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Haas-Stapleton, Eric J., Jan O. Washburn, and Loy E. Volkman. "P74 Mediates Specific Binding of Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occlusion-Derived Virus to Primary Cellular Targets in the Midgut Epithelia of Heliothis virescens Larvae." Journal of Virology 78, no. 13 (July 1, 2004): 6786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.13.6786-6791.2004.
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ABSTRACT P74, an envelope protein of the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), is critical for oral infection of Trichoplusia ni larvae. The role of P74 during primary infection, however, is unknown. Here we provide evidence that P74 facilitates binding of AcMNPV ODV to a specific receptor within the larval midgut epithelia of another host species, Heliothis virescens. We adapted a fluorescence dequenching assay to compare binding, fusion, and competition of wild-type AcMNPV ODV in vivo with itself and with the ODV of a p74-deficient AcMNPV mutant. We found that relative to wild-type ODV, binding and fusion of ODV deficient in P74 were both qualitatively and quantitatively different. Unlike wild-type ODV, an excess of P74-deficient ODV failed to compete effectively with wild-type ODV binding, and the overall binding level of the mutant ODV was one-third that of the wild type. These results implicated P74 as an ODV attachment protein that binds to a specific receptor on primary target cells within the midgut.
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Deng, Fei, Ranran Wang, Minggang Fang, Yue Jiang, Xushi Xu, Hanzhong Wang, Xinwen Chen, et al. "Proteomics Analysis of Helicoverpa armigera Single Nucleocapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus Identified Two New Occlusion-Derived Virus-Associated Proteins, HA44 and HA100." Journal of Virology 81, no. 17 (June 20, 2007): 9377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00632-07.
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ABSTRACT Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to analyze the structural proteins of the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV), a group II NPV. Twenty-three structural proteins of HearNPV ODV were identified, 21 of which have been reported previously as structural proteins or ODV-associated proteins in other baculoviruses. These include polyhedrin, P78/83, P49, ODV-E18, ODV-EC27, ODV-E56, P74, LEF-3, HA66 (AC66), DNA polymerase, GP41, VP39, P33, ODV-E25, helicase, P6.9, ODV/BV-C42, VP80, ODV-EC43, ODV-E66, and PIF-1. Two proteins encoded by HearNPV ORF44 (ha44) and ORF100 (ha100) were discovered as ODV-associated proteins for the first time. ha44 encodes a protein of 378 aa with a predicted mass of 42.8 kDa. ha100 encodes a protein of 510 aa with a predicted mass of 58.1 kDa and is a homologue of the gene for poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (parg). Western blot analysis and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that HA44 is associated with the nucleocapsid and HA100 is associated with both the nucleocapsid and the envelope of HearNPV ODV. HA44 is conserved in group II NPVs and granuloviruses but does not exist in group I NPVs, while HA100 is conserved only in group II NPVs.
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Washburn, Jan O., Eric H. Lyons, Eric J. Haas-Stapleton, and Loy E. Volkman. "Multiple Nucleocapsid Packaging of Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Accelerates the Onset of Systemic Infection in Trichoplusia ni." Journal of Virology 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.1.411-416.1999.
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ABSTRACT Among the nucleopolyhedroviruses (Baculoviridae), the occlusion-derived virus (ODV), which initiates infection in host insects, may contain only a single nucleocapsid per virion (the SNPVs) or one to many nucleocapsids per virion (the MNPVs), but the significance of this difference is unclear. To gain insight into the biological relevance of these different packaging strategies, we compared pathogenesis induced by ODV fractions enriched for multiple nucleocapsids (ODV-M) or single nucleocapsids (ODV-S) ofAutographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) containing a β-galactosidase reporter gene. In time course experiments wherein newly molted fourth-instarTrichoplusia ni were challenged with doses of ODV-S or ODV-M that yielded the same final mortality (∼70%), we characterized viral foci as either being restricted to the midgut or involving tracheal cells (the secondary target tissue, indicative of systemic infection). We found that while the timing of primary infection by ODV-S and ODV-M was similar, ODV-S established significantly more primary midgut cell foci than ODV-M, but ODV-M infected tracheal cells at twice the rate of ODV-S. The more efficient establishment of tracheal infections by ODV-M decreased the probability that infections were lost by midgut cell sloughing, explaining why higher numbers of primary infections established by ODV-S within larvae were needed to achieve the same final mortality. These results showed that the multiple nucleocapsid packaging strategy of AcMNPV accelerates the onset of irreversible systemic infections and may indicate why MNPVs have wider individual host ranges than SNPVs.
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Braunagel, Sharon C., Jared K. Burks, German Rosas-Acosta, Robert L. Harrison, H. Ma, and M. D. Summers. "Mutations within the Autographa californicaNucleopolyhedrovirus FP25K Gene Decrease the Accumulation of ODV-E66 and Alter Its Intranuclear Transport." Journal of Virology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 8559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.10.8559-8570.1999.
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ABSTRACT Previous reports indicate that mutations within theAutographa californica nucleopolyhedrosis virusFP25K gene (open reading frame 61) significantly reduce incorporation of enveloped nucleocapsids into viral occlusions. We report that FP25K is a nucleocapsid protein of both the budded virus (BV) and occluded virus (ODV), and we describe the effects of twoFP25K mutations (480-1 [N-terminal truncation] and FP-βgal [C-terminal fusion]) on the expression and cellular localization of ODV-E66 and ODV-E25. Significantly decreased amounts of ODV-E66 are detected in cells infected with 480-1 or FP-βgal viral mutants, even though during FP-βgal infection, steady-state levels of ODV-E66 transcripts remain unchanged. While ODV-E66 is normally detected in intranuclear microvesicles and ODV envelopes by 24 h postinfection (p.i.), ODV-E66 remains cytosolic throughout infection in cells infected with 480-1 virus (up to 96 h p.i.), and its intranuclear localization is not detected until 96 h p.i. in cells infected with the FP-βgal mutant virus. The nuclear localization of ODV-E25 is not affected during infection by the FP-βgal mutant; however, its trafficking is significantly delayed during infection by the 480-1 mutant. Temporal Western blot analyses of cell lysates show that both 480-1 and FP-βgal mutant virus infections result in altered accumulation patterns of several structural proteins, including gp67, BV/ODV-E26, and the major capsid protein p39. In addition to BV/ODV-E26, ODV-E66 and gp67 may interact with FP25K, and ODV-E25 and p39 may also be components of a protein complex containing ODV-E66 and FP25K. Together, these data suggest that FP25K and its associated protein complex(es) may play an important role in the targeting and intracellular transport of viral proteins during infection.
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Ohkawa, Taro, Jan O. Washburn, Ronika Sitapara, Eric Sid, and Loy E. Volkman. "Specific Binding of Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occlusion-Derived Virus to Midgut Cells of Heliothis virescens Larvae Is Mediated by Products of pif Genes Ac119 and Ac022 but Not by Ac115." Journal of Virology 79, no. 24 (December 15, 2005): 15258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.24.15258-15264.2005.
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ABSTRACT Per os infectivity factors PIF1 (Ac119) and PIF2 (Ac022), like P74, are essential for oral infection of lepidopteran larval hosts of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). Here we show that Ac115 also is a PIF (PIF3) and that, unlike PIF1 and PIF2, it does not mediate specific binding of AcMNPV occlusion-derived virus (ODV) to midgut target cells. We used an improved in vivo fluorescence dequenching assay to compare binding, fusion, and competition among control AcMNPV ODV and the ODVs of AcMNPV PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 deletion mutants. Our results showed that binding and fusion of PIF1 and PIF2 mutants, but not the PIF3 mutant, were both qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of control ODV. Unlike control and PIF3-deficient ODV, an excess of PIF1- or PIF2-deficient ODV failed to compete effectively with control ODV's binding to specific receptors on midgut epithelial cells. Moreover, the levels of PIF1- and PIF2-deficient ODV binding were depressed threefold compared to control levels. Binding, fusion, and competition by PIF3-deficient ODV, however, were all indistinguishable from those of control ODV. These results implicated PIF1 and PIF2 as ODV envelope attachment proteins that mediate specific binding to primary target cells within the midgut. In contrast, PIF3 mediates another unidentified, but critical, early event during primary infection.
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Haas-Stapleton, Eric J., Jan O. Washburn, and Loy E. Volkman. "Spodoptera frugiperda resistance to oral infection by Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus linked to aberrant occlusion-derived virus binding in the midgut." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80845-0.
