth : A panel data analysis across advanced OECD countries." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45688.
Full textAbstract:
The role of trade flows in the modern economy has been brought to a focal point by the increased trade frictions, geopolitical tensions, countries exiting unions, pressures of global financial crises and the recent covid-19 pandemic. We, therefore, set out to examine the relationship between trade openness and economic growth among 31 advanced OECD countries between the period 2000 - 2018. Using a panel data analysis and utilizing a linear regression model with fixed effects, our findings show that trade openness has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. Our policy recommendation is that given a chosen level of economic integration, increasing investments can better leverage trade openness as a tool to enhance growth.
29
Hummer, Matthew Raymond. "Do bilateral investment treaties accomplish their policy objectives? a case for developing & OECD member countries /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/444510341/viewonline.
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Zhang, Xiao Yun. "Promoting private pensions in China : a tax policy based on the experience of the OECD countries." Thesis, University of Bath, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250818.
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Bai, Xue. "Evaluation and suggestions on EU development assistance policy." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595841.
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Munro, Hugh M. "The impact of national oil companies on the energy security of OECD countries." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186098.
Full textAbstract:
National oil companies (NOCs) control over 80 percent of world oil reserves and over 50 percent of gas reserves and hold exclusive rights to exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within their home countries. Because of host government involvement and supervision, NOCs may also act as instruments of state, implementing government foreign and domestic policies such as wealth re-distribution through the provision of subsidised oil products, job creation, and economic development. Such activities can lead to restricted availability of funds for finding and developing reserves for future production and to inefficiencies in current production and distribution. This thesis assesses the geopolitical factors that influence the conduct, strategies and priorities of NOCs and how these may impact on the continuing security of energy supplies to countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It will focus on ten NOCs supplying oil to world markets and two which supply gas to the European market. The study will also review the activities and .scope for influence as state instruments of Sovereign Wealth Funds which have been established by states with NOCs, in particular, those which have earned substantial petro-dollar surpluses, during the period of high oil and gas prices of2006-2008. In an age of global interdependence between nations, specific objectives of this thesis are to consider the implications of anticipated growth in world demand for oil and gas supplies over the next 20 years, whether world production capacity is likely to grow to meet increases in world demand, the potential impact on world oil and gas supplies of the policies and practices of NOCs, in particular, the desire of host governments to require NOCs to follow non- commercial objectives, and the responses from OECD countries to threats to their energy security from potential restrictions on supplies.
33
Fiador, Vera Ogeh Lassey. "Monetary policy and economic performance - evidence from selected African countries." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20705.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of this dissertation is to broaden the understanding of the monetary policy transmission mechanism as it operates in Sub-Saharan Africa. The ultimate goal is to aid in the appropriate design and implementation of monetary policy for the attainment of developmental goals. The dissertation empirically explores four issues on the pricing, behavioural and output implications of monetary policy. The four questions that the dissertation attempts to answer in Chapters Two to Five respectively are: 1) Does the effectiveness of monetary policy transmission depend on the financial development of an economy? 2) Can monetary policy be used as a tool in easing pressure on domestic currencies in the foreign exchange market? 3) Do banks engage in excessively risky behaviour when monetary policy is expansionary? 