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1
Calafat, Consuelo, and Aurea Gallego-Salguero. "Livestock odour dispersion and its implications for rural tourism: case study of Valencian Community (Spain)." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): e0106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15819.
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Aim of study: To study the relationship between the problem odours caused by livestock farms and the evolution of rural tourism.Area of study: A coastal region in Spain, the Valencian Community.Material and methods: The odour emission rates of 4,984 farms have been calculated, and the ambient odour concentration was determined to assess the odour nuisance. The odour concentration was modelled by applying the Gaussian model based on emission data and the most unfavourable meteorological conditions of the 45 climatic stations distributed throughout the analysis area. The dispersion model was implemented in a geographic information system, deducing the municipalities affected using the odour concentration thresholds. Furthermore, the evolution of rural tourism in municipalities was studied during the period of 2006-2017. The relationship between the evolution of rural tourism and the effects of odours is studied by means of a bivariate spatial correlation analysis.Main results: Pigs are the predominant species in areas with the greatest odour emission problems; ~ 29% of farms can result in annoyances among the population with odour concentrations greater than 5 OU/m3, and 46% of municipalities can be affected by odour problems. These odour nuisances had negative consequences in the municipality where measures were carried out to favour rural development, such as rural tourism. Municipalities were detected in which the problem of odours can be a deterrent to rural tourism, whereas in other municipalities it was observed that minimizing livestock activity can be a method to promote rural tourism.Research highlights: This study provides a methodology that allows modeling the odour dispersion of livestock and relates its implications to rural tourism. Municipalities have been identified where livestock odours can cause a stagnation of the rural tourism income.
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Grzelka, Agnieszka, Elżbieta Romanik, and Urszula Miller. "Odour nuisance assessment of the food industry wastewater treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000024.
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Odour nuisance generated by food industry objects is a significant problem, the result of which is often numerous complaints from local residents about the quality of air. Apart from the production process, this problem often concerns industrial wastewater treatment processes, which contribute to a large extent to the emissions of odorants from the sulphur group, including hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans. In order to estimate the odorous air quality around these types of objects, the modelling of dispersion of pollutants: odours or odorants is often used. The paper presents the results of tests on odour emission as well as hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans emission as compounds typical for waste gases from the sewage treatment process from the food industry. In order to estimate the range of odour impact, model calculations using the Polish reference model for the aforementioned substances were made. The values of annual average concentrations and frequency of odour detection thresholds for odorants and odour concentration of 1 ouE/m3 for odours as a mixture in a computational grid of 1400 m x 1400 m with a step of 50 m were calculated. The results showed the highest range of odour impact of mercaptans, whose value of the average annual concentration exceeded the odour detection threshold up to 700 m in the east and west direction from the emission source.
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Both, R. "Directive on odour in ambient air: an established system of odour measurement and odour regulation in Germany." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0521.
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The legal basis for any requirement with respect to ambient air quality is the German Federal Protection Act for Ambient Air. According to §3 Federal Protection Act all odours caused by plants are defined as an annoyance. The problem is to find out whether an annoyance has to be considered as a significant disturbance. In the Directive on Odour in ambient air a complete system is designed, beginning with measurement methods and concluding with ambient air quality requirements. In the following paper the tenor of the Directive on Odour is presented, some main aspects of more than five years of practical experience will be shown and a perspective on some future investigations and developments will be given. As a conclusion it is pointed out that in practice, the Directive on Odours has been successful. Both methods, field measurements with panels and dispersion modelling, are generally qualified for the determination of odour loads. The restriction of odour loads by limit values expressed as odour frequency per year for certain areas has been established in a lot of cases.
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du Toit, A. J. "Quantification of Odour Problems Associated with Liquid and Solid Feedlot and Poultry Wastes." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0186.
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To prove the validity of an odour complaint, a standard evaluation procedure, whereby selected odour compounds are monitored, is proposed for use by Health authorities. The technique determines the dispersion of specific compounds from a point source. Odour threshold limits, determined by specialist odour panels, are used to evaluate the seriousness of the problem. Thereafter, individual waste handling systems are isolated as possible point sources of offensive odours. If dispersion studies and high odour compound concentrations prove the validity of a complaint, individual sites are investigated to determine the identity of the malfunctioning handling phase(s) of a specific treatment system. Results of various parameters are related to offensiveness in this procedure. The practical and objective nature of this technique makes it particularly suitable for application in semi-rural environments where agricultural activities have impinged on residential areas.
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Mužniece-Treija, Evita. "ODOUR STUDY WITH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS IN VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF RIGA." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 15, 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol1.2643.
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Different emission sources of odours become increasingly important environmental problem which may have a negative impact on human health and quality of life. Human odour perception may be subjective, however on odour perception threshold is considered to be the odorant concentration where at least half of odour assessor’s group members confirm the existence of odour, and then it is 1 OUE /m3. Nowadays more and more advanced technologies are used to measure odour concentration. Olfactometer Scentroid SM100 allows users to accurately quantify ambient odour concentration in field. Also this equipment allows to collect source samples and analyze odour in a laboratory. Odour study in 2016 and 2017 with field olfactometer Scentroid SM100 and gas analyzer Gasmet DX-4030 in districts of Riga indicates that the highest concentrations of odour are in Bolderaja, Sarkandaugava, Kundzinsala, Mangalsala, Milgravis and Vecmilgravis. Study indicates that the highest odour concentrations, especially among producing companies can reach up to 6-7 odour units (OUE/m3), however gas analyzer Gasmet DX-4030 indicates oil products or carbon dioxide.
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Hanková, M., K. Maturová, and H. Čížková. "GC-MS/O for the characterization of odours from cheese-production wastewater: A case study." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 2482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.513.
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Abstract The foul odour of cheese-production wastewater is a common problem in areas surrounding dairy wastewater treatment plants. For successful odour management, a better understanding of the key odorants and how to handle them during wastewater treatment is needed. This paper documents the results of using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with olfactometry (GC-MS/O) to analyze odours emanating from a possibly overloaded treatment plant in Czechia. Using a DB5 capillary column, 20 compounds were detected and identified, nonanal (FDgeomean 152) and octen-3-ol (FDgeomean 2048) having the most pungent odours.
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Waldrop, Lindsay D., Laura A. Miller, and Shilpa Khatri. "A tale of two antennules: the performance of crab odour-capture organs in air and water." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 125 (December 2016): 20160615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0615.