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Spodoptera frugiperda larvae are highly resistant to oral infection by Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) (LD50, ∼9200 occlusions), but extremely susceptible to budded virus within the haemocoel (LD50, <1 p.f.u.). The inability of AcMNPV occlusion-derived virus (ODV) to establish primary infections readily within midgut cells accounts for a major proportion of oral resistance. To determine whether inappropriate binding of AcMNPV ODV to S. frugiperda midgut cells contributes to lack of oral infectivity, the binding and fusion properties of AcMNPV ODV were compared with those of the ODV of a new isolate of Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) obtained from a field-collected larva (oral LD50, 12 occlusions). By using a fluorescence-dequenching assay conducted in vivo, it was found that AcMNPV ODV bound to the midgut epithelia of S. frugiperda larvae at ∼15 % of the level of SfMNPV ODV, but that, once bound, the efficiencies of fusion for the two ODVs were similar: 60 % for AcMNPV and 53 % for SfMNPV. Whilst the difference in binding efficiencies was significant, it could not account entirely for the observed differences in infectivity. Competition experiments, however, revealed that, in S. frugiperda larvae, SfMNPV ODV bound to a midgut cell receptor that was not bound by AcMNPV ODV, indicating that ODV interaction with a specific receptor(s) was necessary for productive infection of midgut columnar epithelial cells. Fusion in the absence of this ligand–receptor interaction did not result in productive infections.
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Braunagel, S. C., H. He, P. Ramamurthy, and M. D. Summers. "Transcription, Translation, and Cellular Localization of ThreeAutographa californicaNuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Structural Proteins: ODV-E18, ODV-E35, and ODV-EC27." Virology 222, no. 1 (August 1996): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.1996.0401.
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Mu, Jingfang, Jan W. M. van Lent, Guy Smagghe, Yun Wang, Xinwen Chen, Just M. Vlak, and Monique M. van Oers. "Live imaging of baculovirus infection of midgut epithelium cells: a functional assay of per os infectivity factors." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 2531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.068262-0.
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The occlusion-derived viruses (ODVs) of baculoviruses are responsible for oral infection of insect hosts, whereas budded viruses (BVs) are responsible for systemic infection within the host. The ODV membrane proteins play crucial roles in mediating virus entry into midgut epithelium cells to initiate infection and are important factors in host-range determination. For Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), seven conserved ODV membrane proteins have been shown to be essential for oral infectivity and are called per os infectivity factors (PIFs). Information on the function of the individual PIF proteins in virus entry is limited, partly due to the lack of a good in vitro system for monitoring ODV entry. Here, we constructed a baculovirus with EGFP fused to the nucleocapsid to monitor virus entry into primary midgut epithelium cells ex vivo using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The EGFP-labelled virus showed similar BV virulence and ODV infectivity as WT virus. The ability to bind and enter host cells was then visualized for WT AcMNPV and viruses with mutations in P74 (PIF0), PIF1 or PIF2, showing that P74 is required for ODV binding, whilst PIF1 and PIF2 play important roles in the entry of ODV after binding to midgut cells. This is the first live imaging of ODV entry into midgut cells and complements the genetic and biochemical evidence for the role of PIFs in the oral infection process.
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Sparks, Wendy O., Amy Rohlfing, and Bryony C. Bonning. "A peptide with similarity to baculovirus ODV-E66 binds the gut epithelium of Heliothis virescens and impedes infection with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.028118-0.
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Baculoviruses infect their lepidopteran hosts via the midgut epithelium through binding of occlusion-derived virus (ODV) and fusion between the virus envelope and microvillar membranes. To identify genes and sequences that are involved in this process, a random phage display library was screened for peptides that bound to brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) derived from the midgut epithelium of Heliothis virescens. Seventeen peptides that bound to BBMV were recovered. Two of these, HV1 and HV2, had sequence similarity to the ODV envelope protein ODV-E66 that is found in five species of alphabaculoviruses. Chemically synthesized versions of HV1 and HV2, and two peptides (AcE66A and AcE66B) derived from similar sequences of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) ODV-E66, bound to unfixed cryosections of whole midgut tissues. AcE66A, but not HV1, bound to H. virescens gut BBMV proteins on a far-Western blot. Competition assays with HV1 and purified AcMNPV ODV resulted in decreased mortality of H. virescens larvae at a dose of 1 LD50, and a significant increase in survival time at higher virus concentrations. These results suggest a role for ODV-E66 in baculovirus infection of lepidopteran larval midgut epithelium.
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Parrish, David D., and Christine A. Ennis. "Estimating background contributions and US anthropogenic enhancements to maximum ozone concentrations in the northern US." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 19 (October 9, 2019): 12587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12587-2019.
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Abstract. US ambient ozone concentrations have two components: US background ozone and enhancements produced from the country's anthropogenic precursor emissions. Only the enhancements effectively respond to national emission controls. We investigate the temporal evolution and spatial variability in the largest ozone concentrations, i.e., those that define the ozone design value (ODV) upon which the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) is based, within the northern tier of US states. We focus on two regions: rural western states, with only small anthropogenic precursor emissions, and the urbanized northeastern states, which include the New York City urban area, the nation's most populated. The US background ODV (i.e., the ODV remaining if US anthropogenic precursor emissions were reduced to zero) is estimated to vary from 54 to 63 ppb in the rural western states and to be smaller and nearly constant (45.8±3.0 ppb) throughout the northeastern states. These US background ODVs correspond to 65 % to 90 % of the 2015 NAAQS of 70 ppb. Over the past 2 to 3 decades US emission control efforts have decreased the US anthropogenic ODV enhancements at an approximately exponential rate, with an e-folding time constant of ∼22 years. These ODV enhancements are relatively large in the northeastern US, with state maximum ODV enhancements of ∼35–64 ppb in 2000, but are not discernible in the rural western states. The US background ODV contribution is significantly larger than the present-day ODV enhancements due to photochemical production from US anthropogenic precursor emissions in the urban as well as the rural regions investigated. Forward projections of past trends suggest that average maximum ODVs in northeastern US will drop below the NAAQS of 70 ppb by about 2021, assuming that the exponential decrease in the ODV enhancements can be maintained and the US background ODV remains constant. This estimate is much more optimistic than in the Los Angeles urban area, where a similar approach estimates the maximum ODV to reach 70 ppb in ∼2050 (Parrish et al., 2017a). The primary reason for this large difference is the significantly higher US ODV background (62.0±2.0 ppb) estimated for the Los Angeles urban area. The approach used in this work has some unquantified uncertainties that are discussed. Models can also estimate US background ODVs; some of those results are shown to correlate with the observationally based estimates derived here (r2 values for different models are ∼0.31 to 0.90), but they are on average systematically lower by 4 to 13 ppb. Further model improvement is required until their output can accurately reproduce the time series and spatial variability in observed ODVs. Ideally, the uncertainties in the model and observationally based approaches can then be reduced through additional comparisons.
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Ushimi, Nobuhiro, Motoji Yamamoto, and Akira Mohri. "Tracking Control of Omni-Directional Vehicles Using Two Wheels Caster Type Odometer." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 16, no. 4 (August 20, 2004): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2004.p0404.
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This paper proposes a tracking control method for Omni-Directional Vehicles (ODVs) along desired trajectories using a new type of odometer, called a Two Wheels Caster Type (TWCT) odometer, specially designed for ODV dead-reckoning. Driving wheels of conventional ODVs slip easily. When an odometer is connected directly to a driving wheel shaft, such a slip causes large dead-reckoning error. The TWCT odometer we proposed is attached independently to the driving wheel of the ODV to avoid the influence of the slip. The TWCT odometer passively follows the omni-directional motion of the ODV. The current position and orientation of the ODV are estimated accurately by dead-reckoning from TWCT odometer measurement. The proposed control method uses the estimated current position and orientation that allow accurate tracking control of the ODV along a desired trajectory. Tracking control is improved by the TWCT odometer. Experimental results show effectiveness of the proposed control method using the TWCT odometer.
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Pesta, Racheal, Robert L. Peralta, and Meghan A. Novisky. "Utilizing a General Strain Framework to Examine Behavioral Responses to Psychological Intimate Partner Violence: Are Responses Gendered?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 15 (September 25, 2016): 3171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516669165.
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We know from the violence literature that a distinct sex disparity exists in the perpetration of other-directed violence (ODV). Some scholars suggest that this disparity is explained in part by gendered reactions to stress, strain, or violence victimization, in which males and females engage in different coping mechanisms, with males more likely to engage in ODV than females. Using a college sample, we investigate the behavioral responses of male and female victims of psychological intimate partner abuse. We find that although there is a sex disparity in the use of ODV as a coping mechanism, there is also a distinct gender orientation disparity. Our results indicate that victims who ascribe to a masculine identity are more likely than those of a feminine identity to engage in ODV, regardless of biological sex. These findings shed light on the impact of gender orientation as both a risk and protective factor in the use of ODV.
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Liang, Yanting, Weifan Xu, Yanyan Zhou, Yun Gao, Huan Tian, Xiaofeng Wu, Yusong Xu, and Huabing Wang. "Midgut membrane protein BmSUH facilitates Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus oral infection." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): e1010938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010938.
