Relevant bibliographies by topics / OECD countries – Economic policy

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Academic literature on the topic 'OECD countries – Economic policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "OECD countries – Economic policy"

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Thévenot, Celine. "Inequality in OECD countries." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 18_suppl (August 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817713108.

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This article recalls the state of play of inequality levels and trends in OECD countries, with a special focus on Nordic countries. It sheds light on explaining the drivers of the rise in inequality and its economic consequences. It addresses in particular the issue of redistribution through taxes and transfers. It concludes with an overview of policy packages that should be considered to address the issue of rising inequalities.
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Gani, Azmat. "Measures of tolerance and economic prosperity." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2014-0077.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a wide range of measures of tolerance, considered from social and institutional perspective relate to growth in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical framework is based on a growth regression equation with a specification that is common in the growth literature. The estimation includes the generalized least squares, fixed and random effects methods. The empirical analysis is based on cross-country data from a sample of countries from the OECD. Findings – The findings on social measures of tolerance provide strong support that OECD countries are tolerant toward migrants and women’s participation in economic activities and national policy making. The findings also provide evidence that political rights, civil liberties and rule of law as indicators of institutional tolerance, are strongly associated with growth. Practical implications – The findings presented here from OECD countries lead to the conclusion that tolerance matters for the prosperity of nations. The findings of this study have policy implications beyond the OECD countries and particularly relevant to the developing economies. Originality/value – This paper makes a new empirical contribution to the tolerance literature.
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Malyovanyi, Mykhaylo, Nataliia Ivanova, Kateryna Melnyk, Oleksandr Nepochatenko, and Oleksandr Rolinskyi. "Assessment of the social expenditure impact on the economic growth in OECD countries." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 3 (September 12, 2018): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(3).2018.31.

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Economic growth is exposed to many socio-economic factors that impact both the formation and allocation of resources. The theoretical part of this article discusses studies by various authors on the social expenditure impact on economic growth, the dependence of this influence on selected funding principles and social policy models. In the empirical part, using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) procedure and the Fixed Effect Model, the impact of social expenditure on the economic growth in OECD countries is determined. An increased focus is put on assessing the long-term impact of the main types of social expenditures (public and private), based on different financing principles (distribution and accumulation), on the economic growth rates both in OECD in general and in the context of countries (based on the Esping-Andersen’s typology) grouped according to social policy models. The following conclusions are drawn: 1) an increase in the share of total social expenditures in the country’s GDP negatively affects economic growth; 2) an increase in the share of private social expenditures in the country’s GDP contributes to economic growth; 3) the obtained indicators of impact assessment are different depending on a social policy model chosen. The analysis is based on OECD panel data for the period 1980–2013.
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PASICHNYI, Mykola. "TAX POLICY IN OECD COUNTIES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(54) (2018): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.01.127.

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Introduction. Globalization intensifies the necessity for intergovernmental cooperation aiming to implement the measures on the tax and customs regulation. Considering both the economic cyclicality and historical retrospective, it is expedient to study the advanced and emerging market economies’ experience in the field of developing and implementing a set of fiscal policy measures during the economic expansion, recession, stagnation, and post-crisis recovery periods. The purposeis to systemize the experience of the government tax policy preparation and implementation in the OECD countries in the long-term retrospective, and to assess the tax structure and the level of taxation impact on economic growth. Results. Based on methods of economic regression to evaluate the fiscal policy in the OECD countries over 1981–2016 period, it was determined that increase in the tax burden did not provoke any significant destructive effect on the economy. At the same time, in the context of the tax structure, the taxes on capital had a negative impact on the real GDP growth rates, the taxes on labor had a lower degree of influence, and the effect of the taxes on consumption was almost neutral. The main measures of the tax regulation aimed to create the most favorable conditions for a long-term economic growth were investigated. The tax revenues structure’s complex analysis was carried out; the main tendencies of taxation were generalized. Conclusion. Tax policy is as an adaptive mechanism allowing to regulate the country’s economic development. The OECD countries consistently implement the systematic measures to reduce the income tax rate. This practice is caused by the need to create the most favorable conditions for the entrepreneurship development. Regarding the universal consumption taxes, a gradual rise in their rates was recorded. That fact is reflected by an increase in these taxes’ fiscal importance (taking into account the neutrality of their impact on the economic agents’ business activity). The transformation in the import operations’ model of taxation as well as the implementation and active intensification of free trade policies led to a reduction in the specific weight of customs duties. In modern conditions, the tax legislation’s unification as well as the strengthening of the supranational tax regulation’s role outline an important trend in the development of taxation systems both in advanced and emerging market economies.
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Feshchenko, Nikolay V. "PENSION REFORMS POLICY: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE." Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 19, no. 2 (2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2022-19-2-53-60.

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This paper reviews the issues of reform as an important political priority of the OECD countries. The pension schemes of these countries are characterized as partly matching, but still different in some details. The last decades have been a period of socio- economic transformation, at the same time pension reform has taken a central place on the OECD agenda
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CANES-WRONE, BRANDICE, and JEE-KWANG PARK. "Electoral Business Cycles in OECD Countries." American Political Science Review 106, no. 1 (February 2012): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055411000529.

