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Bo, Weichen, Yuandong Yu, Ran He, Dongya Qin, Xin Zheng, Yue Wang, Botian Ding, and Guizhao Liang. "Insight into the Structure–Odor Relationship of Molecules: A Computational Study Based on Deep Learning." Foods 11, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142033.
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Molecules with pleasant odors, unacceptable odors, and even serious toxicity are closely related to human social life. It is impractical to identify the odors of molecules in large quantities (particularly hazardous odors) using experimental methods. Computer-aided methods have currently attracted increasing attention for the prediction of molecular odors. Here, through models based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) and physicochemical descriptors (MLP-Des), MLP and molecular fingerprint, and convolutional neural network (CNN), we conduct the two-class prediction of odor/no odor, fruity/no odor, floral/no odor, and woody/no odor, and the multi-class prediction of fruity/flowery/woody/no odor on our newly refined molecular odor datasets. We show that three kinds of predictors can robustly predict molecular odors. The MLP-Des model not only exhibits the best prediction results (the AUC values are 0.99 and 0.86 for the two- and multi-classification models, respectively) but can also well reflect the characteristics of the structure–odor relationship of molecules. The CNN model takes 2D molecular images as input and can automatically extract the structural features related to molecular odors. The proposed models are of great help for the prediction of molecular odorants, understanding the underlying relationship between chemical structure and odor perception, and the discovery of new odorous and/or hazardous molecules.
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Patel, Muktiben M., Nigam D. Patel, Angela Rekhi, and Alan R. Hirsch. "163 Treatment of Odor-Induced Anxiogenesis With Odor-Induced Anxiolysis." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 1 (February 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918000548.
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AbstractStudy ObjectiveTo understand the effects of odor on anxiety.IntroductionReduction of odor-induced anxiety through a presentation of an odor has not heretofore been described.MethodCase report: A 69-year-old right-handed male with a five year history of generalized anxiety disorder, presented with a one and a half month history of hypersensitivity to odors of multiple synthetic chemicals manifest by the perception that these odors were more intense and unpleasant inducing nausea, abdominal cramping, coughing, a need to “get away from the smell”, and panic with intense anxiety. These symptoms would occur whenever he was exposed to these smells, 20 to 25 times a day, and would persist for 10 to 15 minutes after the exposure. When odors induced the above symptoms, exposure to the aroma of cinnamon immediately alleviated these symptoms. He now continues using cinnamon odor whenever the odor induced anxiety and associated symptoms arise. This remedy has been effective over the course of treatment, for almost two years.ResultsAbnormalities on examination: Three per second titubation. Archimedean Spiral Test: Saw tooth pattern with macrographia. Anxious, circumstantial, overly inclusive. Unable to determine how to put on shoe covers. Impaired voluntary upward gave, but intact vertical doll’s eyes. Left torticollis. Bilateral finger to nose dysmetria. Low amplitude, high frequency tremor on extension of both upper extremities. Areflexic. Olfactory Testing: hyposmic. MRI of brain with and without infusion: mild generalized volume loss.ConclusionsThere are myriad mechanisms whereby odor may have reduced the odor-induced anxiety. Since aroma induced anxiogeneis is usually confined to a specific odor, it does not preclude other odors from acting in an anxiolytic manner. The combination of exposure simultaneously of anxiolytic and anxiogenic odors may have acted to increase the threshold of the anxiety producing odor, inhibiting perception of the anxiogenic odor and thus precipitation of anxiety. The two odors could have combined in an additive fashion, changing the olfactory characteristics of the anxiety provoking odor such that it no longer was perceived as the same odor and thus no anxiety. The anxiolytic/anxiogenic odor mixture could have overwhelmed the anxiogenic odor, thus creating the perception of only anxiolytic odor. On a central basis, the anxiolysis and anxiogenesis may have been induced to occur coincidently with anxiolysis superseding anxiogenesis. Alternatively, the odors may have acted as a distractor, changing the focus of attention from anxiogenic odor to a different odor which does not have the same anxiety provoking effect. Maybe because the patient already has demonstrated a heightened odor emotion linkage, he may be more susceptible to any other odor emotion effects. Trial of odors in those with odor induced anxiety warrants consideration.Funding AcknowledgementsNo funding.
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Bian, Yuge, Haoning Gong, and I. H. (Mel) Suffet. "The Use of the Odor Profile Method with an “Odor Patrol” Panel to Evaluate an Odor Impacted Site near a Landfill." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040472.
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A third-party-trained “Odor Patrol” program was conducted at a school that is about a one-mile distance from a landfill to clarify the odor nuisance problems from the landfill. Every 20 min from 6 to 9 a.m. on school days, the “Odor Profile Method” (OPM) was used with the landfill odor wheel to identify the odor type and intensity of each odor type. This study showed that an Odor Patrol using the OPM can accurately define odor nuisance changes over time and can be used as a method to confirm changes of odor nuisances in a field study. The Odor Patrol only found 13 data inputs of the 1000 data inputs (1.3%) for the 100-day odor monitoring with a landfill odor or trash odor that could cause odor complaints. The Odor Patrol data and the Odor Complaint data compared well. The OPM by an “Odor Patrol” could determine the contribution of the nuisance odors from 6 to 9 a.m. at the school site, about one mile away from the landfill. The study demonstrated a novel approach for odor monitoring by using the Odor Profile Method with an Odor Patrol. The OPM not only confirmed the mitigation of a landfill odor problem, but it also determined odor character, odor intensity, odor frequency and odor duration during this study period. “Landfill gas” was determined to be primarily a rotten vegetable odor with a secondary sewery/fecal odor of lower intensity, and “trash odors” were primarily a rancid and sweet odor with a secondary sewery/fecal and/or rotten vegetable odor of lower intensities generated from trash reaching the landfill. The order of intensity observed from high to low was: Trash odor (Rancid–Sweet) > Rotten vegetable > Sewery/Fecal > Rancid. Thus, trash odor is the major problematic odor from the landfill site. Quality assurance methods were used to remove local odors from the evaluation.
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Burlingame, G. A. "A practical framework using odor survey data to prioritize nuisance odors." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.872.
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There are three main questions that need to be answered to address nuisance odors at the fenceline of a wastewater treatment plant: What odors are occurring at the fenceline of the plant? What processes within the plant give rise to these odors? What priority should we assign to mitigation of the nuisance odors? The prioritization is based on three factors that make odors a nuisance: strength or intensity of the odor when it is detected; quality or description of the odor; persistence or occurrence of the odor at the fenceline. Since fenceline odors vary according to: wind direction; wind speed; atmospheric stability and obstructions (buildings, trees, roadways), this study conducted odor surveys at the fenceline of a wastewater plant between April and November for 20 surveys. The data were used to develop a practical framework in three steps: summarize fenceline (residential vs non-residential) odor survey data; use odor type category and average odor strength to determine the annoyance factor; use annoyance factor and fenceline occurrence to determine the priority rating for nuisance odors to be mitigated.
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Öberg, Christina, Maria Larsson, and Lars Bäckman. "Differential sex effects in olfactory functioning: The role of verbal processing." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 8, no. 5 (July 2002): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617702801424.
