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1
Ayabe-Kanamum, Saho, Tadashi Kikuchi, and Sachiko Saito. "Effect of Verbal Cues on Recognition Memory and Pleasantness Evaluation of Unfamiliar Odors." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 1 (August 1997): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.275.
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The experiment investigated the effect of verbal cues on recognition memory for unfamiliar odors. 58 participants learned 20 odors of chemical substances. The control group learned the odors without accompanying verbal labels whereas two other groups learned the odors with accompanying verbal labels. The labels referred to relatively pleasant or unpleasant odor sources. On a memory test, administered 15 min. and also 1 wk. after the learning phase, participants were asked to recognize 10 learned odors from 10 unlearned odors and to evaluate each odor's pleasantness. Analysis showed (a) the verbal labels did not facilitate recognition of the unfamiliar odors, (b) recognition performance was lower after 1 wk. than after 15 min., and (c) rated pleasantness tended to be affected by the verbal label assigned to the odor in the learning phase.
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Burlingame, G. A. "A practical framework using odor survey data to prioritize nuisance odors." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.872.
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There are three main questions that need to be answered to address nuisance odors at the fenceline of a wastewater treatment plant: What odors are occurring at the fenceline of the plant? What processes within the plant give rise to these odors? What priority should we assign to mitigation of the nuisance odors? The prioritization is based on three factors that make odors a nuisance: strength or intensity of the odor when it is detected; quality or description of the odor; persistence or occurrence of the odor at the fenceline. Since fenceline odors vary according to: wind direction; wind speed; atmospheric stability and obstructions (buildings, trees, roadways), this study conducted odor surveys at the fenceline of a wastewater plant between April and November for 20 surveys. The data were used to develop a practical framework in three steps: summarize fenceline (residential vs non-residential) odor survey data; use odor type category and average odor strength to determine the annoyance factor; use annoyance factor and fenceline occurrence to determine the priority rating for nuisance odors to be mitigated.
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Bo, Weichen, Yuandong Yu, Ran He, Dongya Qin, Xin Zheng, Yue Wang, Botian Ding, and Guizhao Liang. "Insight into the Structure–Odor Relationship of Molecules: A Computational Study Based on Deep Learning." Foods 11, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142033.
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Molecules with pleasant odors, unacceptable odors, and even serious toxicity are closely related to human social life. It is impractical to identify the odors of molecules in large quantities (particularly hazardous odors) using experimental methods. Computer-aided methods have currently attracted increasing attention for the prediction of molecular odors. Here, through models based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) and physicochemical descriptors (MLP-Des), MLP and molecular fingerprint, and convolutional neural network (CNN), we conduct the two-class prediction of odor/no odor, fruity/no odor, floral/no odor, and woody/no odor, and the multi-class prediction of fruity/flowery/woody/no odor on our newly refined molecular odor datasets. We show that three kinds of predictors can robustly predict molecular odors. The MLP-Des model not only exhibits the best prediction results (the AUC values are 0.99 and 0.86 for the two- and multi-classification models, respectively) but can also well reflect the characteristics of the structure–odor relationship of molecules. The CNN model takes 2D molecular images as input and can automatically extract the structural features related to molecular odors. The proposed models are of great help for the prediction of molecular odorants, understanding the underlying relationship between chemical structure and odor perception, and the discovery of new odorous and/or hazardous molecules.
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Burlingame, Gary A. "Odor Profiling of Environmental Odors." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 6 (September 1, 1999): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0254.
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There is a need to standardize a field procedure for odor profiling of environmental odors. There is a need to drive the analytical procedures toward a practical, useful method for profiling odors in contrast to highly complex instrumentation or lab-based techniques. A technique for profiling odors, and tracking odor sources will be outlined. An example of its successful use in profiling odors at a wastewater treatment plant will be described.
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Tamura, Kaori, and Tsuyoshi Okamoto. "Odor descriptive ratings can predict some odor-color associations in different color features of hue or lightness." PeerJ 11 (April 20, 2023): e15251. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15251.
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Background Olfactory information can be associated with color information. Researchers have investigated the role of descriptive ratings of odors on odor-color associations. Research into these associations should also focus on the differences in odor types. We aimed to identify the odor descriptive ratings that can predict odor-color corresponding formation, and predict features of the associated colors from the ratings taking into consideration the differences in the odor types. Methods We assessed 13 types of odors and their associated colors in participants with a Japanese cultural background. The associated colors from odors in the CIE L*a*b* space were subjectively evaluated to prevent the priming effect from selecting color patches. We analyzed the data using Bayesian multilevel modeling, which included the random effects of each odor, for investigating the effect of descriptive ratings on associated colors. We investigated the effects of five descriptive ratings, namely Edibility, Arousal, Familiarity, Pleasantness, and Strength on the associated colors. Results The Bayesian multilevel model indicated that the odor description of Edibility was related to the reddish hues of associated colors in three odors. Edibility was related to the yellow hues of colors in the remaining five odors. The Arousal description was related to the yellowish hues in two odors. The Strength of the tested odors was generally related to the color lightness. The present analysis could contribute in investigating the influence of the olfactory descriptive rating that anticipates the associated color for each odor.
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Carmona-Escutia, Rosa Pilar, Edith Ponce-Alquicira, María Dolores García-Parra, Socorro Josefina Villanueva-Rodríguez, and Héctor B. Escalona-Buendía. "Changes in the Sensory Odor Profile during Chorizo Maturation and Their Relationship with Volatile Compound Patterns by Partial Least Square Regression (PLS)." Foods 12, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12050932.
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Odor is one of the most important attributes to determine the overall acceptance of a product. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the changes in the odor profile and the volatile compounds during thirty-three days of ripening to obtain the pattern of volatile compounds necessary to integrate the odor profile of chorizo (fermented sausage), using Partial Least Squares (PLS). The chili and pork meat odors were predominant during the first five days, vinegar and fermented odors at days twelve and nineteen days, and finally a rancid odor predominated at the end. Only the vinegar, rancid, and fermented odors could be predicted with a good fit model, with the R2 coefficient above 0.5, using linear PLS, and the pork meat odor using logarithmic PLS. Each group of volatile compounds interacted in different ways; esters had a positive influence on the vinegar and rancid odors, but a negative on the fermented odor. Some volatile compounds contributed to more than one odor, such as hexanal, ethanol, and ethyl octanoate. This work allowed us to understand the pattern of volatile compounds required to generate some of the specific odors of chorizo; further studies are required to explore the effect of other food components on these patterns of odors.
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Zakrzewska, Marta, Marco Tullio Liuzza, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "Body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) is related to extreme odor valence perception." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): e0284397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284397.
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Odors are important disease cues, and disgust sensitivity to body odors reflects individual differences in disease avoidance. The body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) scale provides a rapid and valid assessment of individual differences. Nevertheless, little is known about how individual differences in BODS might correlate with overall odor perception or how it is related to other differences in emotional reactivity (e.g., affect intensity). We investigated how BODS relates to perceptual ratings of pleasant and unpleasant odors. We aggregated data from 4 experiments (total N = 190) that were conducted in our laboratory, and where valence and intensity ratings were collected. Unpleasant odors were body-like (e.g., sweat-like valeric acid), which may provide disease cues. The pleasant odors were, in contrast, often found in soap and cleaning products (e.g., lilac, lemon). Across experiments, we show that individuals with higher BODS levels perceived smells as more highly valenced overall: unpleasant smells were rated as more unpleasant, and pleasant smells were rated as more pleasant. These results suggest that body odor disgust sensitivity is associated with a broader pattern of affect intensity which causes stronger emotional responses to both negative and positive odors. In contrast, BODS levels were not associated with odor intensity perception. Furthermore, disgust sensitivity to odors coming from external sources (e.g., someone else’s sweat) was the best predictor of odor valence ratings. The effects were modest in size. The results validate the BODS scale as it is explicitly associated with experimental ratings of odor valence.
