Journal articles: 'Ocular plastics'

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Pandey, Manisha, Hira Choudhury, Azila binti Abd Aziz, Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra, Bapi Gorain, Jocelyn Sziou Ting Su, Choo Leey Tan, Woon Yee Chin, and Khar Yee Yip. "Potential of Stimuli-Responsive In Situ Gel System for Sustained Ocular Drug Delivery: Recent Progress and Contemporary Research." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081340.

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Eyesight is one of the most well-deserved blessings, amid all the five senses in the human body. It captures the raw signals from the outside world to create detailed visual images, granting the ability to witness and gain knowledge about the world. Eyes are exposed directly to the external environment; they are susceptible to the vicissitudes of diseases. The World Health Organization has predicted that the number of individuals affected by eye diseases will rise enormously in the next decades. However, the physical barriers of the eyes and the problems associated with conventional ocular formulations are significant challenges in ophthalmic drug development. This has generated the demand for a sustained ocular drug delivery system, which serves to deliver effective drug concentration at a reduced frequency for consistent therapeutic effect and better patient treatment adherence. Recent advancement in pharmaceutical dosage design has demonstrated that a stimuli-responsive in situ gel system exhibits the favorable characteristics for providing sustained ocular drug delivery and enhanced ocular bioavailability. Stimuli-responsive in situ gels undergo a phase transition (solution–gelation) in response to the ocular environmental temperature, pH, and ions. These stimuli transform the formulation into a gel at the cul de sac to overcome the shortcomings of conventional eye drops, such as rapid nasolacrimal drainage and short contact time with the ocular surface This review highlights the recent successful research outcomes of stimuli-responsive in situ gelling systems in treating in vivo models with glaucoma and various ocular infections. Additionally, it also presents the mechanism, recent development, and safety considerations of stimuli-sensitive in situ gel as the potential sustained ocular delivery system for treating common eye disorders.

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Islam, Ahmed Tanjimul, Mohammad Golam Rabbani, and Subrata Dey. "Orbital and Ocular Manifestations of Acute Leukemia: Clinical Analysis in a Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Chittagong Medical College Teachers' Association 26, no. 1 (September 13, 2015): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcmcta.v26i1.61811.

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To determine the prevalence of orbital and ocular manifestations in acute leukemia at the time of presentation, sixty (60) patients diagnosed with acute leukemia were examined for ocular lesions by within two weeks of diagnosis before starting chemotherapy. The detailed ocular examination of both eyes was carried out by the ophthalmologist irrespective of the presence or absence of eye symptoms in all cases. Only 3 out of 60 patients presented with eye symptoms (5%). However, ocular changes were found in 16 patients (26%), 11 with lymphoblastic and 5 with myeloid leukemia. The ocular lesions observed were Intraretinal hemorrhages, decreased Visual acuity, Proptosis, Macular hemorrhage, Cotton wool spots, Papilloedema, Vitrious hemorrhage and Sixth nerve palsy. In view of the high prevalence of asymptomatic ocular lesions in acute leukemia, routine Ophthalmic Examination should be included as a part of evaluation at the time of diagnosis. JCMCTA 2015 ; 26 (1) : 21-24

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Dludla, Siphokazi B. K., Leshasha T. Mashabela, Brian Ng’andwe, Pedzisai A. Makoni, and Bwalya A. Witika. "Current Advances in Nano-Based and Polymeric Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Targeting the Ocular Microenvironment: A Review and Envisaged Future Perspectives." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173580.

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Optimal vision remains one of the most essential elements of the sensory system continuously threatened by many ocular pathologies. Various pharmacological agents possess the potential to effectively treat these ophthalmic conditions; however, the use and efficacy of conventional ophthalmic formulations is hindered by ocular anatomical barriers. Recent novel designs of ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDS) using nanotechnology show promising prospects, and ophthalmic formulations based on nanotechnology are currently being investigated due to their potential to bypass these barriers to ensure successful ocular drug delivery. More recently, stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers have gained more attention based on their great potential to effectively treat and alleviate many ocular diseases. The attraction is based on their biocompatibility and biodegradability, unique secondary conformations, varying functionalities, and, especially, the stimuli-enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. This review introduces the design and fabrication of stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers, including those that are responsive to endogenous stimuli, viz., pH, reduction, reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate, and enzymes or exogenous stimuli such as light, magnetic field or temperature, which are biologically related or applicable in clinical settings. Furthermore, the paper discusses the applications and prospects of these stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers that are capable of overcoming the biological barriers of ocular disease alleviation and/or treatment for in vivo administration. There remains a great need to accelerate the development of stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers for clinical transition and applications in the treatment of ocular diseases and possible extrapolation to other topical applications such as ungual or otic drug delivery.

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Banshchikov, P. A., O. V. Kolenko, V. V. Egorov, and G. P. Smoliakova. "Complex surgical reconstruction of the ocular surface, eyelids, lacrimal ducts and orbit after severe combined injury (clinical case)." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-2-204-210.

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The article presents clinical case of severe combined injury ocular surface, ocular adnexa, lacrimal duct, orbital walls. The article describes a staged complex surgical rehabilitation, performed in the Khabarovsk branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution: of orbital walls with “Ekoflon” material (Russia), of lacrimal duct by Taumi method, of medial palpebral ligament, of upper eyelid coloboma with free skin graft; locomotory stump and ocular cosmetic prosthesis after evisceration. In the long-term period (14 months), restoration of the eyelids anatomy, the measures of the palpebral fissure, the mobility of the upper eyelid, positive function of lacrimation, normal positioning and good eye prosthesis movement was noted. Keywords: combined ocular injury, reconstructive and cosmetic eyelid surgery, lacrimal duct reconstruction; periorbital reconstruction; eye prosthesis.

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Akhter, Md Habban, Irfan Ahmad, Mohammad Y. Alshahrani, Alhanouf I. Al-Harbi, Habibullah Khalilullah, Obaid Afzal, Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi, Shehla Nasar Mir Najib Ullah, Abhijeet Ojha, and Shahid Karim. "Drug Delivery Challenges and Current Progress in Nanocarrier-Based Ocular Therapeutic System." Gels 8, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8020082.