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AbstractWe investigated sex difference across a number of olfactory tasks. Thirty-six men and 35 women ranging in age from 19 to 36 years were assessed in 6 different tasks: absolute sensitivity for n-butanol, intensity discrimination, quality discrimination, episodic recognition memory for familiar and unfamiliar odors, and odor identification. No sex differences were observed in the tasks tapping primarily sensory acuity (i.e., odor sensitivity, intensity discrimination, and quality discrimination) or in episodic memory for unfamiliar odors. By contrast, women outperformed men in the tasks involving verbal processing (i.e., memory for familiar odors and odor identification). Interestingly, controlling for odor naming ability resulted in that the observed sex difference in episodic odor memory for familiar odors disappeared. This outcome suggests that women's superiority in episodic odor memory is largely mediated by their higher proficiency in odor identification.
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Cho, Hyeon-Jun, and Su-Chul Yoon. "Occurrence of Designated Odor Substances in Wastewater Treatment Plant and Industrial Estate." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 46, no. 3 (March 31, 2024): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.3.73.
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Objectives : Odor emissions pose a challenge due to the diversity of odor-producing substances, their various sources, and the complex interactions between different compounds. Moreover, people's perception of odor intensity can vary based on their living environment and psychological state, making it difficult to effectively manage and develop mitigation measures for odors, in contrast to other air pollutants. To address this issue, this study focuses on two prominent sources of residential odors, namely wastewater treatment plant and industrial estate.Methods : Through on-site data collection, the study aims to investigate the characteristics of odor emissions and analyze seasonal trends in odor generation. Ultimately, the study seeks to assess the substances contributing to odors in wastewater treatment plant and industrial estate through odor contribution analysis.Results and Discussion : The research findings reveal that wastewater treatment plants predominantly emit high concentrations of fatty acid substances such as Propionic acid, iso-Valeric acid, and n-Valeric acid. In contrast, industrial estates release a variety of odor-causing substances, including Toluene, Xylene, Butyraldehyde, Trimethylamine, and iso-Valeraldehyde.Conclusion Significant differences are observed both in terms of odor concentration and odor contribution. These disparities are attributed to the specific characteristics of wastewater treatment plants and industrial processes that induce odors. Nevertheless, in both types of facilities, Trimethylamine is identified as a major contributor to odors.
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Tamura, Kaori, and Tsuyoshi Okamoto. "Odor descriptive ratings can predict some odor-color associations in different color features of hue or lightness." PeerJ 11 (April 20, 2023): e15251. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15251.
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Background Olfactory information can be associated with color information. Researchers have investigated the role of descriptive ratings of odors on odor-color associations. Research into these associations should also focus on the differences in odor types. We aimed to identify the odor descriptive ratings that can predict odor-color corresponding formation, and predict features of the associated colors from the ratings taking into consideration the differences in the odor types. Methods We assessed 13 types of odors and their associated colors in participants with a Japanese cultural background. The associated colors from odors in the CIE L*a*b* space were subjectively evaluated to prevent the priming effect from selecting color patches. We analyzed the data using Bayesian multilevel modeling, which included the random effects of each odor, for investigating the effect of descriptive ratings on associated colors. We investigated the effects of five descriptive ratings, namely Edibility, Arousal, Familiarity, Pleasantness, and Strength on the associated colors. Results The Bayesian multilevel model indicated that the odor description of Edibility was related to the reddish hues of associated colors in three odors. Edibility was related to the yellow hues of colors in the remaining five odors. The Arousal description was related to the yellowish hues in two odors. The Strength of the tested odors was generally related to the color lightness. The present analysis could contribute in investigating the influence of the olfactory descriptive rating that anticipates the associated color for each odor.
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Schoenbaum, G., and H. Eichenbaum. "Information coding in the rodent prefrontal cortex. I. Single-neuron activity in orbitofrontal cortex compared with that in pyriform cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): 733–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.2.733.
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1. Extracellular spike activity was recorded from 1,942 single neurons in orbitofrontal cortex (OF) and 591 single neurons in pyriform cortex (PIR) over multiple sessions in rats performing an eight-odor discrimination task in which the stimulus sequence contained predictable associations between particular odor pairs. Neural firing patterns were examined in relation to task events in the current trial and variables associated with current sensory processing, events of recent past trials, and long-term associations involving the odor cues. 2. Overall, 34% of single neurons in OF and 30% of single neurons in PIR fired selectively during one or more salient trial events including trial initiation, odor sampling, performance of the discriminative response, and water consumption. The activity of other cells recorded in OF (13%) and PIR (10%) was suppressed for the duration of each trial. Although the proportion of some cell types differed between the two areas, the firing patterns of OF and PIR neurons were qualitatively indistinguishable. 3. Firing during odor sampling and the discriminative response was influenced by the identity of the current odor. Some cells fired selectively to a single odor, but most cells were coarsely tuned such that they fired to several of the eight odors to differing degrees consistent with previous reports. Considerable odor coding was observed in both OF and PIR. 4. Firing during trial initiation and odor sampling was also influenced by the identity and reward association of the odor presented in the immediately preceding trial. The influence of past odor identity and valence was observed in both OF and PIR. 5. Firing during trial events was also influenced by the acquired associations between odors and their assigned reward contingencies and between pairs of odors involved in predictive relationships. The reward valence of the current odor significantly influenced firing during odor sampling and the discriminative response; some cells responded preferentially to rewarded odors and others to nonrewarded odors. Firing during trial initiation and odor sampling reflected whether or not the odor in the current trial had been predicted by the odor in the preceding trial. In addition, firing during odor sampling reflected the expectation of reward in the following trial that could be inferred from the predictable associations between odors. Each of these properties was observed in both OF and PIR. 6. The findings in OF were consistent with the view that prefrontal subdivisions mediate the temporal organization of complex behaviors within specific informational domains. OF appears to be concerned with the specific domain of olfaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Carmona-Escutia, Rosa Pilar, Edith Ponce-Alquicira, María Dolores García-Parra, Socorro Josefina Villanueva-Rodríguez, and Héctor B. Escalona-Buendía. "Changes in the Sensory Odor Profile during Chorizo Maturation and Their Relationship with Volatile Compound Patterns by Partial Least Square Regression (PLS)." Foods 12, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12050932.
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Odor is one of the most important attributes to determine the overall acceptance of a product. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the changes in the odor profile and the volatile compounds during thirty-three days of ripening to obtain the pattern of volatile compounds necessary to integrate the odor profile of chorizo (fermented sausage), using Partial Least Squares (PLS). The chili and pork meat odors were predominant during the first five days, vinegar and fermented odors at days twelve and nineteen days, and finally a rancid odor predominated at the end. Only the vinegar, rancid, and fermented odors could be predicted with a good fit model, with the R2 coefficient above 0.5, using linear PLS, and the pork meat odor using logarithmic PLS. Each group of volatile compounds interacted in different ways; esters had a positive influence on the vinegar and rancid odors, but a negative on the fermented odor. Some volatile compounds contributed to more than one odor, such as hexanal, ethanol, and ethyl octanoate. This work allowed us to understand the pattern of volatile compounds required to generate some of the specific odors of chorizo; further studies are required to explore the effect of other food components on these patterns of odors.
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Bhalla, Mukul, Kim M. Marcus, and John M. Cornwell. "ODOR Recognition and Identification: Effect of Labels over Time." Psychological Reports 86, no. 2 (April 2000): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.2.565.
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The effect of labels on recognition and identification of odors over time was assessed. 30 men and 30 women were presented 20 odors; half of the participants were also told a name for the odor as a label. Five min. and 60 min. later, all participants were given 20 odors (10 from the original set, 10 new) and asked whether each odor was new or old (odor recognition). The group given labels was also asked to recall the label provided (odor identification). Analysis indicated a significant effect of time on recognition. Significantly more odors were recognized at 5 min. than 60 min. The effect of label was also significant, with recognition being better for the Label condition than the No-Label condition. As for odor identification, women identified more labels than did men. Overall, odor recognition was better with labels soon after exposure, and the women were better at remembering the labels than the men.