4) Does monetary policy influence aggregate variables like private capital formation, growth and their interrelationships? Chapter Two tests the completeness of the pass-through of the central bank policy rate to bank lending rates on one hand, and the interest rate pass-through as a function of the level of financial development on the other hand. The results show that the pass-through of central bank policy rate to bank lending rates is asymmetric for three Anglophone West African countries, namely: Gambia, Ghana and Nigeria, which are seeking to ascend onto a single monetary framework. However, there is no evidence that financial development affects the pass-through of monetary policy. These findings still prove relevant, especially with regard to the quest for effective monetary policy implementation and the ascension onto a single monetary framework by these 3 countries. The motivation for this study stemmed from policy discussions and academic debates on the premise that financial development is a key element in the pursuit of effective monetary policy implementation, focusing on the three Anglophone West African countries between 1975 and 2011. The study employs the bounds testing approach to cointegration, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) by Pesaran et al., (2001). The findings show significant differences in the interest rate pass-through of the 3 countries studied. Ghana and Gambia were characterised by undershooting in the response of lending rates to monetary policy changes whilst Nigeria was characterised by overshooting in bank lending rates. Financial development proved significant in some, but not in all the cases, while economic growth proved mostly insignificant in the transmission of the policy rate to bank lending rates In Chapter Three, we show that contractionary monetary policy of high interest rates is able to correct disequilibrium in the foreign currency market in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The chapter also provides empirical evidence about the impact of macroeconomic fundamentals on the domestic foreign exchange market. The study assesses the impact of monetary policy on foreign exchange market pressure (EMP) in developing country contexts focusing on some selected countries in SSA. EMP is the sum of exchange rate depreciation and change in foreign reserves that is required to restore equilibrium to the domestic foreign exchange market. The study was motivated by the fact that most of the SSA countries are developing economies that have negative net export positions and stand to lose significantly from consistently deteriorating foreign exchange positions. This study thus sought to measure the ability of monetary policy to significantly address currency pressures that arise from trading on the global market. The hypothesis that a tighter monetary policy stance can lend strength to a currency was tested in this study using Generalised Methods of Moments (GMM) estimation in a dynamic panel setting. Data on 20 SSA economies for which data were available for the period 1991 to 2010 are used. The study found a negative and significant relationship between monetary policy and EMP, implying that contractionary monetary policy can ease EMP.
34
Karagol, Burak. "Macroeconomic Effects Of Information And Communication Technologies In Turkey And Other Oecd Member Countries." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614280/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the effects of ICT on economic growth in Turkey and other
OECD member countries. After discussing the theoretical relationships between ICT
usage and economic growth, we test the positive impact of ICT revolution on
economic growth econometrically. In the empirical part of the study, we perform
panel data analyses by employing data sets that belong to 30 OECD member
countries for 1999-2008 period as well as carrying out time series analyses for only
Turkey by using data between 1980 and 2009. We find out that ICT usage and
production have a positive significant effect on economic growth in OECD case.
However, due to some methodological difficulties and insufficiency of critical mass
regarding ICT area and complementary physical and social infrastructures in
Turkey, we cannot find any significant relationship between ICT and economic
growth for Turkish case.
35
Ottem, Robert Brembo. "How is Economic Inequality and the Support for Income Redistribution Linked? : A Multilevel Analysis of OECD countries." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22839.
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This thesis presents an investigation of what shapes the support for redistribution in OECD countries, in a rational choice perspective. Employing an understanding of the effect of economic inequality, first provided by Meltzer and Richard (1981) in "A Rational Theory of the Size of Government", it is expected that there is a positive effect of rising economic inequality on the support for income redistribution. The notion of economic inequality as a predictor for the support of redistribution is somewhat reaffirmed in this thesis, as is rational choice as a relevant predictor in the formation of public opinion on an economic issue such as this. Other possible predictors based on the national setting and context receives less support. Pre- and post-transfer economic inequality-measures are tested as alternative predictors for the support of redistribution, but only the pre-transfer version of it demonstrates a significant effect.