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Odour capture is an important part of olfaction, where dissolved chemical cues (odours) are brought into contact with chemosensory structures. Antennule flicking by marine crabs is an example of discrete odour capture (sniffing) where an array of chemosensory hairs is waved through the water to create a flow–no flow pattern based on a narrow range of speeds, diameters of and spacings between hairs. Changing the speed of movement and spacing of hairs at this scale to manipulate flow represents a complicated fluid dynamics problem. In this study, we use numerical simulation of the advection and diffusion of a chemical gradient to reveal how morphological differences of the hair arrays affect odour capture. Specifically, we simulate odour capture by a marine crab ( Callinectes sapidus ) and a terrestrial crab ( Coenobita rugosus ) in both air and water to compare performance. We find that the antennule morphologies of each species are adaptions to capturing odours in their native habitats. Sniffing is an important part of odour capture for marine crabs in water where the diffusivity of odorant molecules is low and flow through the array is necessary. On the other hand, flow within the hair array diminishes odour-capture performance in air where diffusivities are high. This study highlights some of the adaptations necessary to transition from water to air.
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Vasarevičius, Saulius, and Tadas Batavičius. "Experimental Tests on the Influence of Waste Covering Layer on Odour Reduction." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0032.
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Abstract Waste management is one of the most relevant problems of environmental protection. Landfills constitute an unavoidable component of the waste management system. The article discusses the problem of landfill odours. Reduction of waste tipping areas and temporary waste covering are the most efficient measures for reducing odours from landfills. The article presents the results of experimental tests on the use of building debris for the reduction of odours from landfills. Tests were performed by applying dynamic olfactometry. Upon covering waste with the building debris layer of 10 cm thickness odour thresholds fell from 51.0 to 79.7% compared with uncovered waste.
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Szulczyński, Bartosz, and Jacek Gębicki. "Electronic nose – an instrument for odour nuisances monitoring." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000079.
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An increasingly frequent problem of people living in urban agglomerations is the occurrence of odour nuisance. Although the source of these nuisances is different, their common feature is that they are a complex mixture of odour compounds with different odour thresholds. However, from a practical point of view, the most valuable would be a direct link between the odour intensity and the results of on-line analytical air monitoring. Such a possibility is created by the use of electronic noses (devices that are supposed to imitate the human sense of smell) to measure odours. The paper presents the use of an electronic nose combined with multiple liear regression model (MLR) to determine the odour intensity of the two-component mixture samples of commonly known odour compounds: trimethylamine (TMA) and triethylamine (TEA) in concentration range 50–200 ppm v/v. The obtained results were compared with the theoretical values determined using Zwaardemaker and euclidean additivity (EA) models. For high concentrations of substances in the mixtures (> 150 ppm v/v), the masking effect was observed.
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Gostelow, P., S. A. Parsons, and M. Lovell. "Integrated odour modelling for sewage treatment works." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0253.
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Odours from sewage treatment works are a significant source of environmental annoyance. There is a need for tools to assess the degree of annoyance caused, and to assess strategies for mitigation of the problem. This is the role of odour modelling. Four main stages are important in the development of an odour problem. Firstly, the odorous molecules must be formed in the liquid phase. They must then transfer from the liquid to the gaseous phase. They are then transported through the atmosphere to the population surrounding the odour source, and are then perceived and assessed by that population. Odour modelling as currently practised tends to concentrate on the transportation of odorants through the atmosphere, with the other areas receiving less attention. Instead, odour modelling should consider each stage in an integrated manner. This paper describes the development of integrated odour models for annoyance prediction. The models describe the liquid-phase transformations and emission of hydrogen sulphide from sewage treatment processes. Model output is in a form suitable for integration with dispersion models, the predictions of which can in turn be used to indicate the probability of annoyance. The models have been applied to both hypothetical and real sewage treatment works cases. Simulation results have highlighted the potential variability of emission rates from sewage treatment works, resulting from flow, quality and meteorological variations. Emission rate variations can have significant effects on annoyance predictions, which is an important finding, as they are usually considered to be fixed and only meteorological variations are considered in predicting the odour footprint. Areas for further development of integrated odour modelling are discussed, in particular the search for improved links between analytical and sensory measurements, and a better understanding of dose/response relationships for odour annoyance.
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Morran, J., and M. Marchesan. "Taste and odour testing: how valuable is training?" Water Science and Technology 49, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0537.
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Correct identification of specific tastes and odours in a water supply can be a powerful tool in identifying the cause of the problem and facilitating rapid remediation. While taste and odour identification can be achieved by laboratory testing, consumer involvement is not only worthwhile as a public education exercise but can also indicate tastes and odours to which the public do not object. Interpretation of taste and odour results is a complex process. The Australian Water Quality Centre (AWQC), based in Adelaide, South Australia, has established a flavour profile panel, trained in Flavour Profile Analysis (FPA). This group was chosen to carry out a survey of tastes and odours present in selected Australian water supplies and laboratory treated water and bottled water. The waters were also assessed by a group of untrained volunteers to simulate the responses of consumers. In two series of tests there were significant differences in responses between the groups with respect to the intensity of the tastes and odours detected. In both instances the responses by the trained group were more consistent, making interpretation of results more straightforward. In the second series of tests the panellists were also asked their personal preferences. The results showed in general the preferred waters were those with minimal taste and odour and this was generally irrespective of the type of taste and odour present.
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Sówka, Izabela, Urszula Miller, Yaroslav Bezyk, Alicja Nych, Agnieszka Grzelka, and Łukasz Dąbrowski. "Application of field inspections and odour observation diaries in the assessment of air quality and odour in urban areas." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500086.
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The choice of an odour nuisance assessment method depends on many factors, such as: the type and quantity of objects, the diversity and type of odour sources, the location of the object, the social situation and the number of complaints about odor nuisance, the type and physico-chemical parameters of the emitted gases and the conditions of dispersion of pollutants in the air. In most cases, in order to fully assess the situation and take integrated actions to reduce odour nuisance, both an instrumental/sensory analysis and a sociological research method should be used simultaneously. Such an approach enables researchers to get a real picture of the problem and develop the optimal and necessary minimization of odour impact solutions. The work presents the results of field and sociological research aimed at identifying odour sources and odour nuisance in a selected urban area located in the southern part of Poland. The studied area is complex in terms of the type and amount of odour emission sources, hence the use of several methods in the assessment of air quality was justified. The conducted research allowed the identification of emission sources and the extent of their impact on the area of the examined city and community.