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Öberg, Christina, Maria Larsson, and Lars Bäckman. "Differential sex effects in olfactory functioning: The role of verbal processing." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, no. 5 (July 2002): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617702801424.
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AbstractWe investigated sex difference across a number of olfactory tasks. Thirty-six men and 35 women ranging in age from 19 to 36 years were assessed in 6 different tasks: absolute sensitivity for n-butanol, intensity discrimination, quality discrimination, episodic recognition memory for familiar and unfamiliar odors, and odor identification. No sex differences were observed in the tasks tapping primarily sensory acuity (i.e., odor sensitivity, intensity discrimination, and quality discrimination) or in episodic memory for unfamiliar odors. By contrast, women outperformed men in the tasks involving verbal processing (i.e., memory for familiar odors and odor identification). Interestingly, controlling for odor naming ability resulted in that the observed sex difference in episodic odor memory for familiar odors disappeared. This outcome suggests that women's superiority in episodic odor memory is largely mediated by their higher proficiency in odor identification.
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Wiesenthal, K. E., G. Amah, T. Lam, and I. H. Suffet. "The effect of applying a pipe-joint lubricant to connect ductile iron pipe on off-flavors in drinking water distribution systems." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0579.
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This study was used to help define the contribution to taste and odor problems caused by the application of a pipe-joint lubricant to connect ductile iron pipe in drinking water distribution systems. Tyton Joint Lubricant (TJL) was studied. The lubricant produced odors that are continually oxidized by chlorine or oxygen. The mechanism of oxidative rancidity, one of the major causes of food spoilage is the apparent mechanism of oxidation. The odors produced by the lubricant were characterized by a Flavor Profile Analysis (FPA) panel as well as GC/MS and Sensory GC analysis. The most common odors perceived in the TJL water samples for the first six days were waxy/oily and soapy odors with a rancid oil, odor note. The waxy/oily and soapy odors decreased with time in the chlorine medium as the rancid oily odor note increased. Numerous aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and borneol compounds, produced from the lubricants, were tentatively identified and linked to the odors perceived by the FPA panel.
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Sun, Xiaotian, Shuaikang Mao, Danyang Guo, and JianKun Han. "Study on the Olfactory Landscape of the Shichahai Area in Beijing." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 39, no. 1 (May 31, 2024): 288–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/39/20240423.
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Odor, as a type of non-visual perception, has received relatively little attention. However, with the exacerbation of urbanization and environmental pollution, people have become more concerned about the odors in urban air. This study aims to explore the relationship between odors and cities, and to demonstrate how odors and locations are linked through design. We hope to contribute positively to urban development by visualizing odors in a form of olfactory landscape, focusing on the Shichahai area in Beijing. Odor-related data were collected through olfactory walks, and then visualized through odor maps, to gain insights into the distribution and characteristics of odors in urban landscapes. This approach can provide comprehensive information for urban planning, ensuring the livability of urban spaces and the quality of life of residents.
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Cammaerts, Marie-Claire, and Roger Cammaerts. "Ants’ Capability of Adding and Subtracting Odors." International Journal of Biology 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v12n1p1.
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Summing and discriminating odors may be useful for animals in their daily life. The workers of the ant Myrmica sabuleti rely essentially on odors for navigating and have a rather poor visual perception. It was previously shown that they can add and subtract visual elements when the result of the operation has been concretely presented to them, i.e. they thus respond to an image which corresponds the best to that they have memorized. Here we examined if these ants can sum two odors and ‘subtract’ (discriminate) an odor from a mixture of two ones. They added two distinct odors only when these odors were presented side by side and perceived simultaneously, and not when they were located at some distance from one another and perceived consecutively. They discriminated one odor from a mixture when that odor was presented in association with a reward (the food). They subtracted one odor from a mixture when that specific odor was presented and perceived separately at a place not associated with a reward. Myrmica sabuleti workers could thus effectively add two odors and subtract one odor from a mixture, but only when the odor(s) to which they should respond was (were) associated with a reward. In the wild, such a behavior could help the ants to navigate.
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Du, Hongxia, Zihan Wang, Yongjun Sun, and Kinjal J. Shah. "An Overview of the Progress made in Research on Odor Removal in Water Treatment Plants." Water 16, no. 2 (January 12, 2024): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16020280.
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Odor is one of the most intuitive indicators for assessing drinking water quality in waterworks. Removing odors is of great importance to improve the quality of tap water, ensure people’s health, and address public perception. The effective identification of odors in drinking water and the exploration of the source of the odor are the prerequisites for eliminating odors. Therefore, this article first discusses the sources and types of odors that are typical in current drinking water, focuses on reviewing the research progress of odor removal technologies in water treatment plants, including adsorption technology, chemical oxidation technology, biodegradation technology and combined technology, and explains the advantages, disadvantages, principles, research progress, practical application scenarios, considerations and application prospects of each odor-removal technology. It is expected to provide a reference for controlling odor pollution in drinking water.
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Stevens, Charles F. "A statistical property of fly odor responses is conserved across odors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 24 (May 31, 2016): 6737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606339113.
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I have reanalyzed the data presented by Hallem and Carlson [Hallem EA, Carlson JR (2006) Cell 125(1):143–160] and shown that the combinatorial odor code supplied by the fruit fly antenna is a very simple one in which nearly all odors produce, statistically, the same neuronal response; i.e., the probability distribution of sensory neuron firing rates across the population of odorant sensory neurons is an exponential for nearly all odors and odor mixtures, with the mean rate dependent on the odor concentration. Between odors, then, the response differs according to which sensory neurons are firing at what individual rates and with what mean population rate, but not in the probability distribution of firing rates. This conclusion is independent of adjustable parameters, and holds both for monomolecular odors and complex mixtures. Because the circuitry in the antennal lobe constrains the mean firing rate to be the same for all odors and concentrations, the odor code is what is known as maximum entropy.
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Inoue, Tsuyoshi, Masayoshi Murakami, Satoshi Watanabe, Yasuko Inokuma, and Yutaka Kirino. "In Vitro Odor-Aversion Conditioning in a Terrestrial Mollusk." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 6 (June 2006): 3898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00853.2005.
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We developed an in vitro odor-aversion conditioning system in the terrestrial mollusk, Limax, and found a behavioral correlate of network oscillation in the olfactory CNS. We first examined the odor-induced behavior of Limax, after odor-aversion conditioning in vivo. Shortening of mantle muscles was specifically observed in response to aversively conditioned odors. We previously identified that parietal nerves, which project to the mantle muscle in Limax, regulate shortening of the mantle muscle. We therefore isolated whole brains containing noses (sensory organs) and parietal nerves (motor output), and applied an odor-aversion conditioning paradigm to these in vitro preparations. Before the in vitro conditioning, application of attractive odors to the noses did not elicit any discharge in the parietal nerves. However, after odor-aversion conditioning, discharges in the parietal nerves were observed in response to the natively attractive but aversively conditioned odors. We also found that network oscillation frequency in the procerebrum (PC), the olfactory CNS of Limax, increased specifically in response to the aversively conditioned odors that elicited avoidance behavior. In naive (nonconditioned) preparations, increases in the PC oscillation frequency were observed specifically in response to innately aversive odors. These results indicate that the isolated brains have an ability of odor learning. They also suggest that changes in PC network oscillation are associated with aversively conditioned and innately aversive odors, both of which elicit avoidance behavior. This in vitro conditioning system would be an effective approach for exploring the neural mechanism to determine the aversion to odors.