36
Poças, Ana Isabel da Silva Alves. "The interrelations between health, human capital and economic growth : empirical evidence from the OECD countries and Portugal." Doctoral thesis, FEUC, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/23323.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de doutoramento em Economia, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Elias SoukiaziThe main scope of this study is to analyze the role of health on economic growth assuming that health status is a component of human capital, therefore interacting with both, human capital qualifications and economic performance. Health as an integrated part of human capital has assumed an increasing importance in the growth literature over the past decades, being now widely recognized that health, like education, is also an essential factor of labour productivity and, consequently, of economic growth. Despite important achievements made on health status allowing people to live better and for a longer period of time, there are still several issues to analyze in what concerns the economic performance of the developed countries. In fact, these countries face important challenges related to the ageing of the population, the increasing incidence of chronic diseases and an increasing financial pressure on their health and social security systems. In this context, the main objective of this dissertation is to provide empirical evidence that shows the impact of health status on economic growth and highlight the complex interrelations between health, education and income through a cumulative causation mechanism able to generate a virtuous circle of economic growth with expanding tendencies. In order to capture the feedback effects between health, education and income, appropriate econometric specifications and estimation techniques are used based initially on panel data analysis. In a latter phase, a simultaneous equation model is built in order to capture the cumulative causation tendencies between the core variables of the model. The models are applied to the OECD countries and to Portugal. Our empirical findings show that health is indeed an important factor in explaining growth and convergence in the OECD countries and the Portuguese regions at a district level. Economic factors and education are also important in explaining health status. It is also shown that the cumulative causation mechanism is a useful tool to explain the interactions between health, education and economic growth in Portugal. To a deeper understanding of the growth process, health factors and human capital qualifications must be included in the empirical analysis. In general, our dissertation corroborates with the thesis that health improvements have significant benefits on economic growth and therefore it should be considered as an important component of human capital along with education. Investing in individuals’ education and health is important not only for an increasing wellbeing but also for a sustainable economicgrowth. Empirical evidence of this positive impact as well as on the linkages between health, education and economic growth are important guidelines for policy decision makers.
37
Cihan, Cengiz. "An Empirical Analysis of Knowledge Production Function: What Differs Among The OECD Countries Including Turkey." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1757.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophySince the 1950s, economic growth has been one of the main topics of economic discipline. In this context, the sources of economic growth have been analysed by different economic theories. These theories can be decomposed into two groups, namely modern neoclassical theory and evolutionary economic theory. In the modern neoclassical economic theory, the technological progress is considered as the main determinant of the long-run economic growth. In this regard, the sources of economic growth differences among countries are analyzed by using various types of models. In the earliest studies, it is assumed that technological progress is exogenous (Solow-Swan model). Constant returns to scale and perfectly competitive market structure assumptions are the main characteristics of these studies. After the developments in the economic theory, technological progress has been taken into account in a different way by a new line of models, namely endogenous growth models. More specifically, technological progress is endogenously determined process in these models. Contrary to the previous models, increasing returns to scale, which stem from externality and the monopolistic market structure, play a significant role in endogenous growth models. We have reached to the conclusion that, although it suffers from some weaknesses, endogenous growth model proposes a more realistic explanation for the economic growth process. In the evolutionary economic theory, technological progress is also considered as the main determinant of economic growth. However, this theory deals with empirical issues by focusing on observed facts instead of constructing theoretical models, and provides both guidance and interpretation regarding technological progress. In this theory, variables and relationships that are considered have many practical implications. In that respect, its structure is very much realistic and it avoids certain logical gaps and inconsistencies. One of the aims of this thesis is to examine developments in economic theory by focusing on technological progress. For this purpose, we compare formal and evolutionary theories. Our theoretical review reveals that both the endogenous growth models in the tradition of modern neoclassical theory, and the important insights of the evolutionary economic theory help to analyze technological progress and/or economic growth. Furthermore, this thesis aims to measure technological progress. The measurement of technological progress is vital for the nations’ development strategies and the firms’ innovation policies. In this regard, we use patent statistics as a proxy of technological progress. The empirical parts of the thesis involve a number of applications of endogenous growth theory by taking into account the propositions of modern neoclassical economic theory. In this regard, the growth rate differences across countries are examined by using the frameworks of both the modern neoclassical and evolutionary theories. The results show that both theories have reasonable power to explain why growth rate differs across countries. In addition, we conclude that patenting activities rather than R&D activities more suitably represent innovative activities. Moreover, this thesis empirically tests the knowledge generation process in the framework of endogenous growth approach. We employ the knowledge production approach for this purpose. It is found that both domestic and international stocks of knowledge as measured by granted patent statistics, R&D activities, human capital and openness measures are significant factors in explaining productivity growth. Furthermore, product variety and quality improvement dimensions of technological progress are empirically analyzed by using patent statistics. It is found that both dimensions of technological progress significantly affect creation of new technologies. Finally, the findings indicate that technological capability of Turkey is far away from other developed countries covered by this study.
