Academic literature on the topic 'Odd-numbered carbon chains'
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Journal articles on the topic "Odd-numbered carbon chains"
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Sokolovská, Ivana, Raoul Rozenberg, Christophe Riez, Paul G. Rouxhet, Spiros N. Agathos, and Pierre Wattiau. "Carbon Source-Induced Modifications in the Mycolic Acid Content and Cell Wall Permeability of Rhodococcus erythropolis E1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 12 (December 2003): 7019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7019-7027.2003.
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ABSTRACT The influence of the carbon source on cell wall properties was analyzed in an efficient alkane-degrading strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis (strain E1), with particular focus on the mycolic acid content. A clear correlation was observed between the carbon source and the mycolic acid profiles as estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Two types of mycolic acid patterns were observed after growth either on saturated linear alkanes or on short-chain alkanoates. One type of pattern was characterized by the lack of odd-numbered carbon chains and resulted from growth on linear alkanes with even numbers of carbon atoms. The second type of pattern was characterized by mycolic acids with both even- and odd-numbered carbon chains and resulted from growth on compounds with odd-numbered carbon chains, on branched alkanes, or on mixtures of different compounds. Cellular short-chain fatty acids were twice as abundant during growth on a branched alkane (pristane) as during growth on acetate, while equal amounts of mycolic acids were found under both conditions. More hydrocarbon-like compounds and less polysaccharide were exposed at the cell wall surface during growth on alkanes. Whatever the substrate, the cells had the same affinity for aqueous-nonaqueous solvent interfaces. By contrast, bacteria displayed completely opposite susceptibilities to hydrophilic and hydrophobic antibiotics and were found to be strongly stained by hydrophobic dyes after growth on pristane but not after growth on acetate. Taken together, these data show that the cell wall composition of R. erythropolis E1 is influenced by the nutritional regimen and that the most marked effect is a radical change in cell wall permeability.
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McLean, B. M. L., R. W. Mayes, and F. D. DeB Hovell. "The Use of N-alkanes for Estimating Intake and Passage Rate in Horses." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200592977.
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Alkanes occur naturally in all plants, although forage crops tend to have higher alkane contents than cereals. N-alkanes have odd-numbered carbon chains. They are ideal for use as markers in feed trials, because, they are inert, indigestible and naturally occurring, and can be recovered in animal faeces. Synthetic alkanes (even-numbered carbon chains) are available commercially and can also used as external markers. Dove and Mayes (1991) cite evidence indicating that faecal recovery of alkanes in ruminants increases with increasing carbon-chain length. Thus the alkane “pairs” (e.g. C35 & C36, and C32 & C33) are used in calculating intake and digestibility because they are long chain and adjacent to each other. However, recent work by Cuddeford and Mayes (unpublished) has found that in horses the faecal recovery rates are similar regardless of chain lengths.
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McLean, B. M. L., R. W. Mayes, and F. D. DeB Hovell. "The Use of N-alkanes for Estimating Intake and Passage Rate in Horses." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600030683.
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Alkanes occur naturally in all plants, although forage crops tend to have higher alkane contents than cereals. N-alkanes have odd-numbered carbon chains. They are ideal for use as markers in feed trials, because, they are inert, indigestible and naturally occurring, and can be recovered in animal faeces. Synthetic alkanes (even-numbered carbon chains) are available commercially and can also used as external markers. Dove and Mayes (1991) cite evidence indicating that faecal recovery of alkanes in ruminants increases with increasing carbon-chain length. Thus the alkane “pairs” (e.g. C35 & C36, and C32 & C33) are used in calculating intake and digestibility because they are long chain and adjacent to each other. However, recent work by Cuddeford and Mayes (unpublished) has found that in horses the faecal recovery rates are similar regardless of chain lengths.
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Kashirtsev, V. A., O. S. Dzyuba, B. L. Nikitenko, E. A. Kostyreva, I. K. Ivanova, and N. P. Shevchenko. "Geochemistry of High-Molecular Weight Dimethylalkanes." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 08 (August 1, 2021): 866–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20204319.
