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Sidebotham, Steven E., and Federico de Romanis. "Cassia, cinnamomo, ossidiana: Uomini e merci tra Oceano Indiano e Mediterraneo." Journal of the American Oriental Society 118, no. 4 (October 1998): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604815.
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Passos, Joana. "Goa na Diaspóra e na Literatura Indiana em Língua inglesa." Via Atlântica, no. 30 (December 28, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/va.v0i30.116798.
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Resumo: Este artigo apresenta um breve enquadramento histórico do aparecimento de literatura goesa em língua inglesa, apontando algumas das suas caraterísticas. Em segundo lugar, aborda-se a literatura goesa da diáspora, visto que a literatura goesa em inglês está intrinsecamente associada às rotas de emigração da comunidade goesa. Por outro lado, aborda-se um dos mais reconhecidos romances da literatura goesa em língua inglesa, sobre Goa na atualidade. Trata-se de Skin (2010) de Margaret Mascarenhas. Por fim, analisamos dois romances do autor indiano Amitav Gosh, sobre as comunidades de marinheiros e migrantes do Oceano Índico, entre os quais se conta a comunidade goesa.
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Ciquini, Fabio, and Clarisse Maria Castro de Alvarenga. "Imagens de vínculo e o vínculo das imagens." PAULUS: Revista de Comunicação da FAPCOM 3, no. 5 (March 19, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.31657/rcp.v3i5.101.
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No final de 2018, órgãos de imprensa do mundo todo noticiaram a morte do missionário evangélico norte-americano John Chau que, ao invadir a ilha Sentinela do norte no Oceano Índico, foi morto por habitantes locais que lá residem, segundo antropológos, há cerca de 30 mil anos. Os sentineleses, como são denominados, são uma etnia completamente isolada e protegida pelo governo indiano. Qualquer tipo de contato com outros povos é vetado. O fato novamente jogou a luz midiática para a discussão sobre os denominados “povos isolados” e a necessidade (ou não) de se estabelecer contato com eles e, em reportagens sobre o fato referido, algumas tribos indígenas do interior do Acre e da Amazônia foram citadas como exemplos de povos originários cujo contato com o homem branco ainda não havia sido realizado.
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Pautasso, Diego, Tiago Soares Nogara, and Erik Herejk Ribeiro. "A Nova Rota da Seda e as relações sino-indianas: o desafio do "colar de pérolas" | The New Silk Road and Sino-Indian relations: the “string of pearls” challenge." Mural Internacional 11 (October 20, 2020): e50594. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2020.50594.
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A Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), também chamada de Nova Rota da Seda, representa uma importante etapa do projeto chinês de globalização e possui, portanto, evidentes implicações para os alinhamentos político-estratégicos globais e regionais. Assim, ao mesmo tempo em que produz oportunidades, também faz ascenderem contradições e rivalidades. Diante desse quadro, pretendemos analisar como a Nova Rota da Seda, em especial sua dimensão marítima no Oceano Índico, conformando o chamado colar de pérolas, afeta o padrão de relacionamento sino-indiano. Visando abordar essa complexa temática, o artigo está estruturado em três etapas. Na primeira seção, exporemos breve recapitulação das distintas dimensões de implementação da BRI. Na segunda parte, abordaremos os principais desafios concernentes à conformação do colar de pérolas. Por fim, analisaremos como o conjunto desses fatores impactam as relações sino-indianas.Palavras-chave: China; Nova Rota da Seda; Colar de pérolas.ABSTRACTThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also called the New Silk Road, represents an important stage of the Chinese globalization project and therefore has clear implications for global and regional political-strategic alignments. Thus, while producing opportunities, it also raises contradictions and rivalries. In this scenario, we intend to analyze how the New Silk Road, especially its maritime dimension in the Indian Ocean, forming the so-called string of pearls, affects the Sino-Indian relationship pattern. The article is structured in three stages. In the first section, we will present a brief summary of the different dimensions of the Belt and Road Initiative. In the second part, we will discuss the main challenges concerning the string of pearls. Finally, we will analyze how these factors impact Sino-Indian relations.Keywords: China; New Silk Road; String of pearls. Recebido em 30 abr. 2020 | Aceito em 19 out. 2020.
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Ramazzotti, Marco. "COSTEGGIANDO L’EURASIA. RELITTI E ROTTE DELLA NAVIGAZIONE TRA IL MAR INFERIORE (OCEANO INDIANO) E IL MAR SUPERIORE (MEDITERRANEO ORIENTALE)." Vicino Oriente 25 (2021): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.53131/vo2724-587x2021_4.
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Kajtar, Jules B., Agus Santoso, Matthew H. England, and Wenju Cai. "Indo-Pacific Climate Interactions in the Absence of an Indonesian Throughflow." Journal of Climate 28, no. 13 (July 1, 2015): 5017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00114.1.
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Abstract The Pacific and Indian Oceans are connected by an oceanic passage called the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). In this setting, modes of climate variability over the two oceanic basins interact. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events generate sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the Indian Ocean that, in turn, influence ENSO evolution. This raises the question as to whether Indo-Pacific feedback interactions would still occur in a climate system without an Indonesian Throughflow. This issue is investigated here for the first time using a coupled climate model with a blocked Indonesian gateway and a series of partially decoupled experiments in which air–sea interactions over each ocean basin are in turn suppressed. Closing the Indonesian Throughflow significantly alters the mean climate state over the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Pacific Ocean retains an ENSO-like variability, but it is shifted eastward. In contrast, the Indian Ocean dipole and the Indian Ocean basinwide mode both collapse into a single dominant and drastically transformed mode. While the relationship between ENSO and the altered Indian Ocean mode is weaker than that when the ITF is open, the decoupled experiments reveal a damping effect exerted between the two modes. Despite the weaker Indian Ocean SSTAs and the increased distance between these and the core of ENSO SSTAs, the interbasin interactions remain. This suggests that the atmospheric bridge is a robust element of the Indo-Pacific climate system, linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans even in the absence of an Indonesian Throughflow.
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Jin, Xiaolin, Young-Oh Kwon, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Hyodae Seo, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Arne Biastoch, Claus W. Böning, and Jonathon S. Wright. "Influences of Pacific Climate Variability on Decadal Subsurface Ocean Heat Content Variations in the Indian Ocean." Journal of Climate 31, no. 10 (April 30, 2018): 4157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0654.1.
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Abstract Decadal variabilities in Indian Ocean subsurface ocean heat content (OHC; 50–300 m) since the 1950s are examined using ocean reanalyses. This study elaborates on how Pacific variability modulates the Indian Ocean on decadal time scales through both oceanic and atmospheric pathways. High correlations between OHC and thermocline depth variations across the entire Indian Ocean Basin suggest that OHC variability is primarily driven by thermocline fluctuations. The spatial pattern of the leading mode of decadal Indian Ocean OHC variability closely matches the regression pattern of OHC on the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO), emphasizing the role of the Pacific Ocean in determining Indian Ocean OHC decadal variability. Further analyses identify different mechanisms by which the Pacific influences the eastern and western Indian Ocean. IPO-related anomalies from the Pacific propagate mainly through oceanic pathways in the Maritime Continent to impact the eastern Indian Ocean. By contrast, in the western Indian Ocean, the IPO induces wind-driven Ekman pumping in the central Indian Ocean via the atmospheric bridge, which in turn modifies conditions in the southwestern Indian Ocean via westward-propagating Rossby waves. To confirm this, a linear Rossby wave model is forced with wind stresses and eastern boundary conditions based on reanalyses. This linear model skillfully reproduces observed sea surface height anomalies and highlights both the oceanic connection in the eastern Indian Ocean and the role of wind-driven Ekman pumping in the west. These findings are also reproduced by OGCM hindcast experiments forced by interannual atmospheric boundary conditions applied only over the Pacific and Indian Oceans, respectively.
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Phillips, Helen E., Amit Tandon, Ryo Furue, Raleigh Hood, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Jessica A. Benthuysen, Viviane Menezes, et al. "Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air–sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry." Ocean Science 17, no. 6 (November 26, 2021): 1677–751. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021.
