Journal articles on the topic 'Odor dysfunction'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Odor dysfunction.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Odor dysfunction.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Kollndorfer, Kathrin, Johanna Reichert, Josephine Braunsteiner, and Veronika Schöpf. "Assessment of Olfactory Memory in Olfactory Dysfunction." Perception 46, no. 3-4 (December 18, 2016): 516–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616683201.
Full textAbstract:
To assess all clinically relevant components of olfactory perception, examinations for olfactory sensitivity, discrimination, and identification are performed. Besides the standard perceptual test battery, episodic olfactory memory might offer additional information about olfactory abilities relative to these standard clinical tests. As both olfactory deficits and memory deficits are early symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders, olfactory memory may be of particular interest. However, to date little is known about episodic olfactory memory performance in patients with decreased olfactory function. This study includes the investigation of olfactory memory performance in 14 hyposmic patients (8 female, mean age 52.6 years) completing two episodic odor memory tests (Sniffin’ Test of Odor Memory and Odor Memory Test). To control for a general impairment in memory function, a verbal and a figural memory test were carried out. A regression model with multiple predictors was calculated for both odor memory tests separately. Odor identification was identified as the only significant predictor for both odor memory tasks. From our results, we conclude that currently available olfactory memory tests are highly influenced by odor identification abilities, implying the need for the development and validation of additional tests in this field which could serve as additional olfactory perception variables for clinical assessment.
2
IIJIMA, Mutsumi. "Odor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease and neurodegenerative diseases." Journal of Japan Association on Odor Environment 49, no. 6 (November 25, 2018): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2171/jao.49.370.
Full text
3
Schmidt, Felix A., Matthew B. Maas, Rohat Geran, Charlotte Schmidt, Hagen Kunte, Klemens Ruprecht, Friedemann Paul, Önder Göktas, and Lutz Harms. "Olfactory dysfunction in patients with primary progressive MS." Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 4, no. 4 (June 14, 2017): e369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000369.
Full textAbstract:
Objective:We tested the hypothesis that olfactory function is more impaired in patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS) than that in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).Methods:Standardized olfactory testing was performed in 32 patients with PPMS, 32 patients with RRMS, and 32 healthy controls (HCs). Patients with olfactory dysfunction due to an alternative primary etiology were excluded. The validated olfactory testing method yielded individual scores for olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification, along with a composite Threshold Discrimination Identification (TDI) score.Results:Olfactory dysfunction was identified in 27 (84%) patients with PPMS, 10 (31%) patients with RRMS, and 1 (3%) HC. While age and sex were similar between PPMS and HCs, the TDI score and all olfactory subscores were significantly worse in patients with PPMS compared with HCs (all p < 0.001). After adjustment for differences in age, sex, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and disease duration, odor discrimination, odor identification, and the composite TDI score were worse in patients with PPMS vs RRMS (p = 0.03, 0.04, and 0.02, respectively). Neither age, sex, EDSS, nor disease duration was significantly associated with the composite TDI score.Conclusions:Olfactory dysfunction was more frequent and severe in PPMS compared with RRMS, independent of disease duration and overall disability status. Further research on cellular level differences in olfactory neural pathways may lead to new insights about disease pathogenesis in MS.
4
Heger, Elena, German Rubinstein, Leah T. Braun, Stephanie Zopp, Jürgen Honegger, Max Seidensticker, Martin Reincke, and Andrea Oßwald. "Chemosensory dysfunction in Cushing’s syndrome." Endocrine 73, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02707-z.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Purpose Cushing’s syndrome (CS) can lead to structural changes in the brain and cognitive impairment, but chemosensory function has not been investigated yet. The aim was to analyze sense of smell and taste in patients with CS and explore the effect of therapy. Methods The study cohort comprised 20 patients with florid CS treated between 2018 and 2020 in the outpatient clinic of the LMU Munich. We compared these 20 patients with CS to 40 healthy subjects matched for age, sex, and smoking status. Patients’ sense of smell and taste was examined at diagnosis and 3 months after successful therapeutic surgery leading to clinical and biochemical remission. Odor threshold, discrimination, and identification were measured with “Sniffin’ Sticks”, taste was measured with “Taste Strips”. Perceived sense of smell and taste was retrieved via a questionnaire. Results Patients with florid CS had significantly reduced smell (total smell score 30.3 vs. 34.4, p < 0.0005) and taste scores (9.5 vs. 12.0, p < 0.0005) compared to controls and significantly more frequently hyposmia (55 vs. 2.5%, p < 0.0005), hypogeusia (40 vs. 0%, p < 0.0005), and self-reported chemosensory impairment (60 vs. 0%, p < 0.0005). Three months after successful surgery, CS patients showed significant improvement of odor threshold (8.1 vs. 7.0, p < 0.0005), odor discrimination (12.0 vs. 11.0, p = 0.003), total smell score (33.4 vs. 30.3, p < 0.0005), and taste (11.5 vs. 9.5, p = 0.003). Conclusions Chemosensory dysfunction is a novel and clinically relevant feature of CS.
5
Nordin, Steven, Jane S. Paulsen, and Claire Murphy. "Sensory- and memory-mediated olfactory dysfunction in Huntington's disease." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1, no. 3 (May 1995): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617700000278.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractNeuropathology in Huntington's disease (HD) known to project to areas that process olfactory information raises the questions of which olfactory function, if any, is most affected in HD, and how to explain such dysfunction in terms of olfactory sensitivity and cognition. These questions were studied by comparing HD patients and controls (matched for age, gender, and education) on absolute detection, intensity discrimination, quality discrimination, short-term recognition memory, and lexical- and picture-based identification for odor. Taste or vision were used as comparison modalities. The results suggest that whereas odor-recognition memory is not affected in patients with HD, these patients have impaired olfactory functioning with respect to absolute detection, intensity discrimination, quality discrimination, and identification. The three latter impairments were significantly explained by poor detection sensitivity. Odor identification was the function most affected. (JINS, 1995, I, 281–290.)
6
Qiao, Xiao-Feng, Yin-Huan Bai, Guo-Ping Wang, Xin Li, and Wei Zheng. "Clinical effects of two combinations of olfactory agents on olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection during olfactory training." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 1 (January 2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.1.18.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To compare two combinations of olfactory agents for olfactory training therapy of olfactory dysfunction after upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and investigate the influencing factors on clinical effects. METHODS 125 patients with olfactory dysfunction were randomly divided into two groups: test and control. During the olfactory training, four odors were used in both groups. The olfactory training lasted for 24 weeks. Then, participants were tested using Sniffin’ Sticks and threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) composite scoring before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. The TDI scores were compared at different time points between the groups and within them, and influence factors were analyzed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in TDI scores between both groups. Furthermore, TDI scores did not significantly change after one month of treatment in either of the groups. After 3 and 6 months of treatment, TDI scores both significantly increased, and the odor discrimination and identification abilities significantly strengthened in both groups; however, the odor thresholds did not improve. The course of the disease was a significant influencing factor on the therapeutic effect of olfactory training for both groups. CONCLUSION The combination of essential balm, vinegar, alcohol, and rose perfume for olfactory training, which are scents commonly found in daily life, can effectively cure URTI-induced olfactory dysfunction, and significantly improve the odor discrimination and identification abilities. Furthermore, prolonging the treatment time can help with the recovery of olfactory functions, and earlier olfactory training can improve the therapeutic effect.
7
Hsieh, Julien W., Andreas Keller, Michele Wong, Rong-San Jiang, and Leslie B. Vosshall. "SMELL-S and SMELL-R: Olfactory tests not influenced by odor-specific insensitivity or prior olfactory experience." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 43 (October 10, 2017): 11275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711415114.