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Abstract —The homologous series of high-molecular weight dimethylalkanes (HMWDMAs) with either odd- or even-numbered carbon chains in the range from C19–20 to C30–31 have been identified in organic matter from recent and partially lithified deposits of Siberia and the Russian Platform by chromatography–mass spectrometry. The first homologous series is represented by even-numbered 3,4-HMWDMAs followed by the alternation of odd-numbered 3,5-HMWDMAs, even-numbered 3,6-HMWDMAs, and odd-numbered 3,7-HMWDMAs. The most abundant are 3,7-dimethylalkanes. The microbial origin of high-molecular weight dimethylalkanes is the most likely explanation for their presence in the fossil organic matter. The precursors of HMWDMAs might have been tetra- and diether lipids of archaea and bacteria. It is assumed that HMWDMAs and other immature hydrocarbons from great depths (SV-27 and SG-6 superdeep boreholes) result from the decomposition of asphaltenes, which occluded the related compounds inside their structure during the early stages of generation and carried them unchanged throughout the “oil window”.
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Gołębiowski, M., M. Paszkiewicz, A. Grubba, D. Gąsiewska, M. I. Boguś, E. Włóka, W. Wieloch, and P. Stepnowski. "Cuticular and internal n-alkane composition of Lucilia sericata larvae, pupae, male and female imagines: application of HPLC-LLSD and GC/MS-SIM." Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, no. 4 (January 25, 2012): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000800.
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AbstractThe composition of cuticular and internal n-alkanes in Lucilia sericata larvae, pupae, and male and female imagines were studied. The cuticular and internal lipid extracts were separated by HPLC-LLSD, after which the hydrocarbon fraction was identified by GC/MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) and total ion current (TIC) modes.The cuticular lipids of the larvae contained seven n-alkanes from C23 to C31. The major n-alkane in L. sericata larvae was C29 (42.1%). The total cuticular n-alkane content in the cuticular lipids was 31.46 μg g−1 of the insect body. The internal lipids of L. sericata larvae contained five n-alkanes ranged from C25 to C31. The most abundant compound was C27 (61.71 μg g−1 of the insect body). Eighteen n-alkanes from C14 to C31 were identified in the cuticular lipids of the pupae. The most abundant n-alkanes ranged from C25 to C31; those with odd-numbered carbon chains were particularly abundant, the major one being C29:0 (59.5%). Traces of eight cuticular n-alkanes were present. The internal lipids of L. sericata pupae contained five n-alkanes, ranging from C25 to C31. The cuticular lipids of female imagines contained 17 n-alkanes from C12 to C30. Among the cuticular n-alkanes of females, C27 (47.5%) was the most abundant compound. Four n-alkanes, with only odd-numbered carbon chains, were identified in the internal lipids of females. The lipids from both sexes of L. sericata had similar n-alkane profiles. The cuticular lipids of adult males contained 16 n-alkanes ranging from C13 to C31. C27 (47.9%) was the most abundant cuticular n-alkanes in males. The same n-alkanes only with odd-numbered carbon chains and in smaller quantities of C27 (0.1%) were also identified in the internal lipids of males.The highest amounts of total cuticular n-alkanes were detected in males and females of L. sericata (330.4 and 158.93 μg g−1 of the insect body, respectively). The quantities of total cuticular alcohols in larvae and pupae were smaller (31.46 μg g−1 and 42.08 μg g−1, respectively). The internal n-alkane contents of larvae, pupae, and male and female imagines were significantly higher than the cuticular n-alkane contents (153.53, 99.60, 360.06 and 838.76 μg g−1 of the insect body, respectively).
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LIN, L., G. LIU, and Y. ZHANG. "Study on the n-alkane patterns of five dominant forage species of the typical steppe grassland in Inner Mongolia of China." Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 2 (March 6, 2006): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859606005995.
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The alkane patterns of the dominant forage species of the typical steppe grassland in Inner Mongolia were clarified, and the effects of species, sampling time and site on the concentrations of alkanes were evaluated. The results showed that alkanes with odd-numbered carbon chains in the range C25 (n-pentacosane)–C35 (n-pentatriacontane) were predominant in cuticular wax in five dominant grasses of the typical steppe. The C31 (n-hentriacontane) alkanes were always present in the highest concentration in the grass species, especially in the Stipa daicalensis and Stipa grandis. Samples of Artemisia frigida contained not only high concentrations of odd-chain alkanes, but also the even-chain ones compared with other species. The effects of species and sampling time on alkane concentrations were significant, accounting for 0·912 and 0·067 of the total variance, respectively. The site effects on odd-chain alkanes were less than on even-chain. The results of principal component analysis indicated that the patterns of alkane concentrations in the five dominant species could be clearly distinguished during the whole growing season. Therefore, it should be possible to achieve accurate and precise estimations of intake and diet composition of grazing animals of the typical steppe grassland in Inner Mongolia using the alkane technique.