38
Bending, Matthew William. "The use of health economic analysis in OECD countries' pharmaceutical reimbursement systems and its contribution to decision-making." Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21068/.
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Developed countries' publicly funded health care systems all share the similar task of deciding which pharmaceuticals should be reimbursed. DECD countries' pharmaceutical reimbursement systems achieve this task through a number of institutions some of which use Health Technology Assessment (HTA) including health economic analysis to inform decision-making. The reimbursement decisions influence the health outcomes of patients, produce signals of the demand curve to manufacturers and may have political consequences. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine the use of health economic analysis in DECD countries' reimbursement systems and the contribution of health economic analysis and other factors to decision-making. Chapter 2 provides a literature review of previous quantitative and qualitative studies examining the factors contributing to reimbursement decision-making in DECD countries. The review identified limited evidence for comparisons across DECD countries and outlined the methodological limitations of identifying influence. Chapters 3 and 4 categorise DECD reimbursement systems using a published framework. Application of the framework identified that Health Economic analysis is used by agencies operating in heterogeneous reimbursement systems with respect to the objectives, other institutions, processes, guidelines, interpretation and other factors considered alongside health economic analysis. Chapter 5 uses regression analysis to examine decisions by those agencies that similarly use clinical evidence and health economic analysis, and identifies common factors across four countries. Chapter 6 uses a qualitative methodology to match decisions for an agency using health economic analysis in comparison to one not and found evidence of the influence of health economic analysis alongside other evidence and process factors. Finally, chapter 7 concludes by outlining the differential contribution of health economic analysis depending on how it is used by the systems. The limitations are discussed and recommendations provided for further research.
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Sain, Soumit. "Information communication and technology convergence and price strategies : perspective from economic regulation and policy /." Marburg : Tectum-Verl, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2760301&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Wennemo, Irene. "Sharing the costs of children : studies on the development of family support in the OECD countries /." [Sweden : s.n.], 1994. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/23536.
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Spinova, Hanna. "R&D tax incentives : Do R&D tax incentives stimulate innovations and economic growth? Evidence of OECD countries." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-37362.
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This study investigates the impact of tax incentives on the firms’ innovative activity and economic growth by using sample of 28 OECD countries. The study using panel data analysis and applies fixed effect OLS models. The results of the econometric investigation indicate that tax incentives have significant and positive effect on the R&D expenditure. Regression analysis also shows a positive significant impact of R&D tax incentives in combination with direct funding for business R&D. The paper finds no evidence of significant relationship between tax incentives and economic growth. The research also finds a positive significant impact of direct R&D support, R&D expenditure and tax incentives on registered patents. We suggest to apply public support policy including both types of support since previous studies showed that tax incentives and direct funding are not perfect substitutes.
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Gemech, Firdawek Lemma. "Demand for money and the conduct of monetary policy in developing countries." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311460.
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Gadzikwa, Francis. "Remittances as an external source of finance for investments in developing countries." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7664.