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Studies of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries have generally failed to detect real economic expansions in preelection periods, casting doubt on the existence of opportunistic political business cycles. We develop a theory that predicts that a substantial portion of the economy experiences a real decline in the preelection period if the election is associated with sufficient policy uncertainty. In particular, policy uncertainty induces private actors to postpone investments with high costs of reversal. The resulting declines, which are called reverse electoral business cycles, require sufficient levels of polarization between major parties and electoral competitiveness. To test these predictions, we examine quarterly data on private fixed investment in ten OECD countries between 1975 and 2006. The results show that reverse electoral business cycles exist and as expected, depend on electoral competitiveness and partisan polarization. Moreover, simply by removing private fixed investment from gross domestic product, we uncover evidence of opportunistic cycles.
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Sethi, Dinabandhu, Wing-Keung Wong, and Debashis Acharya. "Can a Disinflationary Policy Have a Differential Impact on Sectoral Output? A Look at Sacrifice Ratios in OECD and Non-OECD Countries." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 12, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 138–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801017753260.

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This article examines the sectoral impact of disinflationary monetary policy by calculating the sacrifice ratios for several Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. Sacrifice ratios calculated through the episode method reveal that disinflationary monetary policy has a differential impact across three sectors in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Of the three sectors, the industry and service sectors show significant output loss due to a tight monetary policy in OECD and non-OECD countries. But the agricultural sector shows a differential impact of disinflation policy: It shows a negative sacrifice ratio in OECD countries indicating that output growth is insignificantly affected by a tight monetary policy while non-OECD countries yield positive sacrifice ratios, suggesting that the output loss is significant. Further, it is observed that sacrifice ratios calculated from aggregate data are different from ratios calculated from sectoral data. JEL Classification: E52, E58, C14, O50
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Melnyk, Leonid, Hanna Sommer, Oleksandra Kubatko, Marcin Rabe, and Svitlana Fedyna. "The economic and social drivers of renewable energy development in OECD countries." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.04.

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There are continuous research and practical interest to combine different renewable sources within one Smart Grid network. The paper aims to estimate the influence of key economic and social drivers of renewable energy and Smart Grid promotion in OECD member countries. The random effect of the generalized least squares method was used to estimate the empirical model based on the World Bank, OECD, Heritage Foundation, and World Energy Council datasets for a panel of 36 OECD counties. For the empirical estimation, the dependent variables considered are energy renewable electricity output and energy trilemma index, taken as two proxies for Smart Grid development. The results suggest that an increase in GDP p. c. in national economies by 10,000 USD leads on average to a 3.9% decrease in renewable electricity output during 2001–2015. The richer the society, the less renewable energy sources were used for power generation in a group of OECD countries. The last is also supported by the fact that gross fixed capital formation treated as a percentage value of GDP is negatively correlated with structural changes in renewable energy output. The empirical conclusion is that during the study period, OECD countries were mainly oriented to economic growth, which was achieved by consuming non-renewable energy resources, and limited attention was paid to sustainability and Millennium Development Goals. The paper provides policy recommendations for Smart Grid development and points in the future research within OECD countries. AcknowledgmentsComments from the Editor and anonymous referees have been gratefully acknowledged. Leonid Melnyk gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0118U003578). Oleksandra Kubatko gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0119U100766) and National Research Foundation of Ukraine (2020.01/0135).
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Woźniak, Katarzyna. "Migration Policy in the Area of Border Control and Migration of the Population in OECD Countries –Theoretical and Practical Aspects." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 38, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2020-0010.

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Abstract The aim of the study is to present the phenomenon of population migration and migration policy as part of the state’s economic policy based on the example of OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, with particular emphasis on the area of migration policy, which is border control and related illegal migration. The temporal scope of the empirical analysis covers the period 1990-2016. The article consists of four main parts. The discussion began with a presentation of the balance of migration, the scale and dynamics of population immigration in OECD countries. Furthermore, the significance, areas and process of shaping migration policy as a part of the economic policy of the country are presented. Then, it focused on the migration policy in the area of border control in OECD countries. The discussion was crowned with the conclusions that followed.
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Lavee, Doron, and Hadas Joseph-Ezra. "The Development and use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy: The Case of Israel." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 17, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333215500180.

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Recently, Israel has undergone several changes in its environmental policy. This paper reviews the shift in environmental policy, from regulatory-based instruments to more flexible economic instruments in Israel. A substantial change has taken place in this respect over the last few decades in many OECD countries. In recent years, environmental policy in Israel has been going through a similar change, in part due to the recent accession to the OECD. Yet, Israel still lacks the use of certain main economic tools, such as greenhouse gas emissions trading and carbon taxes, which are available in many OECD countries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "OECD countries – Economic policy"

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Ifrim, Ioan Teodor. "Effects of tax policy on economic growth in OECD countries." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/449777727/viewonline.

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Lusth, Tobias. "The Effect of Environmental Policy Instruments : -An empirical study of the OECD countries’ environmental performance." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146282.

