Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ocular hypertension;glaucoma;risk factors

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Ocular hypertension;glaucoma;risk factors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ocular hypertension;glaucoma;risk factors"

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Georgopoulos, G., D. Andreanos, N. Liokis, D. Papakonstantinou, J. Vergados, and G. Theodossiadis. "Risk Factors in Ocular Hypertension." European Journal of Ophthalmology 7, no. 4 (October 1997): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067219700700409.

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The aim of the study was to determine whether certain factors are related to an increased risk of developing open-angle glaucoma. A total of 345 untreated glaucoma suspects with intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥ 21 mmHg, cup to disc ratio 0.4 or less and no visual field defects, were followed up for 6 to 8 years (mean 7.3). During the follow-up 71 patients developed established glaucoma and were compared to the remaining 274 patients. The following factors were analysed: age, family history of glaucoma, IOP, Humphrey 30-2 visual fields, optic disc appearance, myopia, exfoliation, arterial hypertension and diabetes. Analysis yielded statistically significant results regarding a number of these factors in the patients who subsequently developed open-angle glaucoma. A significant association with the subsequent development of field loss in ocular hypertension (OHT) included: heredity (p < 0.001), age ≥ 60 years (p = 0.013), axial myopia (0.001 < p < 0.01) and arterial hypertension (p = 0.05). About 20% of patients with ocular hypertension developed glaucoma over a period of seven years. Risk factors such as heredity, age, myopia and arterial hypertension, among others, must be considered in the follow-up of glaucoma suspects.
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Ponte, Francesco, Giuseppe GiuffrÉ, Raimondo Giammanco, and Gabriella Dardanoni. "Risk factors of ocular hypertension and glaucoma." Documenta Ophthalmologica 85, no. 3 (March 1994): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01664928.

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Choi, Jaewan, and Michael S. Kook. "Systemic and Ocular Hemodynamic Risk Factors in Glaucoma." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/141905.

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Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multifactorial disease characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death and visual field loss. It is known that alterations in intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure (BP), and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Impaired autoregulatory capacity of ocular blood vessels may render tissues vulnerable to OPP changes and potentially harmful tissue ischemia-reperfusion damage. Vascular risk factors should be considered more important in a subgroup of patients with POAG, and especially in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) with evidence of unphysiological BP response. For example, reduction of BP during the nighttime has an influence on OPP, and increased circadian OPP fluctuation, which might stand for unstable ocular blood flow, has been found to be the consistent risk factor for NTG development and progression. Central visual field may be affected more severely than peripheral visual field in NTG patients with higher 24-hour fluctuation of OPP. This review will discuss the current understanding of allegedly major systemic and ocular hemodynamic risk factors for glaucoma including systemic hypertension, arterial stiffness, antihypertensive medication, exaggerated nocturnal hypotension, OPP, and autonomic dysregulation.
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Grzybowski, Andrzej, Mariusz Och, Piotr Kanclerz, Christopher Leffler, and Carlos Gustavo De Moraes. "Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Vascular Risk Factors: A Review of Population Based Studies from 1990 to 2019." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030761.

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Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, and as the proportion of those over age 40 increases, so will the prevalence of glaucoma. The pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is unclear and multiple ocular risk factors have been proposed, including intraocular pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, ocular blood flow, myopia, central corneal thickness, and optic disc hemorrhages. The purpose of this review was to analyze the association between systemic vascular risk factors (including hypertension, diabetes, age, and migraine) and POAG, based on major epidemiological studies. Reports presenting the association between POAG and systemic vascular risk factors included a total of over 50,000 patients. Several epidemiological studies confirmed the importance of vascular risk factors, particularly hypertension and blood pressure dipping, in the pathogenesis and progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. We found that diabetes mellitus is associated with elevated intraocular pressure, but has no clear association with POAG. No significant correlation between migraine and POAG was found, however, the definition of migraine varied between studies.
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Medvedovskaya, Nataliia, and Zoriana Povch. "Risk Factors for Development of Glaucoma in the Practice of Family Doctor." Family Medicine, no. 5 (December 30, 2016): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30841/2307-5112.5.2016.248660.

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The objective: studying of risk factors of developing of glaucoma for formation of risk groups in daily practice of the family doctor, in particular timely identification of an ocular hypertension, the prevention of establishment for the first time of the diagnosis in her late stage became a research objective. Patients and methods. Outpatient and polyclinic offices of five healthcare institutions of the city of Kiev in which primary help by the principles of the general medical practice – family medicine is given became scientific base of a research. Forms of account № 12 «The report on the diseases registered at patients who live in the area of service of treatment and prevention facility» and questionnaires of a sociological research of risk factors of glaucoma (820 questionnaires) were primary material. Achievement of goals of a research demanded use of a complex of methods of a research, a basis for which was a system approach, namely: bibliosemantic, sociological (questionnaire), medico-statistical methods. Results. Оf a research it is proved that relevance of a problem of the prevention of a blindness and a low vision owing to glaucoma increases in Ukraine over the years. Modern risk factors of development of glaucoma which have the proved influence on formation of an ocular hypertension, and are studied later and glaucomas, knowledge of which will help physicians of primary contact with the patient to form actively risk groups on glaucoma that, in turn, allows to individualize at the same time preventively – improving, medical and diagnostic medical care in each case and to objectify assessment of its results in dynamics. Conclusion. Knowledge the doctor of the general practice the family doctor of modern risk factors of development of glaucoma is necessary for her effective prevention as it is proved that timely diagnosis of a disease (at an early stage) does possible correction of the existing risk factors of emergence and progressing of glaucoma that is very important in daily practice of the doctor of the general practice – the family doctor.
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Bourgeois, Hubert. "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RISK FACTORS FOR GLAUCOMA AND OCULAR HYPERTENSION." International Ophthalmology Clinics 29, SUPPLEMENT (1989): S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-198925000-00003.

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Markovic, Vujica, Djordje Kontic, Paraskeva Hentova-Sencanic, Marija Bozic, Ivan Marjanovic, Vera Krstic, and Dragana Kovacevic. "Contribution and significance of Heidelberg retinal tomography II in diagnostics of ocular hypertension and its conversion into primary open-angle glaucoma." Vojnosanitetski pregled 66, no. 4 (2009): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0904283m.

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Background/Aim. A term 'ocular hypertension' is used when IOP is found to be > 21 mmHg on two consecutive occasions, in the absence of detectable glaucomatous damage. The aim of this study was to determine the significance and contribution of Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II (HRT II) results that show very early, subtle changes in retinal neurofibre layers (RNFL) in the optic nerve head that are specific for glaucoma itself (the loss of neuroretinal rim area and an increase of Cup/Disc ratio), but are not possible to register by an ophthalmoscope. Also, when the results of the functional tests remain unchanged, that confirms the conversion of ocular hypertension into glaucoma. Methods. During a 5-year study period (2002-2007), 29 patients with ocular hypertension were examined. The frequency of control examinations, based on the presence of risk factors for glaucoma development, was 3-6 months. The examination also included IOP measurements with Goldmann Applanation Tonometry (GAT), central corneal thickness (CCT) determination by pachymetry, the examination of chamber angle using indirect gonioscopy, visual field tests by computerized perimetry and also papillae nervi optici (PNO) examination by using HRT II. The application of HRT II enables a great number of stereometric parameters of optic disc, the most important being the rim area and Cup/Disc (C/D) ratio, which was followed during the control examination by each segment, as well as PNO in global. Results. In the examination period, three cases of conversion of ocular hypertension into a primary open-angle glaucoma were found. In the group of patients with ocular hypertension, HRT II results after six months did not show a significant increase in C/D ratio. No significant loss of rim area or rim volume was found either. In three cases of conversion, HRT II results after 3 months showed an increase of C/D ratio and also a significant loss in rim volume at first examination (0.413) comparing to the last one. Conclusion. In diagnosing ocular hypertension and its conversion to glaucoma, HRT II is used for quantitative evaluation of retinal topography and for quantitative monitoring of topographical changes, especially regarding the increase of C/D ratio and loss of rim volume tissue, which enables to see and register subtle structural changes in optic nerve head and RNFL that are so characteristic for glaucoma, which cannot be seen by an ophthalmoscope. With these results, according to risk factors for glaucoma, one can confirm the diagnosis of ocular hypertension and its conversion to primary open-angle glaucoma. In this study HRT II revealed conversion of ocular hypertension into glaucoma in 10% of the patients.
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Jiang, Huaiyan, Yang Gao, Wenzhong Fu, and Hongxia Xu. "Risk Factors and Treatments of Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage." BioMed Research International 2022 (July 14, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6539917.

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Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) is a rare but serious sight-threatening complication of inner eye surgery. Despite continuous advances in treatment, visual prognosis remains poor. The disease has a more typical clinical presentation, the etiology and pathogenesis are not well defined, and intraoperative ocular and systemic factors may induce fulminant SCH. To investigate risk factors and treatments of SCH-associated intraocular surgeries, summarize diagnosis, characteristics, management, and prevention of SCH developed during and after intraocular surgeries. A retrospective study of SCH occurred in six cases of intraocular surgeries including cataract, glaucoma, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and silicone oil removal surgery. Assess baseline systemic and ocular characteristics of SCH eyes. Analyze the second surgery timing and technique, and visual outcomes were measured. SCH occurred in six patients including five eyes during surgeries and one eye after the surgery. Three eyes that underwent cataract surgery had hard nucleuses (nuclear sclerotic 4+). One eye was due to hypotony during the vitrectomy procedure. One eye developed SCH when silicone oil was extracted from the eyeball. One eye developed delayed SCH after glaucoma surgery. Incision closure and anterior chamber deepening were performed. B-scan ultrasonography was used to diagnose SCH, and determine the timing and location of sclerotomy for the second surgery. Vitrectomy and sclerotomy were performed in five eyes. The median follow-up time was six months. The final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.3 in one eye, one eye had light perception with retinal adherence, and four eyes had no light perception with retinal detachment. The results showed that risk factors including advanced age, hypertension, taking anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and cardiovascular drugs were systemic risk factors, and hard nucleus (nuclear sclerosis 4 +) cataract, long-term uncontrolled ocular hypertension glaucoma, vitrectomy, silicone oil removal, high myopia, aphakia, previous intraocular surgery, intraocular pressure during surgery, and others were ocular risk factors. The most important risk factor is a sudden drop in intraocular pressure during or after surgery. The outcome of visual acuity depends on retinal status. Because of the poor prognosis, the prevention of SCH is of utmost importance during intraocular surgery.
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Rossi, Gemma Caterina Maria, Gian Maria Pasinetti, Luigia Scudeller, Marta Raimondi, Sara Lanteri, and Paolo Emilio Bianchi. "Risk Factors to Develop Ocular Surface Disease in Treated Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension Patients." European Journal of Ophthalmology 23, no. 3 (December 17, 2012): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000220.

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Kosior-Jarecka, Ewa, Dominika Wróbel-Dudzińska, Urszula Łukasik, and Tomasz Żarnowski. "Ocular and Systemic Risk Factors of Different Morphologies of Scotoma in Patients with Normal-Tension Glaucoma." Journal of Ophthalmology 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1480746.

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The Aim. The aim of this study was to assess general and ocular profiles of patients with single-localisation changes in visual field. Material and Methods. The study group consisted of 215 Caucasian patients with normal-tension glaucoma with scotoma on single localisation or with preperimetric glaucoma. During regular follow-up visits, ophthalmic examination was carried out and medical history was recorded. The results of the visual field were allocated as paracentral scotomas, arcuate scotomas, peripheral defects, or hemispheric defects. Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistica 12, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Risk factors such as notch, disc hemorrhage, general hypertension, migraine, and diabetes were strongly associated with specific visual field defects. Paracentral defect was significantly more frequent for women (p=0.05) and patients with disc hemorrhage (p<0.001). Arcuate scotoma occurred frequently in patients without disc hemorrhage (p=0.046) or migraines (p=0.048) but was observed in coexistence with general hypertension (p<0.001). The hemispheric defect corresponded with notch (p=0.0036) and migraine (p=0.081). Initial IOP was highest in patients with arcuate scotoma and lowest in patients with preperimetric glaucoma (p=0.0120). Conclusions. The specific morphology of scotoma in patients with normal-tension glaucoma is connected with definite general and ocular risk factors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ocular hypertension;glaucoma;risk factors"

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Landers, John Arthur William. "Epidemiological study of risk factors associated with progression from ocular hypertension to primary open angle glaucoma." University of Sydney. Population Health and Health Sciences Research, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/798.

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Background: As a multifactorial disease glaucoma may be associated with pressure-dependent and -independent factors. Ocular hypertension (OHT) may develop into primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) for many patients. We compared groups with OHT and POAG for pressure-dependent and -independent risk factors. A high prevalence of any factor(s) could indicate a contribution to progression from OHT to POAG. Method: A sample of patients with POAG (n 438) and with OHT (n 301) were selected from those attending a tertiary referral private glaucoma practice, and data were collected regarding age and intraocular pressure at the time of diagnosis, gender, family history of glaucoma, systemic hypertension, diabetes, Raynaud's phenomenon, migraine and myopia. Results: After multivariate analysis, older age at time of diagnosis (P<0.001), myopia (odds ratio (O.R) 1.5, 95percent confidence interval (C.I)1.0-2.2; P 0.05), a family history of glaucoma (O.R 1.6, 95 percent C.I 1.1-2.3; P 0.01) and a high intraocular pressure (P 0.002) were associated with POAG. No other significant differences were found between the two groups. Conclusion: Patients who have OHT may be at higher risk of developing POAG if they also have myopia, a family history of glaucoma or are of older age.
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Landers, John. "An epidemiological study of risk factors associated with progression from ocular hypertension to primary open angle glaucoma." Connect to full text, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/798.

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Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Sydney, 2001.
Includes tables. Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 23, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health to the Dept. of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ocular hypertension;glaucoma;risk factors"

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Linnér, E., A. Linnér, and B. Rosander. "Some Risk Factors in Ocular Hypertension." In Glaucoma Update III, 67–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71785-7_10.

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Siesky, Brent, Alon Harris, Rita Ehrlich, Nisha Kheradiya, and Carlos Rospigliosi Lopez. "Glaucoma Risk Factors: Ocular Blood Flow." In The Glaucoma Book, 111–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76700-0_11.

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Biswas, Sayantan. "Progression from Ocular Hypertension into Glaucoma." In Ocular Hypertension - The Knowns and Unknowns [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98886.

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Ocular hypertension (OHT) is characterized by raised intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg without any visual field (functional) or optic nerve (structural) defect featuring glaucoma. Raised IOP is a major risk factor of glaucoma and a proportion of eyes with OHT progresses into primary open angle glaucoma. Glaucoma is a debilitating disease with potential for blindness if left untreated and associated reduction in the quality of life of the affected individual. It is challenging for the clinicians to decide whether an OHT will progress into glaucoma or not based on the risk factor model of the Ocular hypertension treatment study. Moreover, the question whether only IOP or a myriad of factors like central corneal thickness, baseline IOP, visual field, family history of glaucoma, ocular biomechanics are all important in determining the progression is yet to be answered. The rate of progression is also important and needs analysis for further discussion. Summarizing the landmark studies on ocular hypertension and glaucoma to date are imperative in this regard. This chapter presents the overview of OHT and its possible etiology and pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical tests evaluating OHT eyes and elaborates on the progression of OHT to glaucoma over time in relation to the treatment.
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Salim, Sarwat. "Evidence-Based Guidelines in Management of Glaucoma." In Glaucoma. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199757084.003.0014.

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Early detection and treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are important to reduce the burden of blindness and its economic impact on society. This chapter will address the evidence-based guidelines for treating POAG. POAG is defined as an optic neuropathy with associated visual field loss for which elevated IOP is a major risk factor. To date, most of our treatment strategies are directed at reducing IOP, either with medical therapy, laser surgery, or incisional surgery, with medical therapy being the most common initial course of treatment. Three important questions often confront a glaucoma specialist when initiating therapy: Who needs to be treated?, how should a patient be treated, and to what extent? The Ocular Hypertension Study (OHTS) has provided insightful information to guide us in treatment of ocular hypertensives who may present with some risk factors and clinical findings but not others. OHTS demonstrated that reducing IOP by 20% with medical therapy in patients with ocular hypertension reduced the risk of developing glaucoma to 4.4% in the treated group versus 9.5% in the observation group at 5–year follow-up. •This clinical trial not only established the efficacy of lowering IOP with medical therapy but also identified the risk factors for developing glaucoma in these patients. •Older age, higher IOP, larger cup-disc diameter, higher pattern standard deviation, and thin central corneal thickness were determined to be significant risk factors by multivariate analysis. •Although family history and race were not found to be independent risk factors in OHTS, their association with glaucoma has been well established with other large population-based studies, such as the Baltimore Eye Survey. • Of note, a majority of untreated patients (nearly 90%) in the first phase of OHTS did not show any evidence of progression, a finding that emphasized the need to individualize therapy based on assessing risk factors and clinical findings in a given patient.
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Sood-Mendiratta, Shalini. "Medical Management for Glaucoma." In Glaucoma. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199757084.003.0015.

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When evaluating patients for glaucoma or ocular hypertension, the question remains whether or not the patient should be treated, and when treatment should be initiated. Treatment decisions are usually guided by risk factor assessment, and these include race, age, family history, medical history, IOP, central corneal thickness, and clinical examination, including optic nerve appearance and ancillary diagnostic testing. The information is compiled in each individual to determine the risk of significant visual loss in the patient’s lifetime. Numerous studies have demonstrated that lowering IOP slows progression of this disease. Most common current medical therapies are therefore ocular hypotensive medications. The armamentarium of medications has expanded over the past two decades in terms of number and classes. Future potential therapies may include those that provide neuroprotection, but the main focus of this chapter will be on medications most frequently used to treat glaucoma. The goal of therapy is to slow progression of disease with the fewest side effects and medications and the lowest doses and cost of therapy. Consideration of these issues maximizes compliance and effectiveness of therapy in long-term disease control. An effective medication lowers the IOP 20% to 30% from baseline. Figure 10.1 lists the most common classes of medications with mechanism of action and common side effects; sample bottles of medications are also shown. We will discuss each class of medications and offer clinical pearls. • Direct-acting: pilocarpine HCl, pilocarpine gel •Indirect-acting: echothiophate iodide, eserine sulfate ointment, demecarium bromide, isofluorophate •Affect the parasympathetic or cholinergic system through direct- or indirect-acting Agents •In addition to effects on ciliary muscle, parasympathomimetics stimulate muscarinic receptors of the iris sphincter to cause miosis. This may improve outflow facility in eyes with angle-closure glaucomas by relieving pupillary block or by changing the anatomy of the peripheral iris in the angle. •Miosis may cause dimness of vision, contraction of visual fields, and pinhole effect. •Patients may develop brow ache due to ciliary muscle spasm.
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Moura Filho, Edney R., and Arthur J. Sit. "Intraoperative Hyphema." In Complications of Glaucoma Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382365.003.0017.

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Hemorrhage is a common complication in trabeculectomy. Hyphema can be a manifestation of an intraoperative hemorrhage and has numerous potential causes. Although generally self-limited, severe complications are possible due to intraoperative hyphemas, and effort should be made to prevent or minimize their occurrence. Large clinical trials suggest that intraoperative hyphema is a common complication of filtration surgery. In the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS), the investigators found a 13% prevalence of intraoperative anterior chamber bleeding in eyes treated with trabeculectomy (67 of 513 eyes). Similarly, the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS) found a hyphema prevalence of 8% in eyes (37 of 465 eyes) treated surgically. More recently, the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study reported an intraoperative hyphema rate of 3% (3 of 105 eyes) in the trabeculectomy arm of the trial. Ocular risk factors for an intraoperative hyphema include elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a sudden drop in IOP as a result of filtration surgery, and surgical trauma, particularly an iridectomy. Additionally, the fragile rubeotic iris vessels that may be present in neovascular and inflammatory glaucomas may make those eyes especially susceptible to intraoperative (or postoperative) hyphema. Moreover, patients undergoing glaucoma surgery are often older and have multiple risk factors for intraoperative hemorrhage, including systemic hypertension and vasculopathy, as well as chronic oral anticoagulation therapy (ACT) or antiplatelet therapy (APT). Anterior chamber bleeding leading to a hyphema can occur at multiple stages of filtration surgery. Intraoperative bleeding tends to happen most commonly when cutting the iridectomy, due to direct incision of the major arterial circle of the iris or from damage to the adjacent highly vascular ciliary processes. Hemorrhage also may occur while excising the sclerostomy or following the creation of the paracentesis (especially if there is a large drop in IOP with consequent rupture of fragile rubeotic vessels). During dissection of the partial thickness scleral flap, aqueous or episcleral veins may be cut. If hemorrhage from these vessels is not adequately cauterized, blood may eventually flow into the anterior chamber.
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"Risk factors for glaucoma." In Ocular Blood Flow and Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy, 35–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69443-4_4.

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Laroche, Daniel, and Kara Rickford. "Ocular Hypertension in Blacks." In Ocular Hypertension [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96606.

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Ocular hypertension occurs when intraocular pressure (IOP) is greater than the normal range with no evidence of vision loss or damage to the optic nerve. Individuals with ocular hypertension have an increased risk for glaucoma. The mean normal IOP is 15 mmHg and the mean IOP of untreated glaucoma is 18 mmHg. Elevated IOP commonly occurs in patients over the age of 50 and is often due to enlargement of the lens, narrowing of the angle, iridolenticular apposition, and pigment liberation that obstructs the trabecular meshwork. Cataract surgery and lensectomy can lower IOP and reduce the risk of glaucoma. The global wealth inequality of Blacks has created health inequities that have led to decreased access to surgical care contributing to higher rates of blindness from glaucoma. Greater education on the benefits of early cataract surgery and trabecular bypass for higher risk patients, as well as addressing wealth and health inequities, can help to bend the curve of blindness from glaucoma.
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Penman, Alan D., Kimberly W. Crowder, and William M. Watkins. "Risk Factors for Branch and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion." In 50 Studies Every Ophthalmologist Should Know, 115–20. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190050726.003.0020.

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The Eye Disease Case-Control Study was a clinic-based, case-control study that investigated risk factors for 5 retinal diseases—branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), idiopathic macular hole, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment—using a similar protocol and the same large pool of controls. An increased risk of BRVO was found in persons with a history of systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease, increased body mass index at 20 years of age, a history of glaucoma, and higher serum levels of alpha 2 globulin. An increased risk of CRVO was found in persons with systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and open-angle glaucoma. The authors recommended that patients with BRVO and CRVO should be evaluated for risk factors for cardiovascular disease (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes), as well as for open-angle glaucoma.
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Penman, Alan D., Kimberly W. Crowder, and William M. Watkins. "Topical Ocular Hypotensive Medication to Delay or Prevent the Onset of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma." In 50 Studies Every Ophthalmologist Should Know, 85–90. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190050726.003.0015.

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The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) was a randomized, open, placebo-controlled, clinical trial to determine whether reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with ocular hypertension (OHTN) reduced the risk of developing primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The study found that topical ocular hypotensive medication was effective in delaying or preventing the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in eyes with OHTN. However, the authors recommended stratifying risk in patients with OHTN using variables such as baseline age, vertical and horizontal cup-to-disc ratio, visual field pattern standard deviation, IOP, and, especially, central corneal thickness.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ocular hypertension;glaucoma;risk factors"

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Trick, Gary L., Dorothy G. Cooper, Mae O. Gordon, Allan E. Kolker, and Michael A. Kass. "Abnormal Pattern-Reversal Electroretinograms (PERGS) Associated with Ocular Hypertension (OHT): Relationship to Known Risk Factors for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1987.mc2.

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The pattern-reversal electroretinogram (PERG) is a bio­electrical signal which can be recorded from the cornea of the human eye when a contrast-reversing (i.e. phase-alternating) pattern is viewed. Although the retinal generators of this biopotential have not been precisely localized (1,2) considerable evidence suggests that the PERG is correlated with neural activity occurring in the proximal retina (3-5). PERG abnormalities often are associated with visual disorders that affect the proximal retina and optic nerve (6,7).
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Feng, Yali, Zhe Cui, and Wenshuang Xu. "Correlation Between Genetic Factors and the Incidence of Ocular Hypertension Glaucoma / Normal Tension Glaucoma." In International Conference on Electronics, Mechanics, Culture and Medicine. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcm-15.2016.104.

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Heron, Gordon, Anthony J. Adams, and Roger Husted. "Central and Peripheral Measures of Blue-Sensitive Pathways in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1986.wc1.

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It is well established that an acquired blue-dyschromatopsia is often present in glaucoma.1 In addition, foveal spectral sensitivity measures in glaucoma have shown that the chromatic pathways are affected (the short wavelength region being particularly depressed).2-5 Combined, these results suggest that the blue sensitive pathways are primarily at risk in glaucoma. A large body of data from color testing, in addition to measures of flicker sensitivity, provides us with considerable evidence that foveal function is abnormal in glaucoma, even when acuity is not affected.6-14 Even greater emphasis has been placed on foveal function in glaucoma since the startling report by Quigley, et al., that as many as half of the optic nerve fibers are destroyed before any abnormality in the visual field is detected.15
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Sample, Pamela A., James N. Cook, and Robert N. Weinreb. "Variability and Sensitivity of Short-Wavelength Color Visual Fields in Normal and Glaucoma Eyes." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1993.nmc.1.

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Abstract:
It has been shown that color visual fields 1) differentiate between normal and glaucomatous eyes; 1-4 2) show deficits in many suspect eyes when standard fields remain normal; 3 3) indicate more extensive damage across the retina than evidenced by standard visual fields; 4) show progressive loss sooner than standard fields in many eyes with primary open angle glaucoma;5 and 5) can identify early functional loss in suspect eyes at greatest risk for glaucoma. 6 These results suggest that color visual field testing may be a useful clinical test for assessing functional damage in ocular hypertension and primary open angle glaucoma. However, its clinical utility depends in large part on its ability to reliably detect glaucoma in a patient population.
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