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Du, Hongxia, Zihan Wang, Yongjun Sun, and Kinjal J. Shah. "An Overview of the Progress made in Research on Odor Removal in Water Treatment Plants." Water 16, no. 2 (January 12, 2024): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16020280.
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Odor is one of the most intuitive indicators for assessing drinking water quality in waterworks. Removing odors is of great importance to improve the quality of tap water, ensure people’s health, and address public perception. The effective identification of odors in drinking water and the exploration of the source of the odor are the prerequisites for eliminating odors. Therefore, this article first discusses the sources and types of odors that are typical in current drinking water, focuses on reviewing the research progress of odor removal technologies in water treatment plants, including adsorption technology, chemical oxidation technology, biodegradation technology and combined technology, and explains the advantages, disadvantages, principles, research progress, practical application scenarios, considerations and application prospects of each odor-removal technology. It is expected to provide a reference for controlling odor pollution in drinking water.
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Burlingame, Gary A. "Odor Profiling of Environmental Odors." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 6 (September 1, 1999): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0254.
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There is a need to standardize a field procedure for odor profiling of environmental odors. There is a need to drive the analytical procedures toward a practical, useful method for profiling odors in contrast to highly complex instrumentation or lab-based techniques. A technique for profiling odors, and tracking odor sources will be outlined. An example of its successful use in profiling odors at a wastewater treatment plant will be described.
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Cammaerts, Marie-Claire, and Roger Cammaerts. "Ants’ Capability of Adding and Subtracting Odors." International Journal of Biology 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v12n1p1.
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Summing and discriminating odors may be useful for animals in their daily life. The workers of the ant Myrmica sabuleti rely essentially on odors for navigating and have a rather poor visual perception. It was previously shown that they can add and subtract visual elements when the result of the operation has been concretely presented to them, i.e. they thus respond to an image which corresponds the best to that they have memorized. Here we examined if these ants can sum two odors and ‘subtract’ (discriminate) an odor from a mixture of two ones. They added two distinct odors only when these odors were presented side by side and perceived simultaneously, and not when they were located at some distance from one another and perceived consecutively. They discriminated one odor from a mixture when that odor was presented in association with a reward (the food). They subtracted one odor from a mixture when that specific odor was presented and perceived separately at a place not associated with a reward. Myrmica sabuleti workers could thus effectively add two odors and subtract one odor from a mixture, but only when the odor(s) to which they should respond was (were) associated with a reward. In the wild, such a behavior could help the ants to navigate.
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Prichard, Ashley, Raveena Chhibber, Jon King, Kate Athanassiades, Mark Spivak, and Gregory S. Berns. "Decoding Odor Mixtures in the Dog Brain: An Awake fMRI Study." Chemical Senses 45, no. 9 (October 14, 2020): 833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa068.
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Abstract In working and practical contexts, dogs rely upon their ability to discriminate a target odor from distracting odors and other sensory stimuli. Using awake functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 18 dogs, we examined the neural mechanisms underlying odor discrimination between 2 odors and a mixture of the odors. Neural activation was measured during the presentation of a target odor (A) associated with a food reward, a distractor odor (B) associated with nothing, and a mixture of the two odors (A+B). Changes in neural activation during the presentations of the odor stimuli in individual dogs were measured over time within three regions known to be involved with odor processing: the caudate nucleus, the amygdala, and the olfactory bulbs. Average activation within the amygdala showed that dogs maximally differentiated between odor stimuli based on the stimulus-reward associations by the first run, while activation to the mixture (A+B) was most similar to the no-reward (B) stimulus. To clarify the neural representation of odor mixtures in the dog brain, we used a random forest classifier to compare multilabel (elemental) versus multiclass (configural) models. The multiclass model performed much better than the multilabel (weighted-F1 0.44 vs. 0.14), suggesting the odor mixture was processed configurally. Analysis of the subset of high-performing dogs’ brain classification metrics revealed a network of olfactory information-carrying brain regions that included the amygdala, piriform cortex, and posterior cingulate. These results add further evidence for the configural processing of odor mixtures in dogs and suggest a novel way to identify high-performers based on brain classification metrics.
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Lee, Do-Hyun, Sang-Hun Lee, Saem-Ee Woo, Min-Woong Jung, Do-yun Kim, and Tae-Young Heo. "Prediction of Complex Odor from Pig Barn Using Machine Learning and Identifying the Influence of Variables Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 12943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412943.
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Odor is a very serious problem worldwide. Thus, odor prediction research has been conducted consistently to help prevent odor. Odor substances that are complex odors are known, but complex odors and odor substances do not have a linear dependence. In addition, depending on the combination of odor substances, the causal relationships, such as synergy and antagonism, are different for complex odors. Research is needed to know this, but the situation is incomplete. Therefore, in this study, research was conducted through data-based research. The complex odor was predicted using various machine learning methods, and the effect of odor substances on the complex odor was verified using an explainable artificial intelligence method. In this study, according to the Malodor Prevention Act in Korea, complex odors are divided into two categories: acceptable and unacceptable. Analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used to determine the relationships between variables. Six machine learning methods (k-nearest neighbor, support vector classification, random forest, extremely randomized tree, eXtreme gradient boosting, and light gradient boosting machine) were used as predictive classification models, and the best predictive method was chosen using various evaluation metrics. As a result, the support vector machine that performed best in five out of six evaluation metrics was selected as the best model (f1-score = 0.7722, accuracy = 0.8101, sensitivity = 0.7372, specificity = 0.8656, positive predictive value = 0.8196, and negative predictive value = 0.8049). In addition, the partial dependence plot method from explainable artificial intelligence was used to understand the influence and interaction effects of odor substances.
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Zakrzewska, Marta, Marco Tullio Liuzza, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "Body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) is related to extreme odor valence perception." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): e0284397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284397.
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Odors are important disease cues, and disgust sensitivity to body odors reflects individual differences in disease avoidance. The body odor disgust sensitivity (BODS) scale provides a rapid and valid assessment of individual differences. Nevertheless, little is known about how individual differences in BODS might correlate with overall odor perception or how it is related to other differences in emotional reactivity (e.g., affect intensity). We investigated how BODS relates to perceptual ratings of pleasant and unpleasant odors. We aggregated data from 4 experiments (total N = 190) that were conducted in our laboratory, and where valence and intensity ratings were collected. Unpleasant odors were body-like (e.g., sweat-like valeric acid), which may provide disease cues. The pleasant odors were, in contrast, often found in soap and cleaning products (e.g., lilac, lemon). Across experiments, we show that individuals with higher BODS levels perceived smells as more highly valenced overall: unpleasant smells were rated as more unpleasant, and pleasant smells were rated as more pleasant. These results suggest that body odor disgust sensitivity is associated with a broader pattern of affect intensity which causes stronger emotional responses to both negative and positive odors. In contrast, BODS levels were not associated with odor intensity perception. Furthermore, disgust sensitivity to odors coming from external sources (e.g., someone else’s sweat) was the best predictor of odor valence ratings. The effects were modest in size. The results validate the BODS scale as it is explicitly associated with experimental ratings of odor valence.
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G. Qu, I. E. Edeogu, and J. J. R. Feddes. "Odor Index: An Integration of Odor Parameters for Swine Slurry Odors." Transactions of the ASABE 53, no. 1 (2010): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29497.