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The concept of environmental performance is in this study regarded as either countries’ carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita, or an index that considers not only reduction in emission levels but also produced output. Two environmental policies that are available for mitigating CO2 emissions will be discussed. First, the use of environmentally related taxes (ERT:s), where both a general measure and specific ozone tax is used when examining the effect of ERT:s on environmental performance. The results are ambiguous and in many cases not statistically significant. Second, the effect on countries’ environmental performance caused by participating in the EU ETS system is tested. A conclusion that can be made is, that participating in the EU ETS system reduces CO2 emissions per capita. Time lags of one and four years are used to evaluate the rigidity of these two policies. The results are unclear, but the effect of a four-year lag seems to be stronger for the EU ETS case.
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Kinrade, Peter. "Sustainable energy in Australia : an analysis of performance and drivers relative to other OECD countries /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3613.

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Voth, Jeffrey Michael. "Oil price shocks and policy implications the emergence of U.S. tight oil production: a case study." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15054.

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How have shocks to supply and demand affected global oil prices; and what are key policy implications following the resurgence of oil production in the United States? Highlights: − The recent collapse in global oil prices was dominated by oversupply. − The future of tight oil in the United States is vulnerable to obstacles beyond oil prices. − Opinions on tight oil from the Top 25 think tank organizations are considered. Global oil prices have fallen more than fifty percent since mid-2014. While price corrections in the global oil markets resulted from multiple factors over the past twelve months, surging tight oil production from the United States was a key driver. Tight oil is considered an unconventional or transitional oil source due to its location in oil-bearing shale instead of conventional oil reservoirs. These qualities make tight oil production fundamentally different from regular crude, posing unique challenges. This case study examines these challenges and explores how shocks to supply and demand affect global oil prices while identifying important policy considerations. Analysis of existing evidence is supported by expert opinions from more than one hundred scholars from top-tier think tank organizations. Finally, implications for United States tight oil production as well as global ramifications of a new low price environment are explored.
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Mata, Flores Edgar. "Strategic dimensions of macroeconomic policy in OECD countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37973.

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This research is focused on the study of international aspects of interdependence between monetary and fiscal policies. Its main objective is to reveal specific measurements and features of the impacts of cross-country and cross-policy spillovers among heterogeneous economies interrelated within networks of commercial and financial exchange. In the achievement of this purpose, our study also contributes to the enhancement of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models by the inclusion of a wider scope of analysis able to address the consequences of regional and global disturbances in the context of a multi-country setting. Other important additions in our international modelling framework, as the incorporation of financial intermediation, also play an important role in the enhancement of its potential as a wide and versatile platform for policy evaluation. With a similar international approach, we also adapt complementary methodologies, as those in the spatial econometrics literature, to scrutinise the effects of national and international cross-policy externalities as the nominal effects of fiscal policies, in particular. By the means of a range of empirical exercises performed with the aid of our resulting body of specialised econometric tools, this study provides valuable insights on policy interactions within and between economies and regions as diverse as those in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
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Jeppson, Jonas. "The OECD cryptography policy guidelines and their implementation /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31164.

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The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) issued on 27 March 1997 a recommendation concerning cryptography policy guidelines in an attempt to foster international co-operation and harmonization. Information is becoming increasingly valuable in society. Globalization of markets, improvements in information and communication technology and the shift to a knowledge-based economy has, furthermore, created an enormous potential for electronic commerce. Conservative estimates predict electronic commerce will have a turnover of more than US $400 billion by 2002. The increasing importance of information and communications has, however, made the information society vulnerable. Cryptography plays an important part in securing transactions in electronic commerce and moreover, in establishing a secure electronic environment in the information society. Fear of privacy infringements and lack of secure methods for electronic transactions has until now been holding electronic commerce back. Cryptographic methods are an essential part in securing electronic commerce. Law enforcement agencies and national security organizations fear, however, that widespread use of strong encryption will impede their work substantially. This thesis analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of strong encryption and how the balance of the conflicting interests has been dealt with in the OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines. Moreover, shows the thesis how the OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines have been implemented and makes suggestions on how the guidelines should be implemented.
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Zhang, Wenlang. "Optimal monetary policy rules theory and estimation for OECD countries /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971939020.

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Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Essays on Fiscal Policy in OECD and developing countries." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10430/document.