Full textAbstract:
Smell dysfunction is a common and underdiagnosed medical condition that can have serious consequences. It is also an early biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, where olfactory deficits precede detectable memory loss. Clinical tests that evaluate the sense of smell face two major challenges. First, human sensitivity to individual odorants varies significantly, so test results may be unreliable in people with low sensitivity to a test odorant but an otherwise normal sense of smell. Second, prior familiarity with odor stimuli can bias smell test performance. We have developed nonsemantic tests for olfactory sensitivity (SMELL-S) and olfactory resolution (SMELL-R) that use mixtures of odorants that have unfamiliar smells. The tests can be self-administered by healthy individuals with minimal training and show high test–retest reliability. Because SMELL-S uses odor mixtures rather than a single molecule, odor-specific insensitivity is averaged out, and the test accurately distinguished people with normal and dysfunctional smell. SMELL-R is a discrimination test in which the difference between two stimulus mixtures can be altered stepwise. This is an advance over current discrimination tests, which ask subjects to discriminate monomolecular odorants whose difference in odor cannot be quantified. SMELL-R showed significantly less bias in scores between North American and Taiwanese subjects than conventional semantically based smell tests that need to be adapted to different languages and cultures. Based on these proof-of-principle results in healthy individuals, we predict that SMELL-S and SMELL-R will be broadly effective in diagnosing smell dysfunction.
8
Mendez, Mario F., and Mehdi Ghajarnia. "Agnosia for familiar faces and odors in a patient with right temporal lobe dysfunction." Neurology 57, no. 3 (August 14, 2001): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.57.3.519.
Full textAbstract:
The authors studied a 53-year-old man with progressive prosopagnosia and inability to recognize his favorite foods by smell. He could not identify pictures of familiar faces, but he could match unfamiliar faces and distinguish them from familiar ones. He could not identify familiar odors, but he could detect them and could perceive them as pleasant or familiar. Neuroimaging revealed temporal lobe changes, especially on the right. Right temporal lesions may produce face and odor agnosia by preventing perceptual familiarity units from accessing semantic associations.
9
Liu, Meiling, Ben Chen, Xiaomei Zhong, Min Zhang, Qiang Wang, Huarong Zhou, Zhangying Wu, et al. "Differences in Odor Identification in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Depression." Brain Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020276.
Full textAbstract:
(1) Background: Odor identification (OI) dysfunction is a potential predictor of developing dementia in late life depression (LLD). However, it is not clear whether patients with early onset depression (EOD) and late onset depression (LOD) may exhibit different OI dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to compare OI between EOD patients and LOD patients and its relationship with cognitive function. (2) Methods: A total of 179 patients with LLD and 189 normal controls were recruited. Participants underwent clinical assessment, olfactory testing, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The OI scores of EOD patients and LOD patients were compared, and correlation analyses and mediation analyses were used to explore the relationship between OI and cognition. (3) Result: LOD patients exhibited lower OI scores than EOD patients and normal controls (NCs). Additionally, the LOD patients exhibited a higher percentage of OI dysfunction than the EOD patients. Moreover, OI scores were associated with global cognition, memory, language, and visuospatial ability in the EOD group (p < 0.05) but were not associated with any cognitive score in the LOD patients (p > 0.05). Finally, the scores of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test Immediate recall and Boston Naming Test exhibited a partially mediating effect on the difference in OI scores between the EOD and LOD patients. (4) Conclusions: LOD patients exhibited worse OI than EOD patients, and their difference in OI was mediated by their memory and language function.
10
Sweigert, Julia R., Tanya St. John, Kristin Kawena Begay, Greg E. Davis, Jeffrey Munson, Eric Shankland, Annette Estes, Stephen R. Dager, and Natalia M. Kleinhans. "Characterizing Olfactory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Children with Sensory Processing Dysfunction." Brain Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060362.
Full textAbstract:
Abnormalities in olfactory function have been identified in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. However, little is known about olfactory function in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study aims to assess the olfactory profiles of children with ASD, compared to an age- and sex-matched comparison group of typically developing children and a second clinical control group consisting of non-ASD children with sensory processing dysfunction (SPD). Participants completed a battery of sensory and behavioral assessments including olfactory tasks (Sniffin’ Sticks Threshold Test and self-reported valence ratings for two target odorants (phenylethyl alcohol and vanillin) and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test), and an autism evaluation (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2). Children with ASD showed intact odor detection with reduced odor identification ability. Poor odor identification was significantly correlated with autism symptom severity. Children with SPD demonstrated reduced odor detection and identification ability. These findings provide evidence for differential patterns of smell processing among ASD and non-ASD neurodevelopmental disorders. Future studies are needed to determine whether the association of impaired olfaction and increased autism symptoms is due to shared etiology.
11
Tsepkolenko, Oleksandra V. "Olfactory dysfunction: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment." OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY No6(4) 2021, No6(4) 2021 (December 30, 2021): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37219/2528-8253-2021-6-74.
Full textAbstract:
Topicality: Odors affect the vital body functions, the general psychophysiological state. The sense of smell plays an important role in regulating human behavior. For example, the olfactory impulse reaches the brain faster than the impulse of pain, and therefore very effectively regulates us, regardless of awareness. Odors can change the work of various body systems: they affect the rhythm of our breathing, the excitability of muscles, the work of the brain and the entire nervous system. The sense of smell affects the limbic system, the part of the brain that controls hunger, feelings of aggression, sexual emotions and other "animal" feelings of a person. OD violates the informational and controlling roles of odorous substances (attractants, repellents, pheromones), therefore disorganizing the performance of nutritional, sexual, protective, orientation functions. For people of some specialties (taster, perfumer, cook), the decrease in the sense of smell can mean job loss and social maladaptation. Complaints about problems with taste perception more often reflect violations of the sense of smell, since the taste of a number of foods (chocolate, coffee, vanilla, strawberries, etc.) in reality depends on the stimulation of the sense of smell by volatile components that enter the nasopharynx when swallowing. Aim: To offer an otorhinolaryngologist guidance in the information stream regarding the problem of olfactory dysfunction, its prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods: The Sniffin’ Sticks test (CST) has been certified in the EU since 1995, and is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. Odors are offered in the form of markers, in which the odorous substance takes the place of the coloring one. There is a version with 16 odors from the extended test [extendid] or with 12 odors [screening]. The test is well validated, can, unlike CCSIT, be used repeatedly, the shelf life is 0.5-1 year, depending on the intensity of application. The test can be used by patients independently. The study consists of 3 stages: threshold test (THR) – determination of the minimum odor concentration that the patient feels; discrimination test (D) is aimed at identifying the patient's ability to distinguish odors; identification test (I) for odor recognition. "University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test" (UPSIT) – the test is used exclusively to identify 40 odors (some of them are little known outside of North America). Odorous substances are microcapsulated on paper in the form of a rectangle and are released as a result of friction when held over it with a simple pencil. The patient is given 4 possible answers. Normally, a healthy man correctly identifies 34-40 odors, a healthy woman – 35-40. If the subject scores 18 or less, it is considered that he has a complete loss of sense of smell. The test system is a single-use and expensive. Digital volumetric tomography (CT). The visualization of the olfactory cleft, the upper nasal concha, and the configuration of the olfactory groove (OJ) turned out to be informative. Results and discussions: The review discusses the unique properties of OE and the potential use of olfactory epithelial grafts to restore olfactory function. Permanent population of multipotent stem cells proliferating throughout the life of the organism is located in the mammal OE. The cells formed during division go through several stages of differentiation and replace the dying olfactory receptor neurons. Neural stem cells were isolated from the olfactory region of the mucous membrane of humans, rats and mice. It is this population of neural stem cells that is being investigated as an autologous material for transplantation and the future use of olfactory transplants as a potential method of restoring the sense of smell. OE survives when transplanted to various areas of the brain, can be grafted directly to OL. Conclusions: A new direction in the treatment of OD is associated with cell therapy technologies, for example, using platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma in which the concentration of platelets is several times higher than normal. The term PRP is legitimate at a concentration of 700 thousand to 1 million platelets in 1 ml of plasma (the physiological plasma concentration of platelets is (180-360) x109 per liter). PRP is used to accelerate tissue regeneration, reduce scarring, stimulate angiogenesis, as well as a local antiseptic. The spectrum of pharmacological action of PRP is determined by growth factors: platelet growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF). The active secretion of these growth factors by platelets begins within 10 minutes after activation (activation can be stimulated by almost any environmental disturbance, up to a simple mechanical stress), while more than 95% of the previously synthesized growth factors are secreted within 1 hour.