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Baculoviruses are virulent pathogens that infect a wide range of insects. They initiate infections via specific interactions between the structural proteins on the envelopes of occlusion-derived virions (ODVs) and the midgut cell surface receptors in hosts. However, host factors that are hijacked by baculoviruses for efficient infection remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a membrane-associated protein sucrose hydrolase (BmSUH) as an ODV binding factor during Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) primary infection. BmSUH was specifically expressed in the midgut microvilli where the ODV-midgut fusion happened. Knockout of BmSUH by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a significantly higher survival rate after BmNPV orally infection. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis and co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that PIF protein complex required for ODV binding could interact with BmSUH. Furthermore, fluorescence dequenching assay showed that the amount of ODV binding and fusion to the midgut decreased in BmSUH mutants compared to wild-type silkworm, suggesting the role of BmSUH as an ODV binding factor that mediates the ODV entry process. Based on a multilevel survey, the data showed that BmSUH acted as a host factor that facilitates BmNPV oral infection. More generally, this study indicated that disrupting essential protein-protein interactions required for baculovirus efficient entry may be broadly applicable to against viral infection.
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Swogger, M. T., Z. Walsh, B. Y. Homaifar, E. D. Caine, and K. R. Conner. "Predicting self- and other-directed violence among discharged psychiatric patients: the roles of anger and psychopathic traits." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 2 (July 18, 2011): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001243.
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BackgroundWe examined the extent to which trait anger and psychopathic traits predicted post-discharge self-directed violence (SDV) and other-directed violence (ODV) among psychiatric patients.MethodParticipants were 851 psychiatric patients sampled from in-patient hospitals for the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study (MVRAS). Participants were administered baseline interviews at the hospital and five follow-up interviews in the community at approximately 10-week intervals. Psychopathy and trait anger were assessed with the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PSC:SV) and the Novaco Anger Scale (NAS) respectively. SDV was assessed during follow-ups with participants and ODV was assessed during interviews with participants and collateral informants. Psychopathy facets and anger were entered in logistic regression models to predict membership in one of four groups indicating violence status during follow-up: (1) SDV, (2) ODV, (3) co-occurring violence (COV), and (4) no violence.ResultsAnger predicted membership in all three violence groups relative to a non-violent reference group. In unadjusted models, all psychopathy facets predicted ODV and COV during follow-up. In adjusted models, interpersonal and antisocial traits of psychopathy predicted membership in the ODV group whereas only antisocial traits predicted membership in the COV group.ConclusionsAlthough our results provide evidence for a broad role for trait anger in predicting SDV and ODV among discharged psychiatric patients, they suggest that unique patterns of psychopathic traits differentially predict violence toward self and others. The measurement of anger and facets of psychopathy during discharge planning for psychiatric patients may provide clinicians with information regarding risk for specific types of violence.
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Mizutani, Asuka, Masato Kobayashi, Riku Aibe, Yuka Muranaka, Kodai Nishi, Masanori Kitamura, Chie Suzuki, et al. "Measurement of Hepatic CYP3A4 and 2D6 Activity Using Radioiodine-Labeled O-Desmethylvenlafaxine." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 11458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911458.
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Drug metabolizing enzyme activity is affected by various factors such as drug–drug interactions, and a method to quantify drug metabolizing enzyme activity in real time is needed. In this study, we developed a novel radiopharmaceutical for quantitative imaging to estimate hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activity. Iodine-123- and 125-labeled O-desmethylvenlafaxine (123/125I-ODV) was obtained with high labeling and purity, and its metabolism was found to strongly involve CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. SPECT imaging in normal mice showed that the administered 123I-ODV accumulated early in the liver and was excreted into the gallbladder, as evaluated by time activity curves. In its biological distribution, 125I-ODV administered to mice accumulated early in the liver, and only the metabolite of 125I-ODV was quickly excreted into the bile. In CYP3A4- and CYP2D6-inhibited model mice, the accumulation in bile decreased more than in normal mice, indicating inhibition of metabolite production. These results indicated that imaging and quantifying the accumulation of radioactive metabolites in excretory organs will aid in determining the dosages of various drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 for individualized medicine. Thus, 123/125I-ODV has the potential to direct, comprehensive detection and measurement of hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activity by a simple and less invasive approach.
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Afonso, C. L., E. R. Tulman, Z. Lu, C. A. Balinsky, B. A. Moser, J. J. Becnel, D. L. Rock, and G. F. Kutish. "Genome Sequence of a Baculovirus Pathogenic forCulex nigripalpus." Journal of Virology 75, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 11157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.22.11157-11165.2001.
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ABSTRACT In this report we describe the complete genome sequence of a nucleopolyhedrovirus that infects larval stages of the mosquitoCulex nigripalpus (CuniNPV). The CuniNPV genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 108,252 bp and is predicted to contain 109 genes. Although 36 of these genes show homology to genes from other baculoviruses, their orientation and order exhibit little conservation relative to the genomes of lepidopteran baculoviruses. CuniNPV genes homologous to those from other baculoviruses include genes involved in early and late gene expression (lef-4, lef-5, lef-8,lef-9, vlf-1, and p47), DNA replication (lef-1, lef-2,helicase-1, and dna-pol), and structural functions (vp39, vp91, odv-ec27,odv-e56, p6.9, gp41,p74, and vp1054). Auxiliary genes include homologues of genes encoding the p35 antiapoptosis protein and a novel insulin binding-related protein. In contrast to these conserved genes, CuniNPV lacks apparent homologues of baculovirus genes essential (ie-1 and lef-3) or stimulatory (ie-2, lef-7, pe38) for DNA replication. Also, baculovirus genes essential or stimulatory for early-late (ie-1, ie-2), early (ie-0 and pe-38), and late (lef-6,lef-11, and pp31) gene transcription are not identifiable. In addition, CuniNPV lacks homologues of genes involved in the formation of virogenic stroma (pp31), nucleocapsid (orf1629, p87, and p24), envelope of occluded virions (odv-e25, odv-e66,odv-e18), and polyhedra (polyhedrin/granulin,p10, pp34, and fp25k). A homologue of gp64, a budded virus envelope fusion protein, was also absent, although a gene related to the other category of baculovirus budded virus envelope proteins, Ld130, was present. The absence of homologues of occlusion-derived virion (ODV) envelope proteins and occlusion body (OB) protein (polyhedrin) suggests that both CuniNPV ODV and OB may be structurally and compositionally different from those found in terrestrial lepidopteran hosts. The striking difference in genome organization, the low level of conservation of homologous genes, and the lack of many genes conserved in other baculoviruses suggest a large evolutionary distance between CuniNPV and lepidopteran baculoviruses.
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Urata, Yuichiro, Masanori Koike, Kazuhisa Yamagishi, Noritsugu Egi, and Jun Okamoto. "Extension of ITU-T P.1203 model to Tile-based Omnidirectional Video Streaming." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 11 (January 18, 2021): 161–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.11.hvei-161.
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Omnidirectional video (ODV) streaming has become widespread. Since the data size of ODV is extremely large, tilebased streaming has been developed to compress the data. In this coding technology, high-quality tiles encoded at a higher bitrate for the users’ viewing direction and low-quality tiles encoded at a lower bitrate for the whole environment are sent to the client, and a player decodes these tiles. As a result, quality degrades due to coding, streaming, and the client’s buffer. Therefore, to provide high-quality tile-based ODV streaming services, qualityof- experience needs to be monitored by comprehensively evaluating the quality degradations. By taking into account the quality degradation due to the low-quality tiles, the ITU-T Recommendation P.1203 model, which can be used for monitoring the quality of 2D video streaming services, is extended to tile-based ODV streaming services. Our model is demonstrated to estimate quality with sufficiently high accuracy.
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Wang, RanRan, Fei Deng, Dianhai Hou, Yong Zhao, Lin Guo, Hualin Wang, and Zhihong Hu. "Proteomics of the Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Budded Virions." Journal of Virology 84, no. 14 (May 5, 2010): 7233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00040-10.
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ABSTRACT Baculoviruses produce two progeny phenotypes during their replication cycles. The occlusion-derived virus (ODV) is responsible for initiating primary infection in the larval midgut, and the budded virus (BV) phenotype is responsible for the secondary infection. The proteomics of several baculovirus ODVs have been revealed, but so far, no extensive analysis of BV-associated proteins has been conducted. In this study, the protein composition of the BV of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), the type species of baculoviruses, was analyzed by various mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, including liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap (LC-Qtrap), liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight (LC-Q-TOF), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF analyses showed that the three most abundant proteins of the AcMNPV BV were GP64, VP39, and P6.9. A total of 34 viral proteins associated with the AcMNPV BV were identified by the indicated methods. Thirteen of these proteins, PP31, AC58/59, AC66, IAP-2, AC73, AC74, AC114, AC124, chitinase, polyhedron envelope protein (PEP), AC132, ODV-E18, and ODV-E56, were identified for the first time to be BV-associated proteins. Western blot analyses showed that ODV-E18 and ODV-E25, which were previously thought to be ODV-specific proteins, were also present in the envelop fraction of BV. In addition, 11 cellular proteins were found to be associated with the AcMNPV BV by both LC-Qtrap and LC-Q-TOF analyses. Interestingly, seven of these proteins were also identified in other enveloped viruses, suggesting that many enveloped viruses may commonly utilize certain conserved cellular pathways.