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La problématique du financement du développement dans les pays en développement se trouve au coeur de cette thèse. Cette dernière s'articule autour de quatre chapitres sur les questions liées au financement du développement. Le chapitre 1 explore les effets des épisodes budgétaires dans les principaux pays donateurs principaux de l'OCDE (Organisation pour la Coopération et le Développement Economique) sur leur offre d'aide au développement aux pays en développement. On observe que les épisodes budgétaires affectent significativement l'offre d'aide, avec une différence comportementale en termes d'offre d'aide du groupe de pays de l'Union européenne versus le groupe de pays de l'OCDE n'appartenant pas à L'Union européenne. Le chapitre 2 s'intéresse aux conséquences des transferts des migrants et de l'imprévisibilité de l'aide au développement sur la probabilité de consolidation budgétaire dans les pays en développement. Les résultats montrent que les transferts des migrants affectent positivement et significativement cette probabilité alors que l'effet est statistiquement nul pour l'imprévisibilité de l'aide. Ces résultats suggèrent en l'occurrence qu'une meilleure gestion des recettes issues de ces transferts durant les périodes de boom économique pourrait aider à éviter de telles situations et offrir une marge de manoeuvre plus importante à ces gouvernements pour la mise en oeuvre de politiques contra-cycliques pendant les périodes de basse conjoncture. Le chapitre 3 analyse l'existence ou non d'effet de la vulnérabilité structurelle des pays en développement sur leur dette publique totale. Les résultats suggèrent qu'un tel effet existe : en l'occurrence, on montre l'existence d'une relation en forme de 'U' entre la vulnérabilité structurelle de ces pays et leur dette publique totale. En focalisant dans le chapitre 4 sur les pays de la zone Franc CFA, nous examinons si leur vulnérabilité structurelle conduit les gouvernements à un endettement excessif. Les résultats suggèrent que plus ces pays sont vulnérables, plus ils sont enclins à un endettement excessif et qu'au-delà d'un seuil de vulnérabilité, leur probabilité d'endettement excessif diminue. Ces résultats obtenus aussi bien pour l'ensemble des pays en développement que pour les pays de la zone Franc CFA suggère que les Institutions Internationales telles que la Banque Mondiale et le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) devront prendre en compte cette vulnérabilité dans l'évaluation des politiques de développement ainsi que leurs recommandations – en particulier sur les questions liées à l'endettement – pour ces pays
The issue of financing development in developing countries is at the heart of this thesis. The latter revolves around four chapters on financing development related matters. The chapter 1 explores how fiscal episodes in the main traditional OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) donors affect their supply of development aid towards developing countries. Evidence is shown that fiscal episodes affect significantly aid supply, with a behavioural difference between European Union and Non-European countries in terms of aid supply. The chapter 2 deals with the consequences of development aid unpredictability and migrants' remittances on fiscal consolidation in developing countries. We find evidence that while migrants' remittances exert a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of fiscal consolidation in developing countries, development aid unpredictability does not. These results particularly suggest that a better management of the revenues derived from these private transfers during their booms could help avoid such situations and allow greater room of maneuver for governments’ recipients to implement countercyclical measures during bad times. The chapter 3 investigates whether the structural vulnerability of developing countries matters for their public indebtedness and evidence is obtained that it does. More specifically, we observe the existence of U-curve relationship between this structural vulnerability and the total public debt of these countries. Focusing on the specific case of CFA Franc Zone countries in chapter 4, we examine the relationship between the structural vulnerability and the probability of entering into excessive public debt. We also obtain evidence of a nonlinear effect of the structural vulnerability indicator with respect to the probability of entering into excessive debt: a rise in the structural vulnerability of these countries increases their probability to engage into excessive debt; however this probability declines after a certain threshold of their structural vulnerability. These results (both for developing countries and particularly for CFA Franc Zone countries) suggest that international development institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) should take into account such vulnerability in their assessment of the adequate development policies and recommendations - especially those related to debt issues -, to these countries
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YU, YAN. "The relationship between inflation and economic growth in OECD countries." Thesis, KTH, Samhällsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-77468.

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In modern world, economic growth is the main object of many countries. And the rate of inflation is another central subject for the macro economic policy in many countries and it is an important criteria to measure whether the macro economy in a country works steadily and healthy. So the relationship between these two indexes---economic growth rate and the inflation rate is always debated. There are three possible relations between the two variables: positive, negative and no effect. And many theories and empirical results are carried out to test the relationship. This paper analyses the relationship between inflation and gross domestic product (GDP) in OECD countries while at the same time considering the influence of variables such as: investment rate, trade balance, fertility rate, direct foreign investment and tax. The main object is to asses the effect of inflation on economic growth. The second aim is to check the effect of tax rate on the economic growth rate. Tax is also important for the economy. Econometrics techniques for panel data are used for the analysis.
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DeusdarÃ, Francisca Maria Muniz. "Economic growth and government debt in the countries of OECD." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11518.

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nÃo hÃ
This work was developed with the aim of contributing to the discussion about the impact of the public debt on the economic growth of the OECD countries. Different theoretical and empirical work suggest an effect of economic stagnation when there is an increase in the debt, however, and on the other hand, many authors argue that a rise in the growth strengthens the economy by attracting new investors. There is no consensus in the literature on the subject. This work was developed with the main purpose to provide data that may help clarify the debt and growth paradox. To capture the direction of those two variables as well as the mutual influence of this movement, we used in our study an econometric vector auto-regressive type model â VAR, with annual data from 16 out of the 32 countries considered as advanced economies that make up the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development â OECD, during the period from 1995 to 2011. The results presented indicate a weak causality going from growth to debt. Thresholds concerning public debt have not been identified. It has been found out that a low economic growth of the countries within the sample, under the Granger sense, causes bigger Debt/GDP ratios.
Este trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de contribuir com a discussÃo sobre o impacto da dÃvida pÃblica no crescimento econÃmico nos paÃses da OCDE. Diferentes trabalhos teÃricos e empÃricos propÃem um efeito de estagnaÃÃo da economia quando hà uma elevaÃÃo da dÃvida, entretanto e, por outro lado, muitos autores defendem que uma elevaÃÃo no crescimento fortalece a economia atraindo novos investidores. NÃo hà consenso na literatura sobre o assunto. Com a finalidade principal de fornecer dados que possam ajudar a esclarecer o paradoxo dÃvida e crescimento este trabalho foi desenvolvido. Para capturar a direÃÃo destas duas variÃveis, bem como a influÃncia mÃtua deste movimento, no nosso estudo foi utilizado um modelo economÃtrico do tipo autorregressivo vetorial â VAR, com dados anuais de 16 dos 32 paÃses considerados de economia avanÃada que compÃem a OrganizaÃÃo para CooperaÃÃo e Desenvolvimento EconÃmico â OCDE, durante o perÃodo de 1995 a 2011. Os resultados apresentados indicam uma fraca causalidade indo do crescimento para dÃvida. NÃo foram encontrados limiares para dÃvida pÃblica. Foi encontrado que um baixo crescimento econÃmico dos paÃses da amostra causa, no sentido de Granger, maiores razÃes DÃvida/PIB.
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Books on the topic "OECD countries – Economic policy"