12
Darnell, Eli P., Kristen E. Wroblewski, Kristina L. Pagel, David W. Kern, Martha K. McClintock, and Jayant M. Pinto. "IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low: A Novel Plasma Cytokine Signature Associated with Olfactory Dysfunction in Older US Adults." Chemical Senses 45, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjaa029.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Inflammation has been implicated in physical frailty, but its role in sensory impairment is unclear. Given that olfactory impairment predicts dementia and mortality, determining the role of the immune system in olfactory dysfunction would provide insights mechanisms of neurosensory decline. We analyzed data from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project, a representative sample of home-dwelling older US adults. Plasma levels of 18 cytokines were measured using standard protocols (Luminex xMAP). Olfactory function was assessed with validated tools (n-butanol sensitivity and odor identification, each via Sniffin’ Sticks). We tested the association between cytokine profiles and olfactory function using multivariate ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, cognitive function, smoking status, and comorbidity. Older adults with the IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low cytokine profile had worse n-butanol odor sensitivity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–2.17) and worse odor identification (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.11–1.80). Proinflammatory, Th1, or Th2 cytokine profiles were not associated with olfactory function. Moreover, accounting for physical frailty did not alter the main findings. In conclusion, we identified a plasma cytokine signature—IL-1Rahigh-IL-4low-IL-13low—that is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older US adults. These data implicate systemic inflammation in age-related olfactory dysfunction and support a role for immune mechanisms in this process, a concept that warrants additional scrutiny.
13
Solla, Paolo, Carla Masala, Tommaso Ercoli, Gianni Orofino, Francesco Loy, Ilenia Pinna, Laura Fadda, and Giovanni Defazio. "Olfactory Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Tremor Dominant Subtype Compared to Those with Akinetic Rigid Dominant Subtype: A Pilot Study." Brain Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020196.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) may present different motor subtypes depending on the predominant symptoms (tremor or rigidity/bradykinesia). Slower disease progression and cognitive decline were observed in tremor-dominant (TD) patients compared to those with the akinetic-rigid dominant (ARD) subtype. Although olfactory dysfunctions are well-known disturbances in PD patients, correlations among PD different subtypes and olfactory impairment were not clearly studied. Thus, we investigated the possible olfactory impairment in PD patients with TD and ARD subtypes as compared to healthy controls. Methods: A sample of 132 participants were enrolled: 62 PD patients divided into ARD (n = 42) and TD (n = 20) subgroups using tremor/rigidity ratio, and 70 healthy controls. Olfactory function was assessed with the Sniffin’ Sticks Test. Results: Odor threshold was significantly lower in the ARD than in the TD subtype, while odor identification, discrimination scores, and their sum (TDI score) were not significantly different. On multivariate linear regression analysis, the tremor/rigidity ratio was a significant predictor of odor threshold. Conclusions: Our pilot study showed a significant olfactory dysfunction in PD patients with the ARD subtype. This evidence confirms the biological relevance of clinical subgroups in PD patients, suggesting the existence of a different pathophysiological mechanism between the ARD and TD clinical subtypes.
14
Rincón-Cortés, Millie, Gordon A. Barr, Anne Marie Mouly, Kiseko Shionoya, Bestina S. Nuñez, and Regina M. Sullivan. "Enduring good memories of infant trauma: Rescue of adult neurobehavioral deficits via amygdala serotonin and corticosterone interaction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 3 (January 5, 2015): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416065112.
Full textAbstract:
Children form a strong attachment to their caregiver—even when that caretaker is abusive. Paradoxically, despite the trauma experienced within this relationship, the child develops a preference for trauma-linked cues—a phenomenon known as trauma bonding. Although infant trauma compromises neurobehavioral development, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between infant trauma bonding (i.e., learned preference for trauma cues) and the long-term effects of trauma (i.e., depressive-like behavior, amygdala dysfunction) are unknown. We modeled infant trauma bonding by using odor-shock conditioning in rat pups, which engages the attachment system and produces a life-long preference for the odor that was paired with shock. In adulthood, this trauma-linked odor rescues depressive-like behavior and amygdala dysfunction, reduces corticosterone (CORT) levels, and exerts repair-related changes at the molecular level. Amygdala microarray after rescue implicates serotonin (5-HT) and glucocorticoids (GCs), and a causal role was verified through microinfusions. Blocking amygdala 5-HT eliminates the rescue effect; increasing amygdala 5-HT and blocking systemic CORT mimics it. Our findings suggest that infant trauma cues share properties with antidepressants and safety signals and provide insight into mechanisms by which infant trauma memories remain powerful throughout life.
15
Chen, Chen, Wei Kong, Jun Liang, Jiaming Lu, Dajie Chen, Yi Sun, Xin Zhang, et al. "Impaired olfactory neural circuit in patients with SLE at early stages." Lupus 30, no. 7 (April 15, 2021): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09612033211005556.
Full textAbstract:
Objective To investigate the changes of olfactory function and odor-induced brain activation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at early stages compared with healthy controls. Materials and Methods Olfactory function and odor-induced brain activation in 12 SLE patients at early stages and 12 age, gender and education matched healthy controls were evaluated using olfactory behavior test and odor-induced task-functional magnetic resonance imaging (task-fMRI). Results No significant differences in olfactory behavior scores (including olfactory threshold, olfactory identification, and olfactory memory) were found in the patients with SLE at early stages compared with the healthy controls, while significantly decreased odor-induced activations in olfactory-related brain regions were observed in the patients. In the SLE group, the patients with better performance in the olfactory threshold test had significantly lower levels of anti-dsDNA antibody. Conclusion The current study demonstrated that significant alterations in odor-induced brain activations occurred prior to measurable olfactory decline in SLE at early stages, which provided a new method for early diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction in SLE.
16
Hashimoto, Y. "Usefulness of the odor stick identification test for patients with olfactory dysfunction." Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 129, no. 2 (August 2003): P241—P242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(03)01006-4.
Full text
17
Lötsch, Jörn, Antje Hähner, Peter E. H. Schwarz, Sergey Tselmin, and Thomas Hummel. "Machine Learning Refutes Loss of Smell as a Risk Indicator of Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 4971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214971.
Full textAbstract:
Because it is associated with central nervous changes, and olfactory dysfunction has been reported with increased prevalence among persons with diabetes, this study addressed the question of whether the risk of developing diabetes in the next 10 years is reflected in olfactory symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, in 164 individuals seeking medical consulting for possible diabetes, olfactory function was evaluated using a standardized clinical test assessing olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. Metabolomics parameters were assessed via blood concentrations. The individual diabetes risk was quantified according to the validated German version of the “FINDRISK” diabetes risk score. Machine learning algorithms trained with metabolomics patterns predicted low or high diabetes risk with a balanced accuracy of 63–75%. Similarly, olfactory subtest results predicted the olfactory dysfunction category with a balanced accuracy of 85–94%, occasionally reaching 100%. However, olfactory subtest results failed to improve the prediction of diabetes risk based on metabolomics data, and metabolomics data did not improve the prediction of the olfactory dysfunction category based on olfactory subtest results. Results of the present study suggest that olfactory function is not a useful predictor of diabetes.
18
Hong, Seong Jun, Sojeong Yoon, Seong Min Jo, Hyangyeon Jeong, Moon Yeon Youn, Young Jun Kim, Jae Kyeom Kim, and Eui-Cheol Shin. "Olfactory Stimulation by Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Essential Oil Improves Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders in High Fat-Induced Obese Rats." Nutrients 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040741.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, odor components were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and odor-active compounds (OACs) were identified using GC-olfactometry (GC-O). Among the volatile compounds identified through GC-O, p-anisaldehyde, limonene, estragole, anethole, and trans-anethole elicit the fennel odor. In particular, trans-anethole showed the highest odor intensity and content. Changes in body weight during the experimental period showed decreasing values of fennel essential oil (FEO)-inhaled groups, with both body fat and visceral fat showing decreased levels. An improvement in the body’s lipid metabolism was observed, as indicated by the increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and decreased levels of insulin in the FEO-inhaled groups compared to group H. Furthermore, the reduction in systolic blood pressure and pulse through the inhalation of FEO was confirmed. Our results indicated that FEO inhalation affected certain lipid metabolisms and cardiovascular health, which are obesity-related dysfunction indicators. Accordingly, this study can provide basic research data for further research as to protective applications of FEO, as well as their volatile profiles.