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Abstract. Over the past decade, our understanding of the Indian Ocean has advanced through concerted efforts toward measuring the ocean circulation and air–sea exchanges, detecting changes in water masses, and linking physical processes to ecologically important variables. New circulation pathways and mechanisms have been discovered that control atmospheric and oceanic mean state and variability. This review brings together new understanding of the ocean–atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean since the last comprehensive review, describing the Indian Ocean circulation patterns, air–sea interactions, and climate variability. Coordinated international focus on the Indian Ocean has motivated the application of new technologies to deliver higher-resolution observations and models of Indian Ocean processes. As a result we are discovering the importance of small-scale processes in setting the large-scale gradients and circulation, interactions between physical and biogeochemical processes, interactions between boundary currents and the interior, and interactions between the surface and the deep ocean. A newly discovered regional climate mode in the southeast Indian Ocean, the Ningaloo Niño, has instigated more regional air–sea coupling and marine heatwave research in the global oceans. In the last decade, we have seen rapid warming of the Indian Ocean overlaid with extremes in the form of marine heatwaves. These events have motivated studies that have delivered new insight into the variability in ocean heat content and exchanges in the Indian Ocean and have highlighted the critical role of the Indian Ocean as a clearing house for anthropogenic heat. This synthesis paper reviews the advances in these areas in the last decade.
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Bala Subrahamanyam, D., and R. Ramachandran. "Wind Speed dependence of Air-Sea Exchange parameters over the Indian Ocean during INDOEX, IFP-99." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 7 (July 31, 2003): 1667–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1667-2003.
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Abstract. Air-Sea exchange of momentum, heat and moisture over the oceanic surface plays an important role in understanding several processes spanning various scales of atmospheric and oceanic motions. The present study provides estimates of air-sea exchange parameters along the cruise track of the Intensive Field Phase of Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX, IFP-99) conducted on board Oceanic Research Vessel (ORV) Sagar Kanya during 20 January–12 March 1999 for a large region of the Indian Ocean. The study is aimed at acquiring a better understanding of the wind speed dependence of air-sea interaction parameters, such as roughness lengths for wind (z0), temperature (z0t) and hu-midity (z0q), which play a key role in the determination of the air-sea exchange coefficients and interface fluxes across the tropical oceans. The variation of drag coefficient (CD), sensible heat and water vapor exchange coefficients (CH and CE), are also discussed in relation to the wind speed. An empirical relation is derived between the estimated values of drag coefficients and the observed values of wind speeds for the hitherto data-sparse regions over the tropical Indian Ocean.Key words. Oceanography: physical (air-sea interaction) Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (ocean-atmosphere interaction) – Oceanography: physical (marine meteorology)
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Mohino, E., B. Rodríguez-Fonseca, C. R. Mechoso, S. Gervois, P. Ruti, and F. Chauvin. "Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon." Journal of Climate 24, no. 15 (August 1, 2011): 3878–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3988.1.
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Abstract The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.
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de Dinechin, Marc, F. Stephen Dobson, Pavel Zehtindjiev, Roumiana Metcheva, Charline Couchoux, Alice Martin, Petra Quillfeldt, and Pierre Jouventin. "The biogeography of Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 3 (March 2012): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-016.
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Gentoo Penguins ( Pygoscelis papua (J.R. Forster 1781)) are defined morphologically as a single species with a northern and southern subspecies. Differences in nuptial displays and particularly mating calls, however, suggest isolation among island archipelagos of different ocean basins. We thus asked whether genetic divergence of populations could be confirmed using molecular markers. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from a sample of 110 Gentoo Penguins and 58 haplotypes from the control region of the mitochondrial DNA. Reanalyses of historical data on morphology were conducted to construct additional phylogenetic trees for comparison. In agreement with differences in mating calls, the phylogenetic tree that was based on mitochondrial DNA showed a deep division between populations in the Indian and Atlantic oceans. The current systematic division into two subspecies based on morphology was not supported. The division between populations in the Indian and Atlantic oceans was great enough to justify taxonomic revision, with at least three distinct clades: two in the respective sub-Antarctic and Antarctic zones of the Atlantic Ocean, and a deeply divergent and unnamed third clade in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean. In contrast to more pelagic species like Rockhopper Penguins ( Eudyptes chrysocome (J.R. Forster, 1781)), the restricted coastal foraging ranges of Gentoo Penguins and the distances among isolated oceanic archipelagos could explain the distribution of genetically differentiated populations.
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Huang, Bohua, and J. Shukla. "Mechanisms for the Interannual Variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part I: The Role of Remote Forcing from the Tropical Pacific." Journal of Climate 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2007): 2917–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4151.1.
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Abstract A series of experiments are conducted using a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model in regional coupled mode, which permits active air–sea interaction only within the Indian Ocean to the north of 30°S, with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) prescribed over the rest of the world oceans. In this paper, an ensemble of nine simulations has been analyzed with the observed SST anomalies for 1950–98 prescribed over the uncoupled region. The purpose of this study is to determine the major patterns of interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean that could be related to the global low-frequency fluctuations and to understand the physical links between the remote forcing and the regional coupled variations. The ensemble coupled simulations with prescribed SST outside the Indian Ocean are able to reproduce a considerable amount of observed variability in the tropical Indian Ocean during 1950–98. The first EOF modes of the simulated upper-ocean heat content and SST anomalies show structures that are quite consistent with those from the historical upper oceanic temperature and SST analyses. The dominant pattern of response is associated with an oceanic dynamical adjustment of the thermocline depth in the southwestern Indian Ocean. In general, a deepening of the thermocline in the southwest is usually accompanied by the enhanced upwelling and thermocline shoaling centered near the Sumatra coast. Further analysis shows that the leading external forcing is from the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which induces an anomalous fluctuation of the atmospheric anticyclones on both sides of the equator over the Indian Ocean, starting from the evolving stage of an El Niño event in boreal summer. Apart from weakening the Indian monsoon, the surface equatorial easterly anomalies associated with this circulation pattern first induce equatorial and coastal upwelling anomalies near the Sumatra coast from summer to fall, which enhance the equatorial zonal SST gradient and stimulate intense air–sea feedback in the equatorial ocean. Moreover, the persistent anticyclonic wind curl over the southern tropical Indian Ocean, reinforced by the equatorial air–sea coupling, forces substantial thermocline change centered at the thermocline ridge in the southwestern Indian Ocean for seasons. The significant thermocline change has profound and long-lasting influences on the SST fluctuations in the Indian Ocean. It should be noted that the ENSO forcing is not the only way that this kind of basinwide Indian Ocean fluctuations can be generated. As will be shown in the second part of this study, similar low-frequency fluctuations can also be generated by processes within the Indian and western Pacific region without ENSO influence. The unique feature of the ENSO influence is that, because of the high persistence of the atmospheric remote forcing from boreal summer to winter, the life span of the thermocline anomalies in the southwestern Indian Ocean is generally longer than that generated by regional coupled processes.
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Annamalai, H., Ping Liu, and Shang-Ping Xie. "Southwest Indian Ocean SST Variability: Its Local Effect and Remote Influence on Asian Monsoons*." Journal of Climate 18, no. 20 (October 15, 2005): 4150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3533.1.
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Abstract An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used to examine the role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in regional climate variability. In particular, the authors focus on the effect of the basinwide warming that occurs during December through May after the mature phase of El Niño. To elucidate the relative importance of local and remote forcing, model solutions were sought for experiments where SST anomalies are inserted in the (i) tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans, (ii) tropical Pacific Ocean, and (iii) tropical Indian Ocean. A 10-member ensemble simulation is carried out for each of the three forcing scenarios. The model solutions demonstrate that precipitation variations over the southwest Indian Ocean are tied to local SST anomalies and are highly reproducible. Changes in the Indian Ocean–Walker circulation suppress precipitation over the tropical west Pacific–Maritime Continent, contributing to the development of a low-level anticyclone over the Philippine and South China Seas. Our model results indicate that more than 50% of the total precipitation anomalies over the tropical west Pacific–Maritime Continent is forced by remote Indian Ocean SST anomalies, offering an additional mechanism for the Philippine Sea anticyclone apart from Pacific SST. This anticyclone increases precipitation along the East Asian winter monsoon front from December to May. The anomalous subsidence over the Maritime Continent in conjunction with persistent anomalies of SST and precipitation over the Indian Ocean in spring prevent the northwestward migration of the ITCZ and the associated deep moist layer, causing a significant delay in the Indian summer monsoon onset in June by 6–7 days. At time scales of 5 days, however, the reproducibility of the northward progression of the ITCZ during the onset is low. Results indicate that Indian Ocean SST anomalies during December through May that develop in response to both atmospheric and oceanic processes to El Niño need to be considered for a complete understanding of regional climate variability, particularly around the Indian Ocean rim.