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Homa, Motamen-Scobie, ed. Economic modelling in the OECD countries. London: Chapman and Hall, 1988.

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Reforming environmental regulation in OECD countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997.

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Helena, Rey de Assis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Committee on Tourism, United Nations Environment Programme, and OECD iLibrary, eds. Climate change and tourism policy in OECD countries. Paris: OECD, 2011.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Ageing in OECD countries: A critical policy challenge. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1996.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Farm employment and economic adjustment in OECD countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1994.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Globalisation and linkages to 2020: Challenges and opportunities for OECD countries. Paris: OECD, 1996.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Globalisation and linkages to 2020: Challenges and opportunities for OECD countries. Paris: OECD, 1996.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Corporate governance: A survey of OECD countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2004.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Achievements in OECD countries: Environmental performance reviews. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Private health insurance in OECD countries. Paris: OECD, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "OECD countries – Economic policy"

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Beenstock, Michael, and Paul Lewington. "Macroeconomic policy and aggregate supply in the UK." In Economic Modelling in the OECD Countries, 327–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1213-7_17.

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Dixon, Peter B., Brian R. Parmenter, and Mark Horridge. "Forecasting versus policy analysis with the ORANI model." In Economic Modelling in the OECD Countries, 653–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1213-7_28.

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Edison, Hali J., and Ralph Tryon. "An empirical analysis of policy co-ordination in the United States, Japan and Europe." In Economic Modelling in the OECD Countries, 53–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1213-7_4.

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Hallett, A. J. Hughes. "How much could the international co-ordination of economic policies achieve? An example from US-EEC policy-making." In Economic Modelling in the OECD Countries, 71–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1213-7_5.

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Onishi, Akira. "Projections of the OECD economies in the global perspective, 1986-2000: policy simulations by the FUGI global macroeconomic model." In Economic Modelling in the OECD Countries, 11–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1213-7_2.

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von Weizsäcker, Carl Christian, and Hagen M. Krämer. "Concluding Remarks on Economic Policy." In Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century, 309–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_13.

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AbstractThe German debt brake is not compatible with the long-term stability of the euro. “New thinking” requires that public debt and price stability are no longer opponents, but rather allies in the Keynes world of persistently low interest rates. The proposed balanced account agreement is made more concrete here: An appropriate target (real) interest rate on the global capital market is between one and 1.5% per year lower than the growth rate of the OECD plus China region. If the actual interest rate is below the target rate, the countries with current account surpluses undertake to increase their public debt periodD gradually according to a definite formula. In symmetrical fashion, if the real interest rate is “too high,” countries with current account deficits have the duty to reduce their public debt period. The rules of the balanced account agreement replace the debt brake. They are the instruments of soundfiscal policy.
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Dingeldey, Irene, and Jean-Yves Gerlitz. "Labour Market Segmentation, Regulation of Non-Standard Employment, and the Influence of the EU." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 247–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_20.

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AbstractIn wake of the 1970s energy crisis, labour markets in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries changed considerably: deindustrialisation, low economic growth, and high structural unemployment challenged the standard employment relationship (SER), and a flexibilisation of employment was promoted. Tertiarisation and increasing female labour market participation fuelled the spread of non-standard forms of employment (NSER) such as part-time and temporary work. Since the 1990s, EU member countries aligned their NSER regulation to that of the SER, while in other OECD countries, NSERs remained un(der)regulated. The chapter illustrates the transformation of labour markets and the development of NSER regulation for selected countries, relying on national Labour Force Surveys and the Cambridge Labour Regulation Index. It tells the story of how membership in a supranational organisation has shaped national labour legislation.
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Alemani, Enrico, Caroline Klein, Isabell Koske, Cristiana Vitale, and Isabelle Wanner. "New Indicators of Competition Law and Policy in 2013 for OECD and Non-OECD Countries." In International Law and Economics, 59–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30948-4_2.

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Zecchini, Salvatore. "OECD Countries’ Policy Approach to the SME Crisis in the Recent Recession." In Contributions to Economics, 17–39. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2852-8_2.

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Gerdtham, Ulf-G., Bengt Jönsson, Maitland MacFarlan, and Howard Oxley. "The Determinants of Health Expenditure in the OECD Countries: A Pooled data Analysis." In Developments in Health Economics and Public Policy, 113–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5681-7_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "OECD countries – Economic policy"

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Koşan, Naime İrem, and Sudi Apak. "Trade Openness and Macroeconomic Policy in OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01373.