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Tromelin, Anne, Florian Koensgen, Karine Audouze, Elisabeth Guichard, and Thierry Thomas-Danguin. "Exploring the Characteristics of an Aroma-Blending Mixture by Investigating the Network of Shared Odors and the Molecular Features of Their Related Odorants." Molecules 25, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133032.
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The perception of aroma mixtures is based on interactions beginning at the peripheral olfactory system, but the process remains poorly understood. The perception of a mixture of ethyl isobutyrate (Et-iB, strawberry-like odor) and ethyl maltol (Et-M, caramel-like odor) was investigated previously in both human and animal studies. In those studies, the binary mixture of Et-iB and Et-M was found to be configurally processed. In humans, the mixture was judged as more typical of a pineapple odor, similar to allyl hexanoate (Al-H, pineapple-like odor), than the odors of the individual components. To explore the key features of this aroma blend, we developed an in silico approach based on molecules having at least one of the odors—strawberry, caramel or pineapple. A dataset of 293 molecules and their related odors was built. We applied the notion of a “social network” to describe the network of the odors. Additionally, we explored the structural properties of the molecules in this dataset. The network of the odors revealed peculiar links between odors, while the structural study emphasized key characteristics of the molecules. The association between “strawberry” and “caramel” notes, as well as the structural diversity of the “strawberry” molecules, were notable. Such elements would be key to identifying potential odors/odorants to form aroma blends.
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Patel, Muktiben M., Nigam D. Patel, Angela Rekhi, and Alan R. Hirsch. "163 Treatment of Odor-Induced Anxiogenesis With Odor-Induced Anxiolysis." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 1 (February 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918000548.
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AbstractStudy ObjectiveTo understand the effects of odor on anxiety.IntroductionReduction of odor-induced anxiety through a presentation of an odor has not heretofore been described.MethodCase report: A 69-year-old right-handed male with a five year history of generalized anxiety disorder, presented with a one and a half month history of hypersensitivity to odors of multiple synthetic chemicals manifest by the perception that these odors were more intense and unpleasant inducing nausea, abdominal cramping, coughing, a need to “get away from the smell”, and panic with intense anxiety. These symptoms would occur whenever he was exposed to these smells, 20 to 25 times a day, and would persist for 10 to 15 minutes after the exposure. When odors induced the above symptoms, exposure to the aroma of cinnamon immediately alleviated these symptoms. He now continues using cinnamon odor whenever the odor induced anxiety and associated symptoms arise. This remedy has been effective over the course of treatment, for almost two years.ResultsAbnormalities on examination: Three per second titubation. Archimedean Spiral Test: Saw tooth pattern with macrographia. Anxious, circumstantial, overly inclusive. Unable to determine how to put on shoe covers. Impaired voluntary upward gave, but intact vertical doll’s eyes. Left torticollis. Bilateral finger to nose dysmetria. Low amplitude, high frequency tremor on extension of both upper extremities. Areflexic. Olfactory Testing: hyposmic. MRI of brain with and without infusion: mild generalized volume loss.ConclusionsThere are myriad mechanisms whereby odor may have reduced the odor-induced anxiety. Since aroma induced anxiogeneis is usually confined to a specific odor, it does not preclude other odors from acting in an anxiolytic manner. The combination of exposure simultaneously of anxiolytic and anxiogenic odors may have acted to increase the threshold of the anxiety producing odor, inhibiting perception of the anxiogenic odor and thus precipitation of anxiety. The two odors could have combined in an additive fashion, changing the olfactory characteristics of the anxiety provoking odor such that it no longer was perceived as the same odor and thus no anxiety. The anxiolytic/anxiogenic odor mixture could have overwhelmed the anxiogenic odor, thus creating the perception of only anxiolytic odor. On a central basis, the anxiolysis and anxiogenesis may have been induced to occur coincidently with anxiolysis superseding anxiogenesis. Alternatively, the odors may have acted as a distractor, changing the focus of attention from anxiogenic odor to a different odor which does not have the same anxiety provoking effect. Maybe because the patient already has demonstrated a heightened odor emotion linkage, he may be more susceptible to any other odor emotion effects. Trial of odors in those with odor induced anxiety warrants consideration.Funding AcknowledgementsNo funding.
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Bhalla, Mukul, Kim M. Marcus, and John M. Cornwell. "ODOR Recognition and Identification: Effect of Labels over Time." Psychological Reports 86, no. 2 (April 2000): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.2.565.
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The effect of labels on recognition and identification of odors over time was assessed. 30 men and 30 women were presented 20 odors; half of the participants were also told a name for the odor as a label. Five min. and 60 min. later, all participants were given 20 odors (10 from the original set, 10 new) and asked whether each odor was new or old (odor recognition). The group given labels was also asked to recall the label provided (odor identification). Analysis indicated a significant effect of time on recognition. Significantly more odors were recognized at 5 min. than 60 min. The effect of label was also significant, with recognition being better for the Label condition than the No-Label condition. As for odor identification, women identified more labels than did men. Overall, odor recognition was better with labels soon after exposure, and the women were better at remembering the labels than the men.
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Cho, Hyeon-Jun, and Su-Chul Yoon. "Occurrence of Designated Odor Substances in Wastewater Treatment Plant and Industrial Estate." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 46, no. 3 (March 31, 2024): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.3.73.
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Objectives : Odor emissions pose a challenge due to the diversity of odor-producing substances, their various sources, and the complex interactions between different compounds. Moreover, people's perception of odor intensity can vary based on their living environment and psychological state, making it difficult to effectively manage and develop mitigation measures for odors, in contrast to other air pollutants. To address this issue, this study focuses on two prominent sources of residential odors, namely wastewater treatment plant and industrial estate.Methods : Through on-site data collection, the study aims to investigate the characteristics of odor emissions and analyze seasonal trends in odor generation. Ultimately, the study seeks to assess the substances contributing to odors in wastewater treatment plant and industrial estate through odor contribution analysis.Results and Discussion : The research findings reveal that wastewater treatment plants predominantly emit high concentrations of fatty acid substances such as Propionic acid, iso-Valeric acid, and n-Valeric acid. In contrast, industrial estates release a variety of odor-causing substances, including Toluene, Xylene, Butyraldehyde, Trimethylamine, and iso-Valeraldehyde.Conclusion Significant differences are observed both in terms of odor concentration and odor contribution. These disparities are attributed to the specific characteristics of wastewater treatment plants and industrial processes that induce odors. Nevertheless, in both types of facilities, Trimethylamine is identified as a major contributor to odors.
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Feng, Guo, and Jiawei Lei. "The Effect of Odor Valence on Facial Attractiveness Judgment: A Preliminary Experiment." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050665.
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The role of social odors on human social interactions, including face evaluation, has been widely indicated. However, for nonsocial odors, there has not been a consistent conclusion. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the effect of suprathreshold nonsocial odors on facial attractiveness judgment when the visual input is ambiguous. We designed a 3 (odor valence: neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant) × 7 (continuous levels of morphed fuzziness of attractiveness: 37.5% to 62.5%) within-subject experiment. A total of 30 participants (18 females) completed the whole experiment simultaneously for three consecutive days. The results showed that faces presented with pleasant and neutral odors were judged as significantly more attractive than those with unpleasant odors. The intervention effect of odor valence on facial attractiveness differed by fuzzy attractiveness levels. Results also suggested that male faces were perceived as more attractive than female faces no matter the odor conditions. The results of this study provide evidence to support the cross-modal emotion integration effect of olfaction and vision. Follow-up studies need to be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism of odor valence on visual fact attractive judgment.
