Journal articles on the topic 'Oceania Economic policy'
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1
Dudzevičiūtė, Gitana, Agnė Šimelytė, and Vidmantė Giedraitytė. "Export – economic growth nexus in the world regions: directions of public policy." Public Policy and Administration 20, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.20.1.28500.
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This paper has examined a long - run causal nexus between export and economic growth in six regions of the world. For this purpose, the authors have applied the Granger causality test. Using annual data for the period of 1971 – 2018, the authors have tested the direction of the causality between the variables. The research has found unidirectional causality running from export to economic growth in Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. Moreover, the research has noticed the absence of the Granger causality in Africa and Latin America & the Caribbean. The findings could be useful in implementing regional policy. In Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania policy makers should aware of the importance of trade and focus on implementing export-oriented policies to stimulate economic growth and achieve sustainable development.
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Tesfay, Yohannes Yebabe, and Per Bjarte Solibakke. "Econometric Modelling of the Variations of Norway’s Export Trade across Continents and over Time: The Two-Stage Non-Full Rank Hierarchical Linear Econometric Model Approach." Economics Research International 2015 (September 1, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/791805.
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This paper applies the two-stage hierarchical non-full rank linear econometric model to make a deep analysis based on revenue generated from key Norwegian export items over the world’s continents. The model’s ability to analyse the variation of Norway’s export trade gives us the following interesting details: (1) for each continent intra- and intervariation of export items, (2) access to deep knowledge about the characteristics of the Norway’s export items revenue, (3) quantifying the economic importance and sustainability of export items within continents; and finally (4) comparing a given export item economic importance across continents. The results suggest the following important policy implications for Norway. First, Europe is the most important trade partner for Norway. In fact, 81.5% of Norwegian export items are transported to Europe. Second, there is a structural shift in Norwegian exports from North and Central America to Asia and Oceania. Third, the new importance of Asia and Oceania is also emphasized by the 85% increase in export revenues over the period 1988–2012. The trade pattern has changed and trade policy must change accordingly. The analysis has shown that in 2012 there are two important export continents for Norway: Europe and Asia and Oceania.
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Ochirova, Galina N., Evgeniya M. Moiseeva, and Anastasiya S. Maksimova. "The relation of environmental and climatic changes and migration situation in Oceania." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-2-313-325.
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The article presents overview of environmental and climatic, economic and migration situations in the countries of Oceania. In order to determine the relation of environmental and climatic changes and migration processes in the island states and territories of Oceania, New Zealand and Australia, analytical reports and censuses of the population of the states, estimates and statistics of international organizations are studied. The article analyses the state policy of island states and territories in the field of sustainable development and migration, as well as immigration policies of the main host countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the USA. It was found that internal and external migration in Oceania is mainly driven by socio-economic factors (problems with employment, education and medical services), while internal migration is usually directed to urban area, and external - from the city to foreign countries. Exploring the peculiarities of climate change and natural phenomena and their impact on the livelihoods of people in the region of Oceania, we can conclude that natural and climatic influences directly and indirectly affect different spheres of life of the local population. Nevertheless, the impact of climate change and natural phenomena on the migration of the population of Oceania at the moment is insignificant (no more than 10-12% of international flows), however, in the case of an increase in the intensity and frequency of na- tural disasters, and also due to an increase in the number and density of population (71 million people will live in the region to 2100) an increase in the flow of environmental migrants is inevitable.
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Cuthbertson, Joseph, Frank Archer, Jose-Manuel Rodriguez-llanes, and Andrew Robertson. "Perceptions of Climate Change and Disaster Risk in Oceania." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003522.
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Introduction:This study profiles climate change as an emerging disaster risk in Oceania. The rationale for undertaking this study was to investigate climate change and disaster risk in Oceania. The role of this analysis is to examine what evidence exists to support decision-making and profile the nature, type, and potential human and economic impact of climate change and disaster risk in Oceania.Aim:To evaluate perceptions of climate change and disaster risk in the Oceania region.Methods:Thirty individual interviews with participants from 9 different countries were conducted. All of the participants were engaged in disaster management in the Oceania region as researchers, practitioners in emergency management, disaster health care and policy managers, or academics. Data collection was conducted between April and November 2017. Thematic analysis was conducted using narrative inquiry to gather first-hand insights on their perceptions of current and emerging threats and propose improvements in risk management practice to capture, monitor, and control disaster risk.Results:Interviewees who viewed climate change as a risk or hazard described a breadth of impacts. Hazards identified included climate variability and climate-related disasters, climate issues in island areas and loss of land mass, trans-nation migration, and increased transportation risk due to rising sea levels. These emerging risks are reflective of both the geographical location of countries in Oceania, where land mass due to rising oceans has been previously reported and climate change-driven migration of island populations.Discussion:Climate change was perceived as a significant contemporary and future risk, and as an influencing factor on other risks in the Oceania region.