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Rantala, Jussi, Katri Salminen, Poika Isokoski, Ville Nieminen, Markus Karjalainen, Jari Väliaho, Philipp Müller, Anton Kontunen, Pasi Kallio, and Veikko Surakka. "Recall of Odorous Objects in Virtual Reality." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 8, no. 6 (May 21, 2024): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti8060042.
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The aim was to investigate how the congruence of odors and visual objects in virtual reality (VR) affects later memory recall of the objects. Participants (N = 30) interacted with 12 objects in VR. The interaction was varied by odor congruency (i.e., the odor matched the object’s visual appearance, the odor did not match the object’s visual appearance, or the object had no odor); odor quality (i.e., an authentic or a synthetic odor); and interaction type (i.e., participants could look and manipulate or could only look at objects). After interacting with the 12 objects, incidental memory performance was measured with a free recall task. In addition, the participants rated the pleasantness and arousal of the interaction with each object. The results showed that the participants remembered significantly more objects with congruent odors than objects with incongruent odors or odorless objects. Furthermore, interaction with congruent objects was rated significantly more pleasant and relaxed than interaction with incongruent objects. Odor quality and interaction type did not have significant effects on recall or emotional ratings. These results can be utilized in the development of multisensory VR applications.
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McQueen, Rachel H., and Sara Vaezafshar. "Odor in textiles: A review of evaluation methods, fabric characteristics, and odor control technologies." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 9-10 (October 24, 2019): 1157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519883952.
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During use, textile items can develop unpleasant odors that arise from many different sources, both internal and external to the human body. Laundering is not always effective at removing odors, with odor potentially building up over time due to incomplete removal of soils and odorous compounds and/or malodors transferred during the laundering process. Textile odor can lead to consumer dissatisfaction, particularly as there are high expectations that clothing and textile products meet multiple aesthetic and functional needs. The problem of odor in textiles is complex and multi-faceted, with odorous volatile compounds, microorganisms, and precursors to odor, such as sweat, being transferred to, and retained by, fabrics. This article reviews the literature that specifically relates to odor within textiles. Methods for evaluating odor in textiles, including methods for collecting odor on textile substrates, as well as sensory and instrumental methods of odor detection, were reviewed. Literature that examined differences among fabrics that varied by fabric properties were reviewed. As well, the effectiveness of specific odor controlling finishing technologies to control malodor within textiles was also examined.
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Wilson, Donald A. "Odor Specificity of Habituation in the Rat Anterior Piriform Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.139.
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Exposure to odorants results in a rapid (<10 s) reduction in odor-evoked activity in the rat piriform cortex despite relatively maintained afferent input from olfactory bulb mitral cells. To further understand this form of cortical plasticity, a detailed analysis of its odor specificity was performed. Habituation of odor responses in anterior piriform cortex single units was examined in anesthetized, freely breathing rats. The magnitude of single-unit responses of layer II/III neurons to 2-s odor pulses were examined before and after a 50-s habituating stimulus of either the same or different odor. The results demonstrated that odor habituation was odor specific, with no significant cross-habituation between either markedly different single odors or between odors within a series of straight chain alkanes. Furthermore, habituation to binary 1:1 mixtures produced minimal cross-habituation to the components of that mixture. These latter results may suggest synthetic odor processing in the olfactory system, with novel odor mixtures processed as unique stimuli. Potential mechanisms of odor habituation in the piriform cortex must be able to account for the high degree of specificity of this effect.
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Degel, Joachim, and Egon Peter Köster. "Implicit Memory for Odors: A Possible Method for Observation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.943.
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In an experiment 143 subjects were instructed to assign odors to contexts which were displayed in a slide session. The slides depicted contexts from three areas of everyday life which party contained visual cues related to a presented odor. After rating the fit of each odor to a context, the subjects rated the odors for pleasantness. Analysis showed a strong influence of the visual cue on the rating of fit for the contexts containing an odor-related visual element. In contexts without a visual cue, rating of fit showed an influence of implicitly learned memories of odor. The rating was not affected by the pleasantness of the odors. The 1995 work of Schab and Crowder is critically reviewed, and results are discussed within the framework of new, more ecologically oriented research on memory for odor.
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Choi, Sung-Deuk. "Occurrence of Odor and Suggestions for a Comprehensive Management System in Ulsan, South Korea." Journal of Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36278/jeaht.25.1.43.
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In Ulsan, large-scale industrial facilities emit large amounts of various odors and hazardous air pollutants. This study investigated the current status of odor problems in Ulsan and suggested a comprehensive management system. Owing to the geographical conditions, weather conditions, major industrial complexes, and management of emission facilities, complaints about odor occur mainly in summer. The city authority responds to odor problems by preparing comprehensive measures to prevent odors and introducing unmanned sampling devices, real-time monitors, and a mobile monitoring system. Major odor substances and pollution characteristics can be identified through these efforts, but information on specific odor substances, complex odors, emission sources, and transport pathways is lacking. Therefore, it is necessary to upgrade the current monitoring system and establish a comprehensive management system to solve this problem.
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Ovaska, K. "Recognition of conspecific odors by the western red-backed salamander, Plethodon vehiculum." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-189.
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Lungless salamanders of the family Plethodontidae possess an elaborate system of glands that potentially can be used in chemical communication. I used an olfactometer to examine the behavior of adult male and female western red-backed salamanders, Plethodon vehiculum, towards airborne odors of conspecific individuals. In two-choice tests, P. vehiculum of both sexes chose the side with no odor over that with the odor of a male; however, they entered the sides at random when presented with no salamander odor on one side and the odor of a nonreproductive female on the other. Therefore, P. vehiculum was able to recognize and avoided odors of conspecific males. Odors of nonreproductive females either were not recognized or carried no social significance. Males may use pheromonal markers to space themselves out for mating purposes. Contrary to predictions, males did not prefer the odor of a reproductive female over that of a nonreproductive female when simultaneously presented with the two odors, but entered the sides in a random manner.
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Syrjänen, Elmeri, Håkan Fischer, Marco Tullio Liuzza, Torun Lindholm, and Jonas K. Olofsson. "A Review of the Effects of Valenced Odors on Face Perception and Evaluation." i-Perception 12, no. 2 (March 2021): 204166952110095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211009552.
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How do valenced odors affect the perception and evaluation of facial expressions? We reviewed 25 studies published from 1989 to 2020 on cross-modal behavioral effects of odors on the perception of faces. The results indicate that odors may influence facial evaluations and classifications in several ways. Faces are rated as more arousing during simultaneous odor exposure, and the rated valence of faces is affected in the direction of the odor valence. For facial classification tasks, in general, valenced odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, decrease facial emotion classification speed. The evidence for valence congruency effects was inconsistent. Some studies found that exposure to a valenced odor facilitates the processing of a similarly valenced facial expression. The results for facial evaluation were mirrored in classical conditioning studies, as faces conditioned with valenced odors were rated in the direction of the odor valence. However, the evidence of odor effects was inconsistent when the task was to classify faces. Furthermore, using a z-curve analysis, we found clear evidence for publication bias. Our recommendations for future research include greater consideration of individual differences in sensation and cognition, individual differences (e.g., differences in odor sensitivity related to age, gender, or culture), establishing standardized experimental assessments and stimuli, larger study samples, and embracing open research practices.
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Janni, Kevin. "Reflections on Odor Management for Animal Feeding Operations." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050453.