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Drug instillation via a topical route is preferred since it is desirable and convenient due to the noninvasive and easy drug access to different segments of the eye for the treatment of ocular ailments. The low dose, rapid onset of action, low or no toxicity to the local tissues, and constrained systemic outreach are more prevalent in this route. The majority of ophthalmic preparations in the market are available as conventional eye drops, which rendered <5% of a drug instilled in the eye. The poor drug availability in ocular tissue may be attributed to the physiological barriers associated with the cornea, conjunctiva, lachrymal drainage, tear turnover, blood–retinal barrier, enzymatic drug degradation, and reflex action, thus impeding deeper drug penetration in the ocular cavity, including the posterior segment. The static barriers in the eye are composed of the sclera, cornea, retina, and blood–retinal barrier, whereas the dynamic barriers, referred to as the conjunctival and choroidal blood flow, tear dilution, and lymphatic clearance, critically impact the bioavailability of drugs. To circumvent such barriers, the rational design of the ocular therapeutic system indeed required enriching the drug holding time and the deeper permeation of the drug, which overall improve the bioavailability of the drug in the ocular tissue. This review provides a brief insight into the structural components of the eye as well as the therapeutic challenges and current developments in the arena of the ocular therapeutic system, based on novel drug delivery systems such as nanomicelles, nanoparticles (NPs), nanosuspensions, liposomes, in situ gel, dendrimers, contact lenses, implants, and microneedles. These nanotechnology platforms generously evolved to overwhelm the troubles associated with the physiological barriers in the ocular route. The controlled-drug-formulation-based strategic approach has considerable potential to enrich drug concentration in a specific area of the eye.

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Zhang, Xiaodan, Danyi Wei, Yang Xu, and Qiang Zhu. "Hyaluronic acid in ocular drug delivery." Carbohydrate Polymers 264 (July 2021): 118006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118006.

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Lebed, E. A. "Сlinical case: post ocular (?) complications in the ocular fundus in the form of a congested optic disc in both eyes." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 6 (November 9, 2022): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-6-114-118.

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Since December 2019, an epidemic of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 has been identified in the world. This disease is characterized by a severe course, high mortality, airborne transmission, high contagiousness. During the treatment of the disease and complications after the infection, distant complications in the organs and systems began to appear. Based on experience, the route of transmission of the virus has been proven, as well as the pathogenesis of the disease, long-term complications, in particular in ophthalmology, has been identified. When infected with SARS-CoV-2, there is a violation of blood rheology – an increase in blood coagulation (hypercoagulation), which leads to the formation of blood clots and occlusion in the vascular bed and disruption of the microvasculature. Keywords: COVID-19, optic disc congestion, partial optic disc atrophy

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Mittal, Neeraj, and Gurpreet Kaur. "Investigations on Polymeric Nanoparticles for Ocular Delivery." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1316249.

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In the present investigation, an attempt was made to formulate timolol maleate (TML) loaded polymeric nanoparticles of flax seed gum (FX) and chitosan (CH) for ocular delivery using ionic gelation method. The process of nanoparticle preparation was optimized using 2-factor, 3-level central composite experimental design. The optimal concentration of FX and CH that yielded nanoparticles with minimum particle size (267.06 ± 8.65 nm) and maximum encapsulation efficiency (74.96 ± 4.78%) was found to be 0.10% w/v and 0.08% w/v, respectively. The formulated nanoparticles revealed considerable bioadhesive strength and exhibited sustained release of drug in in vitro diffusion studies. The ex vivo transcorneal penetration study revealed higher corneal penetration of TML compared to marketed eye drops. The confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) studies also confirmed the ability of nanoparticles to penetrate into deeper layers of cornea. The histopathological studies revealed corneal biocompatibility of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were found to reduce the intra ocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits for prolonged period when compared to conventional eye drops. The results of the present study suggested a promising role of polymeric nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery in treatment of glaucoma.

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Aslam, Mohammed, Syed Sarim Imam, Mohammed Aqil, Yasmin Sultana, and Asgar Ali. "Levofloxacin loaded gelrite-cellulose polymer based sustained ocular drug delivery: formulation, optimization and biological study." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 8 (October 1, 2016): 761–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0218.

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Abstract In the present work, levofloxacin in situ gel formulation was developed using gelrite as a gelling agent in combination with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. The developed formulations were evaluated for physicochemical parameters, in vitro release, ex vivo transcorneal study, sterility testing, antimicrobial efficacy, ocular irritation study, histopathological and stability evaluation. The in vitro drug release study showed the extended drug release up to 12 h, and the best fit kinetic model was found to be Peppas model (R2=0.9654), suggesting a Fickian diffusion process. The developed formulations showed optimized physicochemical results for all parameters. The optimized formulation showed therapeutically efficacious antimicrobial activity. Hens egg test-chorioallantoin membrane assay (HET-CAM) showed a mean score of 0.33 up to 24 h, which indicated the non-irritant property of the developed formulation. This non-irritant and stable in situ gel formulation of levofloxacin was found to be promising and safe for use as ocular delivery. The degradation rate constant and shelf life of developed optimized formulation (F14) were found to be low (1.213×10-4 at 25°C) and 2.14 years, respectively. This renders them favorable for ocular use as they would gel once in contact with the tear fluid, thus reducing nasolacrimal drainage, but would thin upon shearing, preventing ocular irritation and therefore induced lacrimation.

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Bodoki, Andreea E., Bogdan-C. Iacob, Elena Dinte, Oliviu Vostinaru, Ovidiu Samoila, and Ede Bodoki. "Perspectives of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Ocular Therapy." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 23, 2021): 3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213649.

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Although the human eye is an easily accessible sensory organ, it remains a challenge for drug administration due to the presence of several anatomical and physiological barriers which limit the access of drugs to its internal structures. Molecular imprinting technology may be considered the avant-garde approach in advanced drug delivery applications and, in particular, in ocular therapy. In fact, molecularly imprinted polymers hold the promise to compensate for the current shortcomings of the available arsenal of drug delivery systems intended for ocular therapy. The present manuscript aims to review the recent advances, the current challenges and most importantly to raise awareness on the underexplored potential and future perspectives of molecularly imprinted polymer-based drug delivery systems intended for the treatment of eye diseases.