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Tazikhina, Tatiana, Vladimir Kvasha, Yulia Solovova, and Igbal Guliev. "Green Energy in the Caribbean: Influence on Toursim and Economic Development." Problemy Ekorozwoju 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2022.1.25.
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The green energy agenda has become one of the most important issues in international relations. Many island states of the Oceania have taken the course of green economy construction. The Caribbean states are in some way similar to the Oceania ones and have also made several steps towards greener future. Some of these states are tightly connected with international tourism, leading to the high dependence of their economies from touristic revenues. The article examines this interconnection, including economic component in the analysis. The major question of the article is how does (or doesn’t) tourism influence the development of green energy in the Caribbean states. The two major economies examined in the region are Cuba and Dominican Republic as the two examples of the totally different economic systems and approaches to the development of the green energy. The key findings of the article include such conclusions as the possibility of synergetic interdependence between tourism, economy and green energy and the positive effects this interdependence has. The other finding is that the Cuban method of introducing green energy is less effective than the Dominican one. The novelty of the article includes the comparison of the two economic models in the Caribbean and the development of strategies for the green energy proliferation in the countries.
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Ehizuelen, Michael Mitchell Omoruyi, and Hodan Osman Abdi. "Sustaining China-Africa relations." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 3, no. 4 (September 18, 2017): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891117727901.
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China’s “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) Initiative forms the centerpiece of China’s leadership’s new foreign policy. The initiative aspires to put the nations of Asia, Oceania, Europe, and Africa on a new trajectory of higher growth and human development through infrastructural connectivity, augmented trade, and investment. The initiative offers tremendous opportunities for international economic cooperation, especially for African nations. This article examines China-Africa relations, centering on the possibility of expanding the OBOR initiative to cover more African nations. Africa has been the focus of China’s foreign policy since 2013. A study on the implementation of OBOR in Africa will allow for a better understanding of contemporary China-Africa relations, while hopefully providing answers to some of the questions surrounding the issue. In this article, we carefully examine the economic drivers, challenges – with suggestions on ways to navigate those challenges – and opportunities of the OBOR initiative.
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Setiawan, Sigit. "Japanese Abenomics Stimulus Policy: The Impact on Indonesian and Japanese Economy." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 18, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v18i2.48.
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To address economic crisis and promote domestic economy to re-grow, Japanese government has launched Abenomics stimulus package in January 2013 to be disbursed during period 2013-2014. This study is focused and limited to analyze the impact of Abenomics policy on Japanese GDP and its transmission effect to Indonesian GDP. This study employs quantitative analysis method, completed with descriptive analysis based on historical data and relevant literatures. Main findings from this study are Abenomics will spur Japanese GDP positively by 2,37% in 2013 and by 2,79% in 2014. Spillover effect from Japanese demand shock will bring the biggest impact on the main partner of Asian and Oceania countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia will receive additional positive impact on its growth in 2013-2014 and substractive negative impact during 2015 to early 2017, before bounce back to positive zone in the second quarter 2017 to year 2018.
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Kupriyanov, Alexey V. "Indian South Pacific turn: causes and possible consequences." Asia and Africa Today, no. 12 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750017783-3.
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Until recently, Oceania was on the periphery of Indian foreign policy. This was due to a number of historical, political and economic reasons: the polities of Oceania historically weren’t a part of the Indian Ocean world; they gained independence too late, and the volume of India's trade with most of them is insignificant. The situation began to change after Narendra Modi came to power in 2014, but this process soon stalled. However, in recent months, there has been a sharp surge in Indian interest in Oceania. In the author's opinion, this is due to three processes: India's desire to enlist the support of its solar energy initiatives, the awareness of the weakness of its strategy of containing China in the Indian Ocean and and the formation of a triple informal alliance with the participation of India, Australia and France, which seems beneficial for these countries. The article analyzes the main imperatives and tasks of India, shows the process of their changes. The author points out that Fiji has historically played a major role in Indian politics in Oceania, but notes that in the near future Indian interest in Papua New Guinea and Tonga, two other island countries with their own armed forces, will grow. The article describes the existing interaction between India and the countries of the South Pacific and promising fields of cooperation. The author notes that Indian expansion in the region opens up new prospects for Russia and puts before it the question of formulating its own Indo-Pacific strategy, which would be combined with the Indian vision.
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Gonzalez Saez, Ruvislei. "Cuba – Asia y Oceanía: historical relations." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-4-79-91.