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A number of studies by academics, scholars and researchers have been conducted on the subject of remittances. The focus of these studies has been on developing countries where remittance corridors have long been established. These studies have focused more on the effects of remittances at micro level, in other words poverty alleviation as result of the decline of FDI; PI and ODA. Established remittance corridors are found in Asia, the Pacific Rim, the Middle East, South America, the Caribbean, West Africa as well as North Africa. Few studies have been conducted into new emerging corridors that are still being established, such as the South Africa-Zimbabwe, Botswana-Zimbabwe and the Namibian-Zimbabwe corridors where a large number of Zimbabweans have migrated to. Economic growth and development are major challenges facing developing countries due to lack of finance. With the decline of FDI, PI, ODA as well as credit since the global financial crisis in 2008, there is a need for research to determine other alternative sustainable sources of finance to enable economic growth and development. Available literature and empirical evidence on the subject matter suggest remittances as a complementary source not a substitute of FDI, PI, ODA and credit. This means that governments in developing countries should not neglect their duty to collect revenue, should promote FDI and PI and not be dependant solely on remittances. Like FDI, PI and ODA, the flow of remittances is also determined by the socio-economic and political factors. Any negative effect on the socio-economic and political factors may also lead to the decline of remittance flows. Whilst other developing countries in established remittance corridors have put policies and systems in place to harness and ensure maximum benefits of remittances, countries such as Zimbabwe have not done much to realise potential and the impact that remittances can make. This is evidenced from the lack of reliable data which according to Chami et al. (2008:21) places severe constraints on the types of questions that can be asked and conclusions that can be drawn from statistical analyses. Secondly, emigration from Zimbabwe can be regarded to be in its infancy stage compared countries like Nigeria and Egypt where migration to developed countries has reached maturity stage. The evidence of this is seen on the volume of remittances currently being received by these two countries. Therefore, this study will complement existing data and literature available particularly on this corridor. Remittances are channelled either through formal or informal channels. The literature available and empirical evidence suggests that the bulk of remittances are channelled through informal channels as opposed to formal channels (Crush et al.,2012:20). Within the South Africa-Zimbabwe corridor, 85 percent of remittances to Zimbabwe are channelled informally (von Burgsdorff, 2012: 17) and are not captured in the official statistics such as the Balance of Payments. The drawback of this is lack of accurate data which precludes more rigorous statistical analysis in this field (von Burgsdorff, 2010:12). This study will endeavour to capture valuable statistics with regards to remittances. Most developing countries that have relied on aid are also burdened with huge unsustainable external debts (Obasanjo, 2000). The external debts continue to have an adverse effect of slowing down economic growth and development as these countries have an obligation to pay back the debts. Settling of external debts has been one of the biggest challenges facing developing countries. With the rise of remittances, Olubiyi (2013:1) sees them as a replacement to credit to a country that is constrained. Instead of borrowing finance for growth and development, remittances can be used instead. Apart from substituting credit with remittances, countries which are not burdened with external debts are able to use remittances as a leverage to obtain foreign loans (Taylor, 1999:69). The loans acquired can used for supplementing revenue derived from the fiscus and other sources of external finance such as FDI, PI and ODA.
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Bakazi, Annet Baingana. "An investigation into the impact of the privatization of public utilities on the affordability of and access to basic services to poor households in developing countries: lessons for Rwanda." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Three arguments are normally presented as rationale for the privatisation of state owned enterprises. The first relates to the problem of the financing of higher levels of public expenditurethe second is based on the viewpoint that private ownership is more efficient than public ownership
whilst the third claims that the losses of inefficient public enterprise are responsible for excessive budget deficits and other fiscal problems.
Although empirical evidence proves that privatisation enhances economic efficiency, it negatively affects the affordability of and access to essential services, which may have serous consequences for poorer households. This happens through increased prices of essential services, such as electricity and telecommunication, as well as through loss of employment opportunities during and after privatisation.
Many countries, also in Africa, implemented various types of privatisation programmes over the past two decades in order to decrease the relative size of governments and to improve efficient delivery of services. Towards the end the 1990&rsquo
s and after the tragic genocide, Rwanda&rsquo
s Government of National Unity also embarked on an ambitious restructuring programme of its state-owned enterprises.
The main purpose of this study was to assess the likely impact of privatisation on poor households in developing countries. The report presents a general overview of the literature, with a specific focus on Brazil, Argentina and South Africa. It investigates the experiences of these countries and derives lessons that can be learnt. Finally it assesses the possible impact of the privatisation of essential service delivery on poor households in Rwanda.
The main conclusion of the study is that governments should look beyond efficiency benefits of restructuring and focus on the overall opportunity cost of the privatisation of essential service delivery. The specific method of privatisation may determine the final social impact. The case studies also highlight the need for more research into the challenges facing the privatisation of essential service delivery. It is clear that any restructuring should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the likely impact on the poorer sections of the community.