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Găină, Marcel-Alexandru, Andreea Moraru, Bogdan‑Victor Ştefănescu, Alexandra-Maria Găină, Andreea Silvana Szalontay, and Dănuţ Costin. "Immersive virtual reality in anxiety psychotherapy and ocular rehabilitation. A transdisciplinary approach." Psihiatru.ro 4, no. 71 (2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/psih.71.4.2022.7333.

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Rodina, E. S., I. V. Chebotar, M. V. Kravchik, A. V. Lyamin, E. I. Fetser, A. V. Zaitsev, and I. A. Novikov. "Creating a reference atlas of cultures for evaluation of microbiological status of ocular surface by scanning electron microscopy with lanthanide contrasting." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-3-241-247.

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Relevance. In modern ophthalmology, for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the ocular surface, a new technique is needed that allows significantly reducing the study time, increasing the informative value of visual data. Scanning electron microscopy can become such a method, provided that a determinant atlas is created with a set of reference cultures for preliminary identification of microorganisms detected on the ocular surface. Purpose. The purpose of our study is to create an atlas of microorganisms, samples of which were prepared by the method of lanthanide contrast for SEM. Material and methods. We used cultures of microorganisms of the following species Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus cereus, Burkholderia cepacia, Corinebacterium diphthereae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rothia mucilaginosa, Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcescens, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Mycobacterium abscessus. Samples of reference cultures of microorganisms were prepared by the method of lanthanide contrast for SEM. Further, the obtained images of microorganisms were used to compile illustrations of the atlas and analyze the features that are conservative for the defined groups. Results and discussions. 45 images were obtained with a standard resolution of 58.1 nm/px at 1024x768 px and 452 images with a standard resolution of 21 nm/px at 1024x768 px. Preliminary data of typing indicate that with the help of the proposed atlas-determinant, a satisfactory diagnosis up to the genus-level clusters is possible. Conclusion. The atlas with illustrations of reference cultures, the most common microorganisms on the ocular surface, will be the first step for the introduction of a new technique as an express diagnosis of infectious diseases of the eye. Keywords: scanning electron microscopy, lanthanide contrast, rapid diagnostic method, inflammatory diseases of the ocular surface.

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HT, Vidya Shree, Pasha S. M, and Rathi S. "Critical Insight into Primary Open Angle Glaucoma as Jara Vyadhi and its Ayurvedic Interventions: A Single Case Study." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 9, no. 3 (October 7, 2018): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v9i3.1116.

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Deterioration of vision in elderly people is a major health issue. Currently, the rates of eye disease such as cataract, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma are highest in older group. Primary open angle glaucoma is an Insidious and chronic vision - threatening eye aliment due to neuro- retino -optic nerve degeneration, which may be due to raised intra ocular pressure (IOP) or older age or due to independent factors. Classic treatment can delay progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy by lowering intra ocular pressure (IOP) medically or surgically, but it has its own limitations and interdisciplinary research will be necessary to advance understanding, diagnosis and treatment of this neurodegenerative disease. Main aim of this study is to evaluate the neuro-protective effect of Ayurvedic line of management in primary open angle glaucoma. A multidisciplinary approach from Ayurvedic line of medicine was employed for a diagnosed case of Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) for 2months. It showed marked improvement in symptoms. This clinical study concludes that Ayurvedic treatment protocol along with Anti glaucoma eye drops are more effective in reducing the intra ocular pressure and control the progression. Hence early diagnosis & proper management can prevent, arrest, OR delay the progression of Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).

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Hsu, Xuan-Ling, Lien-Chen Wu, Jui-Yang Hsieh, and Yi-You Huang. "Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Drug Delivery System for Potential Ocular Applications." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040642.

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Intravitreal injections are clinically established procedures in the treatment of posterior eye diseases, such as wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) which requires monthly intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) protein drugs that can lead to complications due to frequent dosing. In this study, we designed a composite drug delivery system (DDS) consisting of drug-loaded poly (lactide–co–glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles and a chemically crosslinked hyaluronan hydrogel to reduce the dosing frequency. The morphology, size, composition, and drug loading efficiency of the prepared nanoparticles were characterized. The properties of the modified hyaluronan polymers used were also examined. The degree of swelling/degradation and controlled release ability of the hyaluronan hydrogel and the composite DDS were identified using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug. The results show that this system can retain 75% of its wet weight without losing its integrity and release the model drug at the rate of 0.4 μg/day for more than two months under physiological conditions. In addition, the nanoparticulate formulation of the system can further improve bioavailability of the drugs by penetrating deep into the retinal layers. In conclusion, the proposed composite DDS is easily prepared with biocompatible materials and is promising for providing the sustained release of the protein drugs as a better treatment for ocular neovascular diseases like wet AMD.

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Binkhathlan, Ziyad, Abdullah H. Alomrani, Olsi Hoxha, Raisuddin Ali, Mohd Abul Kalam, and Aws Alshamsan. "Development and Characterization of PEGylated Fatty Acid-Block-Poly(ε-caprolactone) Novel Block Copolymers and Their Self-Assembled Nanostructures for Ocular Delivery of Cyclosporine A." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091635.

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Low aqueous solubility and membrane permeability of some drugs are considered major limitations for their use in clinical practice. Polymeric micelles are one of the potential nano-drug delivery systems that were found to ameliorate the low aqueous solubility of hydrophobic drugs. The main objective of this study was to develop and characterize a novel copolymer based on poly (ethylene glycol) stearate (Myrj™)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (Myrj-b-PCL) and evaluate its potential as a nanosystem for ocular delivery of cyclosporine A (CyA). Myrj-b-PCL copolymer with various PCL/Myrj ratios were synthesized via ring-opening bulk polymerization of ε-caprolactone using Myrj (Myrj S40 or Myrj S100), as initiators and stannous octoate as a catalyst. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using 1H NMR, GPC, FTIR, XRD, and DSC. The co-solvent evaporation method was used to prepare CyA-loaded Myrj-b-PCL micelles. The prepared micelles were characterized for their size, polydispersity, and CMC using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The results from the spectroscopic and thermal analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of the copolymers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the prepared micelles showed spherical shapes with diameters in the nano range (<200 nm). Ex vivo corneal permeation study showed sustained release of CyA from the developed Myrj S100-b-PCL micelles. In vivo ocular irritation study (Draize test) showed that CyA-loaded Myrj S100-b-PCL88 was well tolerated in the rabbit eye. Our results point to a great potential of Myrj S100-b-PCL as an ocular drug delivery system.