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Xu, Lu, Wenze Li, Venkatakaushik Voleti, Dong-Jing Zou, Elizabeth M. C. Hillman, and Stuart Firestein. "Widespread receptor-driven modulation in peripheral olfactory coding." Science 368, no. 6487 (April 9, 2020): eaaz5390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz5390.
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Olfactory responses to single odors have been well characterized but in reality we are continually presented with complex mixtures of odors. We performed high-throughput analysis of single-cell responses to odor blends using Swept Confocally Aligned Planar Excitation (SCAPE) microscopy of intact mouse olfactory epithelium, imaging ~10,000 olfactory sensory neurons in parallel. In large numbers of responding cells, mixtures of odors did not elicit a simple sum of the responses to individual components of the blend. Instead, many neurons exhibited either antagonism or enhancement of their response in the presence of another odor. All eight odors tested acted as both agonists and antagonists at different receptors. We propose that this peripheral modulation of responses increases the capacity of the olfactory system to distinguish complex odor mixtures.
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Syrjänen, Elmeri, Håkan Fischer, Marco Tullio Liuzza, Torun Lindholm, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "A Review of the Effects of Valenced Odors on Face Perception and Evaluation." i-Perception 12, no. 2 (March 2021): 204166952110095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211009552.
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How do valenced odors affect the perception and evaluation of facial expressions? We reviewed 25 studies published from 1989 to 2020 on cross-modal behavioral effects of odors on the perception of faces. The results indicate that odors may influence facial evaluations and classifications in several ways. Faces are rated as more arousing during simultaneous odor exposure, and the rated valence of faces is affected in the direction of the odor valence. For facial classification tasks, in general, valenced odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, decrease facial emotion classification speed. The evidence for valence congruency effects was inconsistent. Some studies found that exposure to a valenced odor facilitates the processing of a similarly valenced facial expression. The results for facial evaluation were mirrored in classical conditioning studies, as faces conditioned with valenced odors were rated in the direction of the odor valence. However, the evidence of odor effects was inconsistent when the task was to classify faces. Furthermore, using a z-curve analysis, we found clear evidence for publication bias. Our recommendations for future research include greater consideration of individual differences in sensation and cognition, individual differences (e.g., differences in odor sensitivity related to age, gender, or culture), establishing standardized experimental assessments and stimuli, larger study samples, and embracing open research practices.
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Janni, Kevin. "Reflections on Odor Management for Animal Feeding Operations." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050453.
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Most animal feeding operation owners recognize that they need to manage odors from their operations as part of their social relationship with their neighbors and local community. That was not always the case. Odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, can evoke strong emotions and physiological responses. Odors from animal feeding operations are normally considered unpleasant and offensive if strong smelling and smelled often or for long periods of time. Animal feeding operation owners need to be aware of their odor emissions and the impacts the odors have on their neighbors and community. Good neighbor relations and effective communications can help identify odor problems and communicate what is being done to manage them. Odor management research and education includes odor basics, key processes including generation, emissions and dispersion, impacts, community and neighbor relations, and numerous mitigation practices. Animal feeding operation owners considering practices to reduce odor emissions or their impacts need to weigh the costs, expected effectiveness, and how the practice fits into the overall operation. Policymakers need science-based information to make informed decisions that balance the concerns and needs of neighbors and the community and the businesswomen and men that own and operate the animal feeding operations. This paper provides a broad overview of animal feeding operation odors and odor management.
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Knaapila, Antti, Auri Raittola, Mari Sandell, and Baoru Yang. "Self-Ratings of Olfactory Performance and Odor Annoyance Are Associated With the Affective Impact of Odor, but Not With Smell Test Results." Perception 46, no. 3-4 (September 29, 2016): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616672222.
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Our aim was to explore factors potentially associated with subjective (self-rated) and objective (measured using the Sniffin’ Sticks Extended test) olfactory performance in the general population without olfactory disorders. We studied associations between olfactory performance and how important odors were in determining liking for new places, things, and people (measured using the Affective Impact of Odor scale) and the average annoyance caused by odors in 117 adults (83 women, 34 men; age 18–69 years, mean age 32 years). In a subset of 44 participants, we also studied associations between olfactory performance and spice odor identification task scores (14 odors) and the number of herbs and spices consumed. Self-rated olfactory acuity and odor-related annoyance were associated with the Affective Impact of Odor scores, but neither correlated with the smell test results. Instead, the number of spices consumed correlated with spice odor identification score ( r = .50) and the identification (but not threshold nor discrimination) subscore of the Sniffin’ Sticks test ( r = .49). Our results suggest that a tendency to perceive odors in affective terms may be associated with overestimation of olfactory abilities and that recurrent exposure to a large variety of spice odors may improve performance on odor identification.
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Ovaska, K. "Recognition of conspecific odors by the western red-backed salamander, Plethodon vehiculum." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-189.
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Lungless salamanders of the family Plethodontidae possess an elaborate system of glands that potentially can be used in chemical communication. I used an olfactometer to examine the behavior of adult male and female western red-backed salamanders, Plethodon vehiculum, towards airborne odors of conspecific individuals. In two-choice tests, P. vehiculum of both sexes chose the side with no odor over that with the odor of a male; however, they entered the sides at random when presented with no salamander odor on one side and the odor of a nonreproductive female on the other. Therefore, P. vehiculum was able to recognize and avoided odors of conspecific males. Odors of nonreproductive females either were not recognized or carried no social significance. Males may use pheromonal markers to space themselves out for mating purposes. Contrary to predictions, males did not prefer the odor of a reproductive female over that of a nonreproductive female when simultaneously presented with the two odors, but entered the sides in a random manner.
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Omatu, Sigeru, Hideo Araki, Toru Fujinaka, Mitsuaki Yano, Michifumi Yoshioka, Hiroyuki Nakazumi, and Ichiro Tanahashi. "Mixed Odor Classification for QCM Sensor Data by Neural Network." ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/adcaij2012124348.
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Compared with metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, quarts crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors are sensitive for odors. Using an array of QCM sensors, we measure mixed odors and classify them into an original odor class beforemixing based on neural networks. For simplicity we consider the case that two kinds of odor are mixed since more than two becomes too complex to analyze the classification results. We have used eight sensors and four kinds of odor are used as the original odors. The neural network used here is a conventional layered neural network. The classification is acceptable although the perfect classification could not been achieved.
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Tizard, Ian, and Loren Skow. "The olfactory system: the remote-sensing arm of the immune system." Animal Health Research Reviews 22, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252320000262.
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AbstractOdors may be pleasant or unpleasant and in practice, pleasant odors are attractive while unpleasant odors are repellent. However, an odor that is noxious to one species may be attractive to another. Plants, predators, and pathogens may enhance their transmission by manipulating these signals. This may be especially significant when odors attract arthropod disease vectors. Odor detection may also be important in small prey species for evasion of macropredators such as large carnivores. Conversely, pleasant odors may identify family members, parents, or sexual partners. They may also generate signals of good health or fitness and contribute to the process of mate selection. In this review, we seek to integrate these odor-driven processes into a coherent pattern of behaviors that serve to complement the innate and adaptive immune systems. It may be considered the ‘behavioral immune system’.