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Santana, Diana. "Is the Economic Growth in Developing Countries affected by Free Trade?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32079.
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The thesis examines the relationship between free trade and the economic growth in developing countries. The developments of a more integrated and globalized world challenges countries in new ways by easier access to information and technology, intensified competition and larger requirements on economic efficiency and increased productivity. It is important to examine if trade can induce economic growth, since long-run economic growth determine how living standards change, and provides an opportunity to improve the welfare and reduce the worlds poverty rates. Trade affects countries in different ways and developing countries have diverse growth experiences, where some countries have managed to increase their economic growth compared to others. The thesis presents trade policies and theories, and a brief overview of the controversies regarding trade. The relationship between economic growth and trade is dynamic and complex and trade can be used as a mean to benefit from technological transfers and knowledge spillovers, factors that have a substantial influence on economic growth, along with investments. A cross-section regression analysis is conducted to examine the relationship between trade openness and economic growth. The empirical results show a positive correlation between trade openness and economic growth in developing countries. High initial GDP and population growth are negatively correlated with GDP per Capita growth, while Rule of Law has a positive impact on GDP per Capita growth.
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Kuok, Lai Ieng. "Do the employment policies of the Lisbon Strategy promote EU economic growth?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555547.
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Gunarsa, Singgih. "Fiscal Policy, Public Debt and Economic Performance in Developing Countries: An Empirical Analysis." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/394725.
Full textAbstract:
Since the Global Financial Crisis, interest in the use of fiscal policy by governments to stabilise economic activity, boost economic growth and achieve development objectives has grown. Consequently, however, governments run budget deficits which, in many countries, result in increased government debt. Since many governments in developing economies run budget deficits, the macroeconomic impact of fiscal policy and public debt sustainability remain a serious concern.
This thesis is an empirical study of four sub-topics of fiscal policy using macroeconomic time-series data from developing countries. The first chapter explores the decomposition of government expenditure in developing countries. It examines the impact of government expenditure composition based on function to economic growth using datasets from developing countries from 1973 to 2015. We applied a dynamic panel model approach, using system GMM, to study which component of government expenditure has a significant impact on growth. The results indicate that government expenditure in developing Asian countries has no significant association with growth. In terms of composition, public capital spending is positively associated with economic growth abstracting from possible offsetting effects that arise from how spending is financed (taxes or borrowing). Government interest payments show a negative relationship with growth in developing economies. Using a similar baseline model, the study also estimates sectoral government composition. The results show that public spending on education sector is negative and significant to growth. The negative coefficient on spending in the education sector implies that there is inefficient spending in this sector of both allocation and outcome. On the other hand, in line with the existing theory, public health spending indicates positive association with economic growth in developing economies whereas defence spending is insignificant to growth.
The second chapter discusses the impact of fiscal policy namely, public debt and budget deficit on the real interest rate in developing countries from 1990 to 2015. The proposed model for this study is based on the Barro and Modigliani interest rate determination model, with several control variables based on the latest reviews. We employ a semiparametric approach to examine the non-linearity condition of fiscal policy and interest rates, and a dynamic panel model using a system GMM approach for linear estimation. The results show that all semiparametric estimates indicate little relationship between fiscal policy (public debt and budget deficit) and interest rates. Furthermore, the dynamic panel model, using linear regression estimates, finds that, by controlling related variables, both public debt and fiscal deficit correspond to a positive effect on interest rates in developing and emerging countries. The findings imply that higher interest rates may crowd out private consumption and, therefore, dampen the initial positive effect of government expenditure on growth.
Moreover, the effect varies if the interaction model is applied when the dataset is split into subsamples. For instance, the impact of rising public debt on interest rates is more significant under a high budget deficit and low financial depth condition. Similarly, a budget deficit also raises interest rates under a high budget deficit but not significant in low financial depth condition. Overall, the results are theoretically plausible and in line with previous studies.