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Malviya, Shruti, Eleonora Scalco, Stéphane Audic, Flora Vincent, Alaguraj Veluchamy, Julie Poulain, Patrick Wincker, et al. "Insights into global diatom distribution and diversity in the world’s ocean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 11 (February 29, 2016): E1516—E1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509523113.
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Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) constitute one of the most diverse and ecologically important groups of phytoplankton. They are considered to be particularly important in nutrient-rich coastal ecosystems and at high latitudes, but considerably less so in the oligotrophic open ocean. The Tara Oceans circumnavigation collected samples from a wide range of oceanic regions using a standardized sampling procedure. Here, a total of ∼12 million diatom V9-18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) ribotypes, derived from 293 size-fractionated plankton communities collected at 46 sampling sites across the global ocean euphotic zone, have been analyzed to explore diatom global diversity and community composition. We provide a new estimate of diversity of marine planktonic diatoms at 4,748 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Based on the total assigned ribotypes, Chaetoceros was the most abundant and diverse genus, followed by Fragilariopsis, Thalassiosira, and Corethron. We found only a few cosmopolitan ribotypes displaying an even distribution across stations and high abundance, many of which could not be assigned with confidence to any known genus. Three distinct communities from South Pacific, Mediterranean, and Southern Ocean waters were identified that share a substantial percentage of ribotypes within them. Sudden drops in diversity were observed at Cape Agulhas, which separates the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, and across the Drake Passage between the Atlantic and Southern Oceans, indicating the importance of these ocean circulation choke points in constraining diatom distribution and diversity. We also observed high diatom diversity in the open ocean, suggesting that diatoms may be more relevant in these oceanic systems than generally considered.
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Aiyar, Sana. "EMPIRE, RACE AND THE INDIANS IN COLONIAL KENYA'S CONTESTED PUBLIC POLITICAL SPHERE, 1919–1923." Africa 81, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 132–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972010000070.
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ABSTRACTThis article explores the connection between three political movements that broke out amongst Africans and Indians within the public political realm across the Indian Ocean – the Khilafat/non-cooperation movement initiated by Gandhi in India between 1919 and 1922, the ‘quest for equality’ with European settlers amongst Indians in Kenya from 1910 to 1923, and the anti-settler movement launched by Harry Thuku in protest against unfair labour ordinances between 1921 and 1922. Moving away from the racial and territorial boundaries of South Asian and Kenyan historiographies, it uses the Indian Ocean realm – a space of economic, social and political interaction – as its paradigm of analysis. A variety of primary sources from archives in Kenya, India and Britain have been studied to uncover a connected, interregional history of politics, race and empire. In an attempt to highlight the importance of the Indian Ocean realm in understanding the interracial and interregional concerns that shaped the political imaginary of Indians and Africans in Kenya, the article reveals the emergence of a shared public political space across the Indian Ocean that was deeply contested.
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Ming, Wan. "Zheng He’s Seven Voyages into the Namoli Ocean–the Indian Ocean." China and Asia 1, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 92–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-00101004.
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In the history of the development of human civilization, the Silk Road has been an important route of traffic and exchange between the East and the West. From Zhang Qian’s 張騫 opening up of the Silk Road across the Western Regions (Xiyue 西域) to Zheng He’s 鄭和 sailing to the Western Oceans (xia xiyang 下西洋) more than 1500 years later, China had a continuous desire to explore beyond its borders. At the time of Zheng He, the term “Western Oceans” (xiyang 西洋) had a specific meaning. As shown by the account of Ma Huan 馬歡, who personally joined Zheng He on the voyages, the people of Ming China considered the “Western Oceans” to be the Namoli Ocean (Namoli yang 那没黎洋), later called the Indian Ocean. Thus, it could be concluded that the Western Oceans where Zheng He’s fleet went meant the Indian Ocean. Even today most scholars still divide the Eastern and Western Oceans at Brunei, with no clear understanding of where the Western Oceans to which Zheng He sailed were actually located. It is therefore important to make clear that the Western Oceans in his time referred to the Indian Ocean, before moving on to investigate the purpose of the voyages and related historical issues. Even more important is to point out that Zheng He’s expeditions in the early fifteenth century reflected that Chinese people took to the seas on a scale larger than ever before and joined the maritime and overland silk routes together. The place where this occurred was the Indian Ocean.
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Terray, Pascal, and Sébastien Dominiak. "Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature and El Niño–Southern Oscillation: A New Perspective." Journal of Climate 18, no. 9 (May 1, 2005): 1351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3338.1.
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Abstract Here the 1976–77 climate regime shift that was accompanied by a remarkable change in the lead–lag relationships between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) and El Niño evolution is shown. After the 1976–77 regime shift, a correlation analysis suggests that southern Indian Ocean SSTs observed during late boreal winter are a key precursor in predicting El Niño evolution as the traditional oceanic heat content anomalies in the equatorial Pacific or zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial western Pacific. The possible physical mechanisms underlying this highly significant statistical relationship are discussed. After the 1976–77 regime shift, southern Indian Ocean SST anomalies produced by Mascarene high pulses during boreal winter trigger coupled air–sea processes in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean during the following seasons. This produces a persistent remote forcing on the Pacific climate system, promoting wind anomalies over the western equatorial Pacific and modulating the regional Hadley cell in the southwest Pacific. These modulations, in turn, excite Rossby waves, which produce quasi-stationary circulation anomalies in the extratropical South Pacific, responsible for the development of the southern branch of the “horseshoe” El Niño pattern. The change of the background SST state that occurred in the late 1970s over the Indian Ocean may also explain why ENSO evolution is different before and after the 1976–77 regime shift. These results shed some light on the possible influence of global warming or decadal fluctuations on El Niño evolution through changes in teleconnection patterns between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
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Colomb, Aurélie, Valérie Gros, Séverine Alvain, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Bernard Bonsang, C. Moulin, Thomas Klüpfel, and Jonathan Williams. "Variation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds over the Southern Indian Ocean (30 - 49°S)." Environmental Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2009): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en08072.
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Environmental context. Oceans represent 70% of the blue planet, and surprisingly, ocean emission in term of volatile organic compounds is poorly understood. The potential climate impacts on a global scale of various trace organic gases have been established, and the terrestrial inputs are well studied, but little is known about which of these can be emitted from oceanic sources. In the present study, atmospheric samples were taken over the Southern Indian Ocean, while crossing some oceanic fronts and different phytoplankton species. Such a study should aid in understanding oceanic emission, especially from phytoplankton, and will help modellers to determine concentrations of organic traces in the remote marine troposphere. Abstract. Considering its size and potential importance, the ocean is poorly characterised in terms of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that play important roles in global atmospheric chemistry. In order to better understand their potential sources and sinks over the Southern Indian Austral Ocean, shipborne measurements of selected species were made during the MANCHOT campaign during December 2004, on board the research vessel Marion Dufresne. Along the transect La Réunion to Kerguelen Island, air measurements of selected VOC (including dimethylsulfide (DMS) isoprene, carbonyls and organohalogens), carbon monoxide and ozone were performed, crossing subtropical, temperate and sub-Antarctic waters as well as pronounced subtropical and sub-Antarctic oceanic fronts. The remote marine boundary layer was characterised at latitudes 45–50°S. Oceanic fronts were associated with enhanced chlorophyll and biological activity in the seawater and elevated DMS and organohalogens in the atmosphere. These were compared with a satellite-derived phytoplankton distribution (PHYSAT). Diurnal variation for isoprene, terpenes, acetone and acetaldehyde was observed, analogously to recent results observed in mesocosm experiments.
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He, Zhuoqi, Renguang Wu, Weiqiang Wang, Zhiping Wen, and Dongxiao Wang. "Contributions of Surface Heat Fluxes and Oceanic Processes to Tropical SST Changes: Seasonal and Regional Dependence." Journal of Climate 30, no. 11 (May 8, 2017): 4185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0500.1.