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Hosseinian, Hamed, Samira Hosseini, Sergio O. Martinez-Chapa, and Mazhar Sher. "A Meta-Analysis of Wearable Contact Lenses for Medical Applications: Role of Electrospun Fiber for Drug Delivery." Polymers 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010185.

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In recent years, wearable contact lenses for medical applications have attracted significant attention, as they enable continuous real-time recording of physiological information via active and noninvasive measurements. These devices play a vital role in continuous monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP), noninvasive glucose monitoring in diabetes patients, drug delivery for the treatment of ocular illnesses, and colorblindness treatment. In specific, this class of medical devices is rapidly advancing in the area of drug loading and ocular drug release through incorporation of electrospun fibers. The electrospun fiber matrices offer a high surface area, controlled morphology, wettability, biocompatibility, and tunable porosity, which are highly desirable for controlled drug release. This article provides an overview of the advances of contact lens devices in medical applications with a focus on four main applications of these soft wearable devices: (i) IOP measurement and monitoring, (ii) glucose detection, (iii) ocular drug delivery, and (iv) colorblindness treatment. For each category and application, significant challenges and shortcomings of the current devices are thoroughly discussed, and new areas of opportunity are suggested. We also emphasize the role of electrospun fibers, their fabrication methods along with their characteristics, and the integration of diverse fiber types within the structure of the wearable contact lenses for efficient drug loading, in addition to controlled and sustained drug release. This review article also presents relevant statistics on the evolution of medical contact lenses over the last two decades, their strengths, and the future avenues for making the essential transition from clinical trials to real-world applications.

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Vacalebre, Martina, Renato Frison, Carmelo Corsaro, Fortunato Neri, Sabrina Conoci, Elena Anastasi, Maria Cristina Curatolo, and Enza Fazio. "Advanced Optical Wavefront Technologies to Improve Patient Quality of Vision and Meet Clinical Requests." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 5321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235321.

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Adaptive optics (AO) is employed for the continuous measurement and correction of ocular aberrations. Human eye refractive errors (lower-order aberrations such as myopia and astigmatism) are corrected with contact lenses and excimer laser surgery. Under twilight vision conditions, when the pupil of the human eye dilates to 5–7 mm in diameter, higher-order aberrations affect the visual acuity. The combined use of wavefront (WF) technology and AO systems allows the pre-operative evaluation of refractive surgical procedures to compensate for the higher-order optical aberrations of the human eye, guiding the surgeon in choosing the procedure parameters. Here, we report a brief history of AO, starting from the description of the Shack–Hartmann method, which allowed the first in vivo measurement of the eye’s wave aberration, the wavefront sensing technologies (WSTs), and their principles. Then, the limitations of the ocular wavefront ascribed to the IOL polymeric materials and design, as well as future perspectives on improving patient vision quality and meeting clinical requests, are described.

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Qureshi, Junaid, Furqan Muhammad Iqbal, Farwa Hussain, Hira Ijaz, Muhammad Fakhruddin Aamir, and Mehreen Afzal. "Fabrication and evaluation of Olopatadine hydrochloride ocular inserts." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 36, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087920911423.

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Development of the novel delivery provides optimal drug delivery via facilitated transcorneal penetration and ultimately improved retention time in eye. The present study was to fabricate and evaluate the performance of ocular inserts of Olopatadine hydrochloride by consuming polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, gelatin, and chitosan at various concentrations with different plasticizers using solvent casting technique. Prepared formulations were evaluated for thickness, weight variations, drug content, surface pH, swelling studies, and in vitro drug release. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed that interaction occurred between polymer and drug, and successful drug entrapment occurred in the matrix. All formulations showed excellent film-forming capacity with good thickness and weight uniformity. Folding endurance proved that the inserts were soft, elastic, and flexible. Chitosan-based ocular inserts showed greater swelling index as compared to gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inserts. In vitro studies showed prolonged drug release and followed zero-order kinetic model and non-Fickian drug release.

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Lawrence, Premsudhakar. "Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Among Silicone Hydrogel Soft Contact Lens Wearers." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 15, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/15.2.4.

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Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses (SiH CL) provides better comfort when compared with hydrogel contact lenses. But the signs that show up in wearers with reduced comfort are unclear. Thus, we aimed to study the association between symptoms and clinical signs of dry eye in SiH CL wearers. Forty-eight SiH CL wearers (mean age: 28.8 ± 5.0 years) underwent ocular assessments with and without contact lens, and completed Contact Lens Dry Eye questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8). Contact-lens related dryness was reported by 52.1% (n=25) subjects. A significant (p<0.01) Spearman’s correlation was found between CLDEQ-8 score and pre-lens tear film non-invasive tear break-up time (r=-0.80), pre-ocular tear film non-invasive tear break-up time (r=-0.78), invasive tear break-up time (-0.87), and Schirmer test (r=-0.83). In conclusion, for comfortable SiH CL usage, a healthy tear film is essential, and a thorough clinical evaluation may be beneficial in alleviating discomfort.

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Svoboda, Kathy K. H., Haiyan Gong, and Vickery Trinkaus-Randall. "Collagen expression and orientation in ocular tissues." Progress in Polymer Science 23, no. 3 (January 1998): 329–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6700(97)00038-5.

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Zhang, Zhaoliang, Zhifen He, Renlong Liang, Yi Ma, Wenjuan Huang, Rou Jiang, Shuai Shi, Hao Chen, and Xingyi Li. "Fabrication of a Micellar Supramolecular Hydrogel for Ocular Drug Delivery." Biomacromolecules 17, no. 3 (February 12, 2016): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01526.

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Salmoria, Gean V., Francesca Sibilia, Izabelle M. Gindri, Carlos R. M. Roesler, Silvia Farè, and Maria C. Tanzi. "Ibuprofen-loaded PCL meshes manufactured using rapid tooling for ocular orbital repair." Polymer Testing 62 (September 2017): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.06.009.