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The countries of Asia and Oceania occupy a prominent place in Cuba’s foreign policy orientation, which is especially relevant today when the country is facing another strengthening of restrictions by the United States, as well as trying to overcome the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The author analyzes the history and potential of Cuba’s cooperation with Asia, which is the most dynamic region in the world economy, in order to demonstrate the level of existing interaction and the prospects of emerging opportunities. The article provides an overview of the process of Cuba’s establishing diplomatic relations with the countries of Asia and Oceania, reflecting on both the incentives and the difficulties that accompanied this dynamic. The author looks at different areas of cooperation with the countries of the region, including health care (exchange of medical professionals, support by sharing medical brigades, shipments of diagnostic equipment and medications), agriculture and food security, academic exchange, etc. Particular attention is paid to trade, where economic ties with key partners are examined, taking into account the structure of trade. In conclusion, the research stresses the essential importance of developing already consolidated and trending relations between Cuba and the Asia-Pacific region, both with its “giants” and with the smaller states. This thesis is also supported by political preconditions, in particular by the fact that, from the political perspective, the countries of the region have expressed support and agreement with Cuba in many bilateral and multilateral aspects, especially those related to the condemnation of the U.S. economic and financial embargo against Cuba.
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Sherazi, Tatheer Zahra, and Amna Mahmood. "THE US POLICY SHIFT FROM ‘PIVOT TO ASIA’ TO ‘FREE INDO PACIFIC’: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN." Asia-Pacific - Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia 38 (February 4, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol38.iss0.2779.
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Asia Pacific, which is extended Eastward to the states of Oceania, Westward to Pakistan, Southward to New Zealand, and Northward to Mongolia, is currently a pivot of the globe due to its economic growth. Since last two decades, it has got status of ‘growth center’ owing to its high economic growth rate. The United States (US) had been very active in Asia Pacific throughout the Cold War period, but in post-Cold War era, it was disengaged due to its pre-occupation in Middle East. However, the rise of China attracted US again with multiple arrangements at political, economic and social fronts. There are two world views about the US presence in Asia Pacific. The first one asserts that the Asia Pacific is more secure without the presence of US, while others takes the US presence as a patron for stability and solidarity within the region. The US policy of ‘Pivot to Asia’, ‘Asia Pacific’ commonly known as ‘Rebalancing’ ensured its new commitment of deep engagement in Southeast Asia. Policy shift under Trump administration from ‘Pivot to Asia’ to ‘Free Indo-Pacific’ has direct as well indirect implications for Pakistan. The study analyses the US strategies and polices under the theory of ‘Offensive Realism,’ where ‘rational powers uncertain of intentions and capable of military offensive strive to survive’. Analytical, descriptive approaches are adopted in order to analyse US ongoing strategies.
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Suroso, Arif Imam, Idqan Fahmi, and Hansen Tandra. "The Role of Internet on Agricultural Sector Performance in Global World." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 12266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912266.
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The Internet is considered to be an important factor in accelerating economic growth. There is a statistic regarding the inline of higher economic growth with higher Internet access. However, the impact of the Internet on agriculture as a real sector regarding its contribution on economic growth has not been explored in detail. The purpose of this study is to analyze the global effect of the Internet on agricultural sector performance. Static panel regression was used in this study by involving 126 countries using data from World Bank Open Data (2012–2019). Extended analysis was employed by applying the regression into two classifications, namely, countries by continent and the country composition of World Economic Outlook (WEO) groups. The result of this study shows that there exists a positive and significant global effect from Internet users, fixed broadband subscriptions, and secure Internet servers on agricultural sector performance. Additionally, the positive effect of Internet variables on agriculture was only found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. In the country composition of WEO groups, there existed a positive and significant effect of Internet users and fixed broadband subscriptions on agricultural sector performance in economies classified as emerging and developing. This implies that the role of the Internet on agriculture is relatively higher in developing countries. Therefore, policymakers in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and emerging and developing economies (WEO Groups) must consider the role of Internet to improve agricultural sectors.
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Papenko, Nataliia. "Colonial Policy of German Empire in China and Oceania in the Last Third of XIX – Beginning of XX Century." European Historical Studies, no. 13 (2019): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.13.157-182.
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The relevance of the topic is determined by the historical significance of the problems that are raised in it. In the article the author discovers the methods and forms of Germany’s colonial policy in the last third part of the 19th – in the beginning of the 20th centuries in China and Oceania. The German Empire was the last from the world’s leading states that entered the path of colonial seizures. The author emphasizes that German politicians generally were satisfied with the development of the country after 1871. For a long time, the range of interests of an imperial chancellor O. von Bismarck (1871 – 1890), as a politician, was limited to the territory of Europe and those countries that were bound by it. Colonies were only interesting for him as an instrument for putting a pressure on the leading countries of the world to solve their European problems. Trying to avoid conflicts with the leading European powers, especially with the Great Britain, O. von Bismarck had been deliberately refraining from colonial expansion until the mid-80’s of the 19th century. In addition, indifference to colonialism at that time was being expressed by some representatives of the party elite and business. However, in the last third part of the 19th century, the country gets full freedom of action in colonial politics, and therefore it begins to occupy territories in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia and Oceania. The interference of the Second Reich in the division of China was one of the reasons for the massive Yihetuan Movement, and in the future, the deployment of a large-scale conflict – the Russian-Japanese war of 1904 – 1905. All this certainly became a part of the complex of reasons for the First World War. Therefore studying of the reasons for and effects of the colonial policy of Germany in the last third part of the 19th – early 20th centuries is quite important and of considerable scientific interest. In addition, the author notes that most of the politicians in the business circles of Germany considered the colonization of China and Oceania as an important stage not only for economic development of the country, but also for the growth of international authority in the world.