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Abstract The present study employs six surface heat flux datasets and three ocean assimilation products to assess the relative contributions of surface heat fluxes and oceanic processes to the sea surface temperature (SST) change in the tropical oceans. Large differences are identified in the major terms of the heat budget equation. The largest discrepancies among different datasets appear in the contribution of vertical advection. The heat budget is nearly balanced in the shortwave-radiation- and horizontal-advection-dominant cases but not balanced in some of the latent-heat-flux- and vertical-advection-dominant cases. The contributions of surface heat fluxes and ocean advections to the SST tendency display remarkable seasonal and regional dependence. The contribution of surface heat fluxes covers a large geographical area. The oceanic processes dominate the SST tendency in the near-equatorial regions with large values but small spatial scales. In the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the SST tendency is governed by the dynamic and thermodynamic processes, respectively, while a wide variety of processes contribute to the SST tendency in the Indian Ocean. Several regions have been selected to illustrate the dominant contributions of individual terms to the SST tendency in different seasons. The seasonality and regionality of the interannual air–sea relationship indicate a physical connection with the mean state.
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Wu, Xian, Yuko M. Okumura, and Pedro N. DiNezio. "What Controls the Duration of El Niño and La Niña Events?" Journal of Climate 32, no. 18 (August 16, 2019): 5941–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0681.1.
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Abstract The temporal evolution of El Niño and La Niña varies greatly from event to event. To understand the dynamical processes controlling the duration of El Niño and La Niña events, a suite of observational data and a long control simulation of the Community Earth System Model, version 1, are analyzed. Both observational and model analyses show that the duration of El Niño is strongly affected by the timing of onset. El Niño events that develop early tend to terminate quickly after the mature phase because of the early arrival of delayed negative oceanic feedback and fast adjustments of the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans to the tropical Pacific Ocean warming. The duration of La Niña events is, on the other hand, strongly influenced by the amplitude of preceding warm events. La Niña events preceded by a strong warm event tend to persist into the second year because of large initial discharge of the equatorial oceanic heat content and delayed adjustments of the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans to the tropical Pacific cooling. For both El Niño and La Niña, the interbasin sea surface temperature (SST) adjustments reduce the anomalous SST gradient toward the tropical Pacific and weaken surface wind anomalies over the western equatorial Pacific, hastening the event termination. Other factors external to the dynamics of El Niño–Southern Oscillation, such as coupled variability in the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans and atmospheric variability over the North Pacific, also contribute to the diversity of event duration.
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Drbohlav, Hae-Kyung Lee, Silvio Gualdi, and Antonio Navarra. "A Diagnostic Study of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode in El Niño and Non–El Niño Years." Journal of Climate 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2007): 2961–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4153.1.
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Abstract The Indian Ocean dipole mode (IODM) is examined by comparing the characteristics of oceanic and atmospheric circulations, heat budgets, and possible mechanisms of IODM between El Niño and non–El Niño years. Forty-year ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data, Reynolds SST data, and ocean assimilation data from the Modular Ocean Model are used to form composites of the IODM that occur during El Niño (1972, 1982, and 1997) and non–El Niño (1961, 1967, and 1994) years. In El Niño years, two off-equatorial, anticyclonic circulations develop, associated with the increased pressure over the eastern Indian Ocean. The anticyclonic circulation over the Northern Hemisphere enhances the easterly component of the winds in the northwestern Indian Ocean. This enhanced easterly component increases the mixed layer temperature by inducing an anomalous westward ocean current that advects the warm mean mixed layer from the central to the western Indian Ocean. Meanwhile, the anticyclonic circulation over the southeastern Indian Ocean strengthens southeasterlies, thereby causing oceanic meridional and vertical advection of the cold mean temperature. Consequently, the IODM in El Niño years is characterized by the warming in the northwestern and the cooling in the southeastern Indian Ocean. In non–El Niño years, a monsoonlike wind flow increases the westerly and southeasterly components of the wind over the northwestern and southeastern Indian Ocean, respectively. Oceanic currents induced by these winds result in anomalous cold advection in both of these regions. In addition, the monsoonlike wind flow over the southeastern Indian Ocean enhances the anomalous latent and sensible heat fluxes in non–El Niño years. Hence, the cooling of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, rather than the warming of the western Indian Ocean, becomes the major feature of the IODM during non–El Niño years.
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Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama, Chong Chen, Daniel P. Marie, Ken Takai, Katsunori Fujikura, and Benny K. K. Chan. "Phylogeography of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacles: a new species fills a gap in the Indian Ocean ‘dispersal corridor’ hypothesis." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (April 2018): 172408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172408.
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Phylogeography of animals provides clues to processes governing their evolution and diversification. The Indian Ocean has been hypothesized as a ‘dispersal corridor’ connecting hydrothermal vent fauna of Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Stalked barnacles of the family Eolepadidae are common associates of deep-sea vents in Southern, Pacific and Indian oceans, and the family is an ideal group for testing this hypothesis. Here, we describe Neolepas marisindica sp. nov. from the Indian Ocean, distinguished from N. zevinae and N. rapanuii by having a tridentoid mandible in which the second tooth lacks small elongated teeth. Morphological variations suggest that environmental differences result in phenotypic plasticity in the capitulum and scales on the peduncle in eolepadids. We suggest that diagnostic characters in Eolepadidae should be based mainly on more reliable arthropodal characters and DNA barcoding, while the plate arrangement should be used carefully with their intraspecific variation in mind. We show morphologically that Neolepas specimens collected from the South West Indian Ridge, the South East Indian Ridge and the Central Indian Ridge belong to the new species. Molecular phylogeny and fossil evidence indicated that Neolepas migrated from the southern Pacific to the Indian Ocean through the Southern Ocean, providing key evidence against the ‘dispersal corridor’ hypothesis. Exploration of the South East Indian Ridge is urgently required to understand vent biogeography in the Indian Ocean.
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Lavery, Charne. "The Southern Indian Ocean and the Oceanic South." Global Nineteenth-Century Studies 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/gncs.2022.10.
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The southern Indian Ocean constitutes a distinct oceanographic region that offers useful links, connections, and perspectives as an area of inquiry, in the domain of colonial and postcolonial literature but also more widely. The region is both particularly oceanic and particularly southern, making it a key part of the ‘oceanic South’, a formulation which overlays the postcolonial poverty of the Global South with its oceanicity. As an area of inquiry it complicates Indian Ocean studies by drawing its purview into colder, wilder, more oceanic regions; centralizes questions of the global - and oceanic - South; and encourages a focus on the ocean itself. The article describes the material characteristics of the southern Indian Ocean, places it within the oceanic South, and as an example reads a work of historical fiction - Dan Sleigh’s Islands (2005) - within this particular oceanic, political, and literary geography.
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Jin, Xiaolin, Young-Oh Kwon, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Hyodae Seo, Yu Kosaka, and Jonathon S. Wright. "Distinct Mechanisms of Decadal Subsurface Heat Content Variations in the Eastern and Western Indian Ocean Modulated by Tropical Pacific SST." Journal of Climate 31, no. 19 (October 2018): 7751–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0184.1.
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Decadal variability of the subsurface ocean heat content (OHC) in the Indian Ocean is investigated using a coupled climate model experiment, in which observed eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (EPSST) anomalies are specified. This study intends to understand the contributions of external forcing relative to those of internal variability associated with EPSST, as well as the mechanisms by which the Pacific impacts Indian Ocean OHC. Internally generated variations associated with EPSST dominate decadal variations in the subsurface Indian Ocean. Consistent with ocean reanalyses, the coupled model reproduces a pronounced east–west dipole structure in the southern tropical Indian Ocean and discontinuities in westward-propagating signals in the central Indian Ocean around 100°E. This implies distinct mechanisms by which the Pacific impacts the eastern and western Indian Ocean on decadal time scales. Decadal variations of OHC in the eastern Indian Ocean are attributed to 1) western Pacific surface wind anomalies, which trigger oceanic Rossby waves propagating westward through the Indonesian Seas and influence Indonesian Throughflow transport, and 2) zonal wind anomalies over the central tropical Indian Ocean, which trigger eastward-propagating Kelvin waves. Decadal variations of OHC in the western Indian Ocean are linked to conditions in the Pacific via changes in the atmospheric Walker cell, which trigger anomalous wind stress curl and Ekman pumping in the central tropical Indian Ocean. Westward-propagating oceanic Rossby waves extend the influence of this anomalous Ekman pumping to the western Indian Ocean.
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Kastoro. "THE SEMIDIURNAL M2 TIDE IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN WATERS." Marine Research in Indonesia 26, no. 1 (May 11, 1987): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v26i0.405.