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Blissard, Gary W., and David A. Theilmann. "Baculovirus Entry and Egress from Insect Cells." Annual Review of Virology 5, no. 1 (September 29, 2018): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043356.
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Baculoviruses are large DNA viruses of insects that are highly pathogenic in many hosts. In the infection cycle, baculoviruses produce two types of virions. These virion phenotypes are physically and functionally distinct, and each serves a critical role in the biology of the virus. One phenotype, the occlusion-derived virus (ODV), is occluded within a crystallized protein that facilitates oral infection of the host. A large complex of at least nine ODV envelope proteins called per os infectivity factors are critically important for ODV infection of insect midgut epithelial cells. Viral egress from midgut cells is by budding to produce a second virus phenotype, the budded virus (BV). BV binds, enters, and replicates in most other tissues of the host insect. Cell recognition and entry by BV are mediated by a single major envelope glycoprotein: GP64 in some baculoviruses and F in others. Entry and egress by the two virion phenotypes occur by dramatically different mechanisms and reflect a life cycle in which ODV is specifically adapted for oral infection while BV mediates dissemination of the infection within the animal.
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Slavicek, James M., and Holly J. R. Popham. "The Lymantria dispar Nucleopolyhedrovirus Enhancins Are Components of Occlusion-Derived Virus." Journal of Virology 79, no. 16 (August 15, 2005): 10578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.16.10578-10588.2005.
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ABSTRACT Enhancins are metalloproteinases, first identified in granuloviruses, that can enhance nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) potency. We had previously identified two enhancin genes (E1 and E2) in the Lymantria dispar multinucleocapsid NPV (LdMNPV) and showed that both were functional. For this study, we have extended our analysis of LdMNPV enhancin genes through an immunocytochemical analysis of E1 and E2 expression and localization. E1 and E2 peptide antibodies recognized proteins of ∼84 kDa and 90 kDa, respectively, on Western blots of extracts from L. dispar 652Y cells infected with wild-type virus. The 84- and 90-kDa proteins were first detected at 48 h postinfection (p.i.) and were present through 96 h p.i. E1 and E2 peptide antibodies detected E1 and E2 in polyhedron extracts, and the antibodies were shown to be specific for E1 and E2, respectively, through the use of recombinant virus strains lacking the enhancin genes. E1 and E2 were further localized to occlusion-derived virus (ODV). The enhancins were not found in budded virus. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that E1 and E2 were present in ODV envelopes and possibly in nucleocapsids. Fractionation studies with several detergents suggested that the enhancins were present in ODV envelopes in association with nucleocapsids. In contrast, enhancins in granuloviruses are located within the granulin matrix. The presence of LdMNPV enhancins within ODV provides a position for the proteins to interact directly on the peritrophic membrane as ODV traverses this host defense barrier.
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Rashidan, Kianoush Khajeh, Nasha Nassoury, Paresa N. Giannopoulos, and Claude Guertin. "Transcription, Translation, and Immunolocalization of ODVP-6E/ODV-E56 and p74 Proteins: Two Highly Conserved ODV-associated Envelope Proteins of Choristoneura fumiferana Granulovirus." BMB Reports 38, no. 1 (January 31, 2005): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.1.065.
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Dubey, Sunil K., Monika Jindal, Shakti Nagpal, Ranendra N. Saha, Gautam Singhvi, Amit Anand, and Kowthavarapu V. Krishna. "A Systematic Review on Analytical Methods to Determine Chiral and Achiral Forms of Venlafaxine and its Metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine." Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 16, no. 5 (June 15, 2020): 474–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412915666190204144202.
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Background: Venlafaxine (VEN) is a bicyclic phenylethylamine derivative and possesses a marked structural difference from other antidepressant drugs present in the market. It works by eliciting the neurotransmitter action in CNS. It occurs in two enantiomeric forms i.e. R and S VEN. After the first pass metabolism, it gets metabolized into more active form O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) which also exist in the enantiomeric forms. So it is important to develop a suitable analytical and bioanalytical method for the determination of VEN and its metabolite to quantify them accurately. Methods and Results: The current review summarizes methods to determine chiral and achiral forms of VEN and ODV. According to the literature, it is clear that most widely used method for the determination of VEN and ODV is liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, other methods used for routine analysis include UV spectroscopy, reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with PDA detector. For the determination of enantiomeric forms of VEN and ODV, different chiral columns have been utilized. Capillary electrophoresis with charged cyclodextrins is also used to determine the enantiomeric forms. Conclusion: Various analytical methods for determining VEN and its metabolite in different matrices have been discussed thoroughly in the present review.
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Wang, Xiao-Feng, Bao-Qin Zhang, Hai-Jun Xu, Ying-Jun Cui, Yi-Peng Xu, Min-Juan Zhang, Yeon Soo Han, Yong Seok Lee, Yan-Yuan Bao, and Chuan-Xi Zhang. "ODV-Associated Proteins of thePieris rapaeGranulovirus." Journal of Proteome Research 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2011): 2817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr2000804.
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Zhang, Yang, Zhichao Yang, Sen Zhao, and Hongli Zhou. "A Phenolic Ester of O-Desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) Improves Uptake of ODV into the Brain." American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2016.263.269.
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Zhu, Mengxiao, Jinwen Wang, Riqiang Deng, Peiwen Xiong, Hai Liang, and Xunzhang Wang. "A MicroRNA Encoded by Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus Regulates Expression of Viral Gene ODV-E25." Journal of Virology 87, no. 23 (September 11, 2013): 13029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02112-13.
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Baculovirus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been described inBombyx morinucleopolyhedrovirus; however, most of their functions remain unclear. Here we report the identification and characterization of an miRNA encoded byAutographa californicanucleopolyhedrovirus. The identified miRNA, AcMNPV-miR-1, perfectly matched a segment in the coding sequence of the viral gene ODV-E25 and downregulated ODV-E25 mRNA expression, which likely resulted in a reduction of infectious budded virions and accelerated the formation of occlusion-derived virions.
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Wu, Wenbi, Hanquan Liang, Junsuo Kan, Chao Liu, Meijin Yuan, Chun Liang, Kai Yang, and Yi Pang. "Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus 38K Is a Novel Nucleocapsid Protein That Interacts with VP1054, VP39, VP80, and Itself." Journal of Virology 82, no. 24 (October 15, 2008): 12356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00948-08.
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ABSTRACT It has been shown that the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) 38K (ac98) is required for nucleocapsid assembly. However, the exact role of 38K in nucleocapsid assembly remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between 38K and the nucleocapsid. Western blotting using polyclonal antibodies raised against 38K revealed that 38K was expressed in the late phase of infection in AcMNPV-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells and copurified with budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). Biochemical fractionation of BV and ODV into the nucleocapsid and envelope components followed by Western blotting showed that 38K was associated with the nucleocapsids. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis revealed that 38K was specifically localized to the nucleocapsids in infected cells and appeared to be distributed over the cylindrical capsid sheath of nucleocapsid. Yeast two-hybrid assays were performed to examine potential interactions between 38K and nine known nucleocapsid shell-associated proteins (PP78/83, PCNA, VP1054, FP25, VLF-1, VP39, BV/ODV-C42, VP80, and P24), three non-nucleocapsid shell-associated proteins (P6.9, PP31, and BV/ODV-E26), and itself. The results revealed that 38K interacted with the nucleocapsid proteins VP1054, VP39, VP80, and 38K itself. These interactions were confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation assays in vivo. These data demonstrate that 38K is a novel nucleocapsid protein and provide a rationale for why 38K is essential for nucleocapsid assembly.
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Braconi, Carla Torres, Daniel Mendes Pereira Ardisson-Araújo, Adriana Franco Paes Leme, Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira, Bianca Alves Pauletti, Alejandra Garcia-Maruniak, Bergmann Morais Ribeiro, James E. Maruniak, and Paolo Marinho de Andrade Zanotto. "Proteomic analyses of baculovirus Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus budded and occluded virus." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 980–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.061127-0.