19
Petersen, Marcela Leão, Monia Bresolin, and Ariane Madruga Monteiro. "521 - The link between olfactory dysfunction and dementia: the road so far." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221002167.
Full textAbstract:
Dementia is characterized by the presence of progressive cognitive impairment losses in the individual’s social and occupational activities. Its etiological diagnosis has therapeutic and prognostic implications. Although its definitive diagnosis depends on neuropathological analysis, detailed anamnesis, physical and neuropsychological tests; biochemical and neuroimaging exams may enable a greater accuracy. Technological innovations using structural and functional neuroimaging methods, as well as biology and molecular genetics techniques, have presented perspectives for the early diagnosis of dementias, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, such techniques burden the diagnostic investigation, making its practice unfeasible most the times. The probable link between neurodegenerative diseases and impaired olfactory dysfunction has long been studied. It is suggested that smell tests can be used in dementia’s early detection and differential diagnosis, reducing costs and facilitating the establishment of appropriate treatment. In order to verify the validity of this information, a medical literature search was carried out in may 2021 using PubMed and Cochrane Library, including the terms “olfaction” and “olfactory dysfunction” combined individually with “neurodegenerative disorder”, “dementia” and “Alzheimer’s disease”. Only systematic reviews and meta-analyses written in English from 1991 to 2021 were included. Results show that olfactory impairment in neurodegenerative diseases worsens progressively as patients progress from mild cognitive impairment to AD. It suggests that odor tests could potentially identify AD in the preclinical stages. Although, rigorously designed longitudinal cohort studies are necessary to clarify the value of olfactory identification testing in predicting the onset of AD and its value as an early marker of cognitive decline. In addition, AD patients are more impaired on odor identification and recognition tasks and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients on odor detection thresholds tasks, what suggests that PD patients are more impaired on low-level perceptual olfactory tasks whereas AD patients are more strongly impaired on higher-order olfactory tasks involving specific cognitive processes. The results suggest smell tests are a cheaper, simpler to apply and a promising weapon for detecting individuals at risk of dementia.
20
Kaya, Kerem Sami, Meltem Akpınar, Bilge Turk, Nurullah Seyhun, Mahmut Cankaya, and Berna Uslu Coskun. "Olfactory Function in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Positive Airway Pressure." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 99, no. 4 (September 29, 2019): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561319878949.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies reported that positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment may improve olfaction function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) through various mechanisms. Olfactory function before and after PAP treatment is understudied regarding patient group at issue. The aim of this study is to investigate the contribution of PAP to olfactory function in patients with OSA. The study was conducted on 26 patients with OSA (10 females and 16 males, mean age 50.1 [9.3] years) who scheduled for PAP treatment. The Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center odor test was performed before and 4 months after PAP treatment. Patients were grouped (normal, anosmia, mild hyposmia, moderate hyposmia, and severe hyposmia) with respect to olfactory function by measuring odor test parameters, including threshold determination and identification. The odor test average scores of the patients after 4-month PAP treatment compared to pretreatment scores were increased and the difference was statistically significant ( P = .002). In the apnea hypopnea index groups, statistically significant difference was found in the threshold and discrimination values regarding before PAP treatment ( P = .038, P = .022, respectively). This study revealed that improvement in olfactory thresholds in patients with OSA receiving PAP treatment seems to improve olfactory dysfunction. This provides minimization of OSA consequences, including progressive upper airway inflammation, cognitive impairment, and associated olfactory dysfunction. Resolving the associations between olfactory function and PAP treatment is an important area for future research.
21
Levicheva, N. O., O. G. Berchenko, and Y. Y. Ilina. "Effect of Intranasal Administration of Dopamine on Odor Perception in Rats with Nigrostriatal Dysfunction." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.03.333.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in finding early predictors of Parkinson’s disease. In this regard, it is worth noting the olfactory dysfunction, which is associated with the death of neurons in the structures of the limbic system of the brain and a decrease in dopamine levels in the striatum. It was found that most patients with Parkinson’s disease have a clear olfactory dysfunction in the form of impaired differentiation and identification of odors. It has been suggested that the use of low doses of dopamine in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease will stop the progression of central nervous system disorders. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of intranasal administration of small doses of dopamine on the early manifestations of fine motor skills and olfactory sensory system function in nigrostriatal dysfunction in rats. Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on 2 groups of animals (n=14) with nigrostriatal dysfunction, which was modulated by partial bilateral electrical damage to the compact part of the substantia nigra. Stereotactic coordinates of the substantia nigra area were determined from the brain maps of rats by Fifkova and Marshall (quoted by Buresh), which corresponded to the distance from the point of intersection of the sagittal suture with bregma: F=5.5 mm, L=1.7 mm, H=9.0 mm. Rats of the first group (n=8) were intranasally administered with small doses of dopamine, and rats of the second group (n=6) were a comparison group. The fine motor skills of the forelimbs and the functional state of the olfactory system were studied when rats were presented with different odorants: emotionally positive (isovaleric acid) and emotionally negative (lemon essential oil) odorants. Results and discussion. The dynamics of the development of nigrostriatal dysfunction revealed a decrease in coordinated motor activity of the forelimbs, muscles of the oral pole and tongue and increased olfactory sensitivity to emotionally negative odorant (lemon essential oil) and loss of 40% of animals’ olfactory sensitivity to emotionally positive isovaleric odor. Conclusion. Prolonged intranasal administration of low doses of dopamine for 10 days to rats with nigrostriatal dysfunction resulted in a 26.2% increase in the activity of fine motor skills of the forelimbs, oral poles and tongue. In these rats, recovery of olfactory sensitivity to the perception of the smell of emotionally negative odorant was found. The action of the emotionally positive stimulus of isovaleric acid revealed an increase in olfactory sensitivity in 75% of animals to the level of baseline values and a decrease in the threshold of sensitivity to it, which was reflected in an increase in the number of approaches and time of odorant research
22
Gamain, Julie, Thorsten Herr, Robert Fleischmann, Andrea Stenner, Marcus Vollmer, Carsten Willert, Birgitt Veit, et al. "Smell and taste in idiopathic blepharospasm." Journal of Neural Transmission 128, no. 8 (June 28, 2021): 1215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-021-02366-4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe pathophysiology of blepharospasm is incompletely understood. Current concepts suggest that blepharospasm is a network disorder, involving basal ganglia, thalamus, cortex, and, possibly, the cerebellum. Tracing, imaging, and clinical studies revealed that these structures are also concerned with olfaction and taste. Because of this anatomical overlap, dysfunction of the chemical senses in blepharospasm is expected. Injections of botulinum toxin into the eyelid muscles are the first-line treatment of blepharospasm. Yet, the effects of botulinum toxin on the chemical senses have not been systematically assessed. To contribute to a better understanding of blepharospasm, olfactory and gustatory abilities were assessed in 17 subjects with blepharospasm and 17 age-/sex-matched healthy controls. Sniffin Sticks were used to assess odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. Results of these three Sniffin Sticks subtests were added to the composite olfactory score. The Taste Strips were applied to assess taste. In an adjacent study, we assessed the sense of smell and taste in eight subjects with blepharospasm before and 4 weeks after botulinum toxin treatment. Subjects with blepharospasm had significantly lower (= worse) scores for odor threshold and for the composite olfactory score than healthy controls, while odor discrimination, odor identification, and the composite taste score were not different between groups. The adjacent study revealed that botulinum toxin did not impact the chemical senses. In this study, subjects with blepharospasm had a lower (= worse) odor threshold than healthy controls. As olfaction is important in daily life, findings justify further research of olfaction in blepharospasm.