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The semidiurnal tides of the Pacific and Indian Oceans penetrate deeply into the Southeast Asian waters. The tides of the Pacific Ocean govern the whole of the China Sea, the Philippines waters and the Sulawesi Sea while the tides of the Indian Ocean govern the Timor Sea, the Banda Sea, the Andaman Sea and the Malacca Strait. The Maluku Sea, the Makassar Strait and the Java Sea are the boundary region between tides from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the Java Sea the semidiurnal tide is produced mainly by the tide from the Indian Ocean. At the boundary region, the amplitudes are generally very small. As an example of a boundary region, the tides of the Sunda Strait are considered in some detail. An analytical solution of two overlapping standing waves, one wave resulting from open mouth reflection of a wave incident from the Indian Ocean and the other standing wave from open mouth reflection of a wave incident from the Java Sea, adequately describe the M2 tide in the Sunda Strait.
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Kastoro. "THE SEMIDIURNAL M2 TIDE IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN WATERS." Marine Research in Indonesia 26 (May 11, 1987): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v26i1.405.
Full textAbstract:
The semidiurnal tides of the Pacific and Indian Oceans penetrate deeply into the Southeast Asian waters. The tides of the Pacific Ocean govern the whole of the China Sea, the Philippines waters and the Sulawesi Sea while the tides of the Indian Ocean govern the Timor Sea, the Banda Sea, the Andaman Sea and the Malacca Strait. The Maluku Sea, the Makassar Strait and the Java Sea are the boundary region between tides from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the Java Sea the semidiurnal tide is produced mainly by the tide from the Indian Ocean. At the boundary region, the amplitudes are generally very small. As an example of a boundary region, the tides of the Sunda Strait are considered in some detail. An analytical solution of two overlapping standing waves, one wave resulting from open mouth reflection of a wave incident from the Indian Ocean and the other standing wave from open mouth reflection of a wave incident from the Java Sea, adequately describe the M2 tide in the Sunda Strait.
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Li, Ying, Chenghao Wang, Ru Huang, Denghua Yan, Hui Peng, and Shangbin Xiao. "Spatial distribution of oceanic moisture contributions to precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 24 (December 21, 2022): 6413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6413-2022.
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Abstract. Evaporation from global oceans is an important moisture source for glaciers and headwaters of major Asian rivers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Although the accelerated global hydrological cycle, the altered sea–land thermal contrast and the amplified warming rate over the TP during the past several decades are known to have profound effects on the regional water balance, the spatial distribution of oceanic moisture contributions to the vast TP remains unclear. This hinders the accurate quantification of regional water budgets and the reasonable interpretation of water isotope records from observations and paleo archives. Based on historical data and moisture tracking, this study systematically quantifies the absolute and relative contributions of oceanic moisture to long-term precipitation in the TP. Results show that the seasonal absolute and relative oceanic contributions are generally out of phase, revealing the previously underestimated oceanic moisture contributions brought by the westerlies in winter and the overestimated moisture contributions from the Indian Ocean in summer. Quantitatively, the relative contribution of moisture from the Indian Ocean is only ∼30 % in the south TP and further decreases to below 10 % in the northernmost TP. The absolute oceanic contribution exhibits a spatial pattern consistent with the dipole pattern of long-term precipitation trends across the Brahmaputra Canyon region and the central-northern TP. In comparison, relative oceanic contributions show strong seasonal patterns associated with the seasonality of precipitation isotopes across the TP.
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Dunlop, JN, RD Wooller, and NG Cheshire. "Distribution and abundance of marine birds in the Eastern Indian Ocean." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880661.
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A survey of pelagic seabird distribution in the eastern Indian Ocean was conducted during October 1987. Five seabird assemblages were identified, associated with different marine environments. Sea surface salinity appeared to be the most important factor in tropical, oceanic waters and sea surface temperature in shelf waters. A distinct and relatively species-rich community occurred over the South Equatorial Current, where seabird biomasses were relatively high, albeit patchily distributed. Overall, the patterns of abundance of pelagic seabirds north-west of Australia reflected the known patterns of nutrient enrichment and marine productivity. There was evidence of some biogeographic commonality in seabirds between the tropical Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans, resulting from a 'throughflow' of water types.
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Domingues, Valentina F., Mário Quaresma, Sara Sousa, Mónica Rosas, Breixo Ventoso, Maria Leonor Nunes, and Cristina Delerue-Matos. "Evaluating the Lipid Quality of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Harvested from Different Oceans by Their Fatty Acid Signatures." Foods 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112816.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the fishing location on yellowfin tuna’s (YFT; Thunnus albacares) white muscle total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid profile. The comparison included 45 YFT loins, equally divided between the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The ocean had no significant influence on YFT TL content, total PUFA and total n-3 PUFA (p > 0.05), averaging 1.09 g/100 g of muscle, 229.2 and 192.8 mg/100 g of muscle, respectively. On the other hand, the YFT harvested on the Indian Ocean displayed significantly higher contents of both SFA and MUFA totals than the Atlantic Ocean counterparts (p < 0.05), while the YFT harvested in the Pacific Ocean presented intermediate values, not differing significantly from the other two origins. The YFT from the Indian and Pacific oceans held twice the n-6 PUFA content recorded in the Atlantic YFT (44.1 versus 21.1 mg/100 g of muscle). Considering the recommended daily intake of EPA plus DHA is 250 mg, the consumption of 100 g of YFT from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans would provide 149.2 mg, 191.8 mg or 229.6 mg of EPA plus DHA, representing 59.7%, 76.7% or 91.8% of the recommended daily intake, respectively.
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Dong, Lu, and Michael J. McPhaden. "Why Has the Relationship between Indian and Pacific Ocean Decadal Variability Changed in Recent Decades?" Journal of Climate 30, no. 6 (March 1, 2017): 1971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0313.1.
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Abstract Both the Indian and Pacific Oceans exhibit prominent decadal time scale variations in sea surface temperature (SST), linked dynamically via atmospheric and oceanic processes. However, the relationship between SST in these two basins underwent a dramatic transformation beginning around 1985. Prior to that, SST variations associated with the Indian Ocean basin mode (IOB) and the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) were positively correlated, whereas afterward they were much less clearly synchronized. Evidence is presented from both observations and coupled state-of-the-art climate models that enhanced external forcing, particularly from increased anthropogenic greenhouse gases, was the principal cause of this changed relationship. Using coupled climate model experiments, it is shown that without external forcing, the evolution of the IOB would be strongly forced by variations in the IPO. However, with strong external forcing, the dynamical linkage between the IOB and the IPO weakens so that the negative phase IPO after 2000 is unable to force a negative phase IOB-induced cooling of the Indian Ocean. This changed relationship in the IOB and IPO led to unique SST patterns in the Indo-Pacific region after 2000, which favored exceptionally strong easterly trade winds over the tropical Pacific Ocean and a pronounced global warming hiatus in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
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MELO, MARCELO R. S. "A revision of the genus Pseudoscopelus Lütken (Chiasmodontidae: Acanthomorphata) with descriptions of three new species." Zootaxa 2710, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2710.1.1.
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Pseudoscopelus Lütken is a genus of meso- and bathypelagic fishes with a worldwide distribution. The genus is the most diversified within the family Chiasmodontidae, containing 16 valid species, three of which are described herein as new: Pseudoscopelus scriptus Lütken, from the western Central and North Atlantic; P. sagamianus Tanaka, from the Eastern Pacific and Indian Ocean; P. altipinnis Parr, widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; P. cephalus Fowler, only known from the type locality in the Indo-Pacific; P. obtusifrons Fowler, from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; P. scutatus Krefft, widely distributed in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; P. aphos Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the western North Atlantic; P. parini Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the western Central Pacific to Hawaiian islands; P. astronesthidens Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the North Atlantic; P. australis Prokofiev and Kukuev, widely distribution in the southern parts of the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Oceans, and in the Southern Ocean; P. pierbartus Spitz, Quéro and Vayne, from the North Atlantic and western South Atlantic; P. bothrorrhinos Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo, from the western Pacific and Indian Ocean; P. lavenbergi Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo, from the western North, western Central and western South Atlantic, P. paxtoni new species, from the western South Pacific; P. cordilluminatus new species, from the Indian Ocean and eastern South Atlantic; and P. odontoglossum new species, from the Central Pacific. Herein, Pseudoscopelus stellatus is placed in synonymy of P. scriptus; P. albeolus, in synonymy of P. australis; and P. vityazi, in synonymy of P. parini. Pseudoscopelus microps is confirmed as a junior synonym of P. altipinnis. A key to the species of Pseudoscopelus is provided as well as updated diagnoses, redescriptions, areas and distribution maps, based on extensive examination of collection material and comparison with type specimens.