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Baculoviruses infect insects, producing two distinct phenotypes during the viral life cycle: the budded virus (BV) and the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) for intra- and inter-host spread, respectively. Since the 1980s, several countries have been using Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) as a biological control agent against the velvet bean caterpillar, A. gemmatalis. The genome of AgMNPV isolate 2D (AgMNPV-2D) carries at least 152 potential genes, with 24 that possibly code for structural proteins. Proteomic studies have been carried out on a few baculoviruses, with six ODV and two BV proteomes completed so far. Moreover, there are limited data on virion proteins carried by AgMNPV-2D. Therefore, structural proteins of AgMNPV-2D were analysed by MALDI- quadrupole-TOF and liquid chromatography MS/MS. A total of 44 proteins were associated with the ODV and 33 with the BV of AgMNPV-2D. Although 38 structural proteins were already known, we found six new proteins in the ODV and seven new proteins carried by the AgMNPV-2D BV. Eleven cellular proteins that were found on several other enveloped viruses were also identified, which are possibly carried with the virion. These findings may provide novel insights into baculovirus biology and their host interaction. Moreover, our data may be helpful in subsequent applied studies aiming to improve AgMNPV use as a biopesticide and a biotechnology tool for gene expression or delivery.
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Braunagel, Sharon C., Paula A. Guidry, German Rosas-Acosta, Luke Engelking, and Max D. Summers. "Identification of BV/ODV-C42, an Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus orf101-Encoded Structural Protein Detected in Infected-Cell Complexes with ODV-EC27 and p78/83." Journal of Virology 75, no. 24 (December 15, 2001): 12331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.24.12331-12338.2001.
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ABSTRACT orf101 is a late gene of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). It encodes a protein of 42 kDa which is a component of the nucleocapsid of budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). To reflect this viral localization, the product of orf101 was named BV/ODV-C42 (C42). C42 is predominantly detected within the infected-cell nucleus: at 24 h postinfection (p.i.), it is coincident with the virogenic stroma, but by 72 h p.i., the stroma is minimally labeled while C42 is more uniformly located throughout the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid screens indicate that C42 is capable of directly interacting with the viral proteins p78/83 (1629K) and ODV-EC27 (orf144). These interactions were confirmed using blue native gels and Western blot analyses. At 28 h p.i., C42 and p78/83 are detected in two complexes: one at approximately 180 kDa and a high-molecular-mass complex (500 to 600 kDa) which also contains EC27.
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Braunagel, Sharon C., Virginia Cox, and Max D. Summers. "Baculovirus Data Suggest a Common but Multifaceted Pathway for Sorting Proteins to the Inner Nuclear Membrane." Journal of Virology 83, no. 3 (November 19, 2008): 1280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01661-08.
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ABSTRACT Multiple unique protein markers sorted to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) from the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus occlusion-derived virus (ODV) envelope were used to decipher common elements of the sorting pathway of integral membrane proteins from their site of insertion into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through their transit to the INM. The data show that during viral infection, the viral protein FP25K is a partner for all known ODV envelope proteins and that BV/ODV-E26 (designated E26) is a partner for some, but not all, such proteins. The association with the ER membrane of FP25K, E26, and the cellular INM-sorting protein importin-α-16 is not static; rather, these sorting proteins are actively recruited to the ER membrane based upon requirements of the proteins in transit to the INM. Colocalization analysis using an ODV envelope protein and importin-α-16 shows that during viral infection, importin-α-16 translocates across the pore membrane to the INM and then is incorporated into the virus-induced intranuclear membranes. Thus, the association of importin-α-16 and INM-directed proteins appears to remain at least through protein translocation across the pore membrane to the INM. Overall, the data suggest that multiple levels of regulation facilitate INM-directed protein trafficking, and that proteins participating in this sorting pathway have a dynamic relationship with each other and the membrane of the ER.
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Peng, Ke, Monique M. van Oers, Zhihong Hu, Jan W. M. van Lent, and Just M. Vlak. "Baculovirus Per Os Infectivity Factors Form a Complex on the Surface of Occlusion-Derived Virus." Journal of Virology 84, no. 18 (July 7, 2010): 9497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00812-10.
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ABSTRACT Five highly conserved per os infectivity factors, PIF1, PIF2, PIF3, PIF4, and P74, have been reported to be essential for oral infectivity of baculovirus occlusion-derived virus (ODV) in insect larvae. Three of these proteins, P74, PIF1, and PIF2, were thought to function in virus binding to insect midgut cells. In this paper evidence is provided that PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 form a stable complex on the surface of ODV particles of the baculovirus Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). The complex could withstand 2% SDS-5% β-mercaptoethanol with heating at 50°C for 5 min. The complex was not formed when any of the genes for PIF1, PIF2, or PIF3 was deleted, while reinsertion of these genes into AcMNPV restored the complex. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis independently confirmed the interactions of the three PIF proteins and revealed in addition that P74 is also associated with this complex. However, deletion of the p74 gene did not affect formation of the PIF1-PIF2-PIF3 complex. Electron microscopy analysis showed that PIF1 and PIF2 are localized on the surface of the ODV with a scattered distribution. This distribution did not change for PIF1 or PIF2 when the gene for PIF2 or PIF1 protein was deleted. We propose that PIF1, PIF2, PIF3, and P74 form an evolutionarily conserved complex on the ODV surface, which has an essential function in the initial stages of baculovirus oral infection.
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Guan, Zhanwen, Ling Zhong, Chunyan Li, Wenbi Wu, Meijin Yuan, and Kai Yang. "The Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirusac54Gene Is Crucial for Localization of the Major Capsid Protein VP39 at the Site of Nucleocapsid Assembly." Journal of Virology 90, no. 8 (February 10, 2016): 4115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02885-15.
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ABSTRACTBaculovirus DNAs are synthesized and inserted into preformed capsids to form nucleocapsids at a site in the infected cell nucleus, termed the virogenic stroma. Nucleocapsid assembly ofAutographa californicamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) requires the major capsid protein VP39 and nine minor capsid proteins, including VP1054. However, how VP1054 participates in nucleocapsid assembly remains elusive. In this study, the VP1054-encoding gene (ac54) was deleted to generate theac54-knockout AcMNPV (vAc54KO). In vAc54KO-transfected cells, nucleocapsid assembly was disrupted, leading to the formation of abnormally elongated capsid structures. Interestingly, unlike cells transfected with AcMNPV mutants lacking other minor capsid proteins, in which capsid structures were distributed within the virogenic stroma,ac54ablation resulted in a distinctive location of capsid structures and VP39 at the periphery of the nucleus. The altered distribution pattern of capsid structures was also observed in cells transfected with AcMNPV lacking BV/ODV-C42 or in cytochalasind-treated AcMNPV-infected cells. BV/ODV-C42, along with PP78/83, has been shown to promote nuclear filamentous actin (F-actin) formation, which is another requisite for nucleocapsid assembly. Immunofluorescence using phalloidin indicated that the formation and distribution of nuclear F-actin were not affected byac54deletion. However, immunoelectron microscopy revealed that BV/ODV-C42, PP78/83, and 38K failed to integrate into capsid structures in the absence of VP1054, and immunoprecipitation further demonstrated that in transient expression assays, VP1054 interacted with BV/ODV-C42 and VP80 but not VP39. Our findings suggest that VP1054 plays an important role in the transport of capsid proteins to the nucleocapsid assembly site prior to the process of nucleocapsid assembly.IMPORTANCEBaculoviruses are large DNA viruses whose replication occurs within the host nucleus. The localization of capsids into the capsid assembly site requires virus-induced nuclear F-actin; the inhibition of nuclear F-actin formation results in the retention of capsid structures at the periphery of the nucleus. In this paper, we note that the minor capsid protein VP1054 is essential for the localization of capsid structures, the major capsid protein VP39, and the minor capsid protein 38K into the capsid assembly site. Moreover, VP1054 is crucial for correct targeting of the nuclear F-actin factors BV/ODV-C42 and PP78/83 for capsid maturation. However, the formation and distribution of nuclear F-actin are not affected by the lack of VP1054. We further reveal that VP1054 interacts with BV/ODV-C42 and a capsid transport-related protein, VP80. Taken together, our findings suggest that VP1054 plays a unique role in the pathway(s) for transport of capsid proteins.
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Qian, Yajuan, Huwei Hou, Qingtang Shen, Xinzhong Cai, Garry Sunter, and Xueping Zhou. "RepA Protein Encoded by Oat dwarf virus Elicits a Temperature-Sensitive Hypersensitive Response–Type Cell Death That Involves Jasmonic Acid–Dependent Signaling." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 1 (January 2016): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0149-r.
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The hypersensitive response (HR) is a component of disease resistance that is often induced by pathogen infection, but essentially no information is available for members of the destructive mastreviruses. We have investigated an HR-type response elicited in Nicotiana species by Oat dwarf virus (ODV) and have found that expression of the ODV RepA protein but not other ODV-encoded proteins elicits the HR-type cell death associated with a burst of H2O2. Deletion mutagenesis indicates that the first nine amino acids (aa) at the N terminus of RepA and the two regions located between aa residues 173 and 195 and between aa residues 241 and 260 near the C terminus are essential for HR-type cell-death elicitation. Confocal and electron microscopy showed that the RepA protein is localized in the nuclei of plant cells and might contain bipartite nuclear localization signals. The HR-like lesions mediated by RepA were inhibited by temperatures above 30°C and involvement of jasmonic acid (JA) in HR was identified by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an elicitor of HR-type cell death from mastreviruses.