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Dal Bò, Elisa, Claudio Gentili, Andrea Spoto, Giovanni Bruno, Andrea Castellani, Carmen Tripodi, Florian Ph S. Fischmeister, and Cinzia Cecchetto. "The social odor scale: Development and initial validation of a new scale for the assessment of social odor awareness." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): e0260587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260587.
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The degree of attention individuals pay to olfactory cues (called odor awareness) influences the role of odors in everyday life. Particularly, odors produced by the human body (i.e., social odors) are able to carry a wide variety of information and to elicit a broad spectrum of emotional reactions, making them essential in interpersonal relationships. Hence, despite the assessment of awareness toward social odors is crucial, a proper tool is still lacking. Here, we designed and initially validated the Social Odor Scale (SOS), a 12-item scale designed to measure the individual differences in awareness towards different social odors. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA; KMO test: MSA = 0.78; Bartlett’s test: χ2(78) = 631.34, p < 0.001; Chi-squared test: χ2(42) = 71.84, p = 0.003) suggests that the three factors structure was the model that best fit with the Italian version of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supports a second-order model with one higher-order factor representing social odor awareness in general and three lower-order factors representing familiar, romantic partner, and stranger social odors. The final version of the scale presented a good fit (RMSEA = 0.012, SRMR = 0.069, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.997). In Study 2, CFA was performed in the German version of the scale confirming the validity of scale structure. Study 3 and 4 revealed that SOS total score and its subscales were positively correlated with other validated olfactory scales, but not with olfactory abilities. Moreover, SOS was found to be related to the gender of the participants: women reported to be more aware to social odors and, specifically, to familiar social odors than men. Overall, the results indicated that SOS is a valid and reliable instrument to assess awareness toward social odors in everyday life.
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Bruchet, A., E. Costentin, M. F. Legrand, and J. Mallevialle. "Influence of the Chlorination of Natural Nitrogenous Organic Compounds on Tastes and Odors in Finished Drinking Waters." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0068.
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The objective of the study was to determine the influence of chlorination by-products of naturally occuring nitrogenous organic compounds on tastes and odors in drinking waters. Amino acids, peptides and amino sugars have been chlorinated under various chlorine/nitrogen ratios. Six natural amino acids were shown to induce tastes and odors at concentrations in the range 10-20 µg/l after chlorination. A multicomponent mixture containing 2.5 µg/l each of these 6 amino acids consistently induced detectable odors after a contact time with chlorine of 2 hours. Investigation of the by-products indicated that the odors generated were systematically linked to the aliphatic aldehydes formed. The peptides investigated revealed varying degrees of odor formation potential, while the amino sugars did not impart any odor. Chlorinous odors occasionally detected during these experiments were thought to arise from the organic chloramines or other oxidation by-products.
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Larsson, Maria, Christina Öberg-Blåvarg, and Fredrik U. Jönsson. "Bad Odors Stick Better Than Good Ones." Experimental Psychology 56, no. 6 (January 2009): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.6.375.
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The influences of perceived odor qualities on the retention of olfactory information across the adult lifespan were examined. Young (19–36 years), young-old (60–74 years), and old (75–91 years) adults (n = 202) rated a set of unfamiliar odors across a series of perceptual dimensions (i.e., pleasantness, intensity, and irritability) at encoding. The overall results indicated that memory for unpleasant olfactory information was better than that for pleasant odors across the lifespan. Also, participants showed better retention for odors perceived with high intensity and irritability than for odors rated with low or medium scores. Interestingly, the old adults showed selective beneficial memory effects for odors rated as highly irritable. To the extent that perceptions of high irritability reflect an activation of the trigeminal sensory system, this finding suggests that older adults may use trigeminal components in odor information to compensate for age-related impairments in olfactory memory.
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Brandstaetter, Andreas Simon, and Christoph Johannes Kleineidam. "Distributed representation of social odors indicates parallel processing in the antennal lobe of ants." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 5 (November 2011): 2437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01106.2010.
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In colonies of eusocial Hymenoptera cooperation is organized through social odors, and particularly ants rely on a sophisticated odor communication system. Neuronal information about odors is represented in spatial activity patterns in the primary olfactory neuropile of the insect brain, the antennal lobe (AL), which is analog to the vertebrate olfactory bulb. The olfactory system is characterized by neuroanatomical compartmentalization, yet the functional significance of this organization is unclear. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we investigated the neuronal representation of multicomponent colony odors, which the ants assess to discriminate friends (nestmates) from foes (nonnestmates). In the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus, colony odors elicited spatial activity patterns distributed across different AL compartments. Activity patterns in response to nestmate and nonnestmate colony odors were overlapping. This was expected since both consist of the same components at differing ratios. Colony odors change over time and the nervous system has to constantly adjust for this (template reformation). Measured activity patterns were variable, and variability was higher in response to repeated nestmate than to repeated nonnestmate colony odor stimulation. Variable activity patterns may indicate neuronal plasticity within the olfactory system, which is necessary for template reformation. Our results indicate that information about colony odors is processed in parallel in different neuroanatomical compartments, using the computational power of the whole AL network. Parallel processing might be advantageous, allowing reliable discrimination of highly complex social odors.
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Luisier, Anne-Claude, Genevieve Petitpierre, Annick Clerc Bérod, David Garcia-Burgos, and Moustafa Bensafi. "Effects of familiarization on odor hedonic responses and food choices in children with autism spectrum disorders." Autism 23, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 1460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318815252.
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This study assessed whether olfactory familiarization can render food odors more pleasant, and consequently food more attractive, to children with autism spectrum disorder. Participants were first presented with a series of food odors (session 1). Then, they were familiarized on four occasions (time window: 5 weeks) with one of the two most neutral odors (the other neutral odor was used as control) (session 2). In session 3, participants smelled the entire series of odors again. Both verbal and facial responses were compared from session 1 to session 3. After session 3, the children were presented with two identical foods (one containing the familiarized odor and one the control odor) and were asked to choose between these foods. Results revealed (1) a specific increase in positive emotions for the familiarized odor and (2) that 68% of the children chose the food associated with the “familiarized odor” (children who chose the “familiarized odor” food exhibited significantly more sensory particularities). These findings suggest that it is possible to modulate olfactory emotions and expand the dietary repertoire of children with autism spectrum disorder. Application of this paradigm may enable innovative prospects for food education in autism.
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Hasegawa, Toshio, Hiroaki Izumi, and Hideo Yamada. "Structural Factors in the Odor of α-Santalol Derivatives." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 7 (July 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800705.
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α-Santalol is a sesquiterpene that is a major constituent of sandalwood (Santalum album L.), and is responsible for its distinctive woody odor. We replaced the polycyclic moiety and hydroxyl group of α-santalol with other moieties, and we compared the odors of the E/Z-isomers and their saturated analogues. Our previous study of the structure-odor relationships of α-santalols bearing hydroxyl, formyl, formyloxy, and acetoxy functional groups showed there was a similarity in odor between the Z-isomer and its saturated analogue. We synthesized α-santalols with a benzyl group in place of the hydroxyl group, because many benzyl compounds have strong characteristic odors. We found similar odors for the E-isomer and its saturated analogue. In contrast, the odors of the α-santalol derivatives with a hydroxyl, formyl, formyloxy, or acetoxy group were different. We also replaced the bulky polycyclic moiety with a linear alkyl chain. The polycyclic moiety was the most important structural factor in the characteristic sandalwood odor. The synthesis of derivatives and the evaluation of their odor allowed us to identify the key structural factors in the odor of α-santalol.