The third chapter estimates the relationship between public debt and economic growth and tries to identify the effect of the economic crisis using an econometric model based on 25 developing Asian countries from 1970 to 2015. This model is developed from growth accounting relationships, with the inclusion of control variables based on the latest literature. The regression technique in this chapter employs dynamic panel models that have some well-known advantages over typical cross-sectional or time-series approaches. After highlighting key theoretical linkages and previous findings on the public debt-growth nexus, the study found a relatively weak negative relationship from a dynamic panel model. The results imply that a 10% increase in public debt is associated with growth reduction from 0.2% to 0.4%, which is macroeconomically significant.
The fourth and final empirical study in this thesis uses the latest fiscal and macroeconomic data from ten ASEAN countries to investigate their fiscal sustainability. This chapter examines whether Asian countries have satisfied their fiscal sustainability with the application of an intertemporal budget constraint (IBC) model. We also incorporate the impact of an ageing population on the intertemporal budget constraint model and study its effects on fiscal sustainability.
The results show that ASEAN countries require substantial effort to stabilise current debt levels. Using the debt reduction scenario from the IBC model to reduce debt to 25%, Indonesia needs a 1% primary surplus within ten years, whereas Vietnam and Malaysia would need around 3% to 4% primary surplus over GDP. Furthermore, this study also reveals that an ageing population in ASEAN countries has created pressure on fiscal policy through a consequent decrease in labour force growth. Despite relatively strong economic growth in ASEAN economies, our results suggest that substantially larger primary budget balances will be required to ensure future public debt sustainability.
Overall, this thesis lists and investigates a number of issues regarding the macroeconomic impact of fiscal policy in developing economies. The thesis suggests three main policy implications that are relevant to the empirical results of the above studies. One is the importance of increasing the quality of public spending, especially in choosing sectors that will benefit from long-term growth. Secondly—in order to minimise future fiscal risk arising from higher world interest rates or the realisation of contingent liabilities—the governments of developing countries must ensure that additional public debt is matched by high quality public spending. This should be done while strengthening budgetary institutions and practice, particularly in managing deficit and public debt. Prudent debt management includes managing the debt portfolio by calculating risk and cost that may increase sovereign credibility and maintain fiscal sustainability. The third main policy implication is developing a deep and liquid domestic market which can make a domestic financial market more resilient to external volatility and also be a potential source of funding.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Dept Account,Finance & Econ
Griffith Business School
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LEAL, ARCAS Rafael. "Theory and practice of EC external trade law and policy." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13171.
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Defence date: 11 March 2008Examining board: Prof. Bruno De Witte, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Prof. Francesca Martines, Faculty of Economics, University of Pisa ; Prof. Petros C. Mavroidis, Columbia Law School, NY and University of Neuchâtel ; Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Both the European Community (EC) and its Member States agree that it is in their best interest to coordinate their action vis-à-vis the rest of the world in international trade agreements. Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy looks at the intricacies of the institutional framework of EC trade law, and with special emphasis on services trade, examines the law and practice of EC external trade relations from a policy, economic, legal and an overarching European constitutional perspective. The objective of the author’s analysis is not only to find ways to nurture and preserve the unitary character of EC external trade relations in areas of shared competence between EU Member States and EU institutions, but also to understand the management of the EC’s external trade relations. The book begins with an analysis of the evolution of the EC common commercial policy, through which the author examines the checks and balances at the micro, meso and macro levels. The author then proceeds to analyse the problems faced by the EU in its external relations and the legal complexity of mixed agreements. This unique legal phenomenon is tackled from an intra-EC perspective as well as from an extra-EU perspective taking into account various implications for third parties. The major EU institutions are examined: the Commission as the negotiator of international trade agreements, the role of the EU Council and the European Parliament in concluding and ratifying of agreements and the European Court of Justice in relation to judicial enforcement. The EU’s decision-making process in the trade arena and its relation with national institutions are examined. The book concludes with an analysis of the EC’s contribution to the Doha Round in the area of services trade.
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Magneli, Maria de Lurdes Fatima. "Trade liberalization and poverty alleviation in developing countries." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Wang, Yan Chao. "EU's agricultural support policy and its revelation on China's agricultural policy." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555588.
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