23
Monaghan, Michael M., Lauren Leddy, Mei-Li Amy Sung, Kristin Albinson, Katie Kubek, Menelas N. Pangalos, Peter H. Reinhart, Margaret M. Zaleska, and Thomas A. Comery. "Social Odor Recognition: A Novel Behavioral Model for Cognitive Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease." Neurodegenerative Diseases 7, no. 1-3 (2010): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000289227.
Full text
24
Hashimoto, Y. "Usefulness of the Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction." Chemical Senses 29, no. 7 (September 1, 2004): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjh061.
Full text
25
Yang, Rushi, Ge Zhang, Yidong Shen, Jianjun Ou, Yanan Liu, Lian Huang, Ying Zeng, et al. "Odor identification impairment in autism spectrum disorder might be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 72 (June 2022): 103072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103072.
Full text
26
Petersen, Marcela Leão, Monia Bresolin, and Ariane Madruga Monteiro. "539 - The association between olfactory dysfunction and psychiatric disorders." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221002349.
Full textAbstract:
It is known that olfactory dysfunction occurs early in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Dementia and psychiatric disorders share a number of clinical features, such as psychosis and depression. As such, misdiagnoses across these conditions are not uncommon. A variety of studies show smell dysfunction in schizophrenia, but little is known about other psychiatric disorders. In order to verify the link between olfaction and psychiatric disorders, a medical literature search was carried out in may 2021 using PubMed, and Cochrane Library, including the terms “olfaction” and “olfactory dysfunction” combined individually with “psychiatric disorder” and “depression”. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses written in English from 1991 to 2021 were included. Even thought one review suggested that patients with depression have reduced olfactory performance when compared with healthy, results show studies with different methodology and design which makes it difficult to reach definitive conclusions as how and if olfactory functioning is related to depression. Further studies with the same methodology that examines and separates central and peripheral olfactory processing are needed. Another review showed robust olfactory deficits in schizophrenia and at-risk youths, what indicates that olfactory measures may be a useful marker of schizophrenia risk status. Finally, a systematic review compared olfactory function in FTD, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Results revealed that odor identification but not discrimination was severely impaired in FTD, both were impaired in schizophrenia, while no olfactory impairments were observed in depression. Findings in bipolar disorder were mixed. This review showed that testing odor identification and discrimination differentiates FTD from depression and schizophrenia, but not from bipolar disorder. It is possible to conclude that olfactory dysfunction occurs in schizophrenia and dementia but not in depression.
27
Whitcroft, Katherine L., Volker Gudziol, and Thomas Hummel. "Short-Course Pentoxifylline Is Not Effective in Post-Traumatic Smell Loss: A Pilot Study." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 99, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561319840888.
Full textAbstract:
It has been suggested that systemic pentoxifylline may be beneficial in the treatment of olfactory dysfunction. The postulated mechanism of action involves nonselective competitive phosphodiesterase inhibition, leading to increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate and consequent increased olfactory neuron activity. This should in theory lead to improved olfactory function. We describe a pilot case series from our tertiary referral center of patients treated with oral pentoxifylline for olfactory dysfunction. Six patients with post-traumatic impairment who were treated with systemic pentoxifylline were included. Patients were treated with 200 mg of oral prolonged release pentoxifylline, 3 times a day for 21 days. Olfactory function was tested pre and post-treatment for odor threshold (T), discrimination (D), identification (I) and composite 'TDI' score using a psychophysical test battery, the “Sniffin’ Sticks.” Oral pentoxifylline was well tolerated and all patients completed the treatment period. There was a small improvement in odor threshold and identification scores, but these did not reach statistical or clinical significance. There were deteriorations in discrimination and composite TDI score, which did not reach significance. While our case series was small, systemic pentoxifylline did not appear to be beneficial in the treatment of hyposmia in this patient group.
28
Martínez-García, Ignacio, Rebeca Hernández-Soto, Benjamín Villasana-Salazar, Benito Ordaz, and Fernando Peña-Ortega. "Alterations in Piriform and Bulbar Activity/Excitability/Coupling Upon Amyloid-β Administration in vivo Related to Olfactory Dysfunction." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 82, s1 (June 22, 2021): S19—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201392.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Deficits in odor detection and discrimination are premature symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that correlate with pathological signs in the olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PCx). Similar olfactory dysfunction has been characterized in AD transgenic mice that overproduce amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which can be prevented by reducing Aβ levels by immunological and pharmacological means, suggesting that olfactory dysfunction depends on Aβ accumulation and Aβ-driven alterations in the OB and/or PCx, as well as on their activation. However, this possibility needs further exploration. Objective: To characterize the effects of Aβ on OB and PCx excitability/coupling and on olfaction. Methods: Aβ oligomerized solution (containing oligomers, monomers, and protofibrils) or its vehicle were intracerebroventricularlly injected two weeks before OB and PCx excitability and synchrony were evaluated through field recordings in vivo and in brain slices. Synaptic transmission from the OB to the PCx was also evaluated in slices. Olfaction was assessed through the habituation/dishabituation test. Results: Aβ did not affect lateral olfactory tract transmission into the PCx but reduced odor habituation and cross-habituation. This olfactory dysfunction was related to a reduction of PCx and OB network activity power in vivo. Moreover, the coherence between PCx-OB activities was also reduced by Aβ. Finally, Aβ treatment exacerbated the 4-aminopyridine-induced excitation in the PCx in slices. Conclusion: Our results show that Aβ-induced olfactory dysfunction involves a complex set of pathological changes at different levels of the olfactory pathway including alterations in PCx excitability and its coupling with the OB. These pathological changes might contribute to hyposmia in AD.
29
Stepanchuk, A. P. "Morphology of the Human Olfactory Analyzer." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 6 (December 25, 2021): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.06.213.
Full textAbstract:
The sense of smell provides people with valuable information about the biochemical environment and their own body. Olfactory disorders occur in pathologies of the nasal cavity, liver cirrhosis, psychological and endocrine diseases. Smell affects various psychological aspects of people's lives, forming positive and negative emotional memories associated with smells. With the dysfunction of the olfactory analyzer, a person will not do the analysis whether the food is good, will not be able to feel the presence of poisonous gases in the air, bad breath. This puts a person in an awkward position and increases the risk of social isolation. The purpose of the study was to highlight the components of the normal structure and functioning of the human olfactory analyzer. Identification of odors in the environment and from one's own body is provided by the olfactory analyzer. Primary odors as camphor, floral, fruity, spicy, tarry, burnt and putrid in different quantities form secondary odors. Aromas are composed of volatile molecules called odorants. The smallest amount of odorant that causes an odor sensation is called the odor threshold. In people with coronavirus disease the sense of smell temporarily disappears (anosmia); it is reduced (hyposmia) in liver cirrhosis and rhinitis, and in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia besides hyposmia there is olfactory hallucination (phantosmia). Olfactory dysfunction adversely affects children's cognitive abilities. Fragrances change emotions and behavior. Aromas are used to regulate the physical and psychological state of the patient. Volatile molecules of fragrances penetrate through the layer of mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium located in the olfactory region of the nasal mucosa. The olfactory epithelium consists of olfactory, supportive and basal epitheliocytes, as well as secretory cells of the olfactory glands. Olfactory cells are modified nerve cells that have a body, an axon, and a dendrite, which ends with a receptor in the form of olfactory cilia. Volatile molecules interact with the olfactory cilia and then with the receptor protein, which is located on the olfactory cell bodies. In humans, olfactory cells have 350 receptor proteins. One type of receptor can register molecules of several different odorants. Molecules of the same odorant can activate several different receptors simultaneously. The nerve impulse from the olfactory cells (bodies of I neurons) reaches the nerve cells (bodies of II neurons) of the olfactory bulbs via their central outgrowths (olfactory filaments). Axons of nerve cells of olfactory bulbs continue to bodies of III neurons, which are located in subcortical centers of the brain (almond-shaped body, nuclei of the transparent septum). In human, to analyze a particular odor, axons from bodies of III neurons continue to cortex, namely to the area of the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus
30
Plailly, Jane, Thierry d'Amato, Mohamed Saoud, and Jean-P. Royet. "Left temporo-limbic and orbital dysfunction in schizophrenia during odor familiarity and hedonicity judgments." NeuroImage 29, no. 1 (January 2006): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.056.