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Afrisal, Muhammad, Yukio Iwatsuki, and Andi Iqbal Burhanuddin. "Morphological and genetic evaluation of the thumbprint emperor, Lethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans." F1000Research 9 (August 5, 2020): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23740.1.
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Background: The Lethrinidae (emperors) include many important food fish species. Accurate determination of species and stocks is important for fisheries management. The taxonomy of the genus Lethrinus is problematic, for example with regards to the identification of the thumbprint emperor Lethrinus harak. Little research has been done on L. harak diversity in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric and genetic characters of the thumbprint emperor, L. harak (Forsskål, 1775) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Methods: This research was conducted in the Marine Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, and Division of Fisheries Science, University of Miyazaki. Morphometric character measurements were based on holotype character data, while genetic analysis was performed on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence data. Morphometric data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) statistical tests in MINITAB, and genetic data were analysed in MEGA 6. Results: Statistical test results based on morphometric characters revealed groupings largely representative of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Seychelles was separated from other Indian Ocean sites and Australian populations were closer to the Pacific than the Indian Ocean group. The genetic distance between the groups was in the low category (0.000 - 0.042). The phylogenetic topology reconstruction accorded well with the morphometric character analysis, with two main L. harak clades representing Indian and Pacific Ocean, and Australia in the Pacific Ocean clade. Conclusions: These results indicate that geographical and environmental factors can affect the morphometric and genetic characteristics of L. harak.
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Han, Weiqing, Jérôme Vialard, Michael J. McPhaden, Tong Lee, Yukio Masumoto, Ming Feng, and Will P. M. de Ruijter. "Indian Ocean Decadal Variability: A Review." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 1679–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00028.1.
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The international scientific community has highlighted decadal and multidecadal climate variability as a priority area for climate research. The Indian Ocean rim region is home to one-third of the world's population, mostly living in developing countries that are vulnerable to climate variability and to the increasing pressure of anthropogenic climate change. Yet, while prominent decadal and multidecadal variations occur in the Indian Ocean, they have been less studied than those in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This paper reviews existing literature on these Indian Ocean variations, including observational evidence, physical mechanisms, and climatic impacts. This paper also identifies major issues and challenges for future Indian Ocean research on decadal and multidecadal variability.
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Meehl, Gerald A., Julie M. Arblaster, and Johannes Loschnigg. "Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamical Processes in the Tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans and the TBO." Journal of Climate 16, no. 13 (July 1, 2003): 2138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2767.1.
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Abstract The transitions (from relatively strong to relatively weak monsoon) in the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) occur in northern spring for the south Asian or Indian monsoon and northern fall for the Australian monsoon involving coupled land–atmosphere–ocean processes over a large area of the Indo-Pacific region. Transitions from March–May (MAM) to June–September (JJAS) tend to set the system for the next year, with a transition to the opposite sign the following year. Previous analyses of observed data and GCM sensitivity experiments have demonstrated that the TBO (with roughly a 2–3-yr period) encompasses most ENSO years (with their well-known biennial tendency). In addition, there are other years, including many Indian Ocean dipole (or zonal mode) events, that contribute to biennial transitions. Results presented here from observations for composites of TBO evolution confirm earlier results that the Indian and Pacific SST forcings are more dominant in the TBO than circulation and meridional temperature gradient anomalies over Asia. A fundamental element of the TBO is the large-scale east–west atmospheric circulation (the Walker circulation) that links anomalous convection and precipitation, winds, and ocean dynamics across the Indian and Pacific sectors. This circulation connects convection over the Asian–Australian monsoon regions both to the central and eastern Pacific (the eastern Walker cell), and to the central and western Indian Ocean (the western Walker cell). Analyses of upper-ocean data confirm previous results and show that ENSO El Niño and La Niña events as well as Indian Ocean SST dipole (or zonal mode) events are often large-amplitude excursions of the TBO in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, respectively, associated with anomalous eastern and western Walker cell circulations, coupled ocean dynamics, and upper-ocean temperature and heat content anomalies. Other years with similar but lower-amplitude signals in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans also contribute to the TBO. Observed upper-ocean data for the Indian Ocean show that slowly eastward-propagating equatorial ocean heat content anomalies, westward-propagating ocean Rossby waves south of the equator, and anomalous cross-equatorial ocean heat transports contribute to the heat content anomalies in the Indian Ocean and thus to the ocean memory and consequent SST anomalies, which are an essential part of the TBO.
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Ishida, Akio, Yoshikazu Sasai, and Yasuhiro Yamanaka. "Role of Eddies in Chlorofluorocarbon Transport in Wind-Driven Oceanic Layers." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 2491–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3125.1.
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Abstract In this study the global distribution and transport of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the oceans are investigated using a high-resolution numerical model. The authors focus on the effects of wind-driven processes such as subduction and ventilation on the distribution of CFC-11 within surface and thermocline layers. Local maxima of tracer inventory are identified in oceanic regions. Two major absorption regions in the South Pacific Ocean are located west of South America and northeast of New Zealand in boundary latitudes between subtropical and subantarctic areas. In the North Pacific and south Indian Oceans, the positions of the local maxima of tracers migrate west–east with increasing density. The relationship between water formation and tracer distribution is discussed by comparing the wintertime mixed layer depth and mean circulation. The contributions of mean and eddy transport of the meridional overturning cells to tracer transport are analyzed. Stationary eddies have a large impact in the Southern Ocean, while transient eddies are crucial for the compensation of mean transport in the equatorial oceans. Mean and seasonal variability components of meridional tracer transport are dominant in the subtropics; however, eddy transport also plays a significant role.
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Desai, Gaurav. "Oceans Connect: The Indian Ocean and African Identities." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 3 (May 2010): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.713.
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Readers of PMLA Recognize 26 Broadway, in New York City, as the Headquarters of the Mla, One of the Major Hubs of Intellectual work in literary and cultural studies in North America. But in the summer of 1840, 26 Broadway was a commercial hub that connected the world of the Atlantic Ocean with the world of the Indian Ocean. Here, in the offices of the New York firm Barclay and Livingston, Ahmad Bin Na'aman, special envoy of the sultan of Zanzibar, Sayyid Said, offered for sale merchandise that had been brought to the United States from Muscat and Zanzibar. The merchandise included “1,300 bags of dates, 21 bales of Persian wool carpets and 100 bales of Mokha coffee” that had been acquired at Muscat and “108 prime ivory tusks, 81 cases of gum copal, … 135 bags of cloves and 1,000 dry salted hides” from Zanzibar (Eilts 32). The cargo had come to New York on 30 April 1840 aboard the Sultanah, a bark owned by the sultan and commanded by William Sleeman, an Englishman. Except for two Frenchmen whose identities are uncertain and two Englishwomen who had sought passage to London, where the ship was headed, most of those on board were African slaves belonging to the ship's officers and hired lascars, Muslim seamen from the lower Konkan and Malabar coasts of India who had been signed on in Bombay, where the ship had been refitted for the transatlantic voyage and from which it first embarked (3). The slaves, we are told, were dressed in garments made of coarse cotton cloth “called merikani, after the country of its manufacture” (4). In his account of the voyage of the Sultanah, Hermann Frederick Eilts writes of “the pungent vapors of cloves, gum copal and coffee (from the ship's cargo), of tar and pitch, of open-hearth cooking in deep, acrid sheep tail's fat, called ghee, of primitive shipboard sanitation and of coconut oil” (4). This account of the “first Arab emissary and the first Arab vessel to visit American shores” is a rich reminder of the historical interconnections in the world (6).
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GHANEKAR, S. P., S. G. NARKHEDKAR, and D. R. SIKKA. "Progress of Indian summer monsoon onset and convective episodes over Indo-Pacific region observed during 2009-2014." MAUSAM 67, no. 4 (December 8, 2021): 803–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i4.1409.