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Li, Xuelin, Shigen Zhong, Cuncheng Zhang, Pan Li, Haitao Ran, and Zhigang Wang. "MAGE-Targeted Gold Nanoparticles for Ultrasound Imaging-Guided Phototherapy in Melanoma." BioMed Research International 2020 (September 18, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6863231.
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Gold nanorods exhibit a wide variety of applications such as tumor molecular imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) due to their tunable optical properties. Several studies have demonstrated that the combination of other therapeutic strategies may improve PTT efficiency. A method called optical droplet vaporization (ODV) was considered as another noninvasive imaging and therapy strategy. Via the ODV method, superheated perfluorocarbon droplets can be vaporized to a gas phase for enhancing ultrasound imaging; meanwhile, this violent process can cause damage to cells and tissue. In addition, active targeting through the functionalization with targeting ligands can effectively increase nanoprobe accumulation in the tumor area, improving the sensitivity and specificity of imaging and therapy. Our study prepared a nanoparticle loaded with gold nanorods and perfluorinated hexane and conjugated to a monoclonal antibody (MAGE-1 antibody) to melanoma-associated antigens (MAGE) targeting melanoma, investigated the synergistic effect of PTT/ODV therapy, and monitored the therapeutic effect using ultrasound. The prepared MAGE-Au-PFH-NPs achieved complete eradication of tumors. Meanwhile, the MAGE-Au-PFH-NPs also possess significant ultrasound imaging signal enhancement, which shows the potential for imaging-guided tumor therapy in the future.
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Zhou, Yang, Keping Chen, Qin Yao, Hongxing Shen, Guiting Liang, Xiaogang Li, Nan Wang, and Yijia Li. "Characterization of a Late Expression Gene of Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2010): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-7-815.
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Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) ORF5 (Bm5) is a gene present in many lepidopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs), but its function is unknown. In this study, Bm5 was characterized. The transcript of Bm5 was detected 12 - 72 h post infection (p.i.). Polyclonal antiserum raised to a His-BM5 fusion protein recognized BM5 in infected cell lysates from 24 to 72 h p.i., suggesting that Bm5 is a late gene. Immunofluorescence analysis by confocal microscopy showed that the BM5 protein is localized primarily in the cytoplasm. Localization of BM5 in budded virion (BV) and occlusion-derived virion (ODV) by Western analyses demonstrated that BM5 is not a structural protein associated with BV or ODV.
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Kawaguchi, Yoshirou, Nobuo Sugiura, Momo Onishi, Koji Kimata, Makoto Kimura, and Yoshimitu Kakuta. "Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of chondroitin lyase from baculovirus: envelope protein ODV-E66." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 68, no. 2 (January 26, 2012): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1744309111053164.
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Baculovirus envelope protein ODV-E66 (67–704), in which the N-terminal 66 amino acids are truncated, is a chondroitin lyase. It digests chondroitin and chondroitin 6-sulfate efficiently, but does not digest chondroitin 4-sulfate. This unique characteristic is useful for the preparation of specific chondroitin oligosaccharides and for investigation of the mechanism of baculovirus infection. ODV-E66 (67–704) was crystallized; the crystal diffracted to 1.8 Å resolution and belonged to space groupP62orP64, with unit-cell parametersa = b = 113.5,c= 101.5 Å. One molecule is assumed to be present per asymmetric unit, which gives a Matthews coefficient of 2.54 Å3 Da−1.
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Liu, Wei-Wen, Sy-Han Huang, and Pai-Chi Li. "Synchronized Optical and Acoustic Droplet Vaporization for Effective Sonoporation." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060279.
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Inertial cavitation-based sonoporation has been utilized to enhance treatment delivery efficacy. In our previous study, we demonstrated that tumor therapeutic efficacy can be enhanced through vaporization-assisted sonoporation with gold nanodroplets (AuNDs). Specifically, the AuNDs were vaporized both acoustically (i.e., acoustic droplet vaporization, ADV) and optically (i.e., optical droplet vaporization, ODV). A continuous wave (CW) laser was used for ODV in combination with an ultrasound pulse for ADV. Although effective for vaporization, the use of a CW laser is not energy efficient and may create unwanted heating and concomitant tissue damage. In this study, we propose the use of a pulsed wave (PW) laser to replace the CW laser. In addition, the PW laser was applied at the rarefaction phase of the ultrasound pulse so that the synergistic effects of ADV and ODV can be expected. Therefore, a significantly lower laser average power can be expected to achieve the vaporization threshold. Compared to the CW laser power at 2 W/cm2 from the previous approach, the PW laser power was reduced to only 0.2404 W/cm2. Furthermore, we also demonstrate in vitro that the sonoporation rate was increased when the PW laser was applied at the rarefaction phase. Specifically, the vaporization signal, the inertial cavitation signal, and the sonoporation rate all displayed a 1-µs period, which corresponded to the period of the 1-MHz acoustic wave used for ADV, as a function of the relative laser delay. The increased sonoporation rate indicates that this technique has the potential to enhance sonoporation-directed drug delivery and tumor therapy with a lower laser power while keeping the cell death rate at the minimum. Photoacoustic imaging can also be performed at the same time since a PW laser is used for the ODV.
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Hssane, Abderrahim Beni, Moulay Lahcen Hasnaoui, Said Benkirane, Driss El Ouadghiri, and Mohamed Laghdir. "Householder Algorithm Applied to Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmcmc.2012010102.
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Many applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) must know the position of sensor nodes in the network. That is, information from the sensors is useful only if node location information is also available. Additionally, some routing protocols use position to determine viable routes. Several localization algorithms have been proposed which can be categorized as: range-based and range-free algorithms. In this paper, the authors propose an Optimized DV-Hop (ODV-Hop), a localization range-free algorithm. The authors have used a new formula for computing the optimal hope size and used Householder algorithm for solving least square localization problem. Finally, simulation results show that the ODV-Hop achieves good location accuracy than normal DV-Hop.
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Febrian Setianto, Sony, Nawanto Budi Sukoco, and Widodo Setiyo Pranowo. "Pemodelan Pola Arus 2 Dimensi Musiman dan Dinamis Multilayer Kedalaman di Laut Banda." Jurnal HIDROPILAR 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/hidropilar.v6i1.174.
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Penggambaran pola arus secara horisontal dan vertikal dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak ODV V.4.5.3, untuk menentukan pola arus horisontal dan vertikal di Laut Banda. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dengan tujuan melakukan proses pengolahan dan menampilkan pola sirkulasi arus secara horisontal dan runtut waktu, melakukan proses pengolahan, menentukan zonasi pola arus secara horisontal, Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa proses pengolahan telah terlaksana dengan baik dan menampilkan pola sirkulasi arus secara horisontal. Hasil ditampilkan pula secara runtut waktu (rerata bulanan mewakili musim, bulan Januari (musim barat), bulan April (musim peralihan pertama), bulan Juli (musim timur), dan bulan Oktober (musim peralihan kedua). Total telah dihasilkan 20 Gambar grafikl.Dua zonasi pola arus utama secara horisontal di lapisan permukaan adalah alur arus yang menyusur di Selat Timor Timor dan alur arus yang menyusur Timur Laut Banda. Dimana pada alur arus lapisan permukaan dominan arah arus dari utara Laut Banda menuju ke selat Timor-timor, proses pengolahan pengGambaran pola arus dua dimensi dengan perangkat lunak ODV (Ocean Data View), data yang digunakan adalah data arus dua Dimensi ruang di Laut Banda dengan memberikan informasi serta karakteristik pola arus, serta menentukan zonasi pola arus di Laut Banda ditampilkan dalam bentuk Gambar Dua dimensi dengan menggunakan Perangkat lunak ODV v.4.5.3.
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Zhang, Ji-Hong, Taro Ohkawa, Jan O. Washburn, and Loy E. Volkman. "Effects of Ac150 on virulence and pathogenesis of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in noctuid hosts." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80930-0.