Full text
31
Schoenbaum, Geoffrey, Barry Setlow, Michael P. Saddoris, and Michela Gallagher. "Encoding Changes in Orbitofrontal Cortex in Reversal-Impaired Aged Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (March 2006): 1509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01052.2005.
Full textAbstract:
Previous work in rats and primates has shown that normal aging can be associated with a decline in cognitive flexibility mediated by prefrontal circuits. For example, aged rats are impaired in rapid reversal learning, which in young rats depends critically on the orbitofrontal cortex. To assess whether aging-related reversal impairments reflect orbitofrontal dysfunction, we identified aged rats with reversal learning deficits and then recorded single units as these rats, along with unimpaired aged cohorts and young control rats, learned and reversed a series of odor discrimination problems. We found that the flexibility of neural correlates in orbitofrontal cortex was markedly diminished in aged rats characterized as reversal-impaired in initial training. In particular, although many cue-selective neurons in young and aged-unimpaired rats reversed odor preference when the odor-outcome associations were reversed, cue-selective neurons in reversal-impaired aged rats did not. In addition, outcome-expectant neurons in aged-impaired rats failed to become active during cue sampling after learning. These altered features of neural encoding could provide a basis for cognitive inflexibility associated with normal aging.
32
Delgado-Losada, María Luisa, Jaime Bouhaben, Claudia Ruiz-Huerta, Marcelle V. Canto, and Alice Helena Delgado-Lima. "Long-Lasting Olfactory Dysfunction in Hospital Workers Due to COVID-19: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Most Affected Odorants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095777.
Full textAbstract:
Hospital workers have increased exposure risk of healthcare-associated infections due to the frontline nature of their work. Olfactory dysfunction is highly prevalent. The objectives for this investigation are to study the prevalence of long-lasting olfactory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 infection in hospital workers during the first pandemic wave, to identify clinical characteristics and associated symptomatology, and to analyze how many patients with COVID-19 infection had developed olfactory dysfunction during infection and maintained a reduced olfactory function for approximately 10 weeks after diagnosis. Between June and July of 2020, a cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja San José and Santa Adela in Madrid, Spain. One hundred sixty-four participants were included, of which 110 were patient-facing healthcare staff and 54 were non-patient-facing healthcare staff. Participants were split into three groups, according to COVID-19 diagnosis and presence of COVID-19 related olfactory symptomatology. Participants were asked to complete a structured online questionnaire along with Sniffin’ Stick Olfactory Test measurements. In this study, 88 participants were confirmed for COVID-19 infection, 59 of those participants also reported olfactory symptomatology. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection was 11.35%, and the prevalence for olfactory dysfunction was 67.05%. Olfactory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 infection leads to long-lasting olfactory loss. Objective assessment with Sniffin’ Stick Olfactory Test points to odor identification as the most affected process. Lemon, liquorice, solvent, and rose are the odors that are worst recognized. Mint, banana, solvent, garlic, coffee, and pineapple, although they are identified, are perceived with less intensity. The findings of this study confirmed a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the hospital workers.
33
Čičelienė, Jolita, Žygimantas Vaičys, and Daiva Rastenytė. "Development of the Lithuanian Version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12 Odor Identification Test." Medicina 54, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina54020013.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Evaluation of smell function is essential especially in cases of gradual deterioration, e.g., in neurodegenerative diseases, where rates of unawareness of the disorder are high and the importance of screening for olfactory dysfunction is increasing. To date, none of the tests for evaluation of olfactory dysfunction has been validated in Lithuania. The aim of the study was to develop a Lithuanian version of Sniffin’ Sticks 12 (SS12) odor identification test. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in 4 stages. The first stage included translation and back-translation from German, pilot group testing and language adaptation of the original SS12 test. In the second stage a survey group of 99 subjects was questioned for familiarity with the descriptors, used in the original version of the test. In the third stage after replacement of the least familiar distracters, a modified version of SS12 was created. Original and modified versions of SS12 were tested on 112 and 119 healthy subjects accordingly. The fourth stage of the study proved necessary as neither of the two SS12 versions turned out to be valid. After another round of replacement of the misleading distracters the second modified version of SS12 was created and it was tested on 115 healthy subjects. Results: Unsatisfactory correct identification rates of less than 75 percent in the same one item (lemon) were observed using both original and modified SS12 versions. With the second modification of distracters of SS12, identification of lemon increased significantly and overcame 75 percent. The decrease of SS12 scores in relation to age was ascertained in the study sample. Gender and smoking status did not prove to be independent predictors of SS12 scores in multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusion: The study presents an olfactory testing tool, which is adapted and modified culturally for use in the Lithuanian population.
34
JIMBO, Daiki, Masashi INOUE, Miyako TANIGUCHI, and Katsuya URAKAMI. "Specific feature of olfactory dysfunction with Alzheimer's disease inspected by the Odor Stick Identification Test." Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 4 (December 2011): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2011.00387.x.
Full text
35
Paß, Thomas, Marlene Aßfalg, Marianna Tolve, Sandra Blaess, Markus Rothermel, Rudolf J. Wiesner, and Konrad M. Ricke. "The Impact of Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Dopaminergic Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb and Odor Detection." Molecular Neurobiology 57, no. 9 (June 20, 2020): 3646–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-01947-w.
Full text
36
Wehling, Eike, Astri J. Lundervold, Thomas Espeset, Ivar Reinvang, Annika Bramerson, and Steven Nordin. "Even cognitively well-functioning adults are unaware of their olfactory dysfunction: Implications for ENT clinicians and researchers." Rhinology journal 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino14.081.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Past findings of an impact of cognitive impairment on awareness of olfactory dysfunction, and high prevalence of age-associated cognitive impairment motivated the present study of whether middle-aged and elderly adults are unaware of an olfactory dysfunction despite being carefully screened for cognitive impairment. Methodology: The sample included 203 Norwegian participants, aged 46-79 years, 134 women and 69 men, who underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment for screening of cognitive impairment. Subjective assessment of olfactory function ("How would you estimate your sense of smell?") was compared with outcome on objective assessment of olfactory function with the Scandinavian Odor Identification Test, which in the present study was shown to be valid for use on Norwegian populations. Results: We found that 79% of this cognitively healthy sample with objectively assessed olfactory dysfunction reported normal olfactory function (57% of functionally anosmics reported normal function). In contrast, only 9% with objectively assessed normal olfactory function reported olfactory dysfunction. Conclusion: A large proportion of cognitively well-functioning middle-aged and elderly adults with an olfactory dysfunction are unaware of their dysfunction. The ENT physician who suspects that the sense of smell may be compromised should, in addition to an anamnesis, assess the patient`s olfactory function objectively.
37
Honma, Motoyasu, Yuri Masaoka, Takeshi Kuroda, Akinori Futamura, Azusa Shiromaru, Masahiko Izumizaki, and Mitsuru Kawamura. "Impairment of cross-modality of vision and olfaction in Parkinson disease." Neurology 90, no. 11 (February 7, 2018): e977-e984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005110.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveTo determine whether Parkinson disease (PD) affects cross-modal function of vision and olfaction because it is known that PD impairs various cognitive functions, including olfaction.MethodsWe conducted behavioral experiments to identify the influence of PD on cross-modal function by contrasting patient performance with age-matched normal controls (NCs). We showed visual effects on the strength and preference of odor by manipulating semantic connections between picture/odorant pairs. In addition, we used brain imaging to identify the role of striatal presynaptic dopamine transporter (DaT) deficits.ResultsWe found that odor evaluation in participants with PD was unaffected by visual information, while NCs overestimated smell when sniffing odorless liquid while viewing pleasant/unpleasant visual cues. Furthermore, DaT deficit in striatum, for the posterior putamen in particular, correlated to few visual effects in participants with PD.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that PD impairs cross-modal function of vision/olfaction as a result of posterior putamen deficit. This cross-modal dysfunction may serve as the basis of a novel precursor assessment of PD.