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Summer monsoon onset progress from the oceanic region of Southeast Bay of Bengal / Andaman Sea (Oceanr) up to extreme southwestern part of India (Kerala) for the years 2009 to 2014 is investigated. Synoptic weather information, INSAT/KALPANA-1 as well as cloud imageries archived from Dundee Satellite Receiving Station for May and early June for these years are used in the analysis. Upper-air reanalyzed winds from NCEP/NCAR and OLR data archived through NOAA satellites are also used. During the study period, the dates of monsoon onset as well as the time required for the advancement of onset from Oceanr to Kerala have shown a large variation. An attempt is made to investigate the causes for such variations. The results indicate that intense disturbances which formed over north Indian Ocean in 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2014 and over west-north Pacific Oceanic region in 2011 and 2012 have contributed for the same. Analysis is carried out, limiting its focus to bring out the role of these convective events in the observed variation of onset timing and its progress by taking case to case review of these events and bringing out their influence through synoptic analysis. Utility of this information in prediction of the progress of Indian summer monsoon onset is also brought out.
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Leite, Ana Mafalda. "Narrativas do Índico na escrita de JPBC – uma geografia transnacional." Remate de Males 38, no. 1 (June 7, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/remate.v38i1.8651396.
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O artigo trata da importância das narrativas do Oceano Índico, representadas diferentemente na escrita de João Paulo Borges Coelho, pela descrição do historiador e e recriadas imaginariamente pelo escritor, enquanto elementos configuradores da área de estudos do Oceano Índico ou Indian Ocean Studies. A narrativa é um elemento de trânsito cultural, recriadora de uma geografia do espaço índico, e da História e estórias que nele circulam.
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Shimada, Teruhisa, Yuki Kanno, and Toshiki Iwasaki. "Low-Level Cool Air over the Midlatitude Oceans in Summer." Journal of Climate 31, no. 5 (March 2018): 2075–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0188.1.
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The climatology of low-level cool air over the midlatitude oceans in summer is presented based on an isentropic analysis. This study focuses on isentropic surfaces of 296 K to analyze an adiabatic invariant referred to as the negative heat content representing the coldness of the air layer below the threshold isentropic surface. This approach allows a systematic analysis and a quantitative comparison of the cool air distribution and a diagnosis of diabatic heating of the air mass. The cool air covers most of the subarctic oceans and extends equatorward over the coastal upwelling regions in the east of the ocean basins. In these regions, the genesis of the cool air is diagnosed. The loss of the cool air occurs over land and the subtropical oceans, particularly on the offshore side of the coastal upwelling regions. In the Pacific sector and the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, another large loss of the cool air occurs along the oceanic frontal zone including the Agulhas Return Current. Over the zonally extended region where the cool air is generated in the Southern Hemisphere and the coastal upwelling regions, it is suggested that diabatic cooling associated with low-level clouds overcome heating by turbulent surface heat fluxes. The genesis of the cool air over the subarctic oceans in the Northern Hemisphere in the warm season switches into the loss of the cold air in the cool season on a basin scale. Meanwhile, over the oceans in the Southern Hemisphere, there is no basin-scale seasonal switch.
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Mishukova, G. I., A. V. Yatsuk, and R. B. Shakirov. "Distribution of methane fluxes on the water–atmosphere interface in different regions of the World Ocean." Geosystems of Transition Zones 5, no. 3 (2021): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2021.5.3.240-247.247-254.
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For the first time, methane fluxes at the water-atmosphere interface were calculated for the water area of Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans (for the area about 30,000 miles) on the basis of the expeditionary measurements of methane concentrations in the surface layer of water and subsurface layer of the atmosphere along the entire course of the vessel. Methane fluxes at the water-atmosphere interface were calculated for the water areas of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. In the result of the studies carried out in various regions of the World Ocean, an uneven spatial distribution of methane fluxes from strong absorption to emission of anomalous intensity was observed. The article presents the results of a detailed study for the deepwater area of the Indian Ocean open waters in the northern part of the Ninetyeast Ridge. Both supersaturation and undersaturation of seawater respectively to its concentrations in the atmosphere have been revealed on the basis of the direct measurements of methane concentrations in the ocean surface water layer. The distribution of dissolved methane in the water column of the Indian Ocean has been considered.
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Afrisal, Muhammad, Yukio Iwatsuki, and Andi Iqbal Burhanuddin. "Morphological and genetic evaluation of the thumbprint emperor, Lethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans." F1000Research 9 (March 16, 2021): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23740.2.
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Background: The Lethrinidae (emperors) include many important food fish species. Accurate determination of species and stocks is important for fisheries management. The taxonomy of the genus Lethrinus is problematic, for example with regards to the identification of the thumbprint emperor Lethrinus harak. Little research has been done on L. harak diversity in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric and genetic characters of the thumbprint emperor, L. harak (Forsskål, 1775) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Methods: This research was conducted in the Marine Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, and Division of Fisheries Science, University of Miyazaki. Morphometric character measurements were based on holotype character data, while genetic analysis was performed on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence data. Morphometric data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) statistical tests in MINITAB, and genetic data were analysed in MEGA 6. Results: Statistical test results based on morphometric characters revealed groupings largely representative of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Seychelles was separated from other Indian Ocean sites and Australian populations were closer to the Pacific than the Indian Ocean group. The genetic distance between the groups was in the low category (0.000 - 0.042). The phylogenetic topology reconstruction accorded well with the morphometric character analysis, with two main L. harak clades representing Indian and Pacific Ocean, and Australia in the Pacific Ocean clade. Conclusions: These results indicate that the morphological character size of L. harak from Makassar and the holotype from Saudi Arabia have changed. Genetic distance and phylogeny reconstruction are closely related to low genetic distance.
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Gupta, Ashin Das. "Indian Merchants and the Western Indian Ocean: The Early Seventeenth Century." Modern Asian Studies 19, no. 3 (July 1985): 481–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007691.
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Researches in Indian economic history have stimulated curiosity about India's connections with the Indian Ocean area. Work done on European expansion in the non-European world has also contributed to the development of this area of enquiry. Recent writings on the Indian Ocean and the Indian maritime merchant have indicated important possibilities of further research. I shall first briefly consider some of these, and then pass on to an examination of a concrete historical problem where Indian economic history meets the history of European expansion and the two themes are held together by the Indian Ocean.
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Jang, Youkyoung, and David M. Straus. "The Indian Monsoon Circulation Response to El Niño Diabatic Heating." Journal of Climate 25, no. 21 (November 2012): 7487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00637.1.
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The response of the boreal summer mean tropical circulation to anomalies in diabatic heating during the strong El Niño events of 1972, 1987, and 1997 is studied, with particular focus on the Indian region. In experiments with the atmospheric general circulation model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, anomalous diabatic heating fields are added to the full temperature tendency of the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3). The boundary conditions are specified climatological sea surface temperatures everywhere but over the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, where a slab-ocean model is used. The vertical structure of the added heating is idealized with a single maximum at 600 hPa. The added heating in the experiments was chosen on the basis of the 1972, 1987, and 1997 diabatic heating anomalies in the Pacific and Indian Oceans diagnosed from reanalyses. Integrations extended from May to August with 20 different initial conditions. The 1972 and 1987 experiments produced an anomalous anticyclonic circulation extending westward toward the Indian region, accompanied by negative total (added plus CAM3 produced) diabatic heating anomalies over India. A similar result was obtained for 1997 when only the Pacific Ocean diabatic heating was added. The heating over the central Pacific is shown to be more important than the western Pacific cooling. When the added heating also took into account anomalies over the Indian Ocean, the anomalous anticyclonic circulation weakens, while the total Indian heating anomaly is quite small. These results suggest the importance of the Indian Ocean heating for the 1997 monsoon circulation, but do not constitute a complete explanation since the Indian Ocean heating was given a priori.
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Yuan, Dongliang, Jing Wang, Tengfei Xu, Peng Xu, Zhou Hui, Xia Zhao, Yihua Luan, Weipeng Zheng, and Yongqiang Yu. "Forcing of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Interannual Variations of the Tropical Pacific Ocean: Roles of the Indonesian Throughflow." Journal of Climate 24, no. 14 (July 15, 2011): 3593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3649.1.