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Weeks, Emily S., Russell G. Death, Kyleisha Foote, Rosalynn Anderson-Lederer, Michael K. Joy, and Paul Boyce. "Conservation Science Statement. The demise of New Zealand's freshwater flora and fauna: a forgotten treasure." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15038.
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New Zealand’s freshwater ecosystems support a diverse and unique array of endemic flora and fauna. However, the conservation of its freshwater biodiversity is often overlooked in comparison to terrestrial and marine environments, and is under increasing threat from agricultural intensification, urbanisation, climate change, invasive species, and water abstraction. New Zealand has some of the highest levels of threatened freshwater species in the world with, for example, up to 74% of native freshwater fish listed as endangered or at risk. Threatened species are often discounted in water policy and management that is predominantly focussed on balancing water quality and economic development rather than biodiversity. We identify six clear actions to redress the balance of protecting New Zealand’s freshwater biodiversity: 1. change legislation to adequately protect native and endemic fish species and invertebrates, including those harvested commercially and recreationally; 2. protect habitat critical to the survival of New Zealand’s rare and range-restricted fish, invertebrate and plant freshwater species; 3. include river habitat to protect ecosystem health in the National Objectives Framework for the National Policy Statement for freshwater; 4. establish monitoring and recovery plans for New Zealand’s threatened freshwater invertebrate fauna; 5. develop policy and best management practices for freshwater catchments in addition to lakes and rivers to also include wetlands, estuaries, and groundwater ecosystems; and 6. establish, improve, and maintain appropriately wide riparian zones that connect across entire water catchments. We have published these recommendations as a scientific statement prepared for the Oceania Section of the Society for Conservation Biology to facilitate communication of our thoughts to as wide an audience as possible (https://conbio.org/images/content_groups/Oceania/Scientific_Statement_1_.pdf, accessed 8 February 2016).
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Jupiter, Stacy, Sangeeta Mangubhai, and Richard T. Kingsford. "Conservation of Biodiversity in the Pacific Islands of Oceania: Challenges and Opportunities." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 2 (2014): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140206.
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Pacific Island biodiversity has a notorious record of decline and extinction which continues due to habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, overexploitation, pollution, disease and human-forced climate change. In terrestrial systems, these global and local pressures are more acute because of relatively small land to sea area, high endemism and poor adaptations to resist predation. Regional policy and learning frameworks exist to combat biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, but implementation remains patchy across the 22 Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) within Oceania. PICTs are challenged by small, under-resourced government departments, limited data, and strong political will for rapid economic development at the cost of ecological sustainability. In this synthesis of the special issue, we identify the challenges and opportunities for biodiversity conservation on Pacific islands. We identified bright spots of implementation occurring through regional initiatives, knowledge-sharing networks, and community-based management. The challenge looms large, given the relatively small-scale efforts compared to the core drive for development of natural resources which continues to pervade island communities. Five key initiatives promise improved conservation effectiveness: 1) alignment of national biodiversity strategies to the Aichi Targets, under the Convention on Biological Diversity; 2) increased engagement with local communities to promote wise stewardship and local environmental monitoring; 3) dissemination of best practice guidelines for management through learning networks; 4) cost-benefit analyses that drive investment in biosecurity and invasive control; and 5) implementation of integrated island management that accounts for the multiple synergistic benefits of ecosystem management (e.g., climate adaptation, disaster risk reduction, improved health).
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Farinha, Luís, Joao J. Ferreira, Sara Nunes, and Vanessa Ratten. "Conditions Supporting Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Growth." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 8, no. 3 (July 2017): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2017070105.
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There are a variety of different conditions that support entrepreneurship and affect sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to focus on the issue of territorial advantage, based on the dimensions analysed by the World Economic Forum (WEF). This helps to assess the sustainable competitiveness of different geographic regions in the world based on the variables of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The geographic regions the authors focus on in the analysis are 1) Asia and Oceania, 2) Europe and 3) Latin America and the Caribbean. From the analysis they analyse which variables best explain the socio-economic development of these geographic regions and whether there are any major differences. The results based on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) show the variables within each group of countries, which best explain the regional development. This helps to understand the association between competitiveness and entrepreneurship variables with sustainable growth in order to help explain best interventionist priorities to use in order to foster entrepreneurship.
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Șerban, Radu-Alexandru, Diana Marieta Mihaiu, and Mihai Țichindelean. "Environment, Social, and Governance Score and Value Added Impacts on Market Capitalization: A Sectoral-Based Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042069.