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Most animal feeding operation owners recognize that they need to manage odors from their operations as part of their social relationship with their neighbors and local community. That was not always the case. Odors, whether pleasant or unpleasant, can evoke strong emotions and physiological responses. Odors from animal feeding operations are normally considered unpleasant and offensive if strong smelling and smelled often or for long periods of time. Animal feeding operation owners need to be aware of their odor emissions and the impacts the odors have on their neighbors and community. Good neighbor relations and effective communications can help identify odor problems and communicate what is being done to manage them. Odor management research and education includes odor basics, key processes including generation, emissions and dispersion, impacts, community and neighbor relations, and numerous mitigation practices. Animal feeding operation owners considering practices to reduce odor emissions or their impacts need to weigh the costs, expected effectiveness, and how the practice fits into the overall operation. Policymakers need science-based information to make informed decisions that balance the concerns and needs of neighbors and the community and the businesswomen and men that own and operate the animal feeding operations. This paper provides a broad overview of animal feeding operation odors and odor management.
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Knaapila, Antti, Auri Raittola, Mari Sandell, and Baoru Yang. "Self-Ratings of Olfactory Performance and Odor Annoyance Are Associated With the Affective Impact of Odor, but Not With Smell Test Results." Perception 46, no. 3-4 (September 29, 2016): 352–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616672222.
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Our aim was to explore factors potentially associated with subjective (self-rated) and objective (measured using the Sniffin’ Sticks Extended test) olfactory performance in the general population without olfactory disorders. We studied associations between olfactory performance and how important odors were in determining liking for new places, things, and people (measured using the Affective Impact of Odor scale) and the average annoyance caused by odors in 117 adults (83 women, 34 men; age 18–69 years, mean age 32 years). In a subset of 44 participants, we also studied associations between olfactory performance and spice odor identification task scores (14 odors) and the number of herbs and spices consumed. Self-rated olfactory acuity and odor-related annoyance were associated with the Affective Impact of Odor scores, but neither correlated with the smell test results. Instead, the number of spices consumed correlated with spice odor identification score ( r = .50) and the identification (but not threshold nor discrimination) subscore of the Sniffin’ Sticks test ( r = .49). Our results suggest that a tendency to perceive odors in affective terms may be associated with overestimation of olfactory abilities and that recurrent exposure to a large variety of spice odors may improve performance on odor identification.
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Adinda Rizki Virginia, Arief Sabdo Yuwono, and Chusnul Arif. "Closed-House Biofilter Design and Performance Evaluation for Mitigating Environmental Odor Disturbances." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 14, no. 2 (March 27, 2024): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2023.12851.
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Broiler-closed houses typically lack reduction technology, leading to environmental issues, namely odor. Processing technology can be used, namely biofilters. This study aims to design and construct a closed-house biofilter and perform a test on the biofilter to reduce odors. Odors are measured by the odor gas concentration (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) and hedonic scale by the panel method. The biofilter consisted of an odor source (closed house), a humidifier, and a biofilter reactor. Factors that influence the size of the biofilter reactor from gas removal activities include air flow rate, retention time, and air volume. The proposed biofilter can reduce the odor from the broiler. Reactor temperature, relative humidity, and bacterial activity affect odor reduction. This successful implementation of a biofilter significantly mitigates odors in a closed-house broiler, addressing a critical environmental concern.
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Luisier, Anne-Claude, Genevieve Petitpierre, Annick Clerc Bérod, David Garcia-Burgos, and Moustafa Bensafi. "Effects of familiarization on odor hedonic responses and food choices in children with autism spectrum disorders." Autism 23, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 1460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318815252.
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This study assessed whether olfactory familiarization can render food odors more pleasant, and consequently food more attractive, to children with autism spectrum disorder. Participants were first presented with a series of food odors (session 1). Then, they were familiarized on four occasions (time window: 5 weeks) with one of the two most neutral odors (the other neutral odor was used as control) (session 2). In session 3, participants smelled the entire series of odors again. Both verbal and facial responses were compared from session 1 to session 3. After session 3, the children were presented with two identical foods (one containing the familiarized odor and one the control odor) and were asked to choose between these foods. Results revealed (1) a specific increase in positive emotions for the familiarized odor and (2) that 68% of the children chose the food associated with the “familiarized odor” (children who chose the “familiarized odor” food exhibited significantly more sensory particularities). These findings suggest that it is possible to modulate olfactory emotions and expand the dietary repertoire of children with autism spectrum disorder. Application of this paradigm may enable innovative prospects for food education in autism.
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Hasegawa, Toshio, Hiroaki Izumi, and Hideo Yamada. "Structural Factors in the Odor of α-Santalol Derivatives." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 7 (July 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800705.
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α-Santalol is a sesquiterpene that is a major constituent of sandalwood (Santalum album L.), and is responsible for its distinctive woody odor. We replaced the polycyclic moiety and hydroxyl group of α-santalol with other moieties, and we compared the odors of the E/Z-isomers and their saturated analogues. Our previous study of the structure-odor relationships of α-santalols bearing hydroxyl, formyl, formyloxy, and acetoxy functional groups showed there was a similarity in odor between the Z-isomer and its saturated analogue. We synthesized α-santalols with a benzyl group in place of the hydroxyl group, because many benzyl compounds have strong characteristic odors. We found similar odors for the E-isomer and its saturated analogue. In contrast, the odors of the α-santalol derivatives with a hydroxyl, formyl, formyloxy, or acetoxy group were different. We also replaced the bulky polycyclic moiety with a linear alkyl chain. The polycyclic moiety was the most important structural factor in the characteristic sandalwood odor. The synthesis of derivatives and the evaluation of their odor allowed us to identify the key structural factors in the odor of α-santalol.
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Meng, John Hongyu, and Hermann Riecke. "Structural spine plasticity: Learning and forgetting of odor-specific subnetworks in the olfactory bulb." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 10 (October 24, 2022): e1010338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010338.
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Learning to discriminate between different sensory stimuli is essential for survival. In rodents, the olfactory bulb, which contributes to odor discrimination via pattern separation, exhibits extensive structural synaptic plasticity involving the formation and removal of synaptic spines, even in adult animals. The network connectivity resulting from this plasticity is still poorly understood. To gain insight into this connectivity we present here a computational model for the structural plasticity of the reciprocal synapses between the dominant population of excitatory principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. It incorporates the observed modulation of spine stability by odor exposure. The model captures the striking experimental observation that the exposure to odors does not always enhance their discriminability: while training with similar odors enhanced their discriminability, training with dissimilar odors actually reduced the discriminability of the training stimuli. Strikingly, this differential learning does not require the activity-dependence of the spine stability and occurs also in a model with purely random spine dynamics in which the spine density is changed homogeneously, e.g., due to a global signal. However, the experimentally observed odor-specific reduction in the response of principal cells as a result of extended odor exposure and the concurrent disinhibition of a subset of principal cells arise only in the activity-dependent model. Moreover, this model predicts the experimentally testable recovery of odor response through weak but not through strong odor re-exposure and the forgetting of odors via exposure to interfering odors. Combined with the experimental observations, the computational model provides strong support for the prediction that odor exposure leads to the formation of odor-specific subnetworks in the olfactory bulb.
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Eltarkawe, Mohamed, and Shelly Miller. "Industrial Odor Source Identification Based on Wind Direction and Social Participation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071242.