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Chivers, D. P., M. I. McCormick, E. P. Fakan, R. P. Barry, J. W. Edmiston, and M. C. O. Ferrari. "Coral degradation alters predator odour signatures and influences prey learning and survival." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1903 (May 29, 2019): 20190562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0562.
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Habitat degradation is a key factor leading to the global loss of biodiversity. This problem is particularly acute in coral reef ecosystems. We investigated whether recognition of predator odours by damselfish was influenced by coral degradation and whether these changes altered survival in the wild. We taught whitespot damselfish to recognize the odour of a predator in the presence of live/healthy coral or dead/degraded coral. Fish were tested for a response to predator odours in environments that matched their conditioning environment or in environments that were mismatched. Next, we taught blue damselfish to recognize the odour of three common reef predators in live and degraded coral environments and then stocked them onto live or degraded patch reefs, where we monitored their subsequent response to predator odour along with their survival. Damselfish learned to recognize predator odours in both coral environments, but the intensity of their antipredator response was much greater when the conditioning and test environments matched. Fish released on degraded coral had about 50% higher survival if they had been trained in the presence of degraded coral rather than live coral. Altering the intensity of antipredator responses could have rather profound consequences on population growth.
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Afful, Kobina, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, and Esi Awuah. "Assessing public perception of odours in a community: case of Ayigya Zongo, an urban poor community in Ghana." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 2 (February 11, 2015): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.104.
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Malodour has been identified as a barrier to utilization of sanitation facilities. It is generally recognized that for effective odour control measures to be implemented, the problem must first be quantified. With today's increasing levels of development, odour nuisance has become a major environmental issue. Citizen complaints about and reaction to odours caused by landfills (including refuse dump sites), waste water treatment plants (most of which are non-functional), public (communal) toilets, industrial processes, and other sources have made it difficult to secure sites for such facilities. Current trends show a community impact approach based on citizen involvement. This paper discusses a rapid baseline survey carried out as part of a community odour annoyance study conducted in Ayigya Zongo, an urban poor community in the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana. The study quantified the public perception (impact) of all odours in the community through a face-to-face interview survey utilizing a structured questionnaire protocol. Responses from the survey were analysed with SPSS software program (version 20.0). Methods, results, and conclusions of the study are each discussed.
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Capelli, Laura, Rosa Arias, Jose Uribe, and Selena Sironi. "OVERVIEW OF ODOUR MEASUREMENT METHODS: THE ODOUR OBSERVATORY AS AN INFORMATIVE TOOL FOR CITIZEN SCIENCE BASED APPROACHES TO ODOUR MANAGEMENT." Detritus, no. 12 (September 7, 2020): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2020.14003.
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Odour pollution is a well-known problem related to a number of different industrial activities. It is also one of the main causes of citizens’ complaints to local authorities. Specific programs are needed to manage persistent odour pollution problems within communities in order to avoid possible socio-environmental conflicts. The H2020 project D-NOSES (Distributed Network for Odour Sensing, Empowerment and Sustainability) aims to help citizens co-create local solutions in collaboration with industries, regional & local authorities, and odour experts. The project will develop an innovative bottom-up approach to odour pollution governance by combining citizen science and stakeholder management methods using a quadruple helix model. The first aim of this article is to introduce the D-NOSES project and its methodology. Aside from that, the article presents an overview of the existing odour impact assessment methods currently available to quantify odour pollution. Finally, the different odour measurement methods are compared in terms of their applicability and limitations. This overview will be made available online as a first step towards the development of the International Odour Observatory, a platform to be created within the D-NOSES project to help promote odour pollution management and resolve regulation issues. The platform will become a global resource on odour issues and also include information about odour abatement systems, chemical substances in odour emissions, and odour regulations around the world.
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du Toit, A. J. "Practical Odour Nuisance Gauging: Two Case Studies of Objective Odour Quantification in Agriculture and Industry." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1989): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0309.
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The quantification of odour problems associated with liquid and solid agricultural and industrial wastes has long been a controversial subject because of the generally subjective nature of the methods used in evaluating odour related complaints. To overcome this problem, a scheme was devised which included three separate quantification techniques, researched both locally and abroad. The collective scheme was introduced as the “Practical Odour Nuisance Gauging” method. This technique has been applied in a number of local odour related investigations and updated throughout so as to render it more practical and acceptable. Two case studies are included to serve as examples of the application of this scheme. It is shown that odour nuisances were indeed present or were likely to occur at the sites investigated.
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Hellstedt, Maarit. "Use of Biochar-peat Mixture to Reduce Odour from Animal Farms." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 13, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-13-2-27-30.
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Abstract. Odour from agriculture causes local nuisance to the neighborhood. Litter and cover materials can be used in animal housing and in storage of manure to reduce the odour problem. The use of biochar as a covering for animal manures is a new innovation and enhances the possibility to minimize the emissions from animal farms. (Research purpose) To study the possibility of using a mixture of biochar and peat as a manure covering, in order to reduce the intensity of odor on livestock farms. (Materials and methods) The potential of a mixture of biochar and peat for the odour control was tested in a laboratory study. A 10 cm layer of fresh mink manure was placed on the bottom of a 5 liter test bucket and the manure was covered with biochar-peat mixture (mixed in 50/50 ratio by volume) using five different covering thicknesses. Uncovered manure was used as a reference. The odour emission was measured with an olfactometric method that is based on odour sensation of a person. Also the character of the odour was described. (Results and discussion) The results show that a biochar-peat covering of at least 3 cm is able to considerably reduce the odour from the manure. The character of the odour was at first peat-like for all covered buckets but with thin coverings it was changed to more manure-like after 2 days. The odour from buckets with thicker covers remained peat-like during the whole testing period. (Conclusion) It is recommended to apply a biochar-peat covering to neutralize ammonia and the unpleasant manure odour on livestock farms. The author has shown that the frequency of use and the thickness of a covering layer depend on the ambient temperature; therefore, it is not necessary to cover manure in winter.
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Bucur, Elena, Valeriu Danciulescu, Gheorghita Tanase, Carol Blaziu Lehr, and Andrei Vasile. "ODOUR POLLUTION ASSESSMENT THROUGH INDIRECT METHODS BASED ON THE MONITORING OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS - CASE STUDY." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 1, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2019.101.
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The odours in the ambient air, through the discomfort that they induce, represent an actual problem for the communities located nearby companies with technological processes that emit in the air different strong and unpleasant odorous substances. The standard method for odour assessment involves measuring the concentration through dynamic olfactometry according with SR EN 13725:2003, a very complex method that requires specialized working staff and expensive equipment. The paper presents an indirect method for odour assessment in the ambient air, based on monitoring the process and meteorological data - Predictive Emission Monitoring Systems (PEMS) and it is applied to a livestock farm. Using the multiple regression analysis of the monitoring data for the most important specific technological and meteorological parameters it can be developed a mathematical model that could be used for the calculation of odour concentration in air, without the necessity of direct measurement, after the initial step. For the case study presented in the paper, the distance between the slurry lagoon was identified as a significant statistical parameter that can determine in a proportion of 72% the concentration of odour in the ambient air nearby the farm; the margin of error for odour concentration assessment, according to the model validation tests, is ± 8%, acceptable value for an estimation method by mathematical modelling.
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Grudziąż-Sękowska, Justyna, and Ewa Iwanicka-Grzegorek. "Aetiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis – a narrative review." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 13, no. 1 (December 5, 2022): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.13.01.035.
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Objectives
The present study aimed to present an overview of the aetiology of oral malodour and the diagnostic and treatment procedures.
Design
A comprehensive review of scientific literature (up to December 2021) was conducted using Medline and PubMed databases and Google Scholar, including checking reference lists of journal articles by hand-searching. Results are presented descriptively for halitosis's aetiology, diagnosis and clinical management.
Results
The origin of the foul odour problem is mainly due to intra-oral causes, while only a proportion of cases result from additional systemic problems. In some cases, the problem can be caused by co-existing oral and extraoral problems. Evidence suggests that the leading cause of intra-oral halitosis is the anaerobic microorganisms present in the tongue plaque. Less commonly, the foul odour is due to poor oral hygiene and periodontitis.
Conclusion
The origin of the foul odour problem is mainly due to intra-oral causes, while only a proportion of cases result from additional systemic problems. Dentists need to analyse and treat the oral problems that may be responsible for the patient's malodour, as well as inform the patient about the causes of the foul odour and oral hygiene procedures (flossing, tongue cleaning, selection and use of appropriate mouthwash and toothpaste). If the problem persists, they should know whom to refer the patient to for further diagnosis. It is reasonable to organise consultations on halitosis in a multidisciplinary setting - periodontists, otolaryngologists (ENT specialists), internal medicine specialists, gastroenterologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and others.
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Goshin, M. E., and O. V. Budarina. "Methodology for assessment the impact of environmental odours on the population according to questionnaire surveys (literature review)." Hygiene and sanitation 101, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-6-615-621.
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This article contains the review of methodological approaches to assessment of the perception by the population odours from industrial and other sources, and studying the relationship between the perception of odours with the both the health status and quality of resident’s life, the degree of odour annoyance, using questionnaires. The literature search was carried out using Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, RSCI databases. The long-term practice of surveys of the population living in areas, where sources of emissions of odourous substances are located, has shown annoyance with odours to be a complex reaction, including emotional, behavioral, and somatic aspects. In addition to the direct impact of the odour, it is important to take into account contextual and personal factors that can weaken or strengthen the annoyance. Personal factors include the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, “environmental worry”, ways of responding to the situation and the subjective assessment of their own health. Contextual factors include the socio-economic conditions of the population and other indicators of the environmental state. These factors form the blocks included in the model of the relationship between odour impact, odour perception and odour annoyance, which is the basis of a standard questionnaire for a population survey. The questionnaire consists of basic and additional questions combined in several modules. The questions of the main module, which are obligatory and asked in all cases, devoted to the living conditions of the respondents, environmental factors (for example, noise and odours) that, in their opinion, can cause annoyance, have a negative impact on health. The questions of the additional modules (“Health”, “Behavioral changes”, “Environmental worry”) are asked depending on the context and specific objectives of the study. Using this methodology, numerous studies have been conducted abroad, which have shown the presence of correlations between the annoyance of odours, the occurrence of stress and the appearance of symptoms of various diseases. In different countries, the proportion of residents who are “significantly annoyed” by odours, is a criterion for authorities and enterprises to make certain management decisions to reduce emissions. The use of questionnaires can be implemented in the Russian Federation, where enterprises being sources of odours are located, in particular, if there is a problem with odours in the atmospheric air, while complying with the current sanitary legislation.
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Childs, P. S., and A. J. Dunn. "Modelling to solve odour problems." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2001): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0774.
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The use of dispersion modelling is a powerful tool to establish levels of treatment required to remove odour complaints. Odour is an extremely sensitive issue and is key to the public perception of wastewater environmental protection. This paper describes a case study of the successful resolution of long-standing odour problems at the East Worthing Wastewater Treatment Works (WTW), on the South Coast of England, utilising modelling and appropriate treatment technologies. A number of odour surveys have been conducted on the site to identify the major sources on the works, which were found to be the sludge press house and the primary settlement tanks, situated only 10 metres from the nearest properties. As a result attempts to resolve the odour problem have been made including the covering of identified sources, treating extract using activated carbon filters and installing perfume sprays. During the site development all sources were contained and ventilated to a 60,000 m3/hr Jones & Attwood ODORGARDTM unit. Its requirement was to ensure that no receptor was exposed to a concentration in excess of 4 ouEm3 (Odour units), in accordance with the odour planning condition. Dispersal modelling was performed to determine the maximum permissible outlet concentration. The results of the modelling exercise established that emissions from the odour control plant should not exceed 675 ouEm3 to ensure that the receptor standard was attained. An optimisation programme was conducted to ensure that the unit was providing the optimum level of treatment prior to taking the olfactometry samples.Following the plant's optimisation the results of the olfactometry analysis confirmed that the discharge levels were below the required 670 ouEm3. Since completion of the sludge treatment centre scheme there have been no registered odour complaints directed at the East Worthing WTW, and the local air quality has been greatly improved for the residents surrounding the works.
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Pan, Gang, Bao Wang, Shuai Guo, Wenming Zhang, and Stephen Edwini-Bonsu. "Statistical analysis of sewer odour based on 10-year complaint data." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 6 (March 15, 2020): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.217.
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Abstract The City of Edmonton has been suffering from sewer odour problem for many years. Ten years of odour complaints data from 2008 to 2017 were statistically analyzed to identify major factors that relate to the odour problem. Spatial and temporal distributions of odour complaints in the city were first presented. Then relationships between the complaints and physical attributes of the sewer systems were analyzed by introducing a parameter of risk index. It was found that the snowmelt and storm events could possibly reduce odour complaints. Old sewer pipes and large drop structures are statistically more linked and thus significantly contribute to the complaints. The risk index relationship for three pipe materials is clay pipe > concrete pipe > PVC pipe. Combined sewers are more problematic in terms of odour complaints than sanitary sewers. And no clear correlation has been found between the changes of sewer pipe slope or angle and the complaints.
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Yagi, Masakazu. "Musty Odour Problems in Lake Biwa 1982-1987." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0234.
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This paper discusses the results obtained by two research groups investigating the musty odour problem in Lake Biwa during the years 1967 to 1987. The study has shown that the problem is caused by the growth of three species of planktonic blue-green algae in the southern lake. These algae produce as metabolites either 2-methyl-isoborneol (MIB) or geosmin and it is these compounds which give rise to the musty odour. Recently the musty odour problem has expanded from western to eastern part in the southern lake. The occurrence of the problem has also changed from spring to early summer and more recently it has begun to appear also during the autumn months. The maximum concentrations for geosmin and MIB, 1,050 and 860 ng/l, recorded for the lake occurred in the autumn of 1985.
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Webb, Rachel. "Sniffing out the problem: is odour the answer?" Journal of Wound Care 26, no. 10 (October 2, 2017): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2017.26.10.575.
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Archer, H. E., and D. D. Mara. "Waste stabilisation pond developments in New Zealand." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (July 1, 2003): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0076.
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Waste stabilisation ponds have been a popular form of wastewater treatment in New Zealand both for large cities and small communities. Over 100 systems have been constructed ranging in size from over 500 ha to less than 0.1 ha. The largest pond system in New Zealand was at Manukau, Auckland and consisted of four ponds with a total of 530 ha. However, ongoing odour and midge releases and an algae parasite problem plus a requirement to reduce ammonia and total nitrogen in summer, led to the decision to decommission the ponds and allow the area to revert to tidal mudflats. The second largest pond system is at Christchurch and totals 226 ha. In contrast to Manukau, the Christchurch ponds have not caused significant odours and final effluent quality has been good. Christchurch has two parallel trains each with three ponds in series. It is proposed to retain and develop the ponds into a seven cells in series arrangement to reduce short-circuiting. Odour emissions from the Manukau and Christchurch ponds have been measured by the use of olfactometry. Dispersion of odours has been modelled and the extent of “odour travel” determined on a statistical probability basis using actual meteorological data. It can be demonstrated that residential areas can co-exist with ponds, which are not overloaded, with separation distances of 200 metres.
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Simms, K. L., S. Wilkinson, and S. Bethan. "Odour nuisance and dispersion modelling: an objective approach to a very subjective problem." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 6 (March 1, 2000): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0097.
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The three main components of a study into the behaviour of material emitted into the atmosphere, i.e. emissions, dispersion and impacts, are discussed in the context of predicting odour nuisance. In particular, the importance of the effects of buildings on dispersion, and the significance of short averaging times are considered. Finally, an approach is suggested for modelling odour nuisance that takes account of the current understanding of atmospheric processes.
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Sówka, Izabela. "Air quality and odour evaluation on terrains characterized by a complicated odour emission profiles." SHS Web of Conferences 57 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185702012.
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The complexity of describing the very phenomenon of odour nuisance is probably the cause of lack of regulations concerning this topic in the Polish law system as well as standardized odour law in EU. However, in European countries there are solutions regarding this matter. Moreover, methods enabling the evaluation of odour air quality are available. The problem of an authoritative assessment of odour nuisance appears especially when few emission sources characterized by changing conditions and emission profiles and, very often, a complex spatial/topographical structures, also showing locally variable meteorological conditions are located in „vulnerable” places (with many „odour complaints” being recorded there). In conditions similar to the aforementioned the odour situation analysis requires simultaneous usage of several studying methods. In this work are presented: field measurement results and sociological poll results, all carried out for area with several domineering odour emission sources. The research conducted made possible showing the concentration of various odour types and their sources for the researched area, which later on enabled to undertake action aiming at reducing odour nuisance.
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Sang Xian, Leonard Leong, Vasu Nallaluthan, Yong De Jun, Ooi Lin-Wei, Sanihah Abdul Halim, Chee Yong Chuan, Zamzuri Idris, Abdul Rahman Izaini Ghani, and Jafri Malin Abdullah. "Examination Techniques of the First Cranial Nerve: What Neurosurgical Residents Should Know." Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 27, no. 5 (October 27, 2020): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjms2020.27.5.12.
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Olfactory or smell dysfunction is often overlooked by clinicians despite being prevalent in the population. To date in Malaysia, there is no standard and reliable test to examine the function of olfaction. Tests used at developed countries such as the Sniffin’ Sticks Test (SST), the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) are not readily available in this region and may be costly to procure. The first cranial nerve can be tested using commonly available materials to assess: i) the function of odour detection; ii) the odour discrimination; and iii) the odour identification. An abnormal odour detection threshold test generally indicates a peripheral olfactory problem while the odour discrimination and identification test attribute the problem to the cerebral cortex. An olfactory complaint should not be taken lightly and a proper olfactory function examination is important: i) to determine the legitimacy of a patient’s complaint; ii) to monitor the progress of patient’s olfactory function; iii) to establish insurance payout for disability; and iv) to characterise the specific nature of the problem. A video has been produced to demonstrate the examination techniques explained in this article.
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Yaacof, Nurashikin, Nastaien Qamaruz Zaman, and Yusri Yusop. "Odour Intensity Assessment at Different Area of a Palm Oil Mill Using Olfactometry Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.472.
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Malaysia is one of the world’s largest palm oil exporters, amounting to 39 % of world palm oil production and 44 % of world exports [1]. Palm oil mill usually engaged with odour problem that came from the wastewater treatment pond that released odourous compounds such as ammonia, volatile organic acids, and sulfides. This study was done to investigate odour nuisance from palm oil mill operations and odour emission rate at United Oil Palm (UOP) Mill, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. Odour assessment was done on-site at four points and odour sample was taken from four anaerobic treatment ponds. Flux hood method was used and the samples were analysed by using the olfactometry method with six panels. It was found that in the UOP mill, the highest odour emission is from the anaerobic pond 2 with the average specific odour emission rate of 10.88 OUE/sm2, follow by cooling pond, acid pond and anaerobic pond 1. Besides knowing the main source of the odour, this study was run to find the intensity and offensiveness of the palm oil mill odour. A simple questionnaire was asked to the six panels about the odour intensity and odour offensiveness, and the average for both was at 5 (very strong odour) and 3 (definitely offensive odour). Higher level of offensiveness and intensity will increase the odour complaints, but by knowing those levels, it will help in deciding the limit of odour concentration that can be released and the threshold of odour that can be accepted by humans.
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Frechen, Franz-Bernd. "ODOUR EMISSIONS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS – RECENT GERMAN EXPERIENCES." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0152.
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Odorous emissions from wastewater treatment plants can cause serious annoyance in the vicinity. According to recently issued federal regulations. when designing new WWTPs or expanding existing ones, expert opinion has to be taken into account. Also problems arise with existing plants that have to be solved. It is necessary to understand the basics of odour and odour-related annoyance as well as the use of appropriate measurement technique in order to describe the problem correctly. Then problems can be detected and solved properly by using appropriate measures. There are many measures to be taken against odour emissions, depending upon the type of plant, process design, way of operation and others. If, however, these measures are not able to guarantee a sufficient emission level, then collection of waste air and subsequent deodorization must be chosen to solve the problem. Different technologies for deodorization are known today, and available data concerning these techniques at Germany's wastewater treatment planlts are shown later. Among the possible technologies developed in recent years biological methods are gaining more and more attention. as they are efficient. cost-effective and environment-friendly.
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Dijkstra, F., M. Plum, and A. Geerdes. "An Unexpected Odour Problem in the Biological Treatment of Chemical Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0127.
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DSM, a large chemical company in the Netherlands, operates a plant for the biological treatment of the wastewater of about 35 production plants (organic and inorganic chemicals). A special feature of this biotreatment plant is complete nitrification of Kjeldahl-nitrogen, in combination with denitrification. Experiences with this installation are reported. A serious odour problem has arisen due to the presence of traces of a tellurium-containing catalyst from one of the plants. An organic tellurium compound with a very low odour threshold is produced in the wastewater treatment plant, mainly under anoxic, dentrifying conditions. Experimental results on the origin of the problem are reported, and a solution is given.
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MCCOY, STEPHEN A., TREVOR P. MARTIN, and JAMES F. BALDWIN. "LEARNING RULES FOR ODOUR RECOGNITION IN AN ELECTRONIC NOSE." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 11, no. 05 (October 2003): 517–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488503002314.
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The problem of automating the sensing and classification of odours is one which promises a wide range of industrial applications. During the INTESA project, a prototype electronic nose was developed, using sensors based on novel conducting polymer materials and also more traditional MOS materials. The software component of the prototype processes the transient resistance change signals recorded by the hardware, and classifies the odour sample into one of a number of "odour classes". This paper describes two of the soft computing methods investigated for learning classification rules in this domain. The first method builds on previous work done on the Fril data browser, using clustering, fuzzy matching, Fril rules and evidential logic rules. The second method uses a fuzzy extension of the ID3 decision tree induction method, called "mass assignment tree induction (MATI)". Some of the results of applying these methods to data obtained from the INTESA prototype are presented and discussed.
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Parsons, S. A., N. Smith, P. Gostelow, and J. Wishart. "Hydrogen sulphide dispersion modelling - urban and rural case studies." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 6 (March 1, 2000): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0100.
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Sewage treatment works are subject to a range of parameters governing the quality of effluent and sludge produced. An additional product from treatment plants is odorous air. The causes, source, formation and measurement of odour are widely reported and reasonably understood. An important factor in the design and management of works is the prediction of such odours. The importance of this work is explained by the possibility of future legislation controlling odour at wastewater plants. Odour dispersion modelling involves the on-site measurement or prediction of the emission rate of an odorous compound, oftenhydrogen sulphide, and the subsequent prediction of the atmospheric concentrations of that compound downwind of the source. This paper used the USEPA models SCREEN3 and ISCST to determine hydrogen sulphide contour concentrations emitted from unit processes at two different sewage treatment works in the United Kingdom. Results indicated that the first site, locatedin an urban catchment, emitted hydrogen sulphide at varying rates. The predicted downwind concentrations using “urban” dispersion coefficients correlated well with measured concentrations. At the second site, emission rates were less variable. Results from the second site produced the best correlation using “rural” dispersion coefficients. Results from both sites suggest that the definition of the surrounding land use is critical in predicting odour dispersion. The problem of determining land use is highlighted and the importance of correct meteorology is stressed. Both sites were predicted to be capable of producing hydrogen sulphide concentrations at a detectable level outside the site boundary. Odour complaints were therefore anticipated. The operational performance of a unit treatment operation is proposed as a major influence on hydrogen sulphide emission. The idea of a large database of expected emission rates from individual unit treatment processes is proposed as an input for dispersion modelling and as an aid to future design.
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Konkol, Izabela, Robert Tylingo, Szymon Mania, and Adam Cenian. "Odour Perception Using a Sniffing Team at a Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant: A Case Study." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 12203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612203.
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The monitoring of odour intensity, generated by a landfill area, is a difficult activity since it is a multi-source problem with discontinuous odour emissions. A modified sniffing team method is described here and applied to determine the main odour sources in a landfill located in Pomerania, Poland. Four consecutive test sessions were performed during the following months: August, December, April, and June. It was found that the main odour sources are as follows: a closed-chamber composting facility for leach storage; the site wherein technological operations associated with compost turn-over during open-air aeration processes are performed; and the landfill site. The results of the sniffing team method present the indicative values of sensory testing. The application of the presented method was limited by disturbances due to changing atmospheric conditions. The calculated odour intensities and concentrations correspond with real sensitive perceptions of the tested environment.
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Ogink, N. W. M., and P. W. G. Groot Koerkamp. "Comparison of odour emissions from animal housing systems with low ammonia emission." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0551.
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Nuisance from livestock facilities is an increasing problem in densely populated areas like The Netherlands. It is in the interest of both farmers and society that housing systems and management methods are developed to minimise the emission of odour. An odour research programme has been completed in The Netherlands to investigate odour emission from both conventional housing systems and systems designed for low ammonia emission. The aim of this paper is to compare within each animal category the odour emission of a number of swine housing systems and poultry housing systems. Emission measurements including 17 housing systems were carried out at 24 livestock facilities. Results showed that investigated systems with low ammonia emission for fattening pigs and sows were significantly (p<0.025) lower than conventional systems, being 50%, or more, lower. For laying hens and broilers, housing systems with low ammonia emission showed odour emissions that in most cases only differed slightly from conventional systems. Correlations between ammonia and odour concentration (within facilities) did not show a consistent pattern. It is concluded that methods for restriction of emitting (slurry) surface in pig husbandry may reduce both ammonia and odour emission. In poultry housings the effects of methods for ammonia reduction that involve drying of fresh manure or litter cannot be directly extrapolated to odour emision.
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Pochwat, Kida, Ziembowicz, and Koszelnik. "Odours in Sewerage—A Description of Emissions and of Technical Abatement Measures." Environments 6, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6080089.
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Malodorous compounds arise at practically every stage of wastewater management, starting from the sewer network, via the technological sewage-treatment system, through to the sludge-management stage. The formation of hydrogen sulphide is a significant problem even while sewage remains in sewers, as anaerobic conditions prevalent in the network are conducive to wastewater putrefaction, and therefore contribute to increased malodorous emissions. The development of such anaerobic conditions is favoured by the oversizing of conduits or designs that feature inadequate gradients, causing wastewater in the network to stagnate. Where emissions to the air from wastewater occur, they are found to constitute a complex mixture of perhaps even 1000 different substances, produced under varying process conditions. Among those present are compounds of sulphur and nitrogen, chlorinated compounds, and other organics. In Poland, the issue of odour annoyance has not yet been subject to standardisation in either legal or methodological terms. Indeed, as only 11 EU Member States have regulations in place regarding air-quality standards, it is likely that such a law will soon be developed to try and resolve problems with odour annoyance, including those originating in the systems dealing with wastewater. This denotes a need to develop methods of counteracting the formation of odours, and those of a chemical nature are regarded as among the most effective, hence their growing popularity. They also abide by green-technology principles. Against that background, this article seeks to consider the process by which malodorous substances arise in sewer and wastewater-treatment systems, as well as to discuss methods of odour abatement. The work also presents the current legal regulations of relevance to the issue.
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Lytridis, C., E. E. Kadar, and G. S. Virk. "A systematic approach to the problem of odour source localisation." Autonomous Robots 20, no. 3 (June 2006): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-006-7414-3.
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Jalil, Abdul Rahim, Muhammad Sharfi Najib, Suhaimi Mohd Daud, and Mujahid Mohamad. "Intelligent Classification of Palm Oil Tree Pollination Using E-Nose." MEKATRONIKA 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2020): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/mekatronika.v2i1.6722.
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The pollination period is one of the crucial steps needed to ensure crop yield increases, especially in palm oil palm plantations. Most of the research has difficulty determining the pollination period of palm oil. Many problems contribute to this problem, such as difficut to reach and depedency of the polination insect as the insect activity is influenced by the surrounding enviroment.E-Nose can help determine the period by classifiy odour pattern of the male and female palm oil flower. The pattern of each of the flowers were classified using cased – based reasoning artificial intelligent technique. This paper shows the research of the palm oil pollination flower odour profile pattern using case-based reasoning (CBR) classifier.
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Schlegelmilch, M., K. Kleeberg, J. Streese Kleeberg, and R. Stegmann. "Application of a New Odour Control Strategy to the Odour Emission Problem of an Oil and Fat Refinery." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 869–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708788807916.
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Wiśniewska, Marta, and Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski. "The Air and Sewage Pollutants from Biological Waste Treatment." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020250.
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The mechanical-biological waste treatment plants (MBTP), which include the municipal waste biogas plants, have an important role in sustainable urban development. Some plants are equipped with a sewage pre-treatment plant, which is then directed to the sewerage system and the treatment plant. Others, on the other hand, have only a non-drainage tank. The parameters of technological sewage (TS) or processing technology could reduce sewage contamination rates. In addition to the quality of sewage from waste treatment plants, the emission of odours is also an important problem, as evidenced by the results obtained over the sewage pumping station tank. The conducted statistical analysis shows a significant positive correlation between odour concentration (cod) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analysing the individual compounds, a high positive correlation was also found—the strongest being between H2S, NH3 and VOCs. In the case of sewage compounds, the insignificant correlation between P total and other parameters was found. For the rest of the compounds, the highest positive correlation was found between COD and BOD and N-NO2 and N-NH3 as well as COD and N-NO2. The dilution of sewage is only an ad hoc solution to the problem. Further work should be aimed at reducing sewage pollution rates. The obtained results indicate large pollution of technological sewage and a high level of odour and odorants concentration. The novelty and scientific contribution presented in the paper are related to analyses of various factors on technological sewage parameters and odour and odorant emission from TS tank at biogas plant processing municipal waste, which may be an important source of knowledge on the management of TS, its disposal and minimisation of emitted compound emissions.
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Nurmaini, Siti, Bambang Tutuko, and T. Aulia Rahman. "A New Navigation of Behavior-Based Olfactory Mobile Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1255.
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In this paper a new olfactory mobile robot application is proposed where dynamic olfaction system is used on a mobile robot in order to acquire the gas/odour property of objects. Olfaction system with two dynamic gas/odour sensors can be moved in 14180o' type="#_x0000_t75"> in order to be able to detect source in many directions. We examine the problem of deciding when, how and where the gas/odour sensor should be activated by planning for active perception use behavior-based architecture. Simple form of cooperation between Fuzzy Logic control and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is implemented in the navigation strategies. The real experiments performed on a simple mobile robot equipped with dynamic gas/odour sensor and three infra-red sensor. The initial result shows that olfactory mobile robot that is capable of locating the source of a simulated chemical leak in an environment while detecting and avoiding obstacles along its path.
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Van Langenhove, H., A. Lootens, and N. Schamp. "Objective evaluation of an odour nuisance problem based on inquiry results." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 22, no. 11 (January 1988): 2509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90482-9.
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Jobbágy, A., I. Szántó, Gy I. Varga, and J. Simon. "SEWER SYSTEM ODOUR CONTROL IN THE LAKE BALATON AREA." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0021.
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In order to stop eutrophication and protect the water quality of Lake Balaton, the canalization and wastewater treatment system was redesigned in the late 70 s. Hence, regional sewer systems leading to sub-central treatment plants were established. Long retention times and long pressure sewer section, however, combined with the high sewage temperatures created a new environmental problem: the production of odorous and corrosive compounds such as hydrogen sulphide. In the present study, a preventive procedure to control anaerobic biodegradation processes in the sewage has been developed. It is based on the metabolic advantage of nitrate reduction over sulphate consumption. In a model experiment, problems deriving from the inappropriate application of nitrate addition were discovered, e.g. decreasing effectiveness by initiating undesired attached microbial growth, and denitrification and subsequent sludge loss in the secondary clarifier. The main concern of the system-specific procedure developed is to avoid local and general nitrate overdosing by an optimum arrangement of the dosing stations. This cost-effective procedure which prevents odour and corrosion problems has been successfully implemented in the Lake Balaton area.
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Capodaglio, A. G., F. Conti, L. Fortina, G. Pelosi, and G. Urbini. "Assessing the environmental impact of WWTP expansion: odour nuisance and its minimization." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2002): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0620.
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As part of the effort to provide proper wastewater disposal for the City of Milan, the expansion of the WWTP located in Peschiera Borromeo has been planned and is currently under completion. The plant, sized for a population of less than 300,000, will soon treat the wastes from the south-east areas of Milan for a total capacity of over 500,000 p.e. The paper describes the approach to find a satisfactory solution of an alleged odour problem that is slowing down the completion of the plant restructuring. This included a survey of the existing plant and analysis of its final design, identification of odour emission sources and their quantification, and the examination of different alternatives for odour abatement. These were carried out using air quality modelling techniques consisting of dynamic, continuous “puff” models capable of reproducing diffusion even at very low pollutant concentrations. Several intervention hypotheses were tested and compared with the few existing regulatory norms and guidelines for odour pollution. In all but the minimum and the no-action hypotheses, proposed actions would results in a drastic reduction of nuisance effects at the receptors. Under the strongest intervention hypothesis (the one adopted by the WWTP agency), odour impact would be virtually eliminated.
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Orr, P., and R. Lawty. "Operating Experience with Large Random Packed Biofilm Reactors." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0147.
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The intermittent operation of large biofilm reactors with high influent suspended solids has sometimes resulted in the production of offensive odour. Covering the reactors and treating the off gas may solve the odour problem but excessive biomass accumulation within the media must also be avoided. Methods of biomass control at the Manukau Sewage Purification Works, Auckland, New Zealand, are discussed with particular reference to the use of high irrigation intensity and its effect on BOD removal efficiency under conditions of very high load variations.
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Zinn, Marc-Kevin, Marco Singer, and Dirk Bockmühl. "Smells Like Teen Spirit—A Model to Generate Laundry-Associated Malodour In Vitro." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050974.
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Although malodour formation on textiles and in washing machines has been reported to be a very relevant problem in domestic laundry, the processes leading to bad odours have not been studied intensively. In particular, the smell often described as “wet-and-dirty-dustcloth-like malodour” had not been reproduced previously. We developed a lab model based on a bacterial mixture of Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus hominis, and Corynebacterium jeikeium, which can produce this odour type and which might allow the detailed investigation of this problem and the development of counteractions. The model uses bacterial strains that have been isolated from malodourous textiles. We could also show that the three volatile compounds dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and indole contribute considerably to the “wet-fabric-like” malodour. These substances were not only found to be formed in the malodour model but have already been identified in the literature as relevant malodourous substances.
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Kumar, Ritesh, Rishemjit Kaur, Benjamin Auffarth, and Amol P. Bhondekar. "Understanding the Odour Spaces: A Step towards Solving Olfactory Stimulus-Percept Problem." PLOS ONE 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2015): e0141263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141263.
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Hobbs, P. J., B. F. Pain, T. H. Misselbrook, R. M. Kay, and P. A. Lee. "Gaseous emissions of slurry from pigs offered low crude protein diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200592588.
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Increasingly emissions from livestock production has caused problems for the industry. If the problem can be reduced at source by a change of diet this could be the simplest solution, requiring the minimum of effort.Reducing nitrogen excretion by pigs offered low crude protein (CP) diets may not only reduce nitrogen polluting potential of slurry, but also change gaseous and odorous emission characteristics.Slurry was collected from beneath slatted pens at the end of the fmishing period (65 to 90 kg live weight) of groups of pigs offered either a commercially available finisher diet (F-com), slurry A, or a low CP diet (F-lc) formulated using a commercial least cost database which has been shown to reduce the nitrogen concentration of the slurry, slurry B. Slurry samples were placed in a closed odour emission chamber and air samples taken after 0, 15, 40, 65, 95, 155 and 225 minutes. Odour concentration (OC) was determined by dynamic dilution olfactometry.
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Hobbs, P. J., B. F. Pain, T. H. Misselbrook, R. M. Kay, and P. A. Lee. "Gaseous emissions of slurry from pigs offered low crude protein diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600030294.
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Increasingly emissions from livestock production has caused problems for the industry. If the problem can be reduced at source by a change of diet this could be the simplest solution, requiring the minimum of effort.Reducing nitrogen excretion by pigs offered low crude protein (CP) diets may not only reduce nitrogen polluting potential of slurry, but also change gaseous and odorous emission characteristics.Slurry was collected from beneath slatted pens at the end of the fmishing period (65 to 90 kg live weight) of groups of pigs offered either a commercially available finisher diet (F-com), slurry A, or a low CP diet (F-lc) formulated using a commercial least cost database which has been shown to reduce the nitrogen concentration of the slurry, slurry B. Slurry samples were placed in a closed odour emission chamber and air samples taken after 0, 15, 40, 65, 95, 155 and 225 minutes. Odour concentration (OC) was determined by dynamic dilution olfactometry.
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Troxler, S., D. W. Smith, and E. Knettig. "Powdered activated carbon selection for water treatment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-109.
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Increasing concern with colour, taste, and odour in municipal water supplies has led to the use of a variety of coagulants, oxidants, and adsorbents for improving water quality. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a good adsorbent of many organic materials in water. This paper presents a protocol for evaluating various PACs, taking into account the objective of the unit process. Using a series of decision criteria, more weight can be placed on the test parameters which relate to the cause of the quality problem. An example of the procedure is demonstrated. Key words: adsorption, powdered activated carbon, taste and odour, iodine number, modified phenol value, tannin value.