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Ac150 is expressed late during infection of cultured lepidopteran insect cells by Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. The Ac150 gene product is predicted to have a molecular mass of 11 161 Da and consists of a hydrophobic N terminus and a single ‘peritrophin-A’-like domain, connected by a short region of charged amino acids. An Ac150 deletion mutant and its parental wild-type virus were compared for differences in virulence by both oral and intrahaemocoelic routes of infection. It was found that the mutant was significantly less virulent in larvae of all three host species tested (Heliothis virescens, Spodoptera exigua and Trichoplusia ni) when occlusions were administered orally, but not when isolated occlusion-derived virus (ODV) was administered orally or budded virus was administered intrahaemocoelically. ODV yields were the same from equal numbers of mutant and wild-type occlusions, and nucleocapsid-distribution frequencies within the two ODV populations were the same, eliminating these features as explanations for the observed differences in virulence. Comparison of pathogenesis, as revealed by lacZ expression from identical reporter-gene cassettes in the mutant and wild-type virus, indicated that the mutant was less efficient at establishing primary infection in midgut cells; otherwise, it exhibited infection kinetics identical to those of wild-type virus. Ac150, therefore, can be considered a per os infection factor that mediates, but is not essential for, oral infection.
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Panthier, Frederic, Thibault Germain, Cyril Gorny, Laurent Berthe, Steeve Doizi, and Olivier Traxer. "Laser Fiber Displacement Velocity during Tm-Fiber and Ho:YAG Laser Lithotripsy: Introducing the Concept of Optimal Displacement Velocity." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010181.
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Background: Endocorporeal laser lithotripsy (EL) during flexible ureteroscopy (URS-f) often uses “dusting” settings with “painting” technique. The displacement velocity of the laser fiber (LF) at the stone surface remains unknown and could improve EL’s ablation rates. This in vitro study aimed to define the optimal displacement velocity (ODV) for both holmium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Ho:YAG) and thulium fiber laser (Tm-Fiber). Methods: A 50W-TFL (IRE Polus®, Moscow, Russia) and a 30W-MH1-Ho:YAG laser (Rocamed®, Signes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France), were used with 272 µm-Core-Diameter LF (Sureflex, Boston Scientific©, San Jose, CA, USA), comparing three TFL modes, “fine dusting” (FD: 0.05–0.15 J/100–600 Hz); “dusting” (D: 0.5 J/30–60 Hz); “fragmentation” (Fr: 1 J/15–30 Hz) and two Ho:YAG modes (D: 0.5 J/20 Hz, Fr: 1 J/15 Hz). An experimental setup consisting of immerged cubes of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stone phantoms (Begostone Plus, Bego©, Lincoln, RI, USA) was used with a 2 s’ laser operation time. LF were in contact with the stones, static or with a displacement of 5, 10 or 20 mm. Experiments were repeated four times. Stones were dried and µ-scanned. Ablation volumes (mm3) were measured by 3D-segmentation. Results: ODV was higher in dusting compared to fragmentation mode during Ho:YAG lithotripsy (10 mm/s vs. 5 mm/s, respectively). With Tm-Fiber, dusting and fragmentation OVDs were similar (5 mm/s). Tm-Fiber ODV was lower than Ho:YAGs in dusting settings (5 mm/s vs. 10 mm/s, respectively). Without LF displacement, ablation volumes were at least two-fold higher with Tm-Fiber compared to Ho:YAG. Despite the LF-DV, we report a 1.5 to 5-fold higher ablation volume with Tm-Fiber compared to Ho:YAG. Conclusions: In dusting mode, the ODVTm-Fiber is lower compared to ODVHo:YAG, translating to a potential easier Tm-Fiber utilization for “painting” dusting technique. The ODV determinants remain unknown. Dynamic ablation volumes are higher to static ones, regardless of the laser source, settings or LF displacement velocity.
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Rosas-Acosta, Germán, Sharon C. Braunagel, and Max D. Summers. "Effects of Deletion and Overexpression of the Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus FP25KGene on Synthesis of Two Occlusion-Derived Virus Envelope Proteins and Their Transport into Virus-Induced Intranuclear Membranes." Journal of Virology 75, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 10829–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.22.10829-10842.2001.
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ABSTRACT Partial deletions within Autographa californica open reading frame 61 (FP25K) alter the expression and accumulation profile of several viral proteins and the transport of occlusion-derived virus (ODV)-E66 to intranuclear membranes during infection (S. C. Braunagel et al., J. Virol. 73:8559–8570, 1999). Here we show the effects of a full deletion and overexpression of FP25K on the transport and expression of two ODV envelope proteins, ODV-E66 (E66) and ODV-E25 (E25). Deletion and overexpression of FP25K substantially altered the levels of expression of E66 during infection. Compared with cells infected with wild-type (wt) virus, the levels of E66 were reduced fivefold in cells infected with a viral mutant lacking FP25K (ΔFP25K) and were slightly increased in cells infected with a viral mutant overexpressing FP25K (FP25Kpolh). In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the levels of E25 among wt-, ΔFP25K-, and FP25Kpolh-infected cells. The changes observed in the levels of E66 among the different viral mutants were not accompanied by changes in either the time of synthesis, membrane association, protein turnover, or steady-state transcript abundance. Deletion of FP25K also substantially altered the transport and localization of E66 during infection. In cells infected with the ΔFP25K mutant virus, E66 accumulated in localized regions at the nuclear periphery and the outer nuclear membrane and did not traffic to intranuclear membranes. In contrast, in cells infected with the FP25Kpolh mutant virus E66 trafficked to intranuclear membranes. For comparison, E25 was normally transported to intranuclear membranes in both ΔFP25K- and FP25Kpolh-infected cells. Altogether these studies suggest that FP25K affects the synthesis of E66 at a posttranscriptional level, probably by altering the translation of E66; additionally, the block in transport of E66 at the nuclear envelope in ΔFP25K-infected cells suggests that the pathway of E66 trafficking to the inner nuclear membrane and intranuclear microvesicles is specifically regulated and must be influenced by factors that do not control the traffic of E25.
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Garretson, Tyler A., Jason C. McCoy, and Xiao-Wen Cheng. "Baculovirus FP25K Localization: Role of the Coiled-Coil Domain." Journal of Virology 90, no. 21 (August 10, 2016): 9582–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01241-16.
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ABSTRACTTwo types of viruses are produced during the baculovirus life cycle: budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). A particular baculovirus protein, FP25K, is involved in the switch from BV to ODV production. Previously, FP25K from the model alphabaculovirusAutographa californicamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) was shown to traffic ODV envelope proteins. However, FP25K localization and the domains involved are inconclusive. Here we used a quantitative approach to study FP25K subcellular localization during infection using an AcMNPV bacmid virus that produces a functional AcMNPV FP25K-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein. During cell infection, FP25K-GFP localized primarily to the cytoplasm, particularly amorphous structures, with a small fraction being localized in the nucleus. To investigate the sequences involved in FP25K localization, an alignment of baculovirus FP25K sequences revealed that the N-terminal putative coiled-coil domain is present in all alphabaculoviruses but absent in betabaculoviruses. Structural prediction indicated a strong relatedness of AcMNPV FP25K to long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1) open reading frame 1 protein (ORF1p), which contains an N-terminal coiled-coil domain responsible for cytoplasmic retention. Point mutations and deletions of this domain lead to a change in AcMNPV FP25K localization from cytoplasmic to nuclear. The coiled-coil and C-terminal deletion viruses increased BV production. Furthermore, a betabaculovirus FP25K protein lacking this N-terminal coiled-coil domain localized predominantly to the nucleus and exhibited increased BV production. These data suggest that the acquisition of this N-terminal coiled-coil domain in FP25K is important for the evolution of alphabaculoviruses. Moreover, with the divergence of preocclusion nuclear membrane breakdown in betabaculoviruses and membrane integrity in alphabaculoviruses, this domain represents an alphabaculovirus adaptation for nuclear trafficking of occlusion-associated proteins.IMPORTANCEBaculovirus infection produces two forms of viruses: BV and ODV. Manufacturing of ODV involves trafficking of envelope proteins to the inner nuclear membrane, mediated partly through the FP25K protein. Since FP25K is present in alpha-, beta-, and gammabaculoviruses, it is uncertain if this trafficking function is conserved. In this study, we looked at alpha- and betabaculovirus FP25K trafficking by its localization. Alphabaculovirus FP25K localized primarily to the cytoplasm, whereas betabaculovirus FP25K localized to the nucleus. We found that an N-terminal coiled-coil domain present in all alphabaculovirus FP25K proteins, but absent in betabaculovirus FP25K, was critical for alphabaculovirus FP25K cytoplasmic localization. We believe that this represents an evolutionary process that partly led to the gain of function of this N-terminal coiled-coil domain in alphabaculovirus FP25K to aid in nuclear trafficking of occlusion-associated proteins. Due to betabaculovirus breakdown of the nuclear membrane before occlusion, this function is not needed, and the domain was lost or never acquired.
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Wu, Dong, Fei Deng, Xiulian Sun, Hualin Wang, Li Yuan, Just M. Vlak, and Zhihong Hu. "Functional analysis of FP25K of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 2439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81110-0.