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Industrial odors have been a major concern in many communities in Colorado (USA). Odor source identification is important for any mitigation strategy. The aim of this work was to identify odor sources using wind direction and odor data collected by social participation. For more than one year residents reported time, date, location and description of the odor occurrence by means of a smartphone technology. The odor spatial distribution and wind roses generated from local stations were used to identify odor sources. The majority of odor reports happened in North Denver (57%) and Greeley (33%). North Denver analysis showed that a single facility that manufactures pet food was responsible for the pet food odor (the most reported odor, 81 reports). Dead animal and sewage odors were associated with a North Denver meat and grease recycling facility, and the Metro Wastewater treatment plant, respectively. Roofing tar odor was probably associated with a facility that treats crossties and utility poles with creosote. Another odor that was often described as a refinery odor was less likely to be associated with the Denver oil refinery and more likely to be associated with one of the four facilities in the northwest of Globeville that uses asphalt and creosote materials. In Greeley, most reports (133 reports) happened in LaSalle, a small town in the southern part of Greeley. All reports from LaSalle described one offensive odor that was produced by a biogas facility east of LaSalle. The feasibility of odor source identification using wind direction and social participation was demonstrated. A regional cooperation to reduce odor problems in North Denver is highly recommended.
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Houghton, David C., Samuel L. Howard, Thomas W. Uhde, Caitlin Paquet, Rodney J. Schlosser, and Bernadette M. Cortese. "Odor sensitivity impairment: a behavioral marker of psychological distress?" CNS Spectrums 24, no. 04 (September 27, 2018): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918001177.
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ObjectiveEnhanced odor sensitivity, particularly toward threat-related cues, may be adaptive during periods of danger. Research also suggests that chronic psychological distress may lead to functional changes in the olfactory system that cause heightened sensitivity to odors. Yet, the association between self-reported odor sensitivity, objective odor detection, and affective psychopathology is currently unclear, and research suggests that persons with affective problems may only be sensitive to specific, threat-related odors.MethodsThe current study compared adults with self-reported odor sensitivity that was described as functionally impairing (OSI; n = 32) to those who reported odor sensitivity that was non-impairing (OS; n = 17) on affective variables as well as quantitative odor detection.ResultsIncreased anxiety sensitivity, trait anxiety, depression, and life stress, even while controlling for comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders, was found for OSI compared to OS. While OSI, compared to OS, demonstrated only a trend increase in objective odor detection of a smoke-like, but not rose-like, odor, further analysis revealed that increased detection of that smoke-like odor was positively correlated with anxiety sensitivity.ConclusionThese findings suggest that persons with various forms of psychological distress may find themselves significantly impaired by an intolerance of odors, but that self-reported odor sensitivity does not necessarily relate to enhanced odor detection ability. However, increased sensitivity to a smoke-like odor appears to be associated with sensitivity to aversive anxiogenic stimuli. Implications for the pathophysiology of fear- and anxiety-related disorders are discussed.
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Hasegawa, Toshio, Haruna Seimiya, Takashi Fujihara, Noriko Fujiwara, and Hideo Yamada. "Aroma Profile of Star Anise and the Structure-odor Relationship of Anethole." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 2 (February 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900230.
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Star anise is an important fragrance material that has a characteristic anise-like odor. Although the main component of star anise is ( E)-anethole, which accounts for over 90% of the constituents, the odor of ( E)-anethole is different from that of the material itself. Here, we examined the aroma profile of star anise. GC-MS analysis of star anise extracts showed that it contains many compounds with structures similar to ( E)-anethole. Our results indicate that ( E)-anethole is the key compound in the odor of star anise, but structurally similar compounds play an important role in creating its odor. We examined the structure-odor relationship of ( E)-anethole, focusing on the methoxy and 1-propenyl substituents. Altering the 1-propenyl group changed the odors of all the anethole derivatives. Replacing the methoxy group with a hydrogen atom created compounds with similar fatty odors. This shows that the methoxy group is important for the characteristic odor of anethole. We synthesized anethole derivatives where the methoxy group was replaced with a methyl group. In both methoxy- and methyl-substituted anethole derivatives, altering the 1-propenyl group changed the odors of the derivatives. Therefore, the methoxy and methyl benzene moieties are important structural features for the odor of star anise. The structural characteristics of anethole are closely related to its odor expression.
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Schrader, Carl F. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ODOR COMPLAINTS AND AMBIENT ODOR MONITORING WHEN INVESTIGATING ODORS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2004, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864704784327421.
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Zhang, Bohan, Jianhua Xiong, Tianyu Zhao, Shuangfei Wang, Hongxiang Zhu, Yanping Hou, Chengrong Qin, Yuheng Xie, and Guoning Chen. "The Influence of Key Elements in Black-Odor Water." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1965.
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Currently, the progress for the treatment of black-odor rivers is not optimistic. One of the main reasons is that the public understanding of the influence of key elements for the formation of black-odor water still remains unclear. Studying the key elements in black-odor water is important to determine the water quality conditions, evolution process, and mechanism underlying the formation of black-odor water, as well as to quantify the degree of black-odor water. In this study, the effect of total organic carbon on dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) values was studied by artificially simulating black-odor water. The contribution of inorganic sulfur (IS) and organic sulfur (OS) to the formation of black-odor water was discussed. The obtained results show that pure organic pollutants do not cause black-odor water. When the DO content is below 1 mg/L and the ORP value decreases to –200 mv, metal sulfides begin to appear, followed by pungent odors such as H2S and volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs). Both IS and OS contribute to the black-odor water. IS is more likely to form metallic sulfides than OS; however, OS is more likely to produce pungent odors than IS.
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Miyazawa, Yamato, Kenji Kawaguchi, Ryo Katsuta, Tomoo Nukada, and Ken Ishigami. "Studies on analogs of DAMASCENOLIDETM: Part 4. Synthesis and odor evaluation of sulfur-containing analogs of DAMASCENOLIDETM." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 6 (March 4, 2021): 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab032.
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ABSTRACT DAMASCENOLIDETM [1, 4-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)furan-2(5H)-one], which is isolated from damask rose, is a useful aroma compound with a citrus-like odor. We have previously reported on the synthesis and odor properties of 34 analogs of 1 as part of our new aroma compound development project. In order to develop better aroma compounds and to gather more information on structure–odor relationships, 6 novel sulfur-containing analogs of 1 were synthesized. Odor evaluation revealed that their odors differed significantly from those of the corresponding sulfur-free compounds. The introduction of a sulfur atom does not necessarily result in a sulfur-like odor. In particular, the 2(5H)-thiophenone analogs gave waxy, oily, and lactone-like odors that are uncharacteristic of sulfur-containing compounds. In many synthesized analogs, the introduction of a sulfur atom led to an increase in odor intensity, as expected.
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Li, Bingjie, Marissa L. Kamarck, Qianqian Peng, Fei-Ling Lim, Andreas Keller, Monique A. M. Smeets, Joel D. Mainland, and Sijia Wang. "From musk to body odor: Decoding olfaction through genetic variation." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): e1009564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009564.
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The olfactory system combines input from multiple receptor types to represent odor information, but there are few explicit examples relating olfactory receptor (OR) activity patterns to odor perception. To uncover these relationships, we performed genome-wide scans on odor-perception phenotypes for ten odors in 1000 Han Chinese and validated results for six of these odors in an ethnically diverse population (n = 364). In both populations, consistent with previous studies, we replicated three previously reported associations (β-ionone/OR5A1, androstenone/OR7D4, cis-3-hexen-1-ol/OR2J3 LD-band), but not for odors containing aldehydes, suggesting that olfactory phenotype/genotype studies are robust across populations. Two novel associations between an OR and odor perception contribute to our understanding of olfactory coding. First, we found a SNP in OR51B2 that associated with trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, a key component of human underarm odor. Second, we found two linked SNPs associated with the musk Galaxolide in a novel musk receptor, OR4D6, which is also the first human OR shown to drive specific anosmia to a musk compound. We noticed that SNPs detected for odor intensity were enriched with amino acid substitutions, implying functional changes of odor receptors. Furthermore, we also found that the derived alleles of the SNPs tend to be associated with reduced odor intensity, supporting the hypothesis that the primate olfactory gene repertoire has degenerated over time. This study provides information about coding for human body odor, and gives us insight into broader mechanisms of olfactory coding, such as how differential OR activation can converge on a similar percept.