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Trade openness has been subject to an important issue many studies in literature. It allows us to analyze potential trade as a percentage of gross domestic product. Total value of international trade in goods and services shows the countries’ integration into the world economy. Generally, small countries are more integrated because of their dependency on imports. On the other hand, there many variables which effects trade integration. Our study focuses on to analyze the effects on trade openness and make inferences for OECD countries. In this paper we aim to examine the relationship between trade openness and macro-economic indicators in OECD countries. To analyze the relationship, we used panel data regression analysis. Data obtained from World Bank, The Heritage Foundation and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The panel data covers 2000-2013 periods and 33 countries. The analysis made through the Stata econometric packet program. We predicted pooled, fixed effects and random effects panel data models and analyzed them. It has been found that gross domestic savings, investment freedom, and unemployment rate are statistically significant. The results found in this paper show that investment freedom and gross domestic savings have positive effect on trade openness as we expected. On the other hand, unemployment rate has positive effect on trade openness. These findings have important policy implications for OECD countries. Our interpretation of these findings is that, integration to world economy has generally positive effects for macroeconomic factors in OECD countries, but it should be limited.
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"Does COVID-19 Pandemic Matter for Economic Policy Uncertainty? Evidence from selected OECD Countries." In 2022 European International Conferences. Excellence in Research & Innovation (EIRAI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eirai12.f0222427.

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Ağırman, Ensar, Reşat Karcıoğlu, and Asfia Binte Osman. "Unemployment News and Stock Market Returns: A Study on OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02112.

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Unemployment is one of the major macroeconomic factors which has always been a big issue for an economy as it has a direct influence on living condition of citizens and is helpful in ensuring a sound and growing economic system. Based on logical concept it can be said that employment rate states the financial soundness of citizens, specifies their spending capacities, saving and investment behavior in real and financial assets; thus, related to stock market activities. Researchers decided to conduct the study on unemployment; only a factor of macro economy considering its significance in research area that has been started with a good number of studies done by different researchers based on different countries on different periods, but this study is different from previous studies from some point of views: 1) It will cover a huge number of countries with several economic classes; 2) This study will represent the relationship between unemployment and stock market returns of the countries under a single study which are significant from world perspective because of having power to influence the activities of other countries; 3) This study will help researchers, policy makers and learners to get a clear idea about the interrelationship among these two components over a wide range of countries together. The study will conduct on all the member countries (35 countries) of OECD and will use Panel Data analysis for the period of 2008 – 2017.
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Ildırar, Mustafa, Mehmet Özmen, and Erhan İşcan. "The Effect of Research and Development Expenditures on Economic Growth: New Evidences." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01776.

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Research and Development (R&D) is one of the most important variables that affect the country’s economic growth and development through increasing the technology capabilities, enlargement of resource base and promoting in the capability of resource utilization. Countries that innovate by conducting R&D activities always have high economic growth and many researchers emphasized this prominent role of the R&D on economic growth in numerous studies. This study contributes in two ways to this stream of research. Providing new estimates of the effect of R&D expenditures on economic growth is the first contribution to literature. On the other hand, there are different types of R&D expenditures and each of them has different magnitude on the economic growth. Therefore, this study provides evidences about the magnitudes of R&D expenditures. The effect of different types of R&D expenditures on economic growth for the selected OECD countries is examined in this study by utilizing from GMM framework using the data belonging the period of 2003-2014. Income and different R&D expenditure data used to analyze that obtained from OECD Stat. As a conclusion, it is found that all of the R&D expenditures have positive and significant effect on economic growth in selected OECD countries but magnitudes are various. Therefore, policy makers should design the R&D stimulation policies depending on the characteristics of the countries. Accordingly, countries must allocate more resources to different types R&D expenditure for achieving sustainable rate of growth.
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Bal, Harun, Mehmet Demiral, and Filiz Yetiz. "Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Domestic Prices: Evidence from OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01951.

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There is an immense literature on the effects of exchange rate changes on macroeconomic indicators, specifically on the trade balance, growth, inflation, and overall productivity in open economies. One of the main attempts in the related literature is about ascertaining whether the exchange rate fluctuations alter domestic prices. This possible mechanism is called as the pass-through effect which is getting more important since the argument that exchange rate adjustment is a part of the solution for global rebalancing is empirically well-supported. Starting from this claim, this study purposes to explore whether there is an exchange rate pass-through effect in 19 high-income OECD countries over the period 1990-2015. To this end, using a panel data set of consumer price index, producer price index proxied by wholesale price index, the nominal effective exchange rates, and industrial production presented by the value-added share of industry sectors in gross domestic product, structural vector autoregressive (VAR) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models are estimated in an unbalanced panel data analysis procedure. Results reveal that exchange rate pass-through effects on the domestic prices are significant but not that strong in both the short-run and the long-run. Expectedly, the pass-through effects tend to diminish over time. The study concludes that policy-makers need to consider policy actions accompanying the exchange rate changes to ensure domestic price stability which consequently interacts with many macroeconomic indicators.
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Gukasyan, Gurgen, and Ali Nasser Khayder. "PROSPECTS OF THE OIL INDUSTRY OF OPEC+ COUNTRIES - MAJOR OIL EXPORTERS IN THE CONTEXT OF POST-PANDEMIC AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s06.075.