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Akulo, Kassahun Alula, Terin Adali, Mthabisi Talent George Moyo, and Tulin Bodamyali. "Intravitreal Injectable Hydrogels for Sustained Drug Delivery in Glaucoma Treatment and Therapy." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 10, 2022): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122359.

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Glaucoma is extensively treated with topical eye drops containing drugs. However, the retention time of the loaded drugs and the in vivo bioavailability of the drugs are highly influenced before reaching the targeted area sufficiently, due to physiological and anatomical barriers of the eye, such as rapid nasolacrimal drainage. Poor intraocular penetration and frequent administration may also cause ocular cytotoxicity. A novel approach to overcome these drawbacks is the use of injectable hydrogels administered intravitreously for sustained drug delivery to the target site. These injectable hydrogels are used as nanocarriers to intimately interact with specific diseased ocular tissues to increase the therapeutic efficacy and drug bioavailability of the anti-glaucomic drugs. The human eye is very delicate, and is sensitive to contact with any foreign body material. However, natural biopolymers are non-reactive, biocompatible, biodegradable, and lack immunogenic and inflammatory responses to the host whenever they are incorporated in drug delivery systems. These favorable biomaterial properties have made them widely applicable in biomedical applications, with minimal adversity. This review highlights the importance of using natural biopolymer-based intravitreal hydrogel drug delivery systems for glaucoma treatment over conventional methods.

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Wani, Shahid Ud Din, Mubashir Hussain Masoodi, Surya Prakash Gautam, H. G. Shivakumar, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Prawez Alam, and Faiyaz Shakeel. "Promising Role of Silk-Based Biomaterials for Ocular-Based Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 5475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245475.

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Silk is a wonderful biopolymer that has a long history of medical applications. Surgical cords and medically authorised human analogues made of silk have a long history of use in management. We describe the use of silk in the treatment of eye diseases in this review by looking at the usage of silk fibroin for eye-related drug delivery applications and medication transfer to the eyes. During this ancient art endeavour, a reduced engineering project that employed silk as a platform for medicine delivery or a cell-filled matrix helped reignite interest. With considerable attention, this study explores the present usage of silk in ocular-based drug delivery. This paper also examines emerging developments with the use of silk as a biopolymer for the treatment of eye ailments. As treatment options for glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and other retinal diseases and degenerations are developed, the trans-scleral route of drug delivery holds great promise for the selective, sustained-release delivery of these novel therapeutic compounds. We should expect a swarm of silk-inspired materials to enter clinical testing and use on the surface as the secrets of silk are unveiled. This article finishes with a discussion on potential silk power, which adds to better ideas and enhanced ocular medicine delivery.

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Rentería, M. E., A. Del-real, P. Montemartini, and V. M. Castaño. "Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Zn-polycarboxylate Ocular Adhesive." International Journal of Polymeric Materials 49, no. 1 (March 2001): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914030108035868.

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Alhakamy, Nabil A., Khaled M. Hosny, Waleed Y. Rizg, Bayan A. Eshmawi, Moutaz Y. Badr, Awaji Y. Safhi, and Samar S. A. Murshid. "Development and Optimization of Hyaluronic Acid-Poloxamer In-Situ Gel Loaded with Voriconazole Cubosomes for Enhancement of Activity against Ocular Fungal Infection." Gels 8, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8040241.

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Fungal eye infections are largely disseminated, especially in developing countries where they may leave over half a million people blind per year. The current study aims to boost the voriconazole antifungal efficiency via loading it as cubosomes (VZ-Cub) into hyaluronic acid and poloxamer-based ocular in situ gel. VZ-Cub were fabricated applying Box-Behnken design and employing phytantriol, poloxamer F127, and VZ amounts as independent variables. The produced nano vesicles were evaluated for the dependent variables of particle size (PS), entrapment efficiency (EE%), and transcorneal steady-state flux (Jss) of the VZ, and, the obtained optimal VZ-Cub was loaded into an in situ gel base to enhance its ocular residence time. The in situ gel formulation was tested for its gelation temperature, drug release behavior, transcorneal permeation effects, and antifungal activity. The optimized VZ-Cub consisted of 100 mg of phytantriol, 60 mg of poloxamer F127, and 21 mg of VZ. This formulation led to a minimum PS of 71 nm, an EE% of 66%, Jss value of 6.5 µg/(cm2·min), and stability index of 94 ± 2%. The optimized VZ-Cub-loaded in situ gel released 84% VZ after 12 h and yielded a 4.5-fold increase in drug permeation compared with the VZ aqueous dispersion. The antifungal activity, which was obtained by measuring the fungal growth inhibition zones, revealed that the VZ-Cub-loaded in situ gel formulation had a 3.89-fold increase in antifungal activity compared with the VZ dispersion. In summary, an ocular in situ gel loaded with VZ-Cub could be an effective novel nano-paradigm with enhanced transcorneal permeation and antifungal properties.

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Aliyar, Hyder A., Paul D. Hamilton, and Nathan Ravi. "Refilling of Ocular Lens Capsule with Copolymeric Hydrogel Containing Reversible Disulfide." Biomacromolecules 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm049574c.

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Xu, Xiaoyue, Liping Sun, Li Zhou, Yanju Cheng, and Feng Cao. "Functional chitosan oligosaccharide nanomicelles for topical ocular drug delivery of dexamethasone." Carbohydrate Polymers 227 (January 2020): 115356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115356.

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Abbas, Muhammad Naseer, Saeed Ahmad Khan, Sajid Khan Sadozai, Islam A. Khalil, Asem Anter, Marwa El Fouly, Ahmed H. Osman, and Mohsin Kazi. "Nanoparticles Loaded Thermoresponsive In Situ Gel for Ocular Antibiotic Delivery against Bacterial Keratitis." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061135.