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Manesse, Cédric, Arnaud Fournel, Moustafa Bensafi, and Camille Ferdenzi. "Visual Priming Influences Olfactomotor Response and Perceptual Experience of Smells." Chemical Senses 45, no. 3 (February 17, 2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa008.
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Abstract Whereas contextual influences in the visual and auditory domains have been largely documented, little is known about how chemical senses might be affected by our multisensory environment. In the present study, we aimed to better understand how a visual context can affect the perception of a rather pleasant (floral) and a rather unpleasant (damp) odor. To this end, 19 healthy participants performed a series of tasks including odor detection followed by perceptual evaluations of odor intensity, pleasantness, flowery, and damp characters of both odors presented at 2 different concentrations. A visual context (either congruent or incongruent with the odor; or a neutral control context) preceded odor stimulations. Olfactomotor responses as well as response times were recorded during the detection task. Results showed an influence of the visual context on semantic and motor responses to the target odors. First, congruency between context and odor increased the saliency of the olfactory feature of the memory trace, for the pleasant floral odor only (higher perceived flowery note). Clinical applications of this finding for olfactory remediation in dysosmic patients are proposed. Second, the unpleasant odor remained unaffected by visual primes, whatever the condition. In addition, incongruency between context and odor (regardless of odor type) had a disruptive effect on odor sampling behavior, which was interpreted as a protective behavior in response to expectancy violation. Altogether, this second series of effects may serve an adaptive function, especially the avoidance of, or simply vigilance toward, aversive and unpredictable stimuli.
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Xu, Lucy, Jia Liu, Kristen E. Wroblewski, Martha K. McClintock, and Jayant M. Pinto. "Odor Sensitivity Versus Odor Identification in Older US Adults: Associations With Cognition, Age, Gender, and Race." Chemical Senses 45, no. 4 (May 2020): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa018.
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Abstract The ability to identify odors predicts morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. It varies by age, gender, and race and is used in the vast majority of survey and clinical literature. However, odor identification relies heavily on cognition. Other facets of olfaction, such as odor sensitivity, have a smaller cognitive component. Whether odor sensitivity also varies by these factors has not been definitively answered. We analyzed data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, a nationally representative study of older US adults (n = 2081). Odor identification was measured using 5 validated odors presented with Sniffin’ Stick pens as was odor sensitivity in a 6-dilution n-butanol constant stimuli detection test. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression modeled relationships between olfaction and age, gender, race, cognition, education, socioeconomic status, social network characteristics, and physical and mental health. Odor sensitivity was worse in older adults (P < 0.01), without gender (P = 0.56) or race (P = 0.79) differences. Odor identification was also worse in older adults, particularly men (both P ≤ 0.01), without differences by race. Decreased cognitive function was associated with worse odor identification (P ≤ 0.01) but this relationship was weaker for odor sensitivity (P = 0.02) in analyses that adjusted for other covariates. Odor sensitivity was less strongly correlated with cognitive ability than odor identification, confirming that it may be a more specific measure of peripheral olfactory processing. Investigators interested in associations between olfaction and health should consider both odor sensitivity and identification when attempting to understand underlying neurosensory mechanisms.
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Inoue, Tsuyoshi, Masayoshi Murakami, Satoshi Watanabe, Yasuko Inokuma, and Yutaka Kirino. "In Vitro Odor-Aversion Conditioning in a Terrestrial Mollusk." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 6 (June 2006): 3898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00853.2005.
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We developed an in vitro odor-aversion conditioning system in the terrestrial mollusk, Limax, and found a behavioral correlate of network oscillation in the olfactory CNS. We first examined the odor-induced behavior of Limax, after odor-aversion conditioning in vivo. Shortening of mantle muscles was specifically observed in response to aversively conditioned odors. We previously identified that parietal nerves, which project to the mantle muscle in Limax, regulate shortening of the mantle muscle. We therefore isolated whole brains containing noses (sensory organs) and parietal nerves (motor output), and applied an odor-aversion conditioning paradigm to these in vitro preparations. Before the in vitro conditioning, application of attractive odors to the noses did not elicit any discharge in the parietal nerves. However, after odor-aversion conditioning, discharges in the parietal nerves were observed in response to the natively attractive but aversively conditioned odors. We also found that network oscillation frequency in the procerebrum (PC), the olfactory CNS of Limax, increased specifically in response to the aversively conditioned odors that elicited avoidance behavior. In naive (nonconditioned) preparations, increases in the PC oscillation frequency were observed specifically in response to innately aversive odors. These results indicate that the isolated brains have an ability of odor learning. They also suggest that changes in PC network oscillation are associated with aversively conditioned and innately aversive odors, both of which elicit avoidance behavior. This in vitro conditioning system would be an effective approach for exploring the neural mechanism to determine the aversion to odors.
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Lee, Brian K., Emily J. Mayhew, Benjamin Sanchez-Lengeling, Jennifer N. Wei, Wesley W. Qian, Kelsie A. Little, Matthew Andres, et al. "A principal odor map unifies diverse tasks in olfactory perception." Science 381, no. 6661 (September 2023): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ade4401.
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Mapping molecular structure to odor perception is a key challenge in olfaction. We used graph neural networks to generate a principal odor map (POM) that preserves perceptual relationships and enables odor quality prediction for previously uncharacterized odorants. The model was as reliable as a human in describing odor quality: On a prospective validation set of 400 out-of-sample odorants, the model-generated odor profile more closely matched the trained panel mean than did the median panelist. By applying simple, interpretable, theoretically rooted transformations, the POM outperformed chemoinformatic models on several other odor prediction tasks, indicating that the POM successfully encoded a generalized map of structure-odor relationships. This approach broadly enables odor prediction and paves the way toward digitizing odors.
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Sówka, Izabela, and Leszek Karski. "Preliminary analysis of odor legal solutions and study on their implementation possibilities in Poland." E3S Web of Conferences 28 (2018): 01034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801034.
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The problem of odor nuisance requires undertaking legal means that aim towards implementation of regulations in order to improve the odor-related quality of air in selected areas in Poland. So far the works carried out in the country were concluded by drawing up ‘The guidelines for the bill on counteracting the odor nuisance’. However, as a result of completed social consultations in Poland, the Ministry of Environment, in 2015, resigned from implementing of so called anti-odor act. Currently, the legislature is taking steps which aim at undertaking specific actions in order to introduce solutions, which would directly regulate the issues of odors and the odor nuisance, to the national system. In the countries of the European Union, the issues related to odors are solved in diversified ways and the system still lacks of a uniform proposition, among others related to odor standards. In connection with the above, actions that are taken on a national level should fundamentally aim at developing national odor standards which would take into account the type / the kind of economic activity being a source of odor emission (e.g. clearly separated for existing objects and planned investments), at establishing a procedure and also legal and operational requirements related to determination and the types of zones with defined values of acceptable concentration and determination of reference methodology in monitoring, and modeling the dispersion of odors e.g. including strictly defined frequency of necessary tests. In addition, the process should be accompanied by a creation of financial mechanisms and streams in range of investments related to the development of technology and methods used to limit emission of odors.