38
Scangas, George A., and Benjamin S. Bleier. "Anosmia: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 31, no. 1 (January 2017): e3-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4403.
Full textAbstract:
The ability to scrutinize our surroundings remains heavily dependent on the sense of smell. From the ability to detect dangerous situations such as fires to the recollection of a fond memory triggered by an odor, the advantages of an intact olfactory system cannot be overstated. Outcomes studies have highlighted the profound negative impact of anosmia and parosmia on the overall quality of life. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders estimates that ∼1.4% of the United States population experiences chronic olfactory dysfunction and smell loss. Efforts have focused on improving both the diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction through olfactory testing and improved reporting of treatment outcomes of olfactory training. The purpose of this article was to review the differential diagnosis, workup, and current treatment strategies of anosmia and smell disorders.
39
Eichenbaum, Howard, A. Fagan, P. Mathews, and N. J. Cohen. "Hippocampal system dysfunction and odor discrimination learning in rats: Impairment of facilitation depending on representational demands." Behavioral Neuroscience 102, no. 3 (1988): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.102.3.331.
Full text
40
Prajapati, Divya P., Bita Shahrvini, Bridget V. MacDonald, Kayva L. Crawford, Matt Lechner, Adam S. DeConde, and Carol H. Yan. "Association of subjective olfactory dysfunction and 12‐item odor identification testing in ambulatory COVID‐19 patients." International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 10, no. 11 (September 10, 2020): 1209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alr.22688.
Full text
41
Stanojlović, Olivera. "The importance of smell and taste in everyday life: Dysfunction in COVID-19 patients." Medicinski podmladak 72, no. 3 (2021): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mp72-33020.
Full textAbstract:
Human-to-human transmission of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) - is characterized by a pandemic exponential rate and the patients with mild to moderate infection have odor and taste problems that represent a new atypical disease. A new viral syndrome of acute anosmia or "new loss of taste or smell" without rhinitis and nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea has been placed on the list of symptoms that may occur 2 to 14 days after exposure to the COVID-19 virus. Two months after declaring the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized changes in the perception of smell and taste as symptoms of this disease. The described cardinal symptoms are more common in the population of young patients and able-bodied people which facilitates the spread of disease. Significantly higher prevalence of patients with COVID-19 who have lost their taste and smell is treated at home (rare hospitalization), lung damage is rare, as well as oxygen therapy with mild lymphopenia. Different scenarios of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection can be assumed: it is probable that the virus does not enter directly into olfactory sensory neurons (they do not have ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors), but it is localized to vascular pericytes and causes inflammatory processes and vasculopathies. On the other hand, direct infection of non-neuronal cells which contain said receptors is possible. Those are specific cell types in the olfactory epithelium such as sustentacular, horizontal basal cells, as well as Bowman's glands, which leads to massive degeneration and loss of olfactory neurons. The sense of taste is a complex sensation that is the result of the interaction of smell, taste, temperature and texture of food. The virus damages cranial nerves, epithelial receptors and blood vessels leading to taste damage (ageusia or dysgeusia). A multidisciplinary approach with epidemiological, clinical and basic research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of sensorineural odor and taste loss caused by coronavirus.
42
Shu, Chih-Hung, Thomas Hummel, Po-Lei Lee, Cheng-Hung Chiu, Shih-Hsiang Lin, and Ben-Chih Yuan. "The Proportion of Self-Rated Olfactory Dysfunction does not Change across the Life Span." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 23, no. 4 (July 2009): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3343.
Full textAbstract:
Background Previous reports indicated that self-reports of olfactory function are unreliable. The occurrence of measured olfactory dysfunction is ∼20% in the general population and consistently higher than that of self-reported olfactory dysfunction. To further understand the frequencies of self-rated olfactory function in different age groups and its relation with measured olfactory function, a prospective investigation of self-rated and measured olfactory function was performed. Methods One thousand five subjects were enrolled from the health care center, where subjects underwent a physical checkup for possible preclinical diseases. The subjects completed a questionnaire about demographic data and medical and surgical histories and self-rated their olfactory function. Then, they received a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test. Results The self-rated olfaction function did not correlate significantly with measured olfactory function. The frequencies of self-rated olfactory dysfunction (9–14%) were similar among various age groups. However, the frequencies of measured olfactory dysfunction in the three age groups, i.e., 18 to 35, 36 to 55, and >55 years, were 3.7%, 17.4%, and 35.6%, respectively. Conclusions Self-ratings of olfactory function were unreliable at all ages. The frequencies of self-rated olfactory function in various age groups did not differ significantly, in contrast to the decrease of measured olfactory function with age.
43
Ziuzia-Januszewska, Laura, Paweł Dobrzyński, Krzysztof Ślączka, Jaromir Ciszek, Łukasz Krawiec, Waldemar Wierzba, and Artur Zaczyński. "Simple Disposable Odor Identification Tests for Predicting SARS-CoV-2 Positivity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 10185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910185.
Full textAbstract:
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common manifestation of COVID-19 and may be useful for screening. Survey-based olfactory evaluation tends to underestimate the prevalence of OD, while psychophysical olfactory testing during a pandemic has the disadvantage of being time consuming, expensive, and requiring standardized laboratory settings. We aimed to develop a quick, simple, affordable, and reliable test to objectively assess the prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of OD in COVID-19. The olfactory function of 64 COVID-19 inpatients and 34 controls was evaluated using a questionnaire and a simple disposable odor identification test (SDOIT) developed for this study. Four SDOIT models were assessed: 10-SDOIT, 9-SDOIT, 8-SDOIT, and 4-SDOIT, with 10, 9, 8 and 4 samples, respectively. We found a high frequency of self-reported OD in COVID-19 patients, with 32.8% and 42.2% reporting current and recent OD, respectively. Different SDOIT models revealed smell impairment in 54.7–64.1% of COVID-19 patients. The combination of either 10-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, or 8-SDOIT results and self-reported OD, were the best predictors of COVID-19, both with an AUC value of 0.87 (0.85 and 0.86 for the age-matched subjects). OD is a common symptom of COVID-19. A combination of self-reported smell deterioration and OD psychophysically evaluated using SDOIT appears to be a good predictor of COVID-19.
44
Hernández-Soto, Rebeca, Keila Dara Rojas-García, and Fernando Peña-Ortega. "Sudden Intrabulbar Amyloid Increase Simultaneously Disrupts Olfactory Bulb Oscillations and Odor Detection." Neural Plasticity 2019 (August 21, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3424906.
Full textAbstract:
There seems to be a correlation between soluble amyloid beta protein (Aβ) accumulation in the main olfactory bulb (OB) and smell deterioration in both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and animal models. Moreover, this loss of smell appears to be related to alterations in neural network activity in several olfactory-related circuits, including the OB, as has been observed in anesthetized animals and brain slices. It is possible that there is a correlation between these two pathological phenomena, but a direct and simultaneous evaluation of the acute and direct effect of Aβ on OB activity while animals are actually smelling has not been performed. Thus, here, we tested the effects of acute intrabulbar injection of Aβ at a low dose (200 pmol) on the OB local field potential before and during the presence of a hidden piece of smelly food. Our results show that Aβ decreases the power of OB network activity while impairing the animal’s ability to reach the hidden food. We found a strong relationship between the power of the OB oscillations and the correlation between OBs and the olfactory detection test scores. These findings provide a direct link between Aβ-induced OB network dysfunction and smell loss in rodents, which could be extrapolated to AD patients.