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Abstract Controlled numerical experiments using ocean-only and ocean–atmosphere coupled general circulation models show that interannual sea level depression in the eastern Indian Ocean during the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events forces enhanced Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) to transport warm water from the upper-equatorial Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean. The enhanced transport produces elevation of the thermocline and cold subsurface temperature anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, which propagate to the eastern equatorial Pacific to induce significant coupled evolution of the tropical Pacific oceanic and atmospheric circulation. Analyses suggest that the IOD-forced ITF transport anomalies are about the same amplitudes as those induced by the Pacific ENSO. Results of the coupled model experiments suggest that the anomalies induced by the IOD persist in the equatorial Pacific until the year following the IOD event, suggesting the importance of the oceanic channel in modulating the interannual climate variations of the tropical Pacific Ocean at the time lag beyond one year.
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Tegtmeier, Susann, Christa Marandino, Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, and Anoop S. Mahajan. "Atmospheric gas-phase composition over the Indian Ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 6625–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6625-2022.
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Abstract. The Indian Ocean is coupled to atmospheric dynamics and chemical composition via several unique mechanisms, such as the seasonally varying monsoon circulation. During the winter monsoon season, high pollution levels are regularly observed over the entire northern Indian Ocean, while during the summer monsoon, clean air dominates the atmospheric composition, leading to distinct chemical regimes. The changing atmospheric composition over the Indian Ocean can interact with oceanic biogeochemical cycles and impact marine ecosystems, resulting in potential climate feedbacks. Here, we review current progress in detecting and understanding atmospheric gas-phase composition over the Indian Ocean and its local and global impacts. The review considers results from recent Indian Ocean ship campaigns, satellite measurements, station data, and information on continental and oceanic trace gas emissions. The distribution of all major pollutants and greenhouse gases shows pronounced differences between the landmass source regions and the Indian Ocean, with strong gradients over the coastal areas. Surface pollution and ozone are highest during the winter monsoon over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea coastal waters due to air mass advection from the Indo-Gangetic Plain and continental outflow from Southeast Asia. We observe, however, that unusual types of wind patterns can lead to pronounced deviations of the typical trace gas distributions. For example, the ozone distribution maxima shift to different regions under wind scenarios that differ from the regular seasonal transport patterns. The distribution of greenhouse gases over the Indian Ocean shows many similarities when compared to the pollution fields, but also some differences of the latitudinal and seasonal variations resulting from their long lifetimes and biogenic sources. Mixing ratios of greenhouse gases such as methane show positive trends over the Indian Ocean, but long-term changes in pollution and ozone due to changing emissions and transport patterns require further investigation. Although we know that changing atmospheric composition and perturbations within the Indian Ocean affect each other, the impacts of atmospheric pollution on oceanic biogeochemistry and trace gas cycling are severely understudied. We highlight potential mechanisms, future research topics, and observational requirements that need to be explored in order to fully understand such interactions and feedbacks in the Indian Ocean region.
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Sreeja, K. "Blue Ocean Strategies and Indian Companies." Asian Review of Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2020.9.1.1611.
Full textAbstract:
The Blue Ocean Strategy is relatively a new concept propounded by Kim and Mauborgne in 2005 in their famous book “Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant”. Blue oceans are the unexplored market space where no competition exists at present. This is a concept paper based on content exploration and no scientific enquiry is carried out as part of this study. The present paper explains the concept of Blue Ocean Strategy by illustrating the examples of some companies using this strategy
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Sharma, Rishi, Maite Pons, Sarah Martin, Laurie Kell, John Walter, Matthew Lauretta, and Michael Schirripa. "Factors related to the decline and rebuilding of billfish stocks in the Atlantic and Indian oceans." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 2 (May 20, 2017): 880–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx081.
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Abstract The article examines factors related to the decline and rebuilding of billfish stocks in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Longline effort has declined over the last 10–15 years in both oceans. This decline in fishing pressure has led to the recovery of some stocks, but some species that are caught incidentally in industrial longline fisheries remain overexploited. Using a simple moving average technique on fishing mortality trajectories, we estimated a threshold effort size of 240 million hooks for the Atlantic Ocean and 364 million hooks for the Indian Ocean where stocks start experiencing overfishing. In addition, we highlight differences in the economic characteristics of the major fleets catching billfish in the two oceans and discuss how this may be associated with differences in management, enforcement, and stock rebuilding.
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Yuan, Jiacan, Steven B. Feldstein, Sukyoung Lee, and Benkui Tan. "The Relationship between the North Atlantic Jet and Tropical Convection over the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans." Journal of Climate 24, no. 23 (December 1, 2011): 6100–6113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4203.1.
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Abstract Boreal winter jet variability over the North Atlantic is investigated using 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data, where the variability is defined by the first EOF of the zonal wind on seven vertical levels. The principal component time series of this EOF is referred to as the jet index. A pattern correlation analysis indicates that the jet index more accurately describes intraseasonal North Atlantic zonal wind variability than does the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). A series of composite calculations of the jet index based on events of intraseasonal convective precipitation over the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans reveals the following statistically significant relationships: 1) negative jet events lead enhanced Indian Ocean precipitation, 2) positive jet events lag enhanced Indian Ocean precipitation, 3) positive jet events lead enhanced western Pacific Ocean precipitation, and 4) negative jet events lag enhanced western Pacific Ocean precipitation. These intraseasonal relationships are found to be linked through the circumglobal teleconnection pattern (CTP). Implications of the sign of the CTP being opposite to that of the jet index suggest that relationships 1 and 3 may arise from cold air surges associated with the CTP over these oceans. On interdecadal time scales, a much greater increase in the frequency of precipitation events from 1958 to 1979 (P1) to 1980 to 2001 (P2) was found for the Indian Ocean relative to the western Pacific Ocean. This observation, combined with relationships 2 and 4, leads to the suggestion that this change in the frequency of intraseasonal Indian Ocean precipitation events may make an important contribution to the excitation of interdecadal variability of the North Atlantic jet.
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Fan, Gong, Guoxing Yin, Anirban Sarker, and Chenhong Li. "Diversifying of Two Pampus Species across the Indo–Pacific Barrier and the Origin of the Genus." Diversity 14, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030180.
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Among marine species distributed in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, the Indo–Pacific Barrier (IPB) has been found to be an important barrier of divergence of species distributed on both sides. Among the five species of the genus Pampus, only Pampus chinensis and P. cinereus are distributed across the western Pacific and the Indian Oceans and have not been studied comparatively using extensive sampling and gene markers. Furthermore, the origin and history of genus Pampus remain unrevealed. We used thousands of nuclear loci based on target gene enrichment to explore genetic structure of P. chinensis and P. cinereus across the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. We performed divergence dating and ancestral area reconstruction analysis and inferred the dispersal routes of the Pampus species. The results suggest that the IPB played an important role in the differentiation between populations among the two oceans for both P. chinensis and P. cinereus, dividing species into the Pacific lineage and the Indian Ocean lineage. Low sea level in the late Pleistocene may be the main cause. The result also showed that the South China Sea was the center of origin of the genus Pampus, and dispersal routes of each species may be associated with the ocean currents. Our study provided new examples for the IPB effect on marine species.
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Garuba, Oluwayemi A., and Barry A. Klinger. "Ocean Heat Uptake and Interbasin Transport of the Passive and Redistributive Components of Surface Heating." Journal of Climate 29, no. 20 (October 5, 2016): 7507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0138.1.
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Abstract Global warming induces ocean circulation changes that not only can redistribute ocean reservoir temperature stratification but also change the total heat content anomaly of the ocean. Here all consequences of this process are referred to collectively as “redistribution.” Previous model studies of redistributive effects could not measure the net global contribution to the amount of ocean heat uptake by redistribution. In this study, a global ocean model experiment with abrupt increase in surface temperature is conducted with a new passive tracer formulation. This separates ocean heat uptake into contributions due to redistribution temperature and surface heat flux anomalies and those due to the passive advection and mixing of surface heat flux anomalies forced in the atmosphere. For a decline in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation of about 40%, redistribution nearly doubles the Atlantic passive anomalous surface heat input and depth penetration of temperature anomalies. However, smaller increases in the Indian and Pacific Oceans cause the net global redistributive contribution to be only 25% of the passive contribution. Despite the much larger anomalous surface heat input in the Atlantic, the Pacific gains heat content anomaly similar to that in the Atlantic because of export from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans via the global conveyor belt. Of this interbasin heat transport, most of the passive component comes from the Indian Ocean and the redistributive component comes from the Atlantic.