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Stevens, Charles F. "A statistical property of fly odor responses is conserved across odors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 24 (May 31, 2016): 6737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606339113.
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I have reanalyzed the data presented by Hallem and Carlson [Hallem EA, Carlson JR (2006) Cell 125(1):143–160] and shown that the combinatorial odor code supplied by the fruit fly antenna is a very simple one in which nearly all odors produce, statistically, the same neuronal response; i.e., the probability distribution of sensory neuron firing rates across the population of odorant sensory neurons is an exponential for nearly all odors and odor mixtures, with the mean rate dependent on the odor concentration. Between odors, then, the response differs according to which sensory neurons are firing at what individual rates and with what mean population rate, but not in the probability distribution of firing rates. This conclusion is independent of adjustable parameters, and holds both for monomolecular odors and complex mixtures. Because the circuitry in the antennal lobe constrains the mean firing rate to be the same for all odors and concentrations, the odor code is what is known as maximum entropy.
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Rosenfeld, P. E., and I. H. Suffet. "Understanding odorants associated with compost, biomass facilities, and the land application of biosolids." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0569.
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Odorous water and air can result from compost, biomass facilities and land application of biosolids. Common odorous compounds from these biodegradation systems include alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, solvents and various sulfur and nitrogen compounds. Each odorant possesses a unique individual odor signature i.e. odor character or quality, odor threshold concentration and chemical concentration. This paper develops an initial understanding of how the volatile odorous chemicals and their relative concentrations produced are related to the total odor quality from the process by their odor threshold concentrations. The compost process is used as an example. It was estimated, that on day 1 and 7, the primary fatty acids controlling the fermented and rotten odors were butyric acid and valeric acids, individually, unpleasant and rancid odors, respectively, although acetic acid had the highest fatty acid concentration on both days. In the same way, aldehydes and ketones controlled the disappearance of the sweet odor from day 1 to 7.
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Chen, Chien-Fu F., Dylan C. Barnes, and Donald A. Wilson. "Generalized vs. stimulus-specific learned fear differentially modifies stimulus encoding in primary sensory cortex of awake rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 6 (December 2011): 3136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00721.2011.
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Experience shapes both central olfactory system function and odor perception. In piriform cortex, odor experience appears critical for synthetic processing of odor mixtures, which contributes to perceptual learning and perceptual acuity, as well as contributing to memory for events and/or rewards associated with odors. Here, we examined the effect of odor fear conditioning on piriform cortical single-unit responses to the learned aversive odor, as well as its effects on similar (overlapping mixtures) in freely moving rats. We found that odor-evoked fear responses were training paradigm dependent. Simple association of a condition stimulus positive (CS+) odor with foot shock (unconditioned stimulus) led to generalized fear (cue-evoked freezing) to similar odors. However, after differential conditioning, which included trials where a CS− odor (a mixture overlapping with the CS+) was not paired with shock, freezing responses were CS+ odor specific and less generalized. Pseudoconditioning led to no odor-evoked freezing. These differential levels of stimulus control over freezing were associated with different training-induced changes in single-unit odor responses in anterior piriform cortex (aPCX). Both simple and differential conditioning induced a significant decrease in aPCX single-unit spontaneous activity compared with pretraining levels while pseudoconditioning did not. Simple conditioning enhanced mean receptive field size (breadth of tuning) of the aPCX units, while differential conditioning reduced mean receptive field size. These results suggest that generalized fear is associated with an impairment of olfactory cortical discrimination. Furthermore, changes in sensory processing are dependent on the nature of training and can predict the stimulus-controlled behavioral outcome of the training.
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Bax, Carmen, Selena Sironi, and Laura Capelli. "Definition and Application of a Protocol for Electronic Nose Field Performance Testing: Example of Odor Monitoring from a Tire Storage Area." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040426.
Full textAbstract:
Odor pollution is nowadays recognized as a serious environmental concern. Italy still lacks a national regulation about odors, but several regions issued specific guidelines and regulations regarding odor emissions management, which combine olfactometric measurements with dispersion modeling for assessing odor impacts and verifying compliance with acceptability criteria. However, in cases of variable or diffuse sources, this approach is sometimes hardly applicable, because odor emission rates can hardly be estimated. In such cases, electronic noses, or more generally, Instrumental Odor Monitoring Systems (IOMS), represent a suitable solution for direct odor measurement. Accordingly, IOMS are explicitly mentioned in the most recent regional regulations as advanced tools for odor impact assessment. In Italy, data from instrumental odor monitoring have started to have regulatory value; thus the need arises to have specific quality programs to ensure and verify the reliability of IOMS outcomes. This paper describes the monitoring by a commercial electronic nose (EOS507F) of odors from an area dedicated to tire storage, a diffuse source with variable emissions over time, for which dispersion modeling is not applicable. The paper proposes also a protocol for IOMS performance testing in the field, to provide experimental data to support technical groups working on standardization both on the national and European level.
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Cain, William S., Joseph C. Stevens, Connie M. Nickou, Amy Giles, Ingrid Johnston, and Maria Rosa Garcia-Medina. "Life-Span Development of Odor Identification, Learning, and Olfactory Sensitivity." Perception 24, no. 12 (December 1995): 1457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p241457.
Full textAbstract:
In the first of three studies, children (aged 8 to 14 years) were found to perform worse than young and middle-aged adults in unprompted identification of odors, with average performance much like that of elderly adults. Comparisons on other tasks, specifically odor threshold, prompted odor identification, and object naming (Boston Naming Test), across the life span (five groups) revealed that children have the same excellent olfactory sensitivity as young adults and merely lack odor-specific knowledge that accumulates slowly through life. Such knowledge apparently accumulates so slowly that age-associated discriminative losses, measurable by early middle age, begin to wear away gains obtained through experience before odors can become overlearned. In the second study, a novel adaptive psychophysical method, the step procedure, confirmed the equivalent sensitivity of children and young adults. In the third study, a paired-associate task illustrated the sluggish course of odor learning. Young adults outperformed children, though the youngest group, first graders, made up ground relatively fast. For children and adults, common odors facilitated performance relative to novel odors. The outcome highlighted the relevance of semantic factors in odor learning irrespective of age.
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McGinley, Charles M., Thomas D. Mahin, and Richard J. Pope. "Elements of Successful Odor/Odour Laws." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, no. 3 (January 1, 2000): 937–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700785303141.
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Kumar, Ashok. "Odor control including hazardous/toxic odors." Journal of Hazardous Materials 24, no. 1 (December 1990): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(90)80014-u.
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Omatu, Sigeru, Hideo Araki, Toru Fujinaka, Mitsuaki Yano, Michifumi Yoshioka, Hiroyuki Nakazumi, and Ichiro Tanahashi. "Mixed Odor Classification for QCM Sensor Data by Neural Network." ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/adcaij2012124348.
Full textAbstract:
Compared with metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, quarts crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors are sensitive for odors. Using an array of QCM sensors, we measure mixed odors and classify them into an original odor class beforemixing based on neural networks. For simplicity we consider the case that two kinds of odor are mixed since more than two becomes too complex to analyze the classification results. We have used eight sensors and four kinds of odor are used as the original odors. The neural network used here is a conventional layered neural network. The classification is acceptable although the perfect classification could not been achieved.