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GOŁĘBIOWSKI, MAREK, MAGDALENA CERKOWNIAK, MAŁGORZATA DAWGUL, WOJCIECH KAMYSZ, MIECZYSŁAWA I. BOGUŚ, and PIOTR STEPNOWSKI. "The antifungal activity of the cuticular and internal fatty acid methyl esters and alcohols in Calliphora vomitoria." Parasitology 140, no. 8 (April 8, 2013): 972–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000267.
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SUMMARYThe composition of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and alcohol fractions of the cuticular and internal lipids of Calliphora vomitoria larvae, pupae and male/female adults was obtained by separating these two fractions by HPLC–LLSD and analysing them quantitatively using GC–MS. Analysis of the cuticular lipids of the worldwide, medically important ectoparasite C. vomitoria revealed 6 FAMEs with odd-numbered carbon chains from C15:0 to C19:0 in the larvae, while internal lipids contained 9 FAMEs ranging from C15:1 to C19:0. Seven FAMEs from C15:0 to C19:0 were identified in the cuticular lipids of the pupae, whereas the internal lipids of the pupae contained 10 FAMEs from C13:0 to C19:0. The cuticular lipids of males and females and also the internal lipids of males contained 5, 7 and 6 FAMEs from C15:0 to C19:0 respectively. Seven FAMEs from C13:0 to C19:0 were identified in the internal lipids of females, and 7, 6, 5 and 3 alcohols were found in the cuticular lipids of larvae, pupae, males and females respectively. Only saturated alcohols with even-numbered carbon chains were present in these lipids. Only 1 alcohol (C22:0) was detected in the internal lipids of C. vomitoria larvae, while just 4 alcohols from – C18:0 to C24:0 – were identified in the internal lipids of pupae, and males and females. We also identified glycerol and cholesterol in the larvae, pupae, males and females of C. vomitoria. The individual alcohols and FAMEs, as well as their mixtures isolated from the cuticular and internal lipids of larvae, pupae, males and females of C. vomitoria, demonstrated antimicrobial activity against entomopathogenic fungi.
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Dove, H., RW Mayes, and M. Freer. "Effects of species, plant part, and plant age on the n-alkane concentrations in the cuticular wax of pasture plants." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 8 (1996): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9961333.
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Plants of the pasture species Phalaris aquatica cv. Sirosa, Lolium perenne cv. Victorian, Trifolium repens cv. Irrigation White, T. subterraneum ssp. subterraneum cv. Mt Barker, T. subterraneum ssp. yanninicum cv. Trikkala, and Medicago sativa cv. Siriver were grown under controlled glasshouse conditions. At weekly intervals, 6 plants of each species were harvested and dissected into their component plant parts. The concentrations of n-alkanes in plant parts from all species were then estimated using gas chromatography. Results confirmed earlier studies that alkanes with odd-numbered carbon chains were predominant in cuticular wax, especially C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes. For the individual alkanes (225433, differences between species accounted for 85% of the total variance in alkane concentration. Calculation of similarity coefficients indicated that the greatest similarities in the pattern of alkane concentrations occurred either between plant parts within a species or between the same plant part in closely related species. Multivariate statistical analysis using canonical variates analyses indicated that despite these similarities, it would still be possible to distinguish both plant species and plant parts in mixtures of these components. In particular, an examination of hypothetical perennial ryegrass-white clover or phalaris-subterranean clover pastures demonstrated that all fractions of all species would be likely to be distinguishable. The results are discussed in relation to the use of herbage and faecal alkane concentrations in least-squares estimates of the composition of the diet of the grazing animal.
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Schöber, Ute, Christian Thiel, and Dieter Jendrossek. "Poly(3-Hydroxyvalerate) Depolymerase ofPseudomonas lemoignei." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1385-1392.2000.