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Degel, Joachim, and Egon Peter Köster. "Implicit Memory for Odors: A Possible Method for Observation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.943.
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In an experiment 143 subjects were instructed to assign odors to contexts which were displayed in a slide session. The slides depicted contexts from three areas of everyday life which party contained visual cues related to a presented odor. After rating the fit of each odor to a context, the subjects rated the odors for pleasantness. Analysis showed a strong influence of the visual cue on the rating of fit for the contexts containing an odor-related visual element. In contexts without a visual cue, rating of fit showed an influence of implicitly learned memories of odor. The rating was not affected by the pleasantness of the odors. The 1995 work of Schab and Crowder is critically reviewed, and results are discussed within the framework of new, more ecologically oriented research on memory for odor.
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Choi, Sung-Deuk. "Occurrence of Odor and Suggestions for a Comprehensive Management System in Ulsan, South Korea." Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36278/jeaht.25.1.43.
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In Ulsan, large-scale industrial facilities emit large amounts of various odors and hazardous air pollutants. This study investigated the current status of odor problems in Ulsan and suggested a comprehensive management system. Owing to the geographical conditions, weather conditions, major industrial complexes, and management of emission facilities, complaints about odor occur mainly in summer. The city authority responds to odor problems by preparing comprehensive measures to prevent odors and introducing unmanned sampling devices, real-time monitors, and a mobile monitoring system. Major odor substances and pollution characteristics can be identified through these efforts, but information on specific odor substances, complex odors, emission sources, and transport pathways is lacking. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the current monitoring system and establish a comprehensive management system to solve this problem.
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Kikuta, Shu, Bing Han, and Tatsuya Yamasoba. "Heterogeneous Damage to the Olfactory Epithelium in Patients with Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2023): 5007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12155007.
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Objectives: Post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) is a neurogenic disorder caused by a common cold virus. Based on the homology of deduced amino acid sequences, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in both mice and humans express either class I or class II odorant receptor genes encoding class I and class II OSNs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether OSN damage in PVOD occurs uniformly in both neuron types. Materials and methods: The characteristics of PVOD patients were compared with those of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) or post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction (PTOD). Briefly, subjects underwent orthonasal olfaction tests using five different odors (T&T odors) and a retronasal olfaction test using a single odor (IVO odor). The regions in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) activated by the T&T and the IVO odors were also examined. Results: Multivariate analysis of 307 cases of olfactory dysfunction (PVOD, 118 cases; CRS, 161 cases; and PTOD, 28 cases) revealed that a combination of responses to the IVO odor, but not to the T&T odors, is characteristic of PVOD, with high specificity (p < 0.001). Imaging analysis of GCaMP3 mice showed that the IVO odor selectively activated the OB region in which the axons of class I OSNs converged, whereas the T&T odors broadly activated the OB region in which axons of class I and class II OSNs converged. Conclusions: A response to T&T odors, but not IVO odor, in PVOD suggests that class I OSNs are injured preferentially, and that OSN damage in PVOD may occur heterogeneously in a neuron-type-dependent manner.
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Gabassi, Pier Giorgio, and Lucia Zanuttini. "Self-Monitoring and Identification of Olfactory Dimensions." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 3 (December 1992): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3.787.
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The basic categories of odors are not agreed on. Many classifications of odors have been proposed, but none has met widespread acceptance. The variability among qualitative judgments of odors which makes it difficult to construct reliable classifications may depend on cultural or personal idiosyncrasies. To check personality factors in odor evaluation, we asked 40 subjects, who had previously completed a personality questionnaire, to make qualitative judgments about 10 odors on 10 semantic differential scales. From comparison of two different self-monitoring groups, on the semantic differential, reliable differences did not emerge. While high self-monitoring subjects tended to maintain intermediate positions, for some odors, low self-monitors hazarded more polarized evaluations.
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Dal Bò, Elisa, Claudio Gentili, and Cinzia Cecchetto. "Human Chemosignals and Brain Activity: A Preliminary Meta-analysis of the Processing of Human Body Odors." Chemical Senses 45, no. 9 (October 14, 2020): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa067.
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Abstract Across phyla, chemosignals are a widely used form of social communication and increasing evidence suggests that chemosensory communication is present also in humans. Chemosignals can transfer, via body odors, socially relevant information, such as specific information about identity or emotional states. However, findings on neural correlates of processing of body odors are divergent. The aims of this meta-analysis were to assess the brain areas involved in the perception of body odors (both neutral and emotional) and the specific activation patterns for the perception of neutral body odor (NBO) and emotional body odor (EBO). We conducted an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on 16 experiments (13 studies) examining brain activity during body odors processing. We found that the contrast EBO versus NBO resulted in significant convergence in the right middle frontal gyrus and the left cerebellum, whereas the pooled meta-analysis combining all the studies of human odors showed significant convergence in the right inferior frontal gyrus. No significant cluster was found for NBOs. However, our findings also highlight methodological heterogeneity across the existing literature. Further neuroimaging studies are needed to clarify and support the existing findings on neural correlates of processing of body odors.
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Cain, William S., Joseph C. Stevens, Connie M. Nickou, Amy Giles, Ingrid Johnston, and Maria Rosa Garcia-Medina. "Life-Span Development of Odor Identification, Learning, and Olfactory Sensitivity." Perception 24, no. 12 (December 1995): 1457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p241457.
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In the first of three studies, children (aged 8 to 14 years) were found to perform worse than young and middle-aged adults in unprompted identification of odors, with average performance much like that of elderly adults. Comparisons on other tasks, specifically odor threshold, prompted odor identification, and object naming (Boston Naming Test), across the life span (five groups) revealed that children have the same excellent olfactory sensitivity as young adults and merely lack odor-specific knowledge that accumulates slowly through life. Such knowledge apparently accumulates so slowly that age-associated discriminative losses, measurable by early middle age, begin to wear away gains obtained through experience before odors can become overlearned. In the second study, a novel adaptive psychophysical method, the step procedure, confirmed the equivalent sensitivity of children and young adults. In the third study, a paired-associate task illustrated the sluggish course of odor learning. Young adults outperformed children, though the youngest group, first graders, made up ground relatively fast. For children and adults, common odors facilitated performance relative to novel odors. The outcome highlighted the relevance of semantic factors in odor learning irrespective of age.
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Meng, John Hongyu, and Hermann Riecke. "Structural spine plasticity: Learning and forgetting of odor-specific subnetworks in the olfactory bulb." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 24, 2022): e1010338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010338.
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Learning to discriminate between different sensory stimuli is essential for survival. In rodents, the olfactory bulb, which contributes to odor discrimination via pattern separation, exhibits extensive structural synaptic plasticity involving the formation and removal of synaptic spines, even in adult animals. The network connectivity resulting from this plasticity is still poorly understood. To gain insight into this connectivity we present here a computational model for the structural plasticity of the reciprocal synapses between the dominant population of excitatory principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. It incorporates the observed modulation of spine stability by odor exposure. The model captures the striking experimental observation that the exposure to odors does not always enhance their discriminability: while training with similar odors enhanced their discriminability, training with dissimilar odors actually reduced the discriminability of the training stimuli. Strikingly, this differential learning does not require the activity-dependence of the spine stability and occurs also in a model with purely random spine dynamics in which the spine density is changed homogeneously, e.g., due to a global signal. However, the experimentally observed odor-specific reduction in the response of principal cells as a result of extended odor exposure and the concurrent disinhibition of a subset of principal cells arise only in the activity-dependent model. Moreover, this model predicts the experimentally testable recovery of odor response through weak but not through strong odor re-exposure and the forgetting of odors via exposure to interfering odors. Combined with the experimental observations, the computational model provides strong support for the prediction that odor exposure leads to the formation of odor-specific subnetworks in the olfactory bulb.