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Antibiotics delivered through conventional dosage against ophthalmic infections show lower therapeutic efficacy due to their low residence time. Therefore, there is a great need to design and develop novel dosage forms that would increase the ocular residence time of antibiotics at the site of infection. This study describes the development of nanoparticles laden in situ gelling solution, intended to sustain antibiotic release for improved therapeutic efficiency. Oxytetracycline-loaded gelatin-polyacrylic acid nanoparticles were prepared and incorporated in poloxamer-N407 solution. The rheological properties of the system were studied concerning time and temperature. Moreover, in vivo biocompatibility of the system was ascertained using the Draize test and histological studies. Finally, the optimized formulation was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against one of the most common keratitis causing bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, the in vivo efficacy was evaluated on the rabbit’s eye conjunctivitis model. The formulation showed a sustained effect against keratitis; furthermore, the antibacterial activity was comparable with the commercial product.

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Kulko, A. B. "Standardization problems of research methods in laboratory diagnosis of ocular fungal disease." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 4 (October 15, 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2021-4-13-17.

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Savranova, T. N., V. U. Rozukulov, and A. F. Yusupov. "Ocular manifestations in patients who underwent COVID-19 in the early stages after Phaco surgery with implantation of IOL." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2021-5-80-85.

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Purpose. To study the ocular manifestations in patients with pseudophakia who underwent COVID-19 during the rehabilitation period after surgery. Material and methods. 46 patients with Phaco with implantation of IOL who underwent COVID-19 in the period from 1 week to 2 months after surgery. Of the examined patients, there were 28 men (61%), 18 women (391%). The average age of the patients was 63±1,2 years. Results. In 78% of cases, vascular pathology of the anterior and posterior segments of the eyeball was observed in patients who underwent COVID-19 in the early postoperative period after Phaco with implantation of IOL. Conclusions. The main ocular symptoms from the anterior segment of the eyeball in patients in 17% of cases were the occurrence or intensification of previously existing manifestations of the «dry eye» syndrome, as well as inflammatory phenomena from the anterior part of the uveal tract. From the posterior segment of the eye, in 70% of cases, there was a progression of vascular disorders, as well as the appearance of complications associated with manifestations of hypercoagulation syndrome and systemic vasculopathy. Key words: Covid-19, cataract phacoemulsification, pseudophakia.

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Khangtragool, Anutra, Somsanguan Ausayakhun, Phuriwat Leesawat, Chutiporn Laokul, and Robert Molloy. "Chitosan as an ocular drug delivery vehicle for vancomycin." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 122, no. 5 (July 8, 2011): 3160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.34323.

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Amer, Maher, and Roland K. Chen. "Self‐Adhesive Microneedles with Interlocking Features for Sustained Ocular Drug Delivery." Macromolecular Bioscience 20, no. 6 (April 27, 2020): 2000089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.202000089.

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Plyaskina, U. S., V. V. Biryukov, M. A. Frolov, and I. V. Vorobyeva. "Eye complications after coronavirus." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 6 (November 9, 2022): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-6-156-160.

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Purpose. Identification of complications in patients in the post-reconvalescence period after suffering COVID-19 and proof of the relationship of these complications with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Material and methods. We recruited and studied patients in the amount of 68 people of different age categories, from 20 to 65 years old with confirmed COVID-19 cases. For the subjects, we performed basic ophthalmic examinations, as well as ultrasound, pupillography, Worth's test, four-point test, cover test, and determination of the Hirschberg angle of strabismus. Results. We identified patients with uveitis (36 %), heterotropia (13 %), of which 3 subjects were diagnosed with ptosis and anisocoria (4 %), thrombosis of the CVS branches (7 %), partial hemophthalmos (12 %). In the remaining cases (32 %), no ocular manifestations were found. Conclusions. The virus is really capable of infecting the organ of vision. After the studies, we consider the nervous tissue of the eye and its vessels to be the main targets of the coronavirus. Of greatest interest is the possibility of its neurotropicity, since some subjects suffer from deep innervation of the cranial nerves. This, in turn, gives us a platform for further study of the coronavirus, its capabilities and the impact of its nonnervous tissue of the visual analyzer. Keywords: coronavirus, ocular complications, uveitis, iridocyclitis, heterotropia, ptosis, anisocoria, CVD branch thrombosis, hemophthalmos

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Laradji, Amine, Bedia B. Karakocak, Alexander V. Kolesnikov, Vladimir J. Kefalov, and Nathan Ravi. "Hyaluronic Acid-Based Gold Nanoparticles for the Topical Delivery of Therapeutics to the Retina and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 3324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193324.

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The ocular immune privilege is a phenomenon brought about by anatomical and physiological barriers to shield the eye from immune and inflammation responses. While this phenomenon is beneficial for eyes protection, it is, at the same time, a hindrance for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye to treat retinal diseases. Some ocular barriers can be bypassed by intravitreal injections, but these are associated with several side effects and patient noncompliance, especially when frequent injections are required. As an alternative, applying drugs as an eye drop is preferred due to the safety and ease. This study investigated the possible use of topically-applied hyaluronic acid-coated gold nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles to the back of the eye. The coated gold nanoparticles were topically applied to mouse eyes, and results were compared to topically applied uncoated gold nanoparticles and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. Retina sections from these mice were then analyzed using fluorescence microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All characterization techniques used in this study suggest that hyaluronic acid-coated gold nanoparticles have higher distribution in the posterior segment of the eye than uncoated gold nanoparticles. Electroretinogram (ERG) analysis revealed that the visual function of mice receiving the coated gold nanoparticles was not affected, and these nanoparticles can, therefore, be applied safely. Together, our results suggest that hyaluronic acid-coated gold nanoparticles constitute potential drug delivery vehicles to the retina when applied noninvasively as an eye drop.

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Yang, Jian, Jing Yan, Zhihan Zhou, and Brian G. Amsden. "Dithiol-PEG-PDLLA Micelles: Preparation and Evaluation as Potential Topical Ocular Delivery Vehicle." Biomacromolecules 15, no. 4 (March 18, 2014): 1346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm4018879.

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Gilani, Sadaf Jamal, May Nasser bin Jumah, Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Syed Sarim Imam, Mohd Yasir, Mohammad Khalid, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M. Ghuneim, and Fatima M. Albohairy. "Formulation and Evaluation of Nano Lipid Carrier-Based Ocular Gel System: Optimization to Antibacterial Activity." Gels 8, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8050255.