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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas lemoignei is equipped with at least five polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) depolymerase structural genes (phaZ1 to phaZ5) which enable the bacterium to utilize extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHV), and related polyesters consisting of short-chain-length hxdroxyalkanoates (PHASCL) as the sole sources of carbon and energy. Four genes (phaZ1,phaZ2, phaZ3, and phaZ5) encode PHB depolymerases C, B, D, and A, respectively. It was speculated that the remaining gene, phaZ4, encodes the PHV depolymerase (D. Jendrossek, A. Frisse, A. Behrends, M. Andermann, H. D. Kratzin, T. Stanislawski, and H. G. Schlegel, J. Bacteriol. 177:596–607, 1995). However, in this study, we show that phaZ4 codes for another PHB depolymeraes (i) by disagreement of 5 out of 41 amino acids that had been determined by Edman degradation of the PHV depolymerase and of four endoproteinase GluC-generated internal peptides with the DNA-deduced sequence of phaZ4, (ii) by the lack of immunological reaction of purified recombinant PhaZ4 with PHV depolymerase-specific antibodies, and (iii) by the low activity of the PhaZ4 depolymerase with PHV as a substrate. The true PHV depolymerase-encoding structural gene, phaZ6, was identified by screening a genomic library of P. lemoigneiin Escherichia coli for clearing zone formation on PHV agar. The DNA sequence of phaZ6 contained all 41 amino acids of the GluC-generated peptide fragments of the PHV depolymerase. PhaZ6 was expressed and purified from recombinant E. coliand showed immunological identity to the wild-type PHV depolymerase and had high specific activities with PHB and PHV as substrates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a PHASCLdepolymerase gene that is expressed during growth on PHV or odd-numbered carbon sources and that encodes a protein with high PHV depolymerase activity. Amino acid analysis revealed that PhaZ6 (relative molecular mass [M r], 43,610 Da) resembles precursors of other extracellular PHASCLdepolymerases (28 to 50% identical amino acids). The mature protein (M r, 41,048) is composed of (i) a large catalytic domain including a catalytic triad of S136, D211, and H269 similar to serine hydrolases; (ii) a linker region highly enriched in threonine residues and other amino acids with hydroxylated or small side chains (Thr-rich region); and (iii) a C-terminal domain similar in sequence to the substrate-binding domain of PHASCL depolymerases. Differences in the codon usage of phaZ6 for some codons from the average codon usage of P. lemoignei indicated thatphaZ6 might be derived from other organisms by gene transfer. Multialignment of separate domains of bacterial PHASCL depolymerases suggested that not only complete depolymerase genes but also individual domains might have been exchanged between bacteria during evolution of PHASCLdepolymerases.
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Kajimoto, Masaki, Dolena R. Ledee, Aaron K. Olson, Nancy G. Isern, Christine Des Rosiers, and Michael A. Portman. "Differential effects of octanoate and heptanoate on myocardial metabolism during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an infant swine model." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 309, no. 7 (October 2015): H1157—H1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00298.2015.
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Nutritional energy support during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) should promote successful myocardial adaptation and eventual weaning from the ECMO circuit. Fatty acids (FAs) are a major myocardial energy source, and medium-chain FAs (MCFAs) are easily taken up by cell and mitochondria without membrane transporters. Odd-numbered MCFAs supply carbons to the citric acid cycle (CAC) via anaplerotic propionyl-CoA as well as acetyl-CoA, the predominant β-oxidation product for even-numbered MCFA. Theoretically, this anaplerotic pathway enhances carbon entry into the CAC, and provides superior energy state and preservation of protein synthesis. We tested this hypothesis in an immature swine model undergoing ECMO. Fifteen male Yorkshire pigs (26–45 days old) with 8-h ECMO received either normal saline, heptanoate (odd-numbered MCFA), or octanoate (even-numbered MCFA) at 2.3 μmol·kg body wt−1·min−1 as MCFAs systemically during ECMO ( n = 5/group). The 13-carbon (13C)-labeled substrates ([2-13C]lactate, [5,6,7-13C3]heptanoate, and [U-13C6]leucine) were systemically infused as metabolic markers for the final 60 min before left ventricular tissue extraction. Extracted tissues were analyzed for the 13C-labeled and absolute concentrations of metabolites by nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Octanoate produced markedly higher myocardial citrate concentration, and led to a higher [ATP]-to-[ADP] ratio compared with other groups. Unexpectedly, octanoate and heptanoate increased the flux of propionyl-CoA relative to acetyl-CoA into the CAC compared with control. MCFAs promoted increases in leucine oxidation, but were not associated with a difference in protein synthesis rate. In conclusion, octanoate provides energetic advantages to the heart over heptanoate.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Odd-numbered carbon chains"
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Parker, Christian Richard. "Polarised alkynyl ruthenium complexes." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/65307.