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The main goal of this study was to measure the impact of the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) sustainability score and value added to companies’ market capitalization. Therefore, financial and sustainable performance were measured in a sample of 5557 companies divided into 9 economic sectors of activity from 78 countries and 6 regions (Americas: 2144; Asia: 1770; Europe: 1232; Oceania: 311; Africa: 90; United Kingdom: 10). The analyzed sample consisted of publicly traded companies ranked by market capitalization (from small-cap to large-cap), for which the ESG score was measured in the analyzed period: the financial year was 2019, before the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using two methods (multiple linear regression and complementary quantile regression), we found a direct link between the ESG score and value added variables and market capitalization, with distinct impacts at the economic sector level for ESG score and relatively constant impact for value added.
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Christopoulos, Apostolos G., Petros Kalantonis, Ioannis Katsampoxakis, and Konstantinos Vergos. "COVID-19 and the Energy Price Volatility." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206496.
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The challenges of the world economy and their societies, after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic have led policy-makers to seek for effective solutions. This paper examines the oil price volatility response to the COVID-19 pandemic and stock market volatility using daily data. A general econometric panel model is applied to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 infection and death announcements with oil price volatility. The paper uses data from six geographical zones, Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, and Oceania for the period 21 January 2020 until 13 May 2021 and the empirical findings show that COVID-19 deaths affected oil volatility significantly. This conclusion is confirmed by a second stage analysis applied separately for each geographical area. The only geographical area where the existence of correlation is not confirmed between the rate of increase in deaths and the volatility of the price of crude oil is Asia. The conclusions of this study clearly suggest that COVID-19 is a new risk component on top of economic and market uncertainty that affects oil prices and volatility. Overall, our results are useful for policy-makers, especially in the case of a new wave of infection and deaths in the future.
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Burliai, Alina, Oleksandr Burliai, Yulia Nesterchuk, and Alla Revutska. "Features of Organic Agricultural Products Functioning in EU and Ukraine." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2019-0012.
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Abstract Organic agriculture ensures a balanced state of the ecosystem, which is the key to sustainable development of the economic and social spheres of society. European countries are in the process of historical development reached an understanding on the need for its further ecological progress. That is why the world market for organic products has formed. Studies show that the development of organic production began in the 20‘s of the twentieth century. Since then, markets for organic products began to grow rapidly in many countries. Among the world‘s regions, the largest areas of organic land are located in Oceania and Europe. The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in the development of ecological agriculture. The variety of names of ecological systems of management in the countries of the world and the principles which are included in the concept “ecological agriculture“ are studied. The history of the emergence of organic agriculture has been explored. The analysis of the development of organic agricultural production at the world level, the countries of Europe and the European Union (EU) and individual countries has been analyzed. A grouping of organic farms in Europe has been organized in terms of size. Ukraine, with its significant natural and economic potential in the future may also be one of the important subjects that will form a proposal in this market. The environmental policy of the country has an important influence on the efficiency of organic farms.
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Baykov, A. A., and V. A. Gnevasheva. "Econometric Estimates of Russia's Turn to the East." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 175–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-6-75-175-207.
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The emerging trend in Russia’s foreign policy is its reorientation from active interstate and socio-economic interaction with the states of the "collective West" to the countries that make up the Asian macroregion. The article presents the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the emerging relations between Russia and the countries of the East, namely the ASEAN countries, Northeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific region. Assuming that the prerequisites for the strengthening of such relationships between countries should be reflected in changes in trade relations, increased migration flows, and changes in policy in terms of countries' military spending, the study attempts to evaluate such changes econometrically. We use the method of constructing multiple linear regression, as well as indicators for assessing country-by-country correlation and cluster analysis. The object of the research is the countries of Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Republic of Korea); ASEAN countries (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore); India; Australia and Oceania. The empirical base of the study is the official statistics of World Bank, SIPRI, FSGS. The findings indicate the emerging conditions for Russia's turn to the East. The analysis reveals a number of stable features indicating the possibility of modeling a reasonable predictive scenario. The proposed estimates can also be used for further study of the directions of interaction between Russia and the East, methodological and empirical clarification of the emerging relationships, determination of significant factors strengthening the noted interactions.
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Yoshida, Takahiro, Rim Er-rbib, and Morito Tsutsumi. "Which Country Epitomizes the World? A Study from the Perspective of Demographic Composition." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 6404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226404.
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Demographic indicators are an essential element in considering various problems in the social economy, such as predicting economic fluctuations and establishing policies. Although literature extensively discusses the growth of the world population or issues pertaining to its aging, it has given little to no attention to population structures and transition patterns while considering compositional data problems. This study considers the characteristics of compositional data to examine the transition of the world population structure. The Aitchison distance examines the similarity of the world population structure from 1990 to 2080 and that of countries and regions in 2015, and creates maps to illustrate the results. Accordingly, the results identified the following countries and regions as epitomes of the world’s population structure through different periods: India, Northern Africa and South Africa, in the 1990s, South America in 2015 to 2030, Oceania and Northern America in 2040, Uruguay and Puerto Rico in 2050 to 2060, and Italy and Japan in the distant future.