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The present research work was designed to prepare Azithromycin (AM)-loaded nano lipid carriers (NLs) for ocular delivery. NLs were prepared by the emulsification–homogenization method and further optimized by the Box Behnken design. AM-NLs were optimized using the independent constraints of homogenization speed (A), surfactant concentration (B), and lipid concentration (C) to obtain optimal NLs (AM-NLop). The selected AM-NLop was further converted into a sol-gel system using a mucoadhesive polymer blend of sodium alginate and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (AM-NLopIG). The sol-gel system was further characterized for drug release, permeation, hydration, irritation, histopathology, and antibacterial activity. The prepared NLs showed nano-metric size particles (154.7 ± 7.3 to 352.2 ± 15.8 nm) with high encapsulation efficiency (48.8 ± 1.1 to 80.9 ± 2.9%). AM-NLopIG showed a more prolonged drug release (98.6 ± 4.6% in 24 h) than the eye drop (99.4 ± 5.3% in 3 h). The ex vivo permeation result depicted AM-NLopIG, AM-IG, and eye drop. AM-NLopIG exhibited significant higher AM permeation (60.7 ± 4.1%) than AM-IG (33.46 ± 3.04%) and eye drop (23.3 ± 3.7%). The corneal hydration was found to be 76.45%, which is within the standard limit. The histopathology and HET-CAM results revealed that the prepared formulation is safe for ocular use. The antibacterial study revealed enhanced activity from the AM-NLopIG.

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Ravi, Nathan, Hyder Ali Aliyar, and Paul D. Hamilton. "Hydrogel Nanocomposite as a Synthetic Intra-Ocular Lens Capable of Accommodation." Macromolecular Symposia 227, no. 1 (July 2005): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200550919.

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Badran, Mohamed M., Abdullah H. Alomrani, Aliyah Almomen, Yousef A. Bin Jardan, and Amal El Sayeh Abou El Ela. "Novel Metoprolol-Loaded Chitosan-Coated Deformable Liposomes in Thermosensitive In Situ Gels for the Management of Glaucoma: A Repurposing Approach." Gels 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8100635.

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Glaucoma is a long-term eye disease associated with high intraocular pressure (IOP), which seriously damages the eyes, causing blindness. For successful therapy, potent drugs and delivery systems are required. Metoprolol (MT) is believed to help reduce elevated IOP. The paradigm of ocular therapeutics may be changed by the integration of chitosan-coated liposomes (CLPs) with thermosensitive in situ gel (ISG). Therefore, MT-CLPs were developed and characterized and compared to uncoated ones (MT-LPs). Furthermore, MT-LP- and MT-CLP-loaded ISGs were prepared and characterized in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies. MT-LPs and MT-CLPs displayed spherical shapes with nanosize range, reasonable EE%, and significant bioadhesion. The zeta potential changed from negative to positive after CS coating. The extended in vitro drug release of MT-CLPs showed significant mucin mucoadhesion. The formed ISGs were homogeneous with a pH range of 7.34 to 7.08 and a rapid sol–gel transition at physiological temperature. MT-ISG1 (MT-LP) and MT-ISG2 (MT-CLPs-0.5) could increase ocular permeability by 2-fold and 4.4-fold compared to MT-ISG (pure MT). MT-ISG2 demonstrated significantly reduced IOP in rabbits without causing any irritation. In conclusion, MT-ISG2 markedly enhanced corneal permeability and reduced IOP. They would be promising carriers for MT for glaucoma management.

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Pilipenko, A. D., R. A. Burya, A. V. Romanova, and E. L. Sorokin. "Comparative analysis of incidence of dry eye syndrome after ReLEx SMILE and FemtoLASIK keratorefractive surgeries." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2021-5-192-196.

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The main factor in pathogenesis of postoperative dry eye syndrome (DES) is damage to subbasal nerve plexus and stromal nerve endings. Taking into account the different principles of photorefractive effect on cornea of FemtoLASIK and ReLEx SMILE technologies, we decided on our own clinical experience to evaluate incidence of this undesirable complication. Purpose. Comparative study of frequency and timing of relief of postoperative DES after FemtoLASIK and ReLEx SMILE in patients with myopia. Material and methods. The study involved 32 patients (64 eyes) with varying degrees of myopia. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1st group - 17 patients (34 eyes) after FemtoLASIK surgery, 2nd group - 15 people (30 eyes) after ReLEx SMILE procedure. Control group consist of 15 patients with comparable myopia who had not undergone refractive surgery was also observed. Patients underwent an assessment of the OSDI index, Norn and Schirmer tests, as well as degree of staining of anterior ocular surface 1, 6 and 12 months after refractive surgery. Results. There was statistically significant difference in total tear production, in tear breakup time (TBUT) and in the OSDI index between study groups 1 month after surgery in favor of ReLEx SMILE procedure. After 6 months, TBUT after FemtoLASIK significantly differed from control values. 12 months after surgery, studied parameters did not differ significantly from control. Conclusion. According to our datas, ReLEx SMILE procedure has lower negative effect on ocular surface compared to FemtoLASIK technique, which is manifested by less pronounced subjective symptoms of DES, as well as their faster relief. Key words: dry eye syndrome, ReLEx SMILE, FemtoLASIK.

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Shayanfar, Jamshid, Hassan Ghasemi, Seyed Saeed Esmaili, Fatemeh Alijaniha, and Ali Davati. "Eye and its health from the viewpoint of Traditional Iranian Medicine." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 10, no. 1 (April 2, 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v10i1.1181.

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Background: Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) pays special attention to the prevention of diseases rather than their treatment. The six considerations of maintaining health and prevention from diseases are also apply to the eye in TIM. Objective: This study aims to assess the relationship between essential lifestyle and eye health and preventive factors of ocular diseases in TIM. Methods: In this library-based study, primarily the standpoints of ancient Iranian physicians on the effect of lifestyle concerning the eye health were extracted from 4 sources including Al-Qanun fi at-Teb, Al-Havi fi at-Teb, AL-mujaz fi at-Teb and Akbari’s Teb about food and drinks, climatic conditions and environment, physical activities and rest, sleep and wakefulness, evacuation and retention, and psychological states; Then some of these factors were compared to new literature. Diseases of other organs effective on ocular health were also investigated. The findings were compared with modern medicine in medical literature such as PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Results: Some of the most effective factors on the eye health from the TIM point of view are foods and drinks, sleep, weather conditions, paying attention to evacuation and retention, psychological conditions, physical activities and rest and also stomach health. Conclusion: Correct lifestyle and improving the general health play important role in eye health. Lifestyle modification decrease the risk of developing near-sightedness, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataract. More clinical studies should be performed to collaborate the role of all components of the six principles of health maintenance on eye health.