45
Stull, Madeline Rogers, Stephanie G. Harshman, Megan Kuhnle, Olivia Wons, Madhusmita Misra, Kamryn Eddy, Elizabeth Austen Lawson, and Jennifer J. Thomas. "Olfactory Performance in Youth With Full and Subthreshold Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A630—A631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1285.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Avoidant/restrictive (A/R) food intake disorder (ARFID) is characterized by restrictive eating defined by lack of interest in food, sensory sensitivity, and/or fear of aversive consequences of eating resulting in a failure to meet adequate nutritional and/or energy needs. The complex psychopathology that differentiates ARFID from other eating disorders highlights the need to explore the role of sensory systems in disease etiology. Olfaction has an important role in eating behavior. Specifically, olfactory dysfunction is associated with decreased food intake and appetite. Olfactory performance and associated clinical characteristics have yet to be examined in individuals with ARFID. We hypothesized that higher levels of PYY, which signals satiety, would be associated with poorer olfactory performance; whereas greater food fussiness and A/R eating severity would be associated with stronger olfactory performance. Methods: We evaluated a cross-sectional sample of children and adolescents with full and subthreshold ARFID (n=82, 46.2% female, mean age 15.8±3.8). We measured olfactory performance with the Sniffin’ Sticks test (Burghardt®, Wedel, Germany) which captures odor discrimination, odor identification, and odor threshold. Higher scores on all three indices represent stronger olfactory performance. We also measured fasting serum PYY; severity of A/R eating on the Pica, ARFID and Rumination Disorder Interview (PARDI); and food fussiness as a measure of food-related sensory sensitivity on the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Statistical analyses included T-test and spearman’s correlations. Results: Greater fasting serum PYY levels were associated with significantly poorer performance on the odor threshold test (r=-0.4, p=0.003). Greater severity of A/R eating (r=-0.3 p=0.008) and food fussiness (r=-0.2, p=0.03) were both associated with significantly poorer performance on the odor discrimination test. Conclusions: As predicted, we found that higher levels of PYY were associated with poorer olfactory performance in youth with full and subthreshold ARFID. However, contrary to hypotheses, we found that greater food fussiness and severity of A/R eating were associated with poorer olfactory performance. Future research should investigate whether high levels of PYY and poor olfactory performance are causes, consequences, or correlates of A/R eating.
46
Arguedas, Deborah, Robyn Langdon, and Richard Stevenson. "Neuropsychological Characteristics Associated with Olfactory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 5 (May 22, 2012): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617712000471.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOlfactory hallucinations (OHs) are present in a significant minority of people with schizophrenia, yet these symptoms are under-researched and poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the neuropsychological impairments that associate with OHs in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were classified into an OH group and a group with auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and no lifetime history of OHs. Patients were age- and gender-matched to a healthy control group. All participants were assessed using: a test of odor identification; decision-making and socio-emotional tests of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala function; and a battery of standardized executive tests. Patients, as a whole, performed more poorly than controls on the tests of odor identification, emotion processing and executive function, consistent with previous research. Only two tests of OFC functioning: the Object Alternation Task, taken from Oscar-Berman and Zola-Morgan's (1980a, 1980b) Comparative Neuropsychological Tasks, and a test of “faux pas” understanding discriminated between the OH and AVH patients. Findings provide the first preliminary support for OH-specific neuropsychological impairments associated with OFC dysfunction in schizophrenia. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
47
Ekström, Ingrid, Maria Larsson, Debora Rizzuto, Johan Fastbom, Lars Bäckman, and Erika J. Laukka. "Predictors of Olfactory Decline in Aging: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, no. 12 (September 4, 2020): 2441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa221.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Olfactory dysfunction is common in aging and associated with dementia and mortality. However, longitudinal studies tracking change in olfactory ability are scarce. We sought to identify predictors of interindividual differences in rate of olfactory identification change in aging. Method Participants were 1780 individuals, without dementia at baseline and with at least 2 olfactory assessments over 12 years of follow-up (mean age = 70.5 years; 61.9% female), from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Odor identification was assessed with the Sniffin’ Sticks. We estimated the impact of demographic, health, and genetic factors on rate of olfactory change with linear mixed effect models. Results Advancing age, manufacturing profession, history of cerebrovascular disease, higher cardiovascular disease burden, diabetes, slower walking speed, higher number of medications, and the APOE ε4 allele were associated with accelerated odor identification decline (ps < .014). Multi-adjusted analyses showed unique associations of age, diabetes, and ε4 to olfactory decline (ps < .017). In 1531 participants who remained free of dementia (DSM IV criteria) during follow-up, age, cardiovascular disease burden, and diabetes were associated with accelerated decline (ps < .011). Of these, age and diabetes remained statistically significant in the multi-adjusted model (ps < .001). Conclusion Demographic, vascular, and genetic factors are linked to rate of decline in odor identification in aging. Although some olfactory loss may be an inevitable part of aging, our results highlight the importance of vascular factors for the integrity of the olfactory system, even in the absence of dementia.
48
Arici Duz, Ozge, Ozlem Saatci, Ece Zeynep Karakulak, Erkingul Birday, and Lutfu Hanoglu. "Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognition in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome and Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis." European Neurology 84, no. 3 (2021): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514433.
Full textAbstract:
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, demyelinating disease that causes cognitive, olfactory, and other neurological dysfunctions. Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS), in which only radiological findings are monitored, is accepted as the preclinical stage of demyelinating disease and is considered an important period for disease pathology. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the olfactory and cognitive functions and their clinical correlation in RIS and Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) patients and a healthy control group. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Our study included 10 RRMS patients, 10 RIS patients, and 10 healthy controls. We conducted an olfactor evaluation via the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. The subjects underwent a neuropsychometric test battery to evaluate cognitive functions, including memory, visuospatial, and executive functions. Depression was evaluated using the Beck depression scale. Fatigue and daily life activity were evaluated using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), respectively. Disability assessment was done with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). <b><i>Results:</i></b> RRMS and RIS patients’ olfactory test scores were significantly different from those in the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the odor threshold scores of patients in the RRMS and RIS groups. There was a significant correlation between memory-oriented cognitive tests and olfactory tests in the RRMS and RIS groups. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Olfactory dysfunction can be seen in RIS patients, like in RRMS patients. Cognitive and olfactory dysfunction may be together a sign of degeneration in demyelinating diseases.
49
Yoshii, Fumihito, Hiroe Onaka, Saori Kohara, Masafuchi Ryo, and Wakoh Takahashi. "Association of Smell Identification Deficit with Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, Japanese Version Scores and Brain Atrophy in Patients with Dementia." European Neurology 81, no. 3-4 (2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501311.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Olfactory dysfunction is commonly associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and may be related to disorder of the central olfactory processing system. In this work, therefore, we examined the relationships between olfactory changes and the most affected cognitive domain or degree of brain atrophy in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: The subjects were 55 AD patients and 27 MCI patients. Smell identification tests were performed using Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese (OSIT-J). The severity and nature of cognitive dysfunctions were evaluated using the AD Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale, Japanese version (ADAS-Jcog). MRI with voxel-based specific regional analysis system for AD software was used for evaluation of brain atrophy. Results: OSIT-J scores were significantly correlated with total ADAS-Jcog scores, as well as with ADAS-Jcog subscale items of word recall task, orientation (memory domain) and ideational praxis. Smell identification deficit was proportional to the degree of atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Conclusion: Smell identification deficit in AD/MCI is strongly associated with the memory domain of cognitive function and with atrophy of the medial temporal lobe.
50
Muluk, Nuray Bayar. "Olfactory functions in Behçet’s disease: A review." Romanian Journal of Rhinology 8, no. 32 (October 1, 2018): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjr-2018-0023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract OBJECTIVES. We reviewed the relationship between olfactory functions and Behçet’s disease (BD). MATERIAL AND METHODS. We searched Pubmed, Google, Google Scholar and Proquest Cebtral Database with the key words of “olfactory”, “functions”, “smell”, “nasal” and “Behçet’s disease”. RESULTS. Behçet’s disease influences the nasal mucosa. Nasal mucosal inclusion causes mucosal ulcers, pain, burning, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, nasal itching and dysosmia. Nasal cartilage deformity is also reported. The higher rate of comorbid chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in BD patients may likewise be because of the complex mechanism of the disease inclining the host tissues to bacterial infections. Olfactory functions may decrease in BD. Odor identification may be lower in patients BD. CONCLUSION. An olfactory dysfunction may be seen in patients with BD. BD patients should be evaluated for the involvement of the olfactory function and may require treatment because of a malfunction of the olfactory system that influences the quality of life. Neurological involvement associated with BD might play a more important role in causing olfactory dysfunction than mucosal involvement.