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Journal articles on the topic 'Octane Sensitivity'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Cicci, Francesco, and Giuseppe Cantore. "Preliminary study on the influence of Octane Sensitivity on knock statistics in a GDI engine." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 07020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207020.

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In the 3D-CFD practice, actual gasoline fuels are usually replaced by surrogate blends composed of Iso-Octane, n-Heptane and Toluene (Toluene Reference Fuels, TRFs). In this work, the impact of surrogate formulation on the probability of end-gas auto-ignition is investigated in a single cylinder engine. CFD simulations are run on equal charge stratification to discern the effect of fuel reactivity from that of evaporation and mixing. Blends are formulated using an internal methodology, coupled with a proprietary method to predict knock statistical occurrence within a RANS framework. Chemical kinetics calculations of Ignition delay times are performed in a 0D constant pressure reactor using a mechanism for gasoline surrogates, proposed by the Clean Combustion Research Center of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), consisting of 2406 species and 9633 reactions. Surrogates mimic a commercial European gasoline (ULG95). Five different formulations are presented. Three are characterised by equal RON (95) with progressively decreasing Octane Sensitivity S. The fourth and the fifth have a sensitivity of 10 but with lower RON (92.5 and 90). The combinations allow the reader to separate the effects of octane sensitivity from those of RON quality of the tested fuels. Applying the different surrogates, changes in each of autoignition phasing, magnitude and statistical probability are investigated. Results confirm the dependency of knock occurrence on the Octane Sensitivity, as well as the need to include engine-specific and operation-specific characteristics in the analysis of knock. The Octane Index (OI) formulation developed by Kalghatgi is discussed.

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2

Singh, Eshan, Jihad Badra, Marco Mehl, and S. Mani Sarathy. "Chemical Kinetic Insights into the Octane Number and Octane Sensitivity of Gasoline Surrogate Mixtures." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 2 (February 2017): 1945–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02659.

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3

Hirshfeld, David S., Jeffrey A. Kolb, James E. Anderson, Asim Iqbal, Michael E. Moore, William M. Studzinski, and Ian Sutherland. "Refining Economics of Higher Octane Sensitivity, Research Octane Number and Ethanol Content for U.S. Gasoline." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 18 (September 1, 2021): 14816–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00247.

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4

Luecke, Jon, and Bradley T. Zigler. "Rapid prediction of fuel research octane number and octane sensitivity using the AFIDA constant-volume combustion chamber." Fuel 301 (October 2021): 120969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120969.

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5

Singh, Eshan, and S. Mani Sarathy. "The Role of Intermediate-Temperature Heat Release in Octane Sensitivity of Fuels with Matching Research Octane Number." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 5 (February 16, 2021): 4457–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03883.

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6

Lacey, Joshua, Karthik Kameshwaran, Sakthish Sathasivam, Zoran Filipi, William Cannella, and Peter A. Fuentes-Afflick. "Effects of refinery stream gasoline property variation on the auto-ignition quality of a fuel and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416647646.

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The combination of in-cylinder thermal environment and fuel ignition properties plays a critical role in the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine combustion process. The properties of fuels available in the automotive market vary considerably and display different auto-ignition behaviors for the same intake charge conditions. Thus, in order for homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) technology to become practically viable, it is necessary to characterize the impact of differences in fuel properties as a source of ignition/combustion variability. To quantify the differences, 15 gasolines composed of blends made from refinery streams were investigated in a single-cylinder homogeneous charge compression ignition engine. The properties of the refinery stream blends were varied according to research octane number, sensitivity (S = research octane number − motor octane number) and volumetric contents of aromatics and olefins. Nine fuels contained 10% ethanol by volume, and six more were blended with 20% ethanol. Pure ethanol (E100) and an un-oxygenated baseline fuel (RD3-87) were included too. For each fuel, a sweep of intake temperature at a consistent load and engine speed was conducted, and the combustion phasing given by the crank angle of 50% mass fraction burned was tracked to assess the sensitivity of auto-ignition to fuel chemical kinetics. The experimental results provided a wealth of information for predicting the HCCI combustion phasing from the given properties of a fuel. In this study, the original octane index correlation proposed by Kalghatgi based solely on fuel research octane number and motor octane number was found to be insufficient for characterizing homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion of refinery stream fuels. A new correlation was developed for estimation of auto-ignition properties of practical fuels in the typical HCCI engine. Fuel composition, captured by terms indicating the fraction of aromatics, olefins, saturates and ethanol, was added to generate the following formula: [Formula: see text]. The results indicate a significantly improved estimation of combustion phasing for gasoline fuels of varying chemical composition under low-temperature combustion conditions. Quantitative findings of this investigation and the new octane index correlation can be used for designing robust HCCI control strategies, capable of handling the wide spectrum of fuel chemical compositions found in pump gasoline.

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7

Sluder, C. Scott, James P. Szybist, Robert L. McCormick, Matthew A. Ratcliff, and Bradley T. Zigler. "Exploring the Relationship Between Octane Sensitivity and Heat-of-Vaporization." SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 9, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0836.

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8

Mehl, Marco, Tiziano Faravelli, Fulvio Giavazzi, Eliseo Ranzi, Pietro Scorletti, Andrea Tardani, and Daniele Terna. "Detailed Chemistry Promotes Understanding of Octane Numbers and Gasoline Sensitivity." Energy & Fuels 20, no. 6 (November 2006): 2391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef060339s.

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9

Westbrook, Charles K., Marco Mehl, William J. Pitz, and Magnus Sjöberg. "Chemical kinetics of octane sensitivity in a spark-ignition engine." Combustion and Flame 175 (January 2017): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.05.022.

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10

Fan, Yunchu, Yaozong Duan, Dong Han, Xinqi Qiao, and Zhen Huang. "Influences of isomeric butanol addition on anti-knock tendency of primary reference fuel and toluene primary reference fuel gasoline surrogates." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419850704.

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The anti-knock tendency of blends of butanol isomers and two gasoline surrogates (primary reference fuels and toluene primary reference fuels) was studied on a single-cylinder cooperative fuel research engine. The effects of butanol molecular structure (n-butanol, i-butanol, s-butanol and t-butanol) and butanol addition percentage on fuel research octane numbers were investigated. The experimental results revealed that butanol addition to either PRF80 or TPRF80 increased research octane numbers, and the research octane numbers of fuel blends showed higher linearity with the molar percentage than with the volumetric percentage of butanol addition. Furthermore, the research octane number boosting effects of butanol isomers were observed to change with the fuel compositions, that is, i-butanol >s-butanol >n-butanol >t-butanol for primary reference fuels and i-butanol >s-butanol >t-butanol >n-butanol for toluene primary reference fuels. In addition, butanol/primary reference fuel blends exhibited higher research octane numbers than butanol/toluene primary reference fuel blends. We thereafter tried to elucidate the underlying fuel combustion kinetics for the observed anti-knock quality of different butanol/gasoline surrogate blends. It was found that the measured research octane numbers of fuel blends showed the best correlation with the calculated ignition delay times at the thermodynamic condition of 770 K and 2 MPa, and the reaction sensitivity analysis in auto-ignition at this condition revealed that the H-abstraction reactions of butanol isomers by OH radical suppressed fuel reactivity, thus elevating the fuel research octane numbers when butanol was added to the gasoline surrogates. Compared with the butanol/primary reference fuel blends, the positive sensitive reactions related to n-heptane were of higher importance, while the inhibitive effects of sensitive reactions related to butanol and iso-octane decreased for the toluene primary reference fuel/butanol blends, thus leading to lower research octane numbers of the toluene primary reference fuel/butanol blends than those of the butanol/primary reference fuel blends.

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11

Naser, Nimal, S. Mani Sarathy, and Suk Ho Chung. "Ignition delay time sensitivity in ignition quality tester (IQT) and its relation to octane sensitivity." Fuel 233 (December 2018): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.131.

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12

vom Lehn, Florian, Benedict Brosius, Rafal Broda, Liming Cai, and Heinz Pitsch. "Using machine learning with target-specific feature sets for structure-property relationship modeling of octane numbers and octane sensitivity." Fuel 281 (December 2020): 118772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118772.

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13

Cracknell, R. F., J. C. G. Andrae, L. J. McAllister, M. Norton, and H. L. Walmsley. "The chemical origin of octane sensitivity in gasoline fuels containing nitroalkanes." Combustion and Flame 156, no. 5 (May 2009): 1046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.12.001.

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14

Liguras, Dimitris K., and David T. Allen. "Sensitivity of octane number to catalytic cracking rates and feedstock structure." AIChE Journal 36, no. 10 (October 1990): 1617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361025.

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15

Abdelhafiz, Mahmoud, Waleed F. Aly, Ahmed Elbeih, and Tamer Z. Wafy. "Influence of Graphene Oxide on the Sensitivity Parameters of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclo-octane." International Journal of Computational Physics Series 1, no. 2 (March 2, 2018): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29167/a1i2p17-23.

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1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX) is one of the most powerful energetic materials which has several applications. Decrease the sensitivity of HMX is a goal for the researchers. In this work, the influence of graphene oxide (GO) on the sensitivity parameters of HMX has been studied. Graphene oxide has been prepared in our laboratories and it was used to prepare a composite based on GO-HMX by solvent-antisolvent slurry method. The prepared samples have been studied by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to check the crystal morphology of each sample. Selected types of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) based on HMX have been studied for comparison. Impact and friction sensitivities of GO-HMX and the selected PBXs were measured, and the ignition temperature was determined by deflagration test. It was concluded that the crystals of HMX have been coated by layers of GO and the shapes of the crystals have been modified. GO-HMX has lower impact sensitivity than the individual HMX and the studied PBXs while the friction sensitivity are in the same level. The GO layers caused accumulation of the heat inside the crystals during the heating process and decreased the ignition temperature of GO-HMX. GO successfully decreased the sensitivity parameters of HMX and its effect on the detonation parameters should be studied.

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16

Dong, Ying, Wei Gao, and Zheng You. "Trace Gas Sensor Based on MEMS Cantilever Resonator." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3115.

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A chemical gas sensor for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection at trace level is proposed. In this paper, the development and demonstration of the sensor prototype are presented. The prototype is based on a microcantilever resonator that is fabricated from direct bonding silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The resonant cantilever employs integrated thermal driving and piezoresistive detecting units, and operates in a self-oscillation system. Polyethylenevinylacetate (PEVA) is deposited on top of the cantilever as gas sensitive layer through a spraying method. The responses of the prototype to relative humidity (RH) and six common VOCs: toluene, benzene, ethanol, acetone, hexane and octane have been tested. The PEVA-coated prototype has trace sensitivity to toluene, benzene, hexane and octane, while is insensitive to humidity. The experimental results provide confirmation that the microcantilever resonator is an excellent platform for chemical gas sensor.

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17

Pan, Jiaying, Xianyu Li, Zenghui Yin, Gequn Shu, Changwen Liu, and Haiqiao Wei. "Effects of intake conditions and octane sensitivity on GCI combustion at early injection timings." Fuel 298 (August 2021): 120803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120803.

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18

Kim, Doohyun, Charles K. Westbrook, and Angela Violi. "Two-stage ignition behavior and octane sensitivity of toluene reference fuels as gasoline surrogate." Combustion and Flame 210 (December 2019): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.08.019.

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19

Wang, Hu, Bocheng Feng, Lipeng Zhang, Yixuan Li, Zunqing Zheng, and Mingfa Yao. "Experimental investigation on the effects of octane sensitivity on partially premixed low-temperature combustion." Fuel 287 (March 2021): 119488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119488.

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20

García, Antonio, Javier Monsalve-Serrano, David Villalta, and Rafael Sari. "Fuel sensitivity effects on dual-mode dual-fuel combustion operation for different octane numbers." Energy Conversion and Management 201 (December 2019): 112137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112137.

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21

Lopez-Pintor, Dario, and John E. Dec. "Experimental Evaluation of a Gasoline-like Fuel Blend with High Renewable Content to Simultaneously Increase φ-Sensitivity, RON, and Octane Sensitivity." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 20 (October 7, 2021): 16482–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01979.

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22

Tao, Mingyuan, Tong Wu, Haiwen Ge, Dan DelVescovo, and Peng Zhao. "A kinetic modeling study on octane rating and fuel sensitivity in advanced compression ignition engines." Combustion and Flame 185 (November 2017): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.07.020.

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23

Li, Zhongmiao, Jiaying Pan, Fuqiang Zhang, Yu He, Changwen Liu, and Haiqiao Wei. "Effects of ozone addition and octane sensitivity on combustion characteristics of gasoline compression ignition engines." Fuel 333 (February 2023): 126373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126373.

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24

Ivashkina, Elena, Emiliya Ivanchina, Igor Dolganov, Vyacheslav Chuzlov, Alexander Kotelnikov, Irena Dolganova, and Rustam Khakimov. "Nonsteady-state mathematical modelling of H2SO4-catalysed alkylation of isobutane with alkenes." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 76 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2021017.

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H2SO4-catalysed isobutane alkylation with alkenes is an important industrial process used to obtain high-octane alkylate. In this process, the concentration of H2SO4 is one of the main parameters. For alkylation, sulphuric acid containing 88%–98% monohydrate is typically used. However, only a H2SO4 concentration of 95%–96% enables alkylate with the maximum octane number to be obtained. Changes in H2SO4 concentration due to decontamination are the main cause of process variations. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the reactor acid concentration at a constant level by regulating the supply of fresh catalyst and pumping out any spent acid. The main reasons for the decrease in the H2SO4 concentration are accumulation of high-molecular organic compounds and dilution by water. One way to improve and predict unsteady alkylation processes is to develop a mathematical model that considers catalyst deactivation. In the present work, the formation reactions of undesired substances were used in the description of the alkylation process, indicating the sensitivity of the prediction to H2SO4 activity variations. This was used for calculation the optimal technological modes ensuring the maximum selectivity and stability of the chemical–technological system under varying hydrocarbon feedstock compositions.

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25

Stein, Robert A., Dusan Polovina, Kevin Roth, Michael Foster, Michael Lynskey, Todd Whiting, James E. Anderson, Michael H. Shelby, Thomas G. Leone, and Steven VanderGriend. "Effect of Heat of Vaporization, Chemical Octane, and Sensitivity on Knock Limit for Ethanol - Gasoline Blends." SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 5, no. 2 (April 16, 2012): 823–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1277.

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26

Szybist, James P., and Derek A. Splitter. "Pressure and temperature effects on fuels with varying octane sensitivity at high load in SI engines." Combustion and Flame 177 (March 2017): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.12.002.

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27

Wang, Chongming, Andreas Janssen, Arjun Prakash, Roger Cracknell, and Hongming Xu. "Splash blended ethanol in a spark ignition engine – Effect of RON, octane sensitivity and charge cooling." Fuel 196 (May 2017): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.075.

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28

Yoshimura, Kei, Kohei Isobe, Satoshi Tokuhara, Kyohei Yamaguchi, Ratnak Sok, and Jin Kusaka. "Effects of Partial Oxidation and Octane Sensitivity on Flame Stretch Rate at Extinction under EGR Conditions." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2022.10 (2022): A5–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2022.10.a5-3.

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29

Tao, Mingyuan, Peng Zhao, Dan DelVescovo, and Haiwen Ge. "Manifestation of octane rating, fuel sensitivity, and composition effects for gasoline surrogates under advanced compression ignition conditions." Combustion and Flame 192 (June 2018): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.02.015.

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30

Fang, Ruozhou, and Chih-Jen Sung. "A Rapid Compression Machine Study of 2-Phenylethanol Autoignition at Low-To-Intermediate Temperatures." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 7708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227708.

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To meet the increasing anti-knocking quality demand of boosted spark-ignition engines, fuel additives are considered an effective approach to tailor fuel properties for satisfying the performance requirements. Thus, screening/developing bio-derived fuel additives that are best-suited for advanced spark-ignition engines has become a significant task. 2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an attractive candidate that features high research octane number, high octane sensitivity, low vapor pressure, and high energy density. Recognizing that the low temperature autoignition chemistry of 2-PE is not well understood and the need for fundamental experimental data at engine-relevant conditions, rapid compression machine (RCM) experiments are therefore conducted herein to measure ignition delay times (IDTs) of 2-PE in air over a wide range of conditions to fill this fundamental void. These newly acquired IDT data at low-to-intermediated temperatures, equivalence ratios of 0.35–1.5, and compressed pressures of 10–40 bar are then used to validate the 2-PE model developed by Shankar et al. (2017). It is found that this literature model greatly overpredicts the current RCM data. The comparison of experimental and simulated results also provides insights into 2-PE autoignition behaviors at varying conditions. Further chemical kinetic analyses demonstrate that the absence of the O2-addition pathway of β-R. radical in the 2-PE model of Shankar et al. (2017) could account for the model discrepancies observed at low-to-intermediated temperatures.

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31

Fan, Qinhao, Yunliang Qi, Yingdi Wang, and Zhi Wang. "Investigation into pressure dependence of flame speed for fuels with low and high octane sensitivity through blending ethanol." Combustion and Flame 212 (February 2020): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.10.040.

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32

Kalvakala, Krishna C., Pinaki Pal, and Suresh K. Aggarwal. "Effects of fuel composition and octane sensitivity on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and soot emissions of gasoline–ethanol blend surrogates." Combustion and Flame 221 (November 2020): 476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.08.019.

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33

Hashkavayi, Ayemeh Bagheri, Jahan Bakhsh Raoof, and Ki Soo Park. "Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Tryptophan Using a Hemin/G-Quadruplex Aptasensor." Chemosensors 8, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040100.

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In this study, we design an electrochemical aptasensor with an enzyme-free amplification method to detect tryptophan (Trp). For the amplified electrochemical signal, the screen-printed electrode was modified with dendritic gold nanostructures (DGNs)/magnetic double-charged diazoniabicyclo [2.2.2] octane dichloride silica hybrid (Fe3O4@SiO2/DABCO) to increase the surface area as well as electrical conductivity, and the hemin/G-quadruplex aptamer was immobilized. The presence of Trp improved the catalytic characteristic of hemin/G-quadruplex structure, which resulted in the efficient catalysis of the H2O2 reduction. As the concentration of Trp increased, the intensity of H2O2 reduction signal increased, and Trp was measured in the range of 0.007–200 nM with a detection limit of 0.002 nM. Compared with previous models, our sensor displayed higher detection sensitivity and specificity for Trp. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the proposed aptasensor successfully determined Trp in human serum samples, thereby proving its practical applicability.

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34

You-How, Go, Chin Lai-Kwan, Kuah Yoke-Chin, and Wei Chooi-Yi. "Information Spillover Between Crude Oil and Stock Markets: Evidence from Subsidy Cut for RON95 Fuel Price in Malaysia." Global Business Review 19, no. 4 (November 17, 2017): 889–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150917731409.

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Malaysia has been enjoying fixed retail prices for research octane number (RON) 95 petrol and diesel as a form of subsidy from the government since 1983. As of December 2014, the pricing of RON95 and diesel officially went on a managed float mechanism. Therefore, this study examines how information on oil shocks is transmitted to FTSE Bursa Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (FBM KLCI) upon the announcement of subsidy cut for RON95 fuel price on 2 October 2014. The sample period of September 2013–December 2014 is separated into the pre-announcement (3 September 2013–1 October 2014) and post-announcement (2 October 2014–28 November 2014) periods. Using the forecast error variance decomposition, the results indicate that Brent crude oil prices dominate information spillover during the post-announcement period. From the perspective of investors’ behaviour, this study suggests that investors’ sensitivity towards information on oil price is elevated by the announcement of subsidy cut and steers their consciousness towards information on oil prices in making decisions.

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35

ARABEI, S. M., K. N. SOLOVYOV, and G. D. EGOROVA. "Quasi-line phosphorescence spectra of the copper complex of meso-tetrapropylporphin at liquid helium temperature." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 04, no. 06 (September 2000): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1409(200009/10)4:6<605::aid-jpp223>3.0.co;2-s.

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Quasi-line spectra of the 4 T 1→2 S 0 phosphorescence of Cu meso-tetrakis(n-propyl)porphin in n-octane at 4.2 K under wide-band and selective excitation have been obtained and analysed. A non-typically large distance between the edge components of the origin ‘multiplet’ (175 cm−1) indicating the sensitivity of the energy of the 0-0 transition of molecular impurity centres to the surroundings has been noted, which can lead to a significant inhomogeneous broadening in amorphous media. Two vibrations with frequencies of about 220 cm−1 are predominantly active in the phosphorescence spectrum. Unlike Cu porphin, the intensity of the corresponding quasi-lines is lower than the intensity of the 0-0 transition. From the broadening of the Q(0-0) band in the phosphorescence excitation spectrum at selective recording of the 0-0 quasi-line the lifetime of the level 2 S 1 (Q) has been determined as 35 fs.

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36

Anggono, Willyanto, Soen Peter Stanley, Ferdinand Ronaldo, Gabriel J. Gotama, Bin Guo, Emir Yilmaz, Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi, and Takashi Suzuki. "Engine Performances of Lean Iso-Octane Mixtures in a Glow Plug Heated Sub-Chamber SI Engine." Automotive Experiences 5, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.5118.

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Due to the difficulty to directly study ammonia, the present work investigated the engine performance of lean iso-octane/air mixture to approximate ammonia combustion behaviour. The study was conducted using a single cylinder modified diesel engine that features a spark plug and glow plug in the sub-chamber. The investigations varied the engine speeds (1000 and 1500 RPM), glow plug voltages (6 and 10 volts), excess air ratios (1.4 to 1.8), and ignition timings (-2 to -5 °BTDC). The results suggested improved engine performances with a lower excess ratio and higher glow plug voltage due to more complete and stable combustion. By increasing the engine speed, the lean burn limit was extended and improved the engine performances. Because of the sub-chamber feature, delaying the ignition timing improved the engine performances. A larger excess air ratio was found to increase the sensitivity of the engine performances with the ignition timing. The brake mean effective pressure for all conditions has a coefficient of variation of less than 7%, indicating stable combustion. The results suggested that the current setup can be used to investigate ammonia blended fuel and direct ammonia combustion in future works.

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37

Sjöberg, Magnus, David Vuilleumier, Nozomi Yokoo, and Koichi Nakata. "Effects of Gasoline Composition and Octane Sensitivity on the Response of DISI Engine Knock to Variations of Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2017.9 (2017): B307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2017.9.b307.

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38

Mozell, M. M., P. R. Sheehe, D. E. Hornung, P. F. Kent, S. L. Youngentob, and S. J. Murphy. ""Imposed" and "inherent" mucosal activity patterns. Their composite representation of olfactory stimuli." Journal of General Physiology 90, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 625–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.90.5.625.

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Both regional differences in mucosal sensitivity and a gas chromatography-like process along the mucosal sheet have been separately proposed in two sets of earlier studies to produce different odorant-dependent activity patterns across the olfactory mucosa. This investigation evaluated, in one study, whether and to what degree these two mechanisms contribute to the generation of these activity patterns. Summated multiunit discharges were simultaneously recorded from lateral (LN) and medial (MN) sites on the bullfrog's olfactory nerve to sample the mucosal activity occurring near the internal and external nares, respectively. Precisely controlled sniffs of four odorants (benzaldehyde, butanol, geraniol, and octane) were drawn through the frog's olfactory sac in both the forward (H1) and reverse (H2) hale directions. By combining the four resulting measurements, LNH1, LNH2, MNH1, and MNH2, in different mathematical expressions, indexes reflecting the relative effects of the chromatographic process, regional sensitivity, and hale direction could be calculated. Most importantly, the chromatographic process and the regional sensitivity differences both contributed significantly to the mucosal activity patterns. However, their relative roles varied markedly among the four odorants, ranging from complete dominance by either one to substantial contributions from each. In general, the more strongly an odorant was sorbed by the mucosa, the greater was the relative effect of the chromatographic process; the weaker the sorption, the greater the relative effect of regional sensitivity. Similarly, the greater an odorant's sorption, the greater was the effect of hale direction. Other stimulus variables (sniff volume, sniff duration, and the number of molecules within the sniff) had marked effects upon the overall size of the response. For strongly sorbed odorants, the effect of increasing volume was positive; for a weakly sorbed odorant, it was negative. The reverse may be true for duration. In contrast, the effect of increasing the number of molecules was uniformly positive for all four odorants. However, there was little evidence that these other stimulus variables had a major influence upon the effects of the chromatographic process and regional sensitivity differences in their generation of mucosal activity patterns.

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39

Fan, Qinhao, Yunliang Qi, and Zhi Wang. "Impact of octane sensitivity and thermodynamic conditions on combustion process of spark-ignition to compression-ignition through an optical rapid compression machine." Fuel 253 (October 2019): 864–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.05.056.

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40

Gutierrez, Javier Cardenas, Guillermo Valencia Ochoa, and Jorge Duarte-Forero. "Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle as Bottoming Cycle of an Industrial Gas Engine: Traditional and Advanced Exergetic Analysis." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 4411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134411.

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This investigation shows a traditional and advanced exergetic assessment of a waste heat recovery system based on recuperative ORC (organic Rankine cycle) as bottoming cycle of a 2 MW natural gas internal combustion engine. The advanced exergetic evaluation divides the study into two groups, the avoidable and unavoidable group and the endogenous and exogenous group. The first group provides information on the efficiency improvement potential of the components, and the second group determines the interaction between the components. A sensitivity analysis was achieved to assess the effect of condensing temperature, evaporator pinch, and pressure ratio with net power, thermal efficiencies, and exergetic efficiency for pentane, hexane, and octane as organic working fluids, where pentane obtained better energy and exergetic results. Furthermore, an advanced exergetic analysis showed that the components that had possibilities of improvement were the evaporator (19.14 kW) and the turbine (8.35 kW). Therefore, through the application of advanced exergetic analysis, strategies and opportunities for growth in the thermodynamic performance of the system can be identified through the avoidable percentage of destruction of exergy in components.

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41

Li, Yuqiang, Bingqian Lou, Wei Tang, Shitu Abubakar, and Gang Liu. "A more realistic skeletal mechanism with compact size for n-butanol combustion in diesel engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 12 (March 31, 2021): 3082–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544070211007105.

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To accurately predict the combustion and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with n-butanol/diesel blends, a more realistic compact-sized skeletal mechanism with (149 species and 497 reactions) was developed in this study based on the decoupling method. It was generated by integrating the simplified fuel-related sub-mechanisms of n-butanol and diesel surrogates including n-dodecane, iso-cetane, iso-octane, toluene, and decalin. The same detailed core sub-mechanisms of C2-C3 and H2/CO/C1, in which the formation and oxidation of benzene (A1) and larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) up to coronene (A7) of alkanes, aromatics, cycloalkanes and alcohols were used. The PAH formation behavior of individual fuel components in the mechanism were analyzed in detail based on the methods of pathway analysis, rate of production and sensitivity analysis. The mechanism was extensively validated against ignition delay time, laminar flame speed, species profile and three-dimensional engine simulation. The results show that the effects of fuel types on the PAH formation are satisfactorily captured, and the combustion characteristics of n-butanol/diesel blends and each component are reliably reproduced by the current mechanism.

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42

Shahbakhti, M., and C. R. Koch. "Characterizing the cyclic variability of ignition timing in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuelled with n-heptane/iso-octane blend fuels." International Journal of Engine Research 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2008): 361–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14680874jer01408.

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The cyclic variations of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) ignition timing is studied for a range of charge properties by varying the equivalence ratio, intake temperature, intake pressure, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, engine speed, and coolant temperature. Characterization of cyclic variations of ignition timing in HCCI at over 430 operating points on two single-cylinder engines for five different blends of primary reference fuel (PRF), (iso-octane and n-heptane) is performed. Three distinct patterns of cyclic variation for the start of combustion (SOC), combustion peak pressure ( Pmax), and indicated mean effective pressure (i.m.e.p.) are observed. These patterns are normal cyclic variations, periodic cyclic variations, and cyclic variations with weak/misfired ignitions. Results also show that the position of SOC plays an important role in cyclic variations of HCCI combustion with less variation observed when SOC occurs immediately after top dead centre (TDC). Higher levels of cyclic variations are observed in the main (second) stage of HCCI combustion compared with that of the first stage for the PRF fuels studied. The sensitivity of SOC to different charge properties varies. Cyclic variation of SOC increases with an increase in the EGR rate, but it decreases with an increase in equivalence ratio, intake temperature, and coolant temperature.

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43

Li, Song, Chen Huang, Chen Yang, Wenbin Yu, Jinping Liu, and Tingting Zhang. "A Reduced Reaction Mechanism for Diesel/2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Dual-Fuel Engine Application." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 7677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207677.

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2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF2) has been recently regarded as a promising alternative engine fuel. However, the chemical reaction mechanism for MTHF2 combustion in the engine has not been reported to date. In this study, a reduced diesel/MTHF2 reaction mechanism with only 78 species among 233 reactions was constructed for diesel/MTHF2 dual-fuel engine simulations. Firstly, a diesel surrogate mechanism involving the sub-mechanisms of n-decane, iso-octane, methylcyclohexane (MCH), toluene, a reduced mechanism of C2-C3 species and a detailed mechanism of H2/CO/C1 was selected. Secondly, a skeletal MTHF2 mechanism containing 54 species and 294 reactions was formulated under engine-relevant conditions using combined mechanism reduction methods. Thirdly, a reduced sub-mechanism of MTHF2 oxidation with 11 species and 13 reactions was extracted and combined with the four-component diesel surrogate fuel mechanism. Subsequently, the reduced diesel/MTHF2 mechanism was obtained by improving the combined five-component mechanism based on sensitivity analysis. Finally, the proposed mechanism was validated with selected experimental data of ignition delay times, flame species concentrations and laminar flame speeds. In addition, the new measurements from diesel/MTHF2 dual-fuel engine combustion were obtained and then utilized to further assess the developed mechanism. Overall, the developed diesel/MTHF2 mechanism can be used for diesel and MTHF2 dual-fuel engine combustion simulation.

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44

Bora, Kalpana, Debajyoti Dutta, and Pomita Ghoshal. "Determining the octant of θ23 at LBNE in conjunction with reactor experiments." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 14 (April 21, 2015): 1550066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315500662.

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We have explored the possibility of resolving the θ23 octant degeneracy present in the newly planned Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) by combining reactor experiments. Reactor experiments have already measured the third mixing angle θ13 very precisely and this precise measurement of θ13 in turn helps in determining the octant of θ23. We have examined the octant sensitivity with and without data from reactors. Octant sensitivity increases if reactors are added. The comparative study of octant sensitivities of 10 kt and 35 kt liquid argon far detector (FD), with and without the near detector (ND), reveals that the sensitivity increases with an increase in detector mass. Also, the presence of the ND improves the sensitivity. The effect of adding prior on octant determination is also studied in this work.

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45

Castaño-Duque, C. H., J. Ruscalleda-Nadal, M. de Juan-Delago, E. Guardia-Mas, L. San Roman-Manzanera, F. Bartomeus-Jene, J. Molet-Teixido, P. Tresserras-Ribo, P. Pares-Muñoz, and P. Clavel Laria. "Early Experience Studying Cerebral Aneurysms with Rotational and Three-Dimensional Angiography and Review of CT and MR Angiography Literature." Interventional Neuroradiology 8, no. 4 (December 2002): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101990200800407.

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From september 2000 to september 2001, 32 consecutive patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms were examined with rotational and 3D reconstruction angiography using an Integris V5000 Philips Medical System: 39 aneurysms were detected. After a selective cerebral artery was catheterized with a 5F or 4F-catheter, 35 ml of contrast medium was intra-arterially administered at a rate of 4 ml/s and a 180° rotational angiography was performed in eight seconds. This information was transferred to a computer (Silicon Graphics Octane) with software (Integris 3DRA, Philips Integris Systems) and a three-dimensional reconstruction was made. The information provided by Angio-3D was useful for evaluating the parent artery, aneurysmal sac, aneurysmal neck and arterial branches. It was also very useful in selecting the therapeutic method. For open surgery, this technique provides preoperative images that are useful for planning microsurgical approaches, especially in cases of large aneurysm showing complex surrounding arteries. For endovascular embolization, various anatomic characteristics of the aneurysm such as neck and sac size, shape, lobularity, parent artery and arterial branches adjacent to the aneurysmal neck must be demonstrated. This is very important to determine the best projection for embolization and to avoid multiple series. This is also essential in the choice of the first coil to create a good basket producing total occlusion. Microaneurysms are demonstrated well with this technique whereas this is difficult to do with conventional arteriography. The Angio-RM and Angio-CT literature show a lower sensitivity and specificity in comparasion with our experience with 3D IA-ROT-DSA. For this reason, we believe that 3D IA-ROTDSA is now the gold standard for patients presenting intracranial aneurysms.

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46

Taylor, A. E., K. Taylor, B. Tennigkeit, M. Palatinszky, M. Stieglmeier, D. D. Myrold, C. Schleper, M. Wagner, and P. J. Bottomley. "Inhibitory Effects of C2to C101-Alkynes on Ammonia Oxidation in Two Nitrososphaera Species." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 6 (January 9, 2015): 1942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03688-14.

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ABSTRACTA previous study showed that ammonia oxidation by theThaumarchaeotaNitrosopumilus maritimus(group 1.1a) was resistant to concentrations of the C81-alkyne, octyne, which completely inhibits activity by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In this study, the inhibitory effects of octyne and other C2to C101-alkynes were evaluated on the nitrite production activity of two pure culture isolates fromThaumarchaeotagroup 1.1b,Nitrososphaera viennensisstrain EN76 andNitrososphaera gargensis. BothN. viennensisandN. gargensiswere insensitive to concentrations of octyne that cause complete and irreversible inactivation of nitrite production by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. However, octyne concentrations (≥20 μM) that did not inhibitN. maritimuspartially inhibited nitrite production inN. viennensisandN. gargensisin a manner that did not show the characteristics of irreversible inactivation. In contrast to previous studies with an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium,Nitrosomonas europaea, octyne inhibition ofN. viennensiswas: (i) fully and immediately reversible, (ii) not competitive with NH4+, and (iii) without effect on the competitive interaction between NH4+and acetylene. BothN. viennensisandN. gargensisdemonstrated the same overall trend in regard to 1-alkyne inhibition as previously observed forN. maritimus, being highly sensitive to ≤C5alkynes and more resistant to longer-chain length alkynes. Reproducible differences were observed amongN. maritimus,N. viennensis, andN. gargensisin regard to the extent of their resistance/sensitivity to C6and C71-alkynes, which may indicate differences in the ammonia monooxygenase binding and catalytic site(s) among theThaumarchaeota.

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47

Kujawa, Sharon G., and M. Charles Liberman. "Long-Term Sound Conditioning Enhances Cochlear Sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.863.

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Sound conditioning, by chronic exposure to moderate-level sound, can protect the inner ear (reduce threshold shifts and hair cell damage) from subsequent high-level sound exposure. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this protective effect, the present study focuses on the physiological changes brought on by the conditioning exposure itself. In our guinea-pig model, 6-h daily conditioning exposure to an octave-band noise at 85 dB SPL reduces the permanent threshold shifts (PTSs) from a subsequent 4-h traumatic exposure to the same noise band at 109 dB SPL, as assessed by both compound action potentials (CAPs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). The frequency region of maximum threshold protection is approximately one-half octave above the upper frequency cutoff of the exposure band. Protection is also evident in the magnitude of suprathreshold CAPs and DPOAEs, where effects are more robust and extend to higher frequencies than those evident at or near threshold. The conditioning exposure also enhanced cochlear sensitivity, when evaluated at the same postconditioning time at which the traumatic exposure would be delivered in a protection study. Response enhancements were seen in both threshold and suprathreshold CAPs and DPOAEs. The frequency dependence of the enhancement effects differed, however, by these two metrics. For CAPs, effects were maximum in the same frequency region as those most protected by the conditioning. For DPOAEs, enhancements were shifted to lower frequencies. The conditioning exposure also enhanced both ipsilaterally and contralaterally evoked olivocochlear (OC) reflex strength, as assessed using DPOAEs. The frequency and level dependence of the reflex enhancements were consistent with changes seen in sound-evoked discharge rates in OC fibers after conditioning. However, comparison with the frequency range and magnitude of conditioning-related protection suggests that the protection cannot be completely explained by amplification of the OC reflex and the known protective effects of OC feedback. Rather, the present results suggest that sound conditioning leads to changes in the physiology of the outer hair cells themselves, the peripheral targets of the OC reflex.

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48

Ghosh, Monojit. "Physics reach of the ESSnuSB experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012133.

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Abstract ESSnuSB is a unique future proposed long-baseline experiment in Sweden to study neutrino oscillation by probing the second oscillation maximum. In this proceeding, we update the flux and efficiencies and re-calculate the sensitivity of ESSnuSB in the standard three flavour scenario. We find that it has excellent sensitivity to the Dirac CP phase δCP, moderate sensitivity to the mass hierarchy of the neutrinos and limited sensitivity to measure the octant of the atmospheric mixing angle θ 23. We also find that it has a very good sensitivity to constrain the atmospheric mass squared difference | Δ m 31 2 | .

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Repp, Bruno H., and Jacqueline M. Thompson. "Context sensitivity and invariance in perception of octave-ambiguous tones." Psychological Research 74, no. 5 (November 26, 2009): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-009-0264-9.

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50

COLES, ROGER B., MASAKAZU KONISHI, and JOHN D. PETTIGREW. "Hearing and Echolocation in the Australian Grey Swiftlet, Collocalia Spodiopygia." Journal of Experimental Biology 129, no. 1 (May 1, 1987): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.129.1.365.

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The frequency sensitivity of hearing in the grey swiftlet, Collocalia spodiopygia, was determined by neuronal recordings from the auditory midbrain (MLD). The most sensitive best frequency response thresholds occurred between 0.8 and 4.7 kHz, with the upper frequency limit near 6 kHz. Spectral analysis of echolocation click pairs revealed energy peaks between 3.0 and 8.0kHz for the foreclick, compared to 4.0-6.0 kHz for the principal click. The relationship between good hearing sensitivity and click energy peaks in the swiftlet extends about an octave higher than it does in the oilbird (Steatornis caripensis).

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