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Silva, Fábio, Nuno Gomes, Sebastian Korb, and Gün R. Semin. "Not All Emotions Are Equal: Fear Chemosignals Lower Awareness Thresholds Only for Fearful Faces." Chemical Senses 45, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa047.
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Abstract Exposure to body odors (chemosignals) collected under different emotional states (i.e., emotional chemosignals) can modulate our visual system, biasing visual perception. Recent research has suggested that exposure to fear body odors, results in a generalized faster access to visual awareness of different emotional facial expressions (i.e., fear, happy, and neutral). In the present study, we aimed at replicating and extending these findings by exploring if these effects are limited to fear odor, by introducing a second negative body odor—that is, disgust. We compared the time that 3 different emotional facial expressions (i.e., fear, disgust, and neutral) took to reach visual awareness, during a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm, across 3 body odor conditions (i.e., fear, disgust, and neutral). We found that fear body odors do not trigger an overall faster access to visual awareness, but instead sped-up access to awareness specifically for facial expressions of fear. Disgust odor, on the other hand, had no effects on awareness thresholds of facial expressions. These findings contrast with prior results, suggesting that the potential of fear body odors to induce visual processing adjustments is specific to fear cues. Furthermore, our results support a unique ability of fear body odors in inducing such visual processing changes, compared with other negative emotional chemosignals (i.e., disgust). These conclusions raise interesting questions as to how fear odor might interact with the visual processing stream, whilst simultaneously giving rise to future avenues of research.
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Adinda Rizki Virginia, Arief Sabdo Yuwono, and Chusnul Arif. "Closed-House Biofilter Design and Performance Evaluation for Mitigating Environmental Odor Disturbances." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 14, no. 2 (March 27, 2024): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2023.12851.
Full textAbstract:
Broiler-closed houses typically lack reduction technology, leading to environmental issues, namely odor. Processing technology can be used, namely biofilters. This study aims to design and construct a closed-house biofilter and perform a test on the biofilter to reduce odors. Odors are measured by the odor gas concentration (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) and hedonic scale by the panel method. The biofilter consisted of an odor source (closed house), a humidifier, and a biofilter reactor. Factors that influence the size of the biofilter reactor from gas removal activities include air flow rate, retention time, and air volume. The proposed biofilter can reduce the odor from the broiler. Reactor temperature, relative humidity, and bacterial activity affect odor reduction. This successful implementation of a biofilter significantly mitigates odors in a closed-house broiler, addressing a critical environmental concern.
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Lang YAMOAH, Damaris-Lois, Wilhemina Laryea, Fiker Fassil, and Maryam Bamshad. "Do females influence paternal responsiveness in male prairie voles Microtus ochrogaster by increasing the salience of infant odors?" Current Zoology 59, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.3.317.
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Abstract Male prairie voles become more responsive to infants following cohabitation with a female. Exposure to female sensory cues prior to offspring birth may influence male paternal tendencies by modifying his response to infant odors in particular or to odors in general. To test these hypotheses, males were housed with an unfamiliar female or a same-sex sibling for 13 days then examined for their response towards either live infants or infant-like inanimate objects covered with one of three odors: water, infant, sub-adult. We recorded the number of males that retrieved and manipulated the infants or odor-covered objects and measured the frequency and duration of time males spent attending to them or engaged in other non-social activities. Female-Cohabited males approached the container holding infant-odor covered objects faster than Male-Cohabited males, but showed no differences in time spent manipulating those objects. Males in both groups spent more time manipulating live infants than odor-covered objects. However, Female-Cohabited subjects were more likely to manipulate odor-covered objects as well as live infants than Male-Cohabited subjects. Additionally, the frequency of self-grooming in Female-Cohabited males was higher for water-covered objects compared to Male-Cohabited males. In presence of water and live infants, Female-Cohabited males groomed themselves with greater frequency than in presence of infant odor or sub-adult odor. The data suggest that female cues increase the male’s sensitivity to infant odors and enhance the salience of non-social odors.
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Lima, A. M., G. B. Sapienza, V. O. Giraud, and Y. D. Fragoso. "Odors as triggering and worsening factors for migraine in men." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 69, no. 2b (2011): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2011000300011.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of odors in triggering or worsening migraine in men. METHOD: Ninety-eight male migraineurs from the general population were assessed individually through questionnaires. Environmental factors relating to their migraine were reported, with special focus on the role of odors. RESULTS: Odors were the second most frequent triggering factor for migraine attacks (48%), behind stressful situations (59%). Likewise, odors were the second most frequent worsening factor (73%), just behind excessive light (74%). Thirty-three individuals (33.4%) stated that odors were both triggering and worsening factors for their migraine attacks. Perfume, cigarette smoke and cleaning products were the most frequent migraine-related odors reported by these male migraineurs. CONCLUSION: This was the first study to assess the role of odors in migraine exclusively in men. There was a high degree of odor-related migraine among these men, thus suggesting that patient education could alert such individuals to gender-related factors, since different triggering and worsening factors have been reported by males and females.
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MATTINGLY, AMANDA JOHANSEN, PAUL WIEGAND, and ROBERT SACKELLARES. "Considerations in managing wastewater odor at pulp and paper operations." March 2022 21, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj21.3.167.
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Many pulp and paper mills are, at least periodically, faced with the release of odors that can migrate offsite and be considered a nuisance by nearby residents. At chemical pulp mills, perceptible odors associated with reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) are common, many of which are highly perceptible owing to their low odor thresholds. As releases of RSCs and other odorous substances from production processes are progressively controlled, the proportional contribution from wastewater treatment systems to areal odors can increase. This review paper summarizes important fundamentals of odor generation, source identification, and control. Common odorous substances are identified, and mechanisms for their generation are summarized. Approaches for measuring odorous substances are detailed to enable more effective management, and various odor control strategies are discussed.
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Schoenbaum, G., and H. Eichenbaum. "Information coding in the rodent prefrontal cortex. I. Single-neuron activity in orbitofrontal cortex compared with that in pyriform cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): 733–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.2.733.
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1. Extracellular spike activity was recorded from 1,942 single neurons in orbitofrontal cortex (OF) and 591 single neurons in pyriform cortex (PIR) over multiple sessions in rats performing an eight-odor discrimination task in which the stimulus sequence contained predictable associations between particular odor pairs. Neural firing patterns were examined in relation to task events in the current trial and variables associated with current sensory processing, events of recent past trials, and long-term associations involving the odor cues. 2. Overall, 34% of single neurons in OF and 30% of single neurons in PIR fired selectively during one or more salient trial events including trial initiation, odor sampling, performance of the discriminative response, and water consumption. The activity of other cells recorded in OF (13%) and PIR (10%) was suppressed for the duration of each trial. Although the proportion of some cell types differed between the two areas, the firing patterns of OF and PIR neurons were qualitatively indistinguishable. 3. Firing during odor sampling and the discriminative response was influenced by the identity of the current odor. Some cells fired selectively to a single odor, but most cells were coarsely tuned such that they fired to several of the eight odors to differing degrees consistent with previous reports. Considerable odor coding was observed in both OF and PIR. 4. Firing during trial initiation and odor sampling was also influenced by the identity and reward association of the odor presented in the immediately preceding trial. The influence of past odor identity and valence was observed in both OF and PIR. 5. Firing during trial events was also influenced by the acquired associations between odors and their assigned reward contingencies and between pairs of odors involved in predictive relationships. The reward valence of the current odor significantly influenced firing during odor sampling and the discriminative response; some cells responded preferentially to rewarded odors and others to nonrewarded odors. Firing during trial initiation and odor sampling reflected whether or not the odor in the current trial had been predicted by the odor in the preceding trial. In addition, firing during odor sampling reflected the expectation of reward in the following trial that could be inferred from the predictable associations between odors. Each of these properties was observed in both OF and PIR. 6. The findings in OF were consistent with the view that prefrontal subdivisions mediate the temporal organization of complex behaviors within specific informational domains. OF appears to be concerned with the specific domain of olfaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Dietrich, A. M., R. C. Hoehn, L. C. Dufresne, L. W. Buffin, D. M. C. Rashash, and B. C. Parker. "Oxidation of odorous and nonodorous algal metabolites by permanganate, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0439.