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Chapter 1 outlines the potential application of metal alkynyl complexes and then describes the different methods in the literature for the synthesis of alkynyl, poly-ynyl and homo- and hetero-metal complexes. Their chemistry will then be discussed. This Chapter concludes with an outline of the work to be described in the remainder of the thesis. Chapter 2 describes a series of complexes containing a new tricyanovinylethynyl (3,4,4-tricyanobut-3-en-1-ynyl) ligand obtained by direct substitution of a CN group in tetracyanoethene by ethynyl complexes M(C=CH)(PP)Cp' [M = Ru, Os, (PP)Cp' = (PPh₃)₂Cp; M = Ru, PP = dppe, Cp' = Cp, Cp*]. The reactions proceed in higher yield as the metal environment becomes sterically larger and more donating; the normal [2 + 2]-cycloaddition / ring-opened product M{C[=C(CN)₂]CH=C(CN)₂}(PP)Cp' is also formed in some cases. The diynyl Ru(C=CC=CH)(dppe)Cp* reacts with tcne to give only the ring-opened adduct Ru{C=CC[=C(CN)₂]CH=C(CN)₂}(dppe)Cp*. Protonation of Ru{C=CC(CN)=C(CN)₂}(dppe)Cp* (10) afforded the vinylidene. A second transition metal fragment {MLn} [{MLn} = Ru(PPh₃)₂Cp, M'(dppe)Cp* (M' = Ru, Os), RuCl(dppe)₂] can be added to the CN group trans to the first. Compound 10 ready undergoes substitution of the 3-cyano group by nucleophiles. Some unexpected rearrangements and formation of O- and N-heterocyclic compounds were also found. Chapter 3 describes reactions between 1,2 dichlorohexafluorocyclopentene and Ru(C=CH)(dppe)Cp* (1) or Ru(C=CC=CLi)(dppe)Cp* which give Ru(C=C-c-C₅F₆Cl-2)(dppe)Cp* (36) and Ru(C=CC=C-c-C₅F₆Cl-2)(dppe)Cp*, respectively. Ready
hydrolysis of 36 to Ru{C=C[c-C₅F₄Cl(O)]}(dppe)Cp* occurs, which can be converted to Ru{C=C(c-C₅F₄Cl[=C(CN)₂])}(dppe)Cp* by treatment with CH₂(CN)₂ / basic alumina. The cyano-fluorocarbon ligand in the latter is one of the most powerfully electron-withdrawing groups known. Chapter 4 describes the three methods of synthesising heterometallic carbon-chain complex {Cp*(dppe)Ru}C=CC=CC=CC{Co₃(μ-dppm)(CO)₇} (40), in two examples showing the first examples of Ru{(C=C)xI}(dppe)Cp* (x = 1, 2) being used in a cross coupling reaction with Ph₃ PAu(C=C)(₃-x)C{Co₃(μ-dppm)(CO)₇}. The reactivity of 40 with PPh₃, MeOTf, tcne, tcnq, Fe₂(CO)₉, NiCp₂ and Co₂(CO)₈ took place on either the C₈ bridge or on either metal centre. Chapter 5 discusses the reaction of 1 with oxalyl chloride which gave {Cp*(dppe)RuC=C}₂CO (52). This complex can be methylated to give [{Cp*(dppe)RuC=C}₂C(OMe)]OTf, which in turn can be protonated to the dication. Knövenagel condensation of 52 with CH₂(CN)₂ gave {Cp*(dppe)RuC=C}₂C{=C(CN)₂}. The reaction of 1 and bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate afforded {Cp*(dppe)Ru}{c- C=C[C₆H₃(NO₂)₂]C(O)C(O)O}. The transmetallation reaction of {(Ph₃P)AuC=C}₂CO and RuCl(dppe)Cp unexpectedly gave the cyclic complex [1,4-{Cp(dppe)Ru}₂{c- COC(OMe)=CHCCH}]PF₆. Chapter 6 gives an account of the electrochemistry of many of these redox-active compounds and examines the UV-Vis absorption of the more polarised compounds.
Some discussion of the various observed trends is presented. There is also a future direction of this chemistry given at the end of this work.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2010
Book chapters on the topic "Odd-numbered carbon chains"
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"Cyanines in Which the Odd-Numbered Carbon Chain, Which Links the Nuclei, or Part of it, is Cyclic." In Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds: A Series Of Monographs, 270–91. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470186794.ch9.
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