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Gonzalez-Calle, Alejandra, Runze Li, Isaac Asante, Juan Carlos Martinez-Camarillo, Stan Louie, Qifa Zhou, and Mark S. Humayun. "Development of Moderate Intensity Focused Ultrasound (MIFU) for Ocular Drug Delivery." BME Frontiers 2022 (June 17, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9840678.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a method for delivering antiinflammatory agents of high molecular weight (e.g., Avastin) into the posterior segment that does not require injections into the eye (i.e., intravitreal injections; IVT). Diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye are currently treated with monthly to bimonthly intravitreal injections, which can predispose patients to severe albeit rare complications like endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, traumatic cataract, and/or increased intraocular. In this study, we show that one time moderate intensity focused ultrasound (MIFU) treatment can facilitate the penetration of large molecules across the scleral barrier, showing promising evidence that this is a viable method to deliver high molecular weight medications not invasively. To validate the efficacy of the drug delivery system, IVT injections of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were used to create an animal model of retinopathy. The creation of this model allowed us to test anti-VEGF medications and evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. In vivo testing showed that animals treated with our MIFU device improved on the retinal tortuosity and clinical dilation compared to the control group while evaluating fluorescein angiogram (FA) Images.

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Saraswathy, Krishnapriya, Gopal Agarwal, and Akshay Srivastava. "Hyaluronic acid microneedles‐laden collagen cryogel plugs for ocular drug delivery." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 137, no. 42 (April 7, 2020): 49285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.49285.

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Kacherovich, P. A., and N. N. Haritonova. "Pathogenetic substantiation of the inflammatory reaction of the ocular surface to the effects of irritants." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 6 (November 9, 2022): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-6-104-110.

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Given the widespread use of self-defense gas weapons in the modern world, articles covering the effects of irritants on the human body are increasingly found in medical periodicals. At the same time, it is worth noting that the vast majority of cases of exposure to gas weapons occur in people of working age. The described severe lesions are more often accompanied by damage to the respiratory organs and eyes. From the side of the eyes, these manifestations are accompanied by signs of blepharitis, conjunctivitis and pronounced corneal syndrome, even in the absence of epithelial defects. Given the atypical development of the clinical picture, the question of the pathogenesis of the development of signs of lesion becomes fundamental. This is important for understanding approaches to the therapy of this type of damage and the fastest possible recovery of performance. At the moment, ophthalmologists most often use symptomatic therapy, which does not always give a stable positive therapeutic effect. Keywords: self-defense gas weapon, irritants, pelargonic acid morpholide (PAM), orthochloro benzylidenmalonodinitrile (CS), eye damage, eye burn treatment

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Nguyen, Duc Dung, and Jui-Yang Lai. "Advancing the stimuli response of polymer-based drug delivery systems for ocular disease treatment." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 44 (2020): 6988–7008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00919a.

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Tatarnikova, E. B., and O. I. Krivosheina. "The use of a diode laser in the complex treatment of intermediate uveitis and dry eye syndrome." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-3-169-175.

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Purpose. To evaluate the clinical and functional effectiveness of complex treatment of intermediate uveitis complicated by dry eye syndrome based on laser coagulation of chorioretinal structures near the toothed line using a diode laser. Material and methods. Clinical studies were performed among 98 patients who made up 2 observation groups: the main (78 people) and comparison (20 people). All patients were surveyed using the OSDI questionnaire, visometry, biomicroscopy, binocular ophthalmoscopy with sclerocompression, Schirmer I test, Norn test. Patients of the main group, along with conservative treatment, underwent laser coagulation of the extreme periphery of the retina, in the comparison group – conservative treatment. The follow-up period was 6 months. Results and discussion. The use of diode laser coagulation of chorioretinal structures near the toothed line in the complex treatment of intermediate uveitis occurring with dry eye syndrome reduces the number of complaints according to the OSDI questionnaire, positively affects the condition of the ocular surface, contributes to an increase in the parameters of the Schirmer I test and the Norn test, and in 100% of cases provides stable relief of inflammation of chorioretinal structures on the extreme periphery of the fundus. Conclusion. An integrated approach to the treatment of intermediate uveitis occurring with dry eye syndrome, using contactless diode laser coagulation of chorioretinal structures near the dentate line, allows achieving a significant reduction in signs of irritation of the ocular surface, up to their complete disappearance, providing rapid and stable relief of inflammation at the extreme periphery of the fundus in comparison with traditional pharmacotherapy. Keywords: dry eye syndrome, intermediate uveitis, peripheral laser coagulation of the retina.

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Suwanprateeb, J., W. Suvannapruk, K. Wasoontararat, K. Leelapatranurak, N. Wanumkarng, and S. Sintuwong. "Preparation and comparative study of a new porous polyethylene ocular implant using powder printing technology." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 26, no. 3 (May 2011): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911511406336.

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Nasr, Farzaneh Hashemi, Sepideh Khoee, Mohammad Mehdi Dehghan, Sirous Sadeghian Chaleshtori, and Abbas Shafiee. "Preparation and Evaluation of Contact Lenses Embedded with Polycaprolactone-Based Nanoparticles for Ocular Drug Delivery." Biomacromolecules 17, no. 2 (January 11, 2016): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01387.

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Grimaudo, Maria Aurora, Sara Nicoli, Patrizia Santi, Angel Concheiro, and Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo. "Cyclosporine-loaded cross-linked inserts of sodium hyaluronan and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for ocular administration." Carbohydrate Polymers 201 (December 2018): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.073.

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Zhang, Ping, Xin Liu, Wenjing Hu, Yan Bai, and Liangke Zhang. "Preparation and evaluation of naringenin-loaded sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin/chitosan nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery." Carbohydrate Polymers 149 (September 2016): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.115.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ocular plastics'

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