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The fp25k gene of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) was studied. HearNPV fp25k gene transcription was found starting from about 18 h post-infection, and protein could be detected from the same time with antiserum against FP25K. To study the function of HearNPV fp25k, a recombinant HearNPV (HaBacWD11) with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene replacing the fp25k was constructed using HaBacHZ8, a bacmid of HearNPV that lacks the polyhedrin gene. Growth curve analysis showed that HaBacWD11 produced higher titres of budded viruses (BVs) than its wild-type counterpart HaBacHZ8–GFP. Electron microscopic analysis indicated that at the late stage of infection, the number of intranuclear enveloped nucleocapsids in HaBacWD11-infected cells was much less than that of HaBacHZ8–GFP. A rescue recombinant virus HaBacWD14 was constructed by reintroducing fp25k gene into HaBacWD11. The growth curve and electron microscopic analysis of the rescued recombinant confirmed that the increase of BV yield and the decrease of the virion production in infected cells were the result of fp25k deletion. The expression of membrane fusion protein (Ha133) and ODV-E66 were studied using the FP25K mutants HaBacWD11 and HaBacHZ8–GFP. Unlike FP25K mutants in Autographa californica multicapsid NPV (AcMNPV), which caused an increase in the expression of membrane fusion protein GP64 and a decrease of ODV-E66, no obvious changes at the expression level of Ha133 and ODV-E66 were observed in HearNPV FP25K mutant.
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Akagunduz, Dilan, Rumeysa Cebecioglu, Murat Ozdemir, and Tunc Catal. "Removal of psychoactive pharmaceuticals from wastewaters using microbial electrolysis cells producing hydrogen." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.269.
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Abstract In this study, hydrogen production was analyzed along with methane and carbon dioxide generation using paroxetine, venlafaxine, and o-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) as substrates in single-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). Combinations of all three drugs were examined at concentrations of 750 ng/mL and 170 ng/mL. At the beginning of MEC operations using a 750 ng/mL mixture of drugs, there was no hydrogen or methane, but carbon dioxide was detected. When the concentration of the drug mixture was reduced to 170 ng/mL, MECs produced hydrogen and methane gas. Removal of the drugs during MEC operations was also analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Paroxetine, venlafaxine and ODV drugs were removed up to 99% by MECs. In conclusion, MECs could offer an alternative treatment method for wastewaters containing psychoactive pharmaceuticals with the added benefit of fuel hydrogen generation.
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Lauzon, Hilary A. M., Christopher J. Lucarotti, Peter J. Krell, Qili Feng, Arthur Retnakaran, and Basil M. Arif. "Sequence and Organization of the Neodiprion lecontei Nucleopolyhedrovirus Genome." Journal of Virology 78, no. 13 (July 1, 2004): 7023–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.13.7023-7035.2004.
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ABSTRACT All fully sequenced baculovirus genomes, with the exception of the dipteran Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus (CuniNPV), have previously been from Lepidoptera. This study reports the sequencing and characterization of a hymenopteran baculovirus, Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeleNPV), from the redheaded pine sawfly. NeleNPV has the smallest genome so far published (81,755 bp) and has a GC content of only 33.3%. It contains 89 potential open reading frames, 43 with baculovirus homologues, 6 identified by conserved domains, and 1 with homology to a densovirus structural protein. Average amino acid identity of homologues ranged from 19.7% with CuniNPV to 24.9% with Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus. The conserved set of baculovirus genes has dropped to 29, since NeleNPV lacks an F protein homologue (ac23/ld130). NeleNPV contains 12 conserved lepidopteran baculovirus genes, including that for DNA binding protein, late expression factor 11 (lef-11), polyhedrin, occlusion derived virus envelope protein-18 (odv-e18), p40, and p45, but lacks 21 others, including lef-3, me53, immediate early gene-1, lef-6, pp31, odv-e66, few polyhedra 25k, odv-e25, protein kinase-1, fibroblast growth factor, and ubiquitin. The lack of identified baculovirus homologues may be due to difficulties in identification, differences in host-virus interactions, or other genes performing similar functions. Gene parity plots showed limited colinearity of NeleNPV with other baculoviruses, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that NeleNPV may have existed before the lepidopteran nucleopolyhedrovirus and granulovirus divergence. The creation of two new Baculoviridae genera to fit hymenopteran and dipteran baculoviruses may be necessary.
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Mrvelj, Štefica, Marko Matulin, and Sergo Martirosov. "Subjective Evaluation of User Quality of Experience for Omnidirectional Video Streaming." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i3.3444.
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This paper reports on the results of subjective testing of user Quality of Experience (QoE) for omnidirectional video (ODV) streaming quality. The test was conducted among 20 test subjects who watched three ODVs using a Head Mounted Display (HMD) system. The length of the videos was between two and three minutes. The first video was used for training purposes and contained no quality degradations. The quality of the other two ODVs was degraded by manipulating the resolution or by introducing different frame drop patterns. While watching the pre-prepared videos the subjects indicated if they noticed the changes in the quality and then rated it. After watching each video, the subjects completed a separate questionnaire, which evaluated their level of enjoyment and discomfort with the video. The results showed that the degradation of both objective parameters (video resolution and frame rate) impacted the subjects’ perception of quality; however, the impact was somewhat alleviated in ODV which contained dynamic scenes and fast camera movements.
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Bajaber, Majed A., and Ayman H. Kamel. "All-Solid State Potentiometric Sensors for Desvenlafaxine Detection Using Biomimetic Imprinted Polymers as Recognition Receptors." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 4814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224814.
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Using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an ion-to-electron transducer, a novel disposable all-solid-state desvenlafaxine-selective electrode based on a screen-printed carbon paste electrode was created. SWCNTs were put onto the carbon-paste electrode area, which was protected by a poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane with a desvenlafaxine-imprinted polymer serving as a recognition receptor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronopotentiometric techniques were used to examine the electrochemical characteristics of the SWCNTs/PVC coating on the carbon screen-printed electrode. The electrode displayed a 57.2 ± 0.8 mV/decade near-Nernstian slope with a 2.0 × 10−6 M detection limit. In 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6, the ODV-selective electrodes displayed a quick reaction (5 s) and outstanding stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. The usefulness of electrodes was demonstrated in samples of ODV-containing pharmaceutical products and human urine. These electrodes have the potential to be mass produced and employed as disposable sensors for on-site testing, since they are quick, practical, and inexpensive.
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Tao, Xue Ying, Jae Young Choi, Woo Jin Kim, Saes Byeol An, Qin Liu, Song Eun Kim, Seok Hee Lee, et al. "Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus ORF11 Is Essential for Budded-Virus Production and Occlusion-Derived-Virus Envelopment." Journal of Virology 89, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01742-14.
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ABSTRACTORF11 (ac11) ofAutographa californicamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a highly conserved gene with unknown function. To determine the role ofac11in the baculovirus life cycle, anac11knockout mutant of AcMNPV, Ac11KO, was constructed. Northern blot and 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses revealed thatac11is an early gene in the life cycle. Microscopy, titration assays, and Western blot analysis revealed that budded viruses (BVs) were not produced in Ac11KO-transfected Sf9 cells. However, quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that the deletion ofac11did not affect viral DNA replication. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed that there was no nucleocapsid in the cytoplasm or plasma membrane of Ac11KO-transfected cells, which demonstrates that the defect in BV production in Ac11KO-transfected cells is due to the inefficient egress of nucleocapsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In addition, electron microscopy observations showed that the nucleocapsids in the nucleus were not enveloped to form occlusion-derived viruses (ODVs) and that their subsequent embedding into occlusion bodies (OBs) was also blocked in Ac11KO-transfected cells, demonstrating thatac11is required for ODV envelopment. These results therefore demonstrate thatac11is an early gene that is essential for BV production and ODV envelopment.IMPORTANCEBaculoviruses have been extensively used not only as specific, environmentally benign insecticides but also as helper-independent protein expression vectors. Although the function of baculovirus genes in viral replication has been studied by using gene knockout technology, the functions of more than one-third of viral genes, which include some highly conserved genes, are still unknown. In this study,ac11was proven to play a crucial role in BV production and ODV envelopment. These results will lead to a better understanding of baculovirus infection cycles.
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Rashidan, Kianoush Khajeh, Nasha Nassoury, Paresa N. Giannopoulos, and Claude Guertin. "Identification and Characterization of a Conserved Baculoviral Structural Protein ODVP-6E/ODV-E56 from Choristoneura fumiferana Granulovirus." BMB Reports 35, no. 6 (November 30, 2002): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2002.35.6.595.
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KATSUTA, Tomonori, Yoshiyuki UNO, Seiichi YOKOMIZO, Akito TAKEYA, Jun-ichi TAKIGUCHI, and Takumi HASHIZUME. "Development of Mirror for Small Size ODV by Ultraprecision Cutting." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 74, no. 8 (2008): 830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.74.830.
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