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Kenny, Tiff-Annie, Matthew Little, Tad Lemieux, P. Joshua Griffin, Sonia D. Wesche, Yoshitaka Ota, Malek Batal, Hing Man Chan, and Melanie Lemire. "The Retail Food Sector and Indigenous Peoples in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 8818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238818.
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Indigenous Peoples in high-income countries experience higher burdens of food insecurity, obesity, and diet-related health conditions compared to national averages. The objective of this systematic scoping review is to synthesize information from the published literature on the methods/approaches, findings, and scope for research and interventions on the retail food sector servicing Indigenous Peoples in high-income countries. A structured literature search in two major international databases yielded 139 relevant peer-reviewed articles from nine countries. Most research was conducted in Oceania and North America, and in rural and remote regions. Several convergent issues were identified across global regions including limited grocery store availability/access, heightened exposure to unhealthy food environments, inadequate market food supplies (i.e., high prices, limited availability, and poor quality), and common underlying structural factors including socio-economic inequality and colonialism. A list of actions that can modify the nature and structure of retailing systems to enhance the availability, accessibility, and quality of healthful foods is identified. While continuing to (re)align research with community priorities, international collaboration may foster enhanced opportunities to strengthen the evidence base for policy and practice and contribute to the amelioration of diet quality and health at the population level.
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Hsu, J. C., I. Chua, S. M. Chang, J. Lo, Y. C. Tseng, and P. C. Lin. "Effects of Geographic and Economic Variations on Global Cancer Burden." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 234s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.94100.
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Background: Previous studies have stated that high-income countries tend to have the highest incidence and mortality for all types of cancer, while geographical factors are also linked to the prevalence of cancer. Only a few studies have explored the relevance of economic/geographical factors to the cancer epidemic integrally. Aim: This study aims to explore the diversities of the overall cancer epidemic rates made by geographic and economic variations respectively and their interaction effects, after adjusting gender, population structure. Methods: We collected 170 countries' epidemic data from WHO's 2012 GLOBOCAN project and economic classifications data from the World Bank in 2012. We applied generalized linear model to make 2-way ANOVA and to analyze the variations of 3 epidemic rates (age-standardized incidence, age-standardized mortality and prevalence) between 6 regions (Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania) and 4 income levels (high income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income and low income). We identified extreme rates and discuss their reasons and implications, and make suggestions regarding the situations. Results: Both geographic variation and economic variation were key factors for incidence and prevalence of global cancer burden, and the interaction between geographic and economic variations on incidence and prevalence was very strong. However, there was no significant association between income and mortality, and the interaction between geographic and economic variations on mortality was not obvious either. Using South America as the reference, only North America had significant higher incidence rate of cancer; no significant variation of mortality rates between regions was observed; North America and Europe had significant higher prevalence rates. Using low income as the reference, only high and upper-middle income had significant higher incidence rates; no significant variation of mortality rates between regions was observed; only high income had significant higher prevalence rates. Among high-income countries, incidence, mortality and prevalence rates in Europe were significantly higher than them in South America, Asia and Africa. Among countries in Europe, high-income country had significantly higher incidence rate than that in upper-middle cancer, and it also had significant higher prevalence rates than them in upper-middle and lower-middle countries. Conclusion: Overall, the cancer incidence and prevalence are significantly different due to the country's geographical location and economic level, but the mortality rate is not. Understanding the differences in geographical location and economic levels between countries and their interactions on the cancer epidemic would benefit the future global cancer prevention and treatment policy planning.
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Duan, Jian, Yong X. U., and Haining Jiang. "Trade vulnerability assessment in the grain-importing countries: A case study of China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 22, 2021): e0257987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257987.
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Since the 2008 global food crisis, food security vulnerability has been a prominent topic in the food policy debate. However, vulnerability is inherently difficult to conceptualize and is more challenging to operationalize and measure. This study constructs a mathematical model and takes China as a case study to measure the vulnerability and sensitivity of China with its partners in the international grain trade. The results show that 1) the degree of interdependence between China and its grain trading partners is asymmetric, which generates trade vulnerability or economic power; 2) the vulnerability of China’s food trade shows a high spatiotemporal heterogeneity among countries: the higher vulnerability zones are concentrated in North America and Northeast Asia, and the scope of the higher vulnerability zones tends to expand; 3) Our results also reveal that China also has different sensitivities to fluctuations in grain markets from different countries, and the higher sensitive zones of the grain trade in China are mainly distributed in America, Europe, and Oceania. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a methodology for food trade vulnerability assessment and examines the influence of international food trade on food security in importing countries, measured using the vulnerability index and sensitivity index. Nevertheless, the conclusions of this study can be considered preliminary, and there remains great potential for future studies to deepen and broaden our analyses further.
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Bambrick, Hilary. "Resource extractivism, health and climate change in small islands." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-03-2017-0068.
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Purpose The extraction of natural resources has long been part of economic development in small islands. The damage to environment and health is extensive, even rendering once productive islands virtually uninhabitable. Rather than providing long-term benefits to the population or to the environment, the culture of “extractivism” – a nonreciprocal approach where resources are removed and used with little care or regard to consequences – has instead left many in far more fragile circumstances, increasingly dependent on external income. The purpose of this paper is to show how continued extractivism in small islands is contributing to global climate change and increasing climate risks to the local communities. Design/methodology/approach Through a series of case studies, this paper examines the history of extractivism in small islands in Oceania, its contribution to environmental degradation locally and its impacts on health. Findings It examines how extractivism continues today, with local impacts on environment, health and wellbeing and its much more far-reaching consequences for global climate change and human health. At the same time, these island countries have heightened sensitivity to climate change due to their isolation, poverty and already variable climate, whereas the damage to natural resources, the disruption, economic dependence and adverse health impacts caused by extractivism impart reduced resilience to the new climate hazards in those communities. Practical implications This paper proposes alternatives to resource extractivism with options for climate compatible development in small islands that are health-promoting and build community resilience in the face of increasing threats from climate change. Originality/value Extractivism is a new concept that has not previously been applied to understanding health implications of resource exploitation thorough the conduit of climate change. Small-island countries are simultaneously exposed to widespread extractivism, including of materials contributing to global climate change, and are among the most vulnerable to the hazards that climate change brings.
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Behnisch, Martin, Tobias Krüger, and Jochen A. G. Jaeger. "Rapid rise in urban sprawl: Global hotspots and trends since 1990." PLOS Sustainability and Transformation 1, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): e0000034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000034.
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Dispersed low-density development–“urban sprawl”–has many detrimental environmental, economic, and social consequences. Sprawl leads to higher greenhouse-gas emissions and poses an increasing threat to the long-term availability of many vital ecosystem services. Therefore, urban sprawl is in stark contradiction to the principles of sustainable land use and to the need for a sustainability transformation. This study presents the degree of urban sprawl on the planet at multiple spatial scales (continents, UN regions, countries, subnational units, and a regular grid) for the period 1990–2014. Urban sprawl increased by 95% in 24 years, almost 4% per year, with built-up areas growing by almost 28 km2 per day, or 1.16 km2 per hour. The results demonstrate that Europe has been the most sprawled and also the most rapidly sprawling continent, by 51% since 1990. At the scale of UN regions, the highest relative increases in urban sprawl were observed in East Asia, Western Africa, and Southeast Asia. Urban sprawl per capita has been highest in Oceania and North America, exhibiting a minor decline since 1990, while it has been increasing rapidly in Europe, by almost 47% since 1990. The study revealed a strong relationship between urban sprawl and the level of human development as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). The results suggest that it will be important for a more sustainable future to find a better balance between a high quality of life and using land more sparingly. There is an urgent need to stop urban sprawl, since current regulations and measures in developed countries are apparently not effective at limiting it. Monitoring urban sprawl can serve to guide policy development such as the implementation of targets and limits and to evaluate the effectiveness of urban growth management strategies at mitigating urban sprawl.
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Roy, Nalanda. "Land reclamation or Silk Road understanding Beijing’s initiatives in the South China Sea." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 16, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-04-2020-0012.
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Purpose Southeast Asia’s position between the continents of Asia and Oceania gave the region a distinctive identity. Over the years, Southeast Asia has witnessed several important political changes and the emergence of new security threats. Historical mistrust, enduring territorial disputes and competition for maritime claims and resources have combined to weaken the regional security structure. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether China’s growing assertive position in the region bring some fresh air in the region following Beijing’s collaborative initiatives. Design/methodology/approach Seas are a central concern for Southeast Asian countries, so it is hardly surprising that the countries in the region are strongly nationalistic in asserting and protecting their claims. Maritime policy analyst, Mark Valencia, comments, “Indeed, when countries in Asia think maritime, they think first and foremost about boundary disputes, not the protection of the deteriorating marine environment or management of dwindling fisheries […] [it] is these perceptions that must change.” This paper will explore whether China’s growing assertive position in the name of diplomatic cooperation will mellow down and bring some fresh air into the South China Sea (SCS) region following Beijing’s One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiatives. Findings The world is still unsure when it comes to SCS! It often feels like “Pengci” or the art of staging drama to get the desired outcome? Beijing has to address the increasing global fears and uncertainty about her motives and talk more about its dracoplomacy. At one point, Beijing followed Xiaoping’s famous guideline: “hide our capacities and bide our time.” But now, things have changed. China is no longer actively avoiding international limelight. The motto has become “going international.” This change was not all talk either rather it was accompanied by significant, short-term action. Since becoming president, Xi has already visited more than 40 countries with his OBOR dream! It is important for Beijing to emphasize the purpose of her massive infrastructure push. That is, to achieve economic development, rather than to satisfy her growing political ambitions on the global stage. The creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and other major geo-economic projects are signs that Beijing is using her coercive diplomacy in a subtler way. Therefore, this paper checks whether Beijing’s Silk Road spirit will be successful enough to maintain its agility and grace in the future. Originality/value This is an original piece of work, and it adds value to the special issue titled “China’s Rise and Power Shifts in Asia: Geopolitical, Socio-Economic and Historical Perspectives.”
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Matiur Rahman, Md. "Urban vulnerability assessment in South Asia: challenges and lessons learnt." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 25, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2013-0122.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a solid understanding, policy and action recommendations to motivate and capacitate more cities to start such urban vulnerability processes and to guide them in their first steps in a direction which will more easily allow the direct use of vulnerability assessments for subsequent adaptation and resilience planning. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology adopted for this assessment builds on several years of ICLEI's international experience in climate change adaptation work. It specifically draws on the urban vulnerability component of the ICLEI ACCCRN process, a toolkit developed with support from Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network program, by ICLEI South Asia in partnership with ICLEI Oceania. A participatory approach that includes all key stakeholders and builds on past or ongoing relevant work in the city, as well as draws on existing data sources were adopted in view of the limited timeframe of this study (five months). A stakeholder consultation methodology referred to as Shared Learning Dialogues (SLDs) was adopted to engage not only various departments within the city government but also other local stakeholders. SLDs facilitate multi dimensional information sharing with everyone contributing information and experiences, and everyone learning from the exchanges as well. Findings – The critical impacts have been identified through a series of participatory learning processes which were corroborated with existing secondary data and baseline studies, where available. During SLD process, a timeline exercise was carried out and the consequences of those climatic hazards were also chalked out. Subsequently, these identified impacts were justified broadly with the available data and studies. These are saline water intrusion, loss of assets and infrastructure, health impacts – increased morbidity, water supply contaminated, sanitation and drainage systems disrupted, heightened threat situation (fear of embankment breach), in-migration, increasing siltation in the canals, river bank encroachment, livelihood change, biodiversity loss. Practical implications – The resilience interventions identified by the stakeholders can be assessed for potential linkages with existing or planned schemes, followed by supporting sectoral and pre-feasibility studies, resulting finally in the identification of financing options. These actions can be focussed on the vulnerable areas within the cities, especially hotspots, and social groups identified and their adaptive capacities were assessed. Originality/value – The resilience interventions identified by the stakeholders provides a focussed starting point for further discussion in terms of refinement of these actions as well their prioritization according to resilience and feasibility (economic, social, environmental) criteria.
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Guender, Alfred, and Bevan Cook. "Monetary policy implementation and uncovered interest parity: Empirical evidence from Oceania." New Zealand Economic Papers 45, no. 3 (April 27, 2011): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2011.571643.
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Purwanto, Y., Endang Sukara, Purity Sabila Ajiningrum, and Dolly Priatna. "Cultural diversity and biodiversity as foundation of sustainable development." Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/injast.v1i1.1976.
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INTRODUCTION We know that there is only one earth, there are many different worlds. Different worldviews do not only have significant political and socio-economic repercussions but they also determine the way in which people perceive and interact with nature, thus forming their specific culture. Natural ecosystems cannot be understood, conserved and managed without recognizing the human culture that shape them, since biological and cultural diversities are mutually reinforcing and interdependent. Together, cultural diversity and biological diversity hold the key to ensuring resilience in both social and ecological systems (Erdelen, 2003). Through the environmental sciences and cultural activities, in promoting awareness and understanding of the relationships between biological and cultural diversity as a key basis for sustainable development.Beside has high biological diversity Indonesia also possesses high cultural diversity. It doesn’t marvel that Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago, containing more than seventeen thousand island extending in an east-west direction for five thousand two hundred kilometers across the Sunda and Sahul continent shelves. The archipelago exhibits rich biodiversity that is unequalled in Asia (McNelly et al.,1990). Indonesia’s territory cover 7.7 million square kilometer, of which approximately 5.8 million square kilometers (75.3 %) is comprised of marine and coastal waters. Indonesia is located between two of Earth’s biogeographic regions: Indo-Malaya and Oceania. The Indo-Malaya region to the west includes Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, and Bali, and the Oceanic region to the east includes Sulawesi, Moluccas, the eastern Sunda Islands, and West Papua. The vegetation types to the east and the west of the Wallace line are divided by a biogeographical boundary that extends from north to south along the Sunda Shelf. The natural vegetation on the shelf it self is comprised principally of the Malesian type, dominated by the commercially important Dipterocarpaceae. Vegetation to the east has greater affinities with Oceanic Austro-Pacific zone and is dominated by mixed tropical hardwood species. Deciