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Journal articles on the topic 'Oceanography'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 October 2024

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1

Wunsch, Carl. "Henry Melson Stommel. 27 September 1920—17 January 1992." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 43 (January 1997): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1997.0027.

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Henry Melson Stommel, probably the most original and important physical oceanographer of all time, was in large measure the creator of the modern field of dynamical oceanography. He contributed and inspired many of its most important ideas over a 45–year period. Hank, as many called him, was known throughout the world oceanographic community not only as a superb scientist, but as raconteur, explosives amateur, printer, painter, gentleman farmer, fiction writer and host with a puckish sense of humour and booming laugh.

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2

Gordon, Donald C. "Gordon Arthur Riley: The Complete Oceanographer 1911-1985." Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science (NSIS) 50, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/pnsis.v50i1.8864.

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Gordon Riley was an outstanding scientist who played a leading international role in the development of oceanography as a field of scientific study in the mid-twentieth century. His multidisciplinary approach, quantitative skills, imagination and intuition advanced our knowledge and understanding of the ocean enormously. Of his many significant scientific contributions to oceanography, he is best known for his pioneering work in developing simple numerical models for improving the understanding of the dynamics of marine ecosystems with a focus on plankton. He helped transform oceanography from a descriptive to a quantitative science. His early career was spent in the United States at the Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory of Yale University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. In 1965, at the peak of his career, he immigrated to Canada to become the director of the Institute of Oceanography at Dalhousie University. Under his leadership, the Institute evolved into the Department of Oceanography, which became an internationally recognized centre for marine research and teaching. During this period, he also played a prominent role in the development of the broader Canadian oceanographic community. He served as a wonderful example of how scientific research, teaching and a life should be carried out.

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3

Searle, Roger C. "Sir Anthony Seymour Laughton. 29 April 1927—27 September 2019." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 69 (July 22, 2020): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2020.0021.

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Anthony (Tony) Laughton was an oceanographer who promoted the science of oceanograpy in Britain. Focusing on the shape of the seafloor, his work included underwater photography, ocean drilling, long-range side-scan sonar and scientific charting of the ocean floor. Following undergraduate studies at King's College, Cambridge, he joined Maurice Hill (FRS 1962) at the Cambridge Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, beginning a career in marine geophysics. Following his PhD, he spent a year at Lamont Geological Observatory, USA, where he met many leading US workers, and became interested in deep-seafloor photography and bathymetric mapping. Returning to the UK, he joined the National Institute of Oceanography (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences from 1973) at Wormley, Surrey, and became director in 1978. He developed the first UK seafloor camera, was an enthusiastic supporter and user of the revolutionary Precision Echo Sounder and later of the GLORIA long-range side-scan sonar. He played a significant part in the International Indian Ocean Expedition, subsequently developing a new understanding of the Gulf of Aden. A consummate committee man, he had a vital role in reviving the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans and promoted UK involvement in the international Deep-Sea Drilling Project. He was an accomplished amateur musician (playing French horn), small-boat sailor and handyman.

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4

Mills, Eric. "The Historian of Science and Oceanography After Twenty Years." Earth Sciences History 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.12.1.jgln046t720l1593.

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A little more than twenty years ago, at the First International Congress of History of Oceanography in Monaco, the American historian of science Harold Burstyn attempted to place the history of oceanography in context within the history of science. He pointed out that history of science used as a working principle the increasing quantification of science, and that it was moving toward "externalist" studies of the social and political contexts in which science developed. Oceanography, according to Burstyn, was among the first examples of "big science" and was likely to prove important to historians attempting to link scientific development with its social context. He envisioned two tasks for the historian of oceanography, to develop detailed histories of the science itself, and to explore its response to social, political, financial and cultural forces.After three more congresses of the history of oceanography, the proliferation of publications, even the birth of a newsletter of the history of oceanography, it still largely remains true that (slightly edited) the field suffers from "lack of focus, publications of all offerings regardless of merit, and conjunction of scientists … and historians and philosophers of science, assembled without any methodological unit or rules of procedure". But all is not lost. Major books have helped to focus attention on interesting historical problems as well as achievements; outstanding work has been published, or is in progress, on marine geophysics, oceanographic institutions, exploration, national science, and the historical relationship of oceanography to its sister fields such as geography and marine biology. Bibliographies have begun to appear, easing the toil of starting new research, and regular contact, formal and informal is increasing among historians of oceanography.Nonetheless, the history of oceanography is still in a primitive state. We need more internal histories of oceanography's subdisciplines, critical biographies of its practitioners, studies of its institutions in their full contexts, work on differences in national styles, and a thorough examination of its professionalization. Few would now agree that the only canon of the history of oceanography is the increasing quantification of science, but this hybrid discipline remains, as Burstyn perceptively stated, "the most fruitful combination possible of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ problems in the history of science".

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5

Barclay, David R. "Introduction to the Acoustical Oceanography Technical Committee." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0026673.

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The Acoustical Oceanography Technical Committee is responsible for representing and fostering Acoustical Oceanography within the Acoustical Society of America. It is concerned with the development and use of acoustical techniques to measure and understand the physical, biological, geological, and chemical parameters and processes of the sea. Several acoustical methods are used to quantitatively study various oceanographic processes. Approaches include ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods, remote sensing by passive and active acoustics, acoustic imaging, inversion, and tomography, and developing acoustical instrumentation for oceanographic studies.

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6

Oreskes, Naomi. "Getting Oceanography Done." Earth Sciences History 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.19.1.3rpj481308814374.

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This special section of Earth Sciences History presents four papers from the Maury II Conference on the History of the Marine Sciences, held at Woods Hole, Massachusetts in June 1999. The common theme of the papers is patronage: how scientists obtained moral, financial, and logistical support for oceanographic work from the late 19th to the mid 20th century. Oceanography is an expensive and logistically difficult science. How do scientists manage to get oceanography done?

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7

Rainger, Ronald. "Patronage and Science: Roger Revelle, the U.S. Navy, and Oceanography at the Scripps Institution." Earth Sciences History 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 58–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.19.1.u0461q021p2hk62x.

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In the years between 1940 and 1955, American oceanography experienced considerable change. Nowhere was that more true than at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. There Roger Revelle (1909-1991) played a major role in transforming a small, seaside laboratory into one of the leading oceanographic centers in the world. This paper explores the impact that World War II had on oceanography and his career. Through an analysis of his activities as a naval officer responsible for promoting oceanography in the navy and wartime civilian laboratories, this article examines his understanding of the relationship between military patronage and scientific research and the impact that this relationship had on disciplinary and institutional developments at Scripps.

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8

Mills, Eric L. "Bringing Oceanography into the Canadian University Classroom." Scientia Canadensis 18, no. 1 (July 2, 2009): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800372ar.

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ABSTRACT The University of British Columbia's Institute of Oceanography, established in 1949, inaugurated graduate education in oceanography in Canada. It is a rare example of federal government involvement in the content ofhigher education. In the face of competition from McGill and Dalhousie, UBC's success was due to the need for new personnel in oceanography after World War Two, to the presence of the Pacific Oceanographic Group under J.P. Tully nearby in Nanaimo, to Canadian interest in defence during the Cold War and in Arctic development, and to the postwar growth and success of UBC under its president, N.A.M. MacKenzie. UBC exploited the interest of the Canadian Joint Committee on Oceanography, made up of senior civil servants, in physical oceanography to get support for its endeavour. By contrast, Dalhousie, which attempted to base a graduate programme upon bacteriology, failed to find a federal government patron until oceanography expanded further in the late 1950s.

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9

A., Balagiu. "Elements of oceanographic terminology in english and romanian." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXII, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-19-i1-028.

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Oceanography is a vast domain dealing with various aspects of marine life, physical and chemical aspects of the seas and oceans of the world. Searching available oceanographic documents of the 19th, 20th and 21st century, the aim of the paper is to emphasize the specific terminology of at least one of the branches of oceanography. The branches of oceanography deal with marine biology, ocean chemistry, marine geology and marine physics. The differences between the Romanian and English terminology according to the etymology are brought into discussion and conclusions drawn according to the similarities and differences.

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10

Greene, Mott. "Oceanography's Double Life." Earth Sciences History 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.12.1.k642ql61336813u6.

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The history of oceanography is currently divided into periods which are bracketed by famous voyages of discovery and exploration. This division scheme makes oceanography look very much like the history of geography. On the other hand, analysis of the development of oceanographic ideas and theories suggests a quite alternate periodic scheme more compatible with the currently employed divisions of the history of geophysics and meteorology. The origins and implications of this bifurcation are discussed, with suggestions for research which might help oceanography toward a more ample acknowledgement of this "double life."

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11

Haine, Thomas W. N., Renske Gelderloos, Miguel A. Jimenez-Urias, Ali H. Siddiqui, Gerard Lemson, Dimitri Medvedev, Alex Szalay, Ryan P. Abernathey, Mattia Almansi, and Christopher N. Hill. "Is Computational Oceanography Coming of Age?" Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, no. 8 (August 2021): E1481—E1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0258.1.

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AbstractComputational oceanography is the study of ocean phenomena by numerical simulation, especially dynamical and physical phenomena. Progress in information technology has driven exponential growth in the number of global ocean observations and the fidelity of numerical simulations of the ocean in the past few decades. The growth has been exponentially faster for ocean simulations, however. We argue that this faster growth is shifting the importance of field measurements and numerical simulations for oceanographic research. It is leading to the maturation of computational oceanography as a branch of marine science on par with observational oceanography. One implication is that ultraresolved ocean simulations are only loosely constrained by observations. Another implication is that barriers to analyzing the output of such simulations should be removed. Although some specific limits and challenges exist, many opportunities are identified for the future of computational oceanography. Most important is the prospect of hybrid computational and observational approaches to advance understanding of the ocean.

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12

Barão, Marcus Vinícius Carpes, João Paulo Ristow, Marina Bousfield, Guillaume François Gilbert Barrault, and Antonio Henrique Da Fontoura Klein. "USING SEISMIC DATA FROM THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES DETECTION." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 36, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v36i1.803.

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ABSTRACT. This work presents a methodology for legacy seismic data from oil and gas industry use for water column acoustic imaging. The objective is to improve the detection of internal mesoscale ocean structures by combining the results of the seismic data processing with oceanographic parameters. The procedure to obtain these images is called seismic oceanography and is an emerging tool for large-scale analysis of physical properties and processes of the ocean. The seismic data collection from the oil industry can be used to extract seismic oceanographic information since they both have similar survey configuration requirements for their data acquisition. The seismic data used were obtained from the Brazilian Oil Exploration Database and the oceanographic data were obtained in World Ocean Database. The methodology used to detect oceanographic structures was divided into four stages: data selection; oceanographic parameters analysis; seismic oceanography processing and interpretation; and combined analysis of seismic data with oceanographic data. The analysis and interpretation of the data showed that reflectivity curves calculated using oceanographic parameters have strong correlation with the seismic oceanography data. The detected reflections corroborate with the literature information about the boundaries of the water masses of the region and with abrupt gradients of the oceanographic parameters.Keywords: seismic oceanography, acoustic image, water masses, water column reflections, oceanographic parameters. RESUMO. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para utilização de dados sísmicos do acervo da indústria de petróleo e gás para gerar imagens acústicas da coluna d’água. O objetivo é melhorar a detecção de estruturas oceânicas em mesoescala por meio da combinação de resultados de processamento de dados sísmicos com parâmetros oceanográficos. Denominada de oceanografia sísmica, o presente método é uma ferramenta emergente para a análise de propriedades físicas e processos dos oceanos. O acervo de dados sísmicos da indústria do petróleo pode ser utilizado para extrair informação sísmica oceanográfica, uma vez que ambos têm configurações semelhantes para a sua aquisição de dados. Os dados sísmicos utilizados foram obtidos da Base de Dados de Exploração e Produção e os dados oceanográficos foram obtidos no World Ocean Database. A metodologia utilizada foi dividida em quatro etapas: seleção de dados; análise de parâmetros oceanográficos; processamento e interpretação da oceanografia sísmica; e análise combinada de dados sísmicos com dados oceanográficos. Resultados mostram que as curvas de refletividade calculadas utilizando parâmetros oceanográficos têm forte correlação com os dados da oceanografia sísmica. As reflexões detectadas corroboraram comas informações da literatura sobre os limites das massas d’água da região e com gradientes abruptos dos parâmetros oceanográficos.Palavras-chave: oceanografia sísmica, imagem acústica, massas d’água, reflexões na coluna d’água, parâmetros oceanográficos.

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13

Platt, Trevor, Shubha Sathyendranath, and César Fuentes-Yaco. "Biological oceanography and fisheries management: perspective after 10 years." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 5 (June 12, 2007): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm072.

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Abstract Platt, T., Sathyendranath, S., and Fuentes-Yaco, C., 2007. Biological oceanography and fisheries management: perspective after 10 years. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 863–869. Despite 100 years of research into the relationship between oceanographic factors and fish recruitment, it has proved very difficult to demonstrate causal connections between properties of the marine ecosystem and the success of fisheries. Some authors have been led to conclude that such causal connections, therefore, do not exist: a corollary would be that biological oceanography is of limited relevance to fisheries issues. However, it would be premature to dismiss biological oceanography as a tool in fisheries management. If we have not been able to implicate ecosystem factors as a significant source of variance in fish recruitment, it may be because the search has been conducted at an inappropriate scale, a consequence of the limitations of ships as oceanographic platforms. The advent of remotely sensed data from satellites greatly extends the scales of time and space at which synoptic oceanography can be carried out. Access to such data allows a wider range of hypotheses to be tested, than is possible with ships alone, on the relationship between ecosystem factors and recruitment. Applications in both the Atlantic and Pacific have demonstrated strong fluctuations between years in the timing and the intensity of phytoplankton dynamics, with implications for recruitment and growth of exploited populations of fish and invertebrates. The results provide essential intelligence for those charged with stewardship of the marine environment.

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14

Biescas, Berta, Barry Ruddick, Jean Kormann, Valentí Sallarès, Mladen R. Nedimović, and Sandro Carniel. "Synthetic Modeling for an Acoustic Exploration System for Physical Oceanography." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 1 (January 2016): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0137.1.

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AbstractMarine multichannel seismic (MCS) data, used to obtain structural reflection images of the earth’s subsurface, can also be used in physical oceanography exploration. This method provides vertical and lateral resolutions of O(10–100) m, covering the existing observational gap in oceanic exploration. All MCS data used so far in physical oceanography studies have been acquired using conventional seismic instrumentation originally designed for geological exploration. This work presents the proof of concept of an alternative MCS system that is better adapted to physical oceanography and has two goals: 1) to have an environmentally low-impact acoustic source to minimize any potential disturbance to marine life and 2) to be light and portable, thus being installed on midsize oceanographic vessels. The synthetic experiments simulate the main variables of the source, shooting, and streamer involved in the MCS technique. The proposed system utilizes a 5-s-long exponential chirp source of 208 dB relative to 1 μPa at 1 m with a frequency content of 20–100 Hz and a relatively short 500-m-long streamer with 100 channels. This study exemplifies through numerical simulations that the 5-s-long chirp source can reduce the peak of the pressure signal by 26 dB with respect to equivalent air gun–based sources by spreading the energy in time, greatly reducing the impact to marine life. Additionally, the proposed system could be transported and installed in midsize oceanographic vessels, opening new horizons in acoustic oceanography research.

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15

She, Jun, Icarus Allen, Erik Buch, Alessandro Crise, Johnny A. Johannessen, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Urmas Lips, et al. "Developing European operational oceanography for Blue Growth, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and ecosystem-based management." Ocean Science 12, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 953–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-953-2016.

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Abstract. Operational approaches have been more and more widely developed and used for providing marine data and information services for different socio-economic sectors of the Blue Growth and to advance knowledge about the marine environment. The objective of operational oceanographic research is to develop and improve the efficiency, timeliness, robustness and product quality of this approach. This white paper aims to address key scientific challenges and research priorities for the development of operational oceanography in Europe for the next 5–10 years. Knowledge gaps and deficiencies are identified in relation to common scientific challenges in four EuroGOOS knowledge areas: European Ocean Observations, Modelling and Forecasting Technology, Coastal Operational Oceanography and Operational Ecology. The areas “European Ocean Observations” and “Modelling and Forecasting Technology” focus on the further advancement of the basic instruments and capacities for European operational oceanography, while “Coastal Operational Oceanography” and “Operational Ecology” aim at developing new operational approaches for the corresponding knowledge areas.

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16

Strasel, Erik S., Mark R. Bebar, and Hung-Chi Lee. "Feasibility Studies for an Ice-Capable Oceanographic Survey Ship FY92 T-AGS Ocean (ICE)." Marine Technology and SNAME News 30, no. 02 (April 1, 1993): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1993.30.2.120.

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In recent years, interest in the oceanography of the subarctic ocean area has lead to increased activity in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) in terms of bathymetric and hydrographic data collection with an associated increase in damage reports. The hazards of the MIZ include floating ice, topside icing, cold weather and heavy seas, each of which calls for special attention in design. The Oceanographer of the Navy's requirement for data from this region has led him to specify that the FY92 T-AGS Ocean be capable of operation in the MIZ. This paper describes the design process followed to meet this requirement. The oceanographic, hydrographic, programmatic and environmental requirements placed on the design effort are discussed. The resulting design is presented and the impacts of meeting all the requirements in terms of hull-mounted systems, topside arrangement, ship powering, stability and hull form are discussed.

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17

Vlahakis, George. "Oceanography, but not As A Profession: Its Status in Greece During the Late 19th and the Early 20th Centuries." Earth Sciences History 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.17.1.g4202571n8k7n4t3.

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Although oceanography in Greece reached international standards only recently, it has its origins as an independent scientific practice in the late 19th century due to the work of Andreas Miaoulis, a brilliant officer of the Hellenic Navy who cooperated with the English admiral Arthur Mansel for the solution of the Euripus problem. During the early 20th century oceanographic studies took a more systematic character under the supervision of the Hellenic Thalassographic Committee and several reports and books were published before World War II, which interrupted the evolution of oceanography in Greece.

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18

May, Rachel. "We need more oceanography graduates: Phoebe Woodworth‐Jefcoats on increasing opportunities for graduate students." Dean and Provost 25, no. 9 (April 24, 2024): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dap.31350.

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Phoebe Woodworth‐Jefcoats, an oceanographer, collaborated with six other authors to publish a study about their findings on increasing access to oceanography degrees for adult learners. Noting that, “By 2030, the global ocean economy is expected to be twice the size it was in 2010 (OECD, 2016),” the authors write, we will be in critical need of people with “expertise and innovation in the ocean sciences” to “[ensure] this growth is environmentally sustainable.” The article was published in a special issue of Oceanography, focused on “Building Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the Ocean Sciences.”

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19

Murphy, Michael. "Technology Development at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1962-1986." Scientia Canadensis 39, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1041379ar.

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This paper explores the relationship between technology and discovery in oceanography, examining examples of instrumentation development at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography (BIO). Between 1962 and 1986, BIO researchers and technicians initiated a wave of rapid technological development, while also adopting technology developed elsewhere. These developments were abridge into the digital age as BIO staff incorporated computer hardware and software into instrument development. This paper summarizes these developments, their impact on the work of the Institute, and factors that influenced this work, and how they changed over time BIO emerged as a world-class oceanographic institution.

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20

Decker, Cynthia, and Colin Reed. "The National Oceanographic Partnership Program: A Decade of Impacts on Oceanography." Oceanography 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2009.50.

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21

Bradford, Mary Lythgoe. "Oceanography." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 42, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/dialjmormthou.42.4.0194.

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22

Neshyba, Steve. "Oceanography." Ocean Engineering 14, no. 4 (January 1987): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-8018(87)90034-5.

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23

Wei, Kuo-Yen. "Oceanography." Earth-Science Reviews 30, no. 3-4 (June 1991): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(91)90007-3.

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24

S. P. Mehta, S. P. Mehta. "GIS Application in Oceanography." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2014/47.

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25

Le Traon, P. Y. "From satellite altimetry to Argo and operational oceanography: three revolutions in oceanography." Ocean Science 9, no. 5 (October 29, 2013): 901–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-9-901-2013.

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Abstract. The launch of the French/US mission Topex/Poseidon (T/P) (CNES/NASA) in August 1992 was the start of a revolution in oceanography. For the first time, a very precise altimeter system optimized for large-scale sea level and ocean circulation observations was flying. T/P alone could not observe the mesoscale circulation. In the 1990s, the ESA satellites ERS-1/2 were flying simultaneously with T/P. Together with my CLS colleagues, we demonstrated that we could use T/P as a reference mission for ERS-1/2 and bring the ERS-1/2 data to an accuracy level comparable to T/P. Near-real-time high-resolution global sea level anomaly maps were then derived. These maps have been operationally produced as part of the SSALTO/DUACS system for the last 15 yr. They are now widely used by the oceanographic community and have contributed to a much better understanding and recognition of the role and importance of mesoscale dynamics. Altimetry needs to be complemented with global in situ observations. At the end of the 90s, a major international initiative was launched to develop Argo, the global array of profiling floats. This has been an outstanding success. Argo floats now provide the most important in situ observations to monitor and understand the role of the ocean on the earth climate and for operational oceanography. This is a second revolution in oceanography. The unique capability of satellite altimetry to observe the global ocean in near-real-time at high resolution and the development of Argo were essential for the development of global operational oceanography, the third revolution in oceanography. The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) was instrumental in the development of the required capabilities. This paper provides an historical perspective on the development of these three revolutions in oceanography which are very much interlinked. This is not an exhaustive review and I will mainly focus on the contributions we made together with many colleagues and friends.

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26

Le Traon, P. Y. "From satellite altimetry to Argo and operational oceanography: three revolutions in oceanography." Ocean Science Discussions 10, no. 4 (July 18, 2013): 1127–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-10-1127-2013.

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Abstract. The launch of the US/French mission Topex/Poseidon (T/P) (CNES/NASA) in August 1992 was the start of a revolution in oceanography. For the first time, a very precise altimeter system optimized for large scale sea level and ocean circulation observations was flying. T/P alone could not observe the mesoscale circulation. In the 1990s, the ESA satellites ERS-1/2 were flying simultaneously with T/P. Together with my CLS colleagues, we demonstrated that we could use T/P as a reference mission for ERS-1/2 and bring the ERS-1/2 data to an accuracy level comparable to T/P. Near real time high resolution global sea level anomaly maps were then derived. These maps have been operationally produced as part of the SSALTO/DUACS system for the last 15 yr. They are now widely used by the oceanographic community and have contributed to a much better understanding and recognition of the role and importance of mesoscale dynamics. Altimetry needs to be complemented with global in situ observations. In the end of the 90s, a major international initiative was launched to develop Argo, the global array of profiling floats. This has been an outstanding success. Argo floats now provide the most important in situ observations to monitor and understand the role of the ocean on the earth climate and for operational oceanography. This is a second revolution in oceanography. The unique capability of satellite altimetry to observe the global ocean in near real time at high resolution and the development of Argo were essential to the development of global operational oceanography, the third revolution in oceanography. The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) was instrumental in the development of the required capabilities. This paper provides an historical perspective on the development of these three revolutions in oceanography which are very much interlinked. This is not an exhaustive review and I will mainly focus on the contributions we made together with many colleagues and friends.

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27

LAMY, JÉRÔME. "THE BIRTH OF SPACE OCEANOGRAPHY: TECHNOLOGICAL QUESTIONS AND CLIMATOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY (UNITED STATES, FRANCE, 1950–1980)." Earth Sciences History 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.1.124.

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ABSTRACT This article analyzes the formation of space oceanography as a scientific specialty, in France and in the United States. Throughout much of its history, oceanography has relied upon a broad range of instrumentation (bathyscaphes, tide gauges, and so forth). The importance of instrumentation meant that many of the exchanges during major scientific meetings in the 1960s focused on engineering problems. As a result, institutional investments by NASA and the French space agency, the Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) supported advances in instrumentation. The emergence of the climate change issue made it possible to merge several factors (technical, geopolitical, and institutional) into the specialty of space oceanography. The birth of a scientific specialty requires the conjunction of several determining factors: a powerful disciplinary basis, a technological innovation resulting in major advances, and scientific politicians capable of tackling new problems. The development of space oceanography provides an excellent example of the origin of a new scientific specialty. The purpose of this article is to trace the history of the combination of the technical and scientific factors that resulted in the origin of space oceanography. This article will focus on specific events that led to the origin of space oceanography, in particular on a series of meetings organized by researchers interested in very specific technical questions. Many of the classical questions of oceanography could be addressed and dealt with by developing and using new instruments (e.g. radar altimeters). To document how the specialty of space oceanography developed, I propose to follow American and French examples of the transformations induced by space oceanography. Such a comparison makes it possible to measure the differential scientific ‘maturity’ of a nascent speciality. The emergence of climate change research, starting in the 1970s, reorganized many of the oceanographic research questions and legitimized the extension of the discipline into geospatial research. One goal of this article is to understand how this development of science policy influenced interactions between different disciplines.

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Clancy, R. M., and W. D. Sadler. "The Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center Suite of Oceanographic Models and Products." Weather and Forecasting 7, no. 2 (June 1992): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007<0307:tfnocs>2.0.co;2.

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29

Anderson, Cairistiona I. H., and Paul G. Rodhouse. "Life cycles, oceanography and variability: ommastrephid squid in variable oceanographic environments." Fisheries Research 54, no. 1 (December 2001): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-7836(01)00378-2.

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30

Vsemirnova, E. A., and R. W. Hobbs. "Mapping turbidity currents using seismic oceanography." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 4 (August 18, 2011): 1803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-1803-2011.

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Abstract. Using a combination of seismic oceanographic and physical oceanographic data acquired across the Faroe-Shetland Channel we present evidence of a turbidity current that transports suspended sediment along the western boundary of the Channel. We focus on reflections observed on seismic data close to the sea-bed on the Faroese side of the Channel below 900m. Forward modelling based on independent physical oceanographic data show that thermohaline structure does not explain these near sea-bed reflections but they are consistent with optical backscatter data, dry matter concentrations from water samples and from seabed sediment traps. Hence we conclude that an impedance contrast in water column caused by turbidity currents is strong enough to be seen in seismic sections and this provides a new way to visualise this type of current and its lateral structure. By inverting the seismic data we estimate a sediment concentration in the turbidity current, present at the time of the survey, of 45 ± 25 mg l−1. We believe this is the first direct observation of a turbidity current using Seismic Oceanography.

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31

Barry, Melanie, Shannon Ferraro, and Kaitlyn Wagner. "Three short studies from field studies in marine biology and oceanography." SURG Journal 6, no. 2 (July 23, 2013): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v6i2.2208.

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ZOO*4300 (Marine Biology and Oceanography) is a senior-level field course offered by the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of Guelph. This two-week course is held at the Huntsman Marine Science Centre in St. Andrew’s New Brunswick, Canada. Students enrolled in the course study various aspects of the ecology, behaviour, physiology, biochemistry and genetics of marine organisms using a variety of oceanographic techniques. The course also includes group exercises to study various intertidal and sub-tidal environments as well as boat cruises to collect plankton, benthic invertebrates, marine fish, and to observe marine mammals. The course provides excellent opportunities for students to familiarize themselves with state-of-the-art techniques involved in various branches of marine biology and oceanography and conduct an individual research project. This feature highlights three individual research projects by University of Guelph students. More information about the field course in marine biology and oceanography is accessible at the following link: http://www.uoguelph.ca/ib/undergrad/fieldcourses_marine.shtml.

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32

Lamy, Jérôme. "The Measure of All Things." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 48, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 403–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2018.48.4.403.

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The TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite mission to observe the oceans triggered the formation of the new specialty of space oceanography from the 1970s to 1990s. Previously, in the 1960s in the United States, traditional oceanographers had shown little interest in the possibilities of space and thus space engineers and physicists worked on the first missions (Seasat in particular). TOPEX/POSEIDON brought together two projects, one American (TOPEX) and the other French (POSEIDON). The gradual crystallization of the disciplinary specialty of space oceanography occurred by making available a platform of instruments able to meet an ensemble of varied needs. Battery failures just before the launch of the joint mission meant that the mission had to focus on the essentials (notably El Niño effects). Subsequently, the discovery of a significant rise in sea levels due to global warming resulted in space oceanography becoming a recognized specialty. The case of TOPEX/POSEIDON shows the original ways in which instruments gained a place in the very large range of oceanographic techniques.

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33

Yokota, K., K. Katsumata, M. Yamashita, Y. Fukao, S. Kodaira, and S. Miura. "Seismic Oceanography: physical oceanography using MCS data." Oceanography in Japan 19, no. 6 (November 5, 2010): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.19.6_317.

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34

Vsemirnova, E. A., R. W. Hobbs, and P. Hosegood. "Mapping turbidity layers using seismic oceanography methods." Ocean Science 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2012): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-8-11-2012.

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Abstract. Using a combination of seismic oceanographic and physical oceanographic data acquired across the Faroe-Shetland Channel we present evidence of a turbidity layer that transports suspended sediment along the western boundary of the Channel. We focus on reflections observed on seismic data close to the sea-bed on the Faroese side of the Channel below 900 m. Forward modelling based on independent physical oceanographic data show that thermohaline structure does not explain these near sea-bed reflections but they are consistent with optical backscatter data, dry matter concentrations from water samples and from seabed sediment traps. Hence we conclude that an impedance contrast in water column caused by turbidity layers is strong enough to be seen in seismic sections and this provides a new way to visualise this type of current and its lateral structure. By inverting the seismic data we estimate a sediment concentration in the turbidity layers, present at the time of the survey, of 45 ± 25 mg l−1. We believe this is the first direct observation of a turbidity current using Seismic Oceanography.

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35

Núñez Basáñez, José Fernando. "Project and construction of oceanographic and faisheries research vessels in Spain." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 6, no. 11 (July 21, 2012): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.66.

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The objective of the paper is to analyze and present the specific and innovative characteristics of the multipurpose oceanographic vessels that are currently being built in Spain. The main requirement in these types of vessels is the low level of noise radiated to the water, Silent Platform, according to ICES 209, to satisfactorily exploit the evaluation of the Fishing Resources and its dynamic position capacity for operations with remote operating vehicles. These vessels are designed to carry out a wide range of research activities and have, therefore, the most modern facilities, laboratories, and equipment to undertake scientific missions in the different marine disciplines: Marine Geology, Physical Oceanography, Chemical Oceanography, Pollution, Marine Biology, and Fisheries.

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36

Pinardi, Nadia, Emin Özsoy, Mohammed Abdul Latif, Franca Moroni, Alessandro Grandi, Giuseppe Manzella, Federico De Strobel, and Vladyslav Lyubartsev. "Measuring the Sea: Marsili’s Oceanographic Cruise (1679–80) and the Roots of Oceanography." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 4 (April 2018): 845–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0168.1.

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ABSTRACTThe first in situ measurements of seawater density that referred to a geographical position at sea and time of the year were carried out by Count Luigi Ferdinando Marsili between 1679 and 1680 in the Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Marmara Sea, and the Bosporus. Not only was this the first investigation with documented oceanographic measurements carried out at stations, but the measurements were described in such an accurate way that the authors were able to reconstruct the observations in modern units. These first measurements concern the “specific gravity” of seawaters (i.e., the ratio between fluid densities). The data reported in the historical oceanographic treatise Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio (Marsili) allowed the reconstruction of the seawater density at different geographic locations between 1679 and 1680. Marsili’s experimental methodology included the collection of surface and deep water samples, the analysis of the samples with a hydrostatic ampoule, and the use of a reference water to standardize the measurements. A comparison of reconstructed densities with present-day values shows an agreement within 10%–20% uncertainty, owing to various aspects of the measurement methodology that are difficult to reconstruct from the documentary evidence. Marsili also measured the current speed and the depth of the current inversion in the Bosporus, which are consistent with the present-day knowledge. The experimental data collected in the Bosporus enabled Marsili to enunciate a theory on the cause of the two-layer flow at the strait, demonstrated by his laboratory experiment and later confirmed by many analytical and numerical studies.

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Kappel, Ellen. "Oceanography Happenings." Oceanography 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.107.

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Oreskes, Naomi. "Operational Oceanography." American Scientist 110, no. 2 (2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2022.110.2.102.

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39

Watts, D. "Applied oceanography." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 11, no. 2 (April 1986): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.1986.1145168.

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40

Gordon, Arnold. "Oceanography fathomed." Nature 449, no. 7161 (September 2007): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/449407a.

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41

Atkinson, Larry, and Connie Sancetta. "Oceanography Goals." Oceanography 7, no. 1 (1994): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1994.12.

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Brink, Kenneth. "Why Oceanography?" Oceanography 12, no. 2 (1999): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1999.23.

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43

Ballard, Robert. "Archaeological Oceanography." Oceanography 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.06.

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44

Kappel, Ellen. "Oceanography Online." Oceanography 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.35.

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45

Lupp, Claudia. "Microbial oceanography." Nature 459, no. 7244 (May 2009): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/459179a.

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46

Anonymous. "Acoustical oceanography." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 71, no. 18 (1990): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo071i018p00689.

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47

Lynch, James F. "Acoustical oceanography." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106, no. 3 (1999): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.428234.

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Sharp, G. D. "Fisheries Oceanography." Science 261, no. 5127 (September 10, 1993): 1463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5127.1463.

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Riley, J. P., and P. J. Worsfold. "Chemical oceanography." Analytica Chimica Acta 223 (1989): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)84117-3.

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50

Hodson, Richard. "Physical oceanography." Nature 575, no. 7782 (November 13, 2019): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03463-x.

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