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The purpose of the analysis is to identify prospects and opportunities for the development of the oil industry of Arab countries (including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates. Kuwait, Qatar. Oman, Iraq) as well as Iran, Venezuela, Russia and some others), in the difficult post�pandemic and political conditions of 2022. In our opinion, there is a strong influence on the oil industry of cyclical and structuralcyclical fluctuations of the world economy, along with the environmental policy of the OECD countries, long-term trends in the consumption of fossil fuels. In this aspect, the historical approach to analysis contributes to a better forecasting of the studied problem, namely, an experience of the OPEC policy in the 20th century. At the same time, in the context of the events of 2022, there is an overlap of political factors of the development of the oil market with its economic trends. This may lead to a change in the entire configuration of the oil market and industry. The bet on the exceptionally decisive role of "green energy" does not fully justify itself due to various difficulties. The oil resource is viewed differently by developing countries and OECD. Under these conditions, it is possible to identify and justify the impact of a number of unexpectedly intensified factors and strategic directions of the development of the oil industry for key OPEC+ member countries. In the article the methods of macro and microeconomic analysis, historical approach, statistical analysis, and partly, political analysis, are used. The results can be used in further investigation of oil-exporting countries oil policy.
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Diril, Funda. "Comparison of Fiscal Reforms in Some South and East European Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01014.

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The aim of this paper is to compare fiscal reforms of some of the transition economies in Balkans including The Republic of Macedonia. Since 1990’s former planned economies, which are in the process of economic transformation into market economy have carried out several reforms. During this economic transformation process both the effects and the results of these reforms vary according to the difference between the needs of structural change in each country. In this study, some of the selected transition economies in Balkans are analyzed: Some of the recent members of European Community in Balkans and The Republic of Macedonia are examined in comparison. Analysis of fiscal reforms of these transition economies are evaluated in several headings in reference to the macroeconomic statistics created by international organizations such as OECD, EC and IMF and policy suggestions are proposed accordingly. The government deficit, government debts and tax policy are the significant part of these reforms. Several strategies are implemented in developing support systems for competitive environment and private ownership. Economic shrinkage, current account deficit, low foreign capital and government deficit indicate economic weakness in these countries. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria, The Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Hungary face fiscal problems such as economic shrinkage, debt service and government deficit during the transition process. As being the candidate country for European Union accession; The Republic of Macedonia is approaching to the Maastricht Criteria and has better outcomes in public debt compared to the other countries given above.
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Nolka, Eleni, and Chryssa Sofianopoulou. "GREEK AND PORTUGUESE MATHEMATICS EDUCATION AND PERFORMANCE, THROUGH THE PRISM OF PISA." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end025.

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Greece and Portugal are two Southern European countries, with nearly the same population as well as a centralized educational system that follows the same vertical structure. Both countries were deeply affected by the economic crisis during the last decade. Despite being severely hit by the economic crisis, Portugal has advanced to the OECD average level in students’ mathematical performance in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2018), while Greece has performed below the OECD average. PISA, as one of the most influential international educational surveys, aims to evaluate educational systems and provides a valuable platform for comparisons. Portuguese students outperformed their Greek counterparts by 7 points in the first PISA 2000 and went on to widen the difference by 41 points in PISA 2018. In addition to having increased the average performance in Mathematics, Portugal has managed to reduce the percentage of low-achieving students and at the same time increase the percentage of high-achieving students. According to PISA 2018 reports, Portugal is the only member of OECD that has experienced significant improvement in mathematics performance of their students through its participation in PISA. In contrast, the performance of Greek 15-year-old students in mathematics has not improved and has remained below the OECD average since it participated in PISA. What national strategies have been set up and implemented in Portugal so as to foster student’s mathematical literacy competencies? A clear curriculum, students’ regular assessment, teachers’ training and the Action Plan for Mathematics. But despite that fact, the Mathematics performance of Greek 15-year-olds students in PISA in all cycles of PISA remains below the respective OECD average, in contrast with Portugal, that has registered a quantum leap (Crato, 2020). The main aim of this research is, through a recording of the Greek and Portuguese students’ mathematics achievements in PISA and at the same time of the Mathematics Education in both countries, through available policy documents and research reports, to comment on the current outcomes of the two educational systems and their students’ performance in Mathematics.
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Černohorská, Liběna, Jana Janderová, and Veronika Procházková. "Monetary Policy Before and After the Financial Crisis and Its Economic and Legislative Impacts – Case of The Czech Republic." In 2nd International Conference on Business, Management and Finance. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icbmf.2019.11.775.

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The article analyses monetary policy response to the world financial crisis and focuses more closely on the monetary policy of the Czech National Bank (CNB) at this time. Until 2007, the implementation of monetary policy in OECD countries was perceived very positively. However, the financial crisis has clearly shown that the world’s financial markets are highly interconnected, and this can have a major impact on individual national economies. Therefore, the monetary policy strategy has changed from a policy based on the so-called flexible inflation targeting. Ensuring price stability is emphasised as part of the monetary policy role of the CNB in the provisions of Article 98 of the Constitution, in the Czech Republic. CNB is perceived as one of the most independent central banks, the contituional dimension of its independence being confirmed by case law of the Czech Constitutional Court. In response to the financial crisis, CNB was forced to pursue unconventional monetary policy in the form of foreign exchange interventions between 2013 and 2017. However, during the time period of these interventions, CNB policy did not lead to achievement of the inflation target. Following the completion of foreign exchange interventions, CNB returned to conventional monetary policy through interest rates.
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Görkem, Hilal. "Environmental Taxes as a Fiscal Policy Instrument: The Case of the Baltic States." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01662.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate environmental taxation in the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). First, environmental policies and environmental tax reforms of these countries will be generally overviewed. After addressing the legal regulations related environmental taxation, the composition of environmental taxes, the share of environmental taxes in total tax revenue and GDP will be put forward. In the light of these indicators, the situation of the Baltic countries in EU will be assessed. The reports of the European Commission, Eurostat database, and OECD Database on instruments used for environmental policy are the main data sources used in the study. According to Eurostat data for 2014, energy taxes take the largest share from environmental taxes in EU. While Lithuania has the highest share of energy taxes (93,78%) in EU, Estonia has the lowest share of transport taxes (2,12%). Latvia ranks fifth in terms of the share of environmental taxes in total tax revenue (9.16%). Estonia is among in top ten countries with a share of 8,22%. The share of Lithuania (6.06%) remains slightly below average.
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Reports on the topic "OECD countries – Economic policy"

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Mosqueira, Edgardo, Francisco Gaetani, and Mariano Lafuente. Brazil: Ministry of the Economy: Analysis of Key Functions and their Operational Macroprocesses: Benchmarking Operational Macroprocesses with Experiences from Canada, France, Peru, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004294.

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This technical note benchmarks Brazils Ministry of the Economy (ME) value chains and macroprocesses against relevant management models and practices used by ministries of finance, economy, or equivalent in selected Latin American and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. This analysis, undertaken in the context of the creation of the ME by merging five former ministries, was intended to help identify gaps in current practices and propose recommendations for enhancing specific macroprocesses in Brazil. A team, including former ministers of finance and experts from these selected countries, participated in the technical analysis and discussions together with specialists from the Inter-American Development Bank. The findings show: (i) positive initial results after the merge in terms of policy coordination, coherence, and efficiency; (ii) recent policy reforms in line with OECD practices, some of which have just started to be implemented; and (iii) opportunities to continue enhancing management practices in selected macroprocesses.
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Arreaza, Adriana, Bent Sorensen, and Oved Yosha. Consumption Smoothing through Fiscal Policy in OECD and EU Countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6372.

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Ehrlich, Isaac, and Jinyoung Kim. Has Social Security Influenced Family Formation and Fertility in OECD Countries? An Economic and Econometric Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12869.

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Subramaniam, Ramesh, Alfredo Perdiguero, Jason Rush, and Pamela Asis-Layugan, eds. Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery: A Compendium of Policy Briefs. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr210233-2.

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The Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery (PACER) Dialogues were held from June to September 2020 as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic accelerated around the world. They shared cutting-edge knowledge and best practices to help countries in Southeast Asia and the People’s Republic of China strengthen cooperation to mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19 and accelerate their economic recovery. This compendium of 13 policy briefs summarizes the discussions, recommendations, and actionable insights from the PACER Dialogues.
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Falck-Zepeda, José Benjamin, Guillaume Gruère, and Idah Sithole-Niang. Genetically modified crops in Africa: Economic and policy lessons from countries south of the Sahara. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896297951.

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Wilson, D., L. Schipper, S. Tyler, and S. Bartlett. Policies and programs for promoting energy conservation in the residential sector: Lessons from five OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5427337.

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Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André, and Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.

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We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.
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Cavaille, Charlotte, Federica Liberini, Michela Redoano, Anandi Mani, Vera E. Troeger, Helen Miller, Ioana Marinescu, et al. Which Way Now? Economic Policy after a Decade of Upheaval: A CAGE Policy Report. Edited by Vera E. Troeger. The Social Market Foundation, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-910683-41-5.

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Most, if not all advanced economies have suffered gravely from the 2008 global financial crisis. Growth, productivity, real income and consumption have plunged and inequality, and in some cases poverty, spiked. Some countries, like Germany and Australia, were better able to cope with the consequences but austerity has taken its toll even on the strongest economies. The UK is no exception and the more recent period of economic recovery might be halted or even reversed by the political, economic, and policy uncertainty created by the Brexit referendum. This uncertainty related risk to growth could be even greater if the UK leaves the economic and legal framework provided by the EU. This CAGE policy report offers proposals from different perspectives to answer the overarching question: What is the role of a government in a modern economy after the global financial crisis and the Brexit vote? We report on economic and social challenges in the UK and discuss potential policy responses for the government to consider. Foreword by: Lord O’Donnell of Clapham.
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Bose, Ron. A checklist for the reporting of randomized control trials of social and economic policy interventions in developing countries. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/wp0006.

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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.

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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.
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