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The six algal metabolites, at concentrations of 20-225 μg/l, were oxidized with potassium permanganate, chlorine, or chlorine dioxide at doses of 0.25-3 mg/l. Flavor profile analysis (FPA) was used to determine the odors of the solutions before and after oxidation. Linoleic and palmitic acids, which are odorless compounds, were oxidized to odorous products by all three oxidants. The odor intensity of β-cyclocitral (grape, sweet tobacco) and phenethyl alcohol (rose, floral) was only slightly decreased by any of the oxidants. Oxidation by permanganate or chlorine either eliminated or greatly reduced the odors associated with linolenic acid (watermelon) and 2t,6c-nonadienal (cucumber); chlorine dioxide was ineffective at reducing the cucumber odor of 2t,6c-nonadienal. Oxidation, at doses typically applied for drinking water treatment, can result in the destruction of certain algae-related odors but in the formation of other odors.
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Loong, Siow Ping, Eugene Wong, Revadi Govindaraju, Ahmad Nordin Afandi, Yves Brand, Zulkiflee Abu Bakar, and Prepageran Narayanan. "CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF SNIFFIN’ STICKS TEST FOR A MALAYSIAN POPULATION." Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 24, no. 2 (September 24, 2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jummec.vol24no2.9.
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Introduction: Sniffin’ Stick test is a quantitative olfactory test first introduced in the 1990s and has since been used in several countries after cultural-based modifications. Objective: To develop a culturally adapted Sniffin’ Stick test suitable for a Malaysian population. Methods: The study was done in 3 phases. The first phase involved a questionnaire rating the familiarity of 70 odors based on a Likert scale. Sixteen items were then selected for the second phase where subjects were tested on the identification of the 16 odors. Odors recognized by less than 75% of the subjects or their distractors were replaced. These steps were repeated until all 16 odors were recognized by more than 75% of the subjects. In the final phase, the mean Odor Identification (OI) scores utilizing the newly selected 16 odors were collected among healthy individuals. Results: A total of 417 subjects participated in the study. In the first-phase, 5 odors from the original Sniffin’ Stick Test which were unfamiliar were replaced for the phase 2 of the study. In the second-phase, modifications were performed 3 times requiring change of 41 distractors and an additional odor. Finally, using the modified Sniffin Stick test version-4, preliminary results of the mean odor identification scoring for the age groups 16-35,36-55 and more than 55 years of age were obtained which showed age-related variations. Conclusion: Our study revealed cultural modifications to the original Sniffin’ Stick Test are required to validate its use in a Malaysian population.
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Onofrychuk, Timothy J., Aiden E. Glass, Quentin Greba, and John G. Howland. "Evidence for novelty reward cross-cueing in the odor span task in rats: implications for odor-based reward-motivated tasks." Learning & Memory 31, no. 1-2 (January 2024): a053871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.053871.123.
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The odor span task (OST) infers working memory capacity (WMC) by requiring rodents to discriminate between previously presented and session-novel odors to obtain a hidden food reward. Here, rats’ responses to session-novel odors and food rewards were assessed to determine whether rats use mitigating strategies in the OST. Rats accurately responded to session-novel odors but also reliably responded to the food reward alone and performed at chance when both a session-novel odor and food reward were presented in separate locations. The inclusion of unscented sand in the cups holding the food reward significantly reduced the rats’ responses to the food reward alone. Collectively, these results demonstrate the need for rigorous tests of potential mitigating strategies and hold wide implications for rodent odor discrimination-based behavioral tasks.
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Prichard, Ashley, Raveena Chhibber, Jon King, Kate Athanassiades, Mark Spivak, and Gregory S. Berns. "Decoding Odor Mixtures in the Dog Brain: An Awake fMRI Study." Chemical Senses 45, no. 9 (October 14, 2020): 833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa068.
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Abstract In working and practical contexts, dogs rely upon their ability to discriminate a target odor from distracting odors and other sensory stimuli. Using awake functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 18 dogs, we examined the neural mechanisms underlying odor discrimination between 2 odors and a mixture of the odors. Neural activation was measured during the presentation of a target odor (A) associated with a food reward, a distractor odor (B) associated with nothing, and a mixture of the two odors (A+B). Changes in neural activation during the presentations of the odor stimuli in individual dogs were measured over time within three regions known to be involved with odor processing: the caudate nucleus, the amygdala, and the olfactory bulbs. Average activation within the amygdala showed that dogs maximally differentiated between odor stimuli based on the stimulus-reward associations by the first run, while activation to the mixture (A+B) was most similar to the no-reward (B) stimulus. To clarify the neural representation of odor mixtures in the dog brain, we used a random forest classifier to compare multilabel (elemental) versus multiclass (configural) models. The multiclass model performed much better than the multilabel (weighted-F1 0.44 vs. 0.14), suggesting the odor mixture was processed configurally. Analysis of the subset of high-performing dogs’ brain classification metrics revealed a network of olfactory information-carrying brain regions that included the amygdala, piriform cortex, and posterior cingulate. These results add further evidence for the configural processing of odor mixtures in dogs and suggest a novel way to identify high-performers based on brain classification metrics.
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Lee, Do-Hyun, Sang-Hun Lee, Saem-Ee Woo, Min-Woong Jung, Do-yun Kim, and Tae-Young Heo. "Prediction of Complex Odor from Pig Barn Using Machine Learning and Identifying the Influence of Variables Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 12943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412943.
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Odor is a very serious problem worldwide. Thus, odor prediction research has been conducted consistently to help prevent odor. Odor substances that are complex odors are known, but complex odors and odor substances do not have a linear dependence. In addition, depending on the combination of odor substances, the causal relationships, such as synergy and antagonism, are different for complex odors. Research is needed to know this, but the situation is incomplete. Therefore, in this study, research was conducted through data-based research. The complex odor was predicted using various machine learning methods, and the effect of odor substances on the complex odor was verified using an explainable artificial intelligence method. In this study, according to the Malodor Prevention Act in Korea, complex odors are divided into two categories: acceptable and unacceptable. Analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used to determine the relationships between variables. Six machine learning methods (k-nearest neighbor, support vector classification, random forest, extremely randomized tree, eXtreme gradient boosting, and light gradient boosting machine) were used as predictive classification models, and the best predictive method was chosen using various evaluation metrics. As a result, the support vector machine that performed best in five out of six evaluation metrics was selected as the best model (f1-score = 0.7722, accuracy = 0.8101, sensitivity = 0.7372, specificity = 0.8656, positive predictive value = 0.8196, and negative predictive value = 0.8049). In addition, the partial dependence plot method from explainable artificial intelligence was used to understand the influence and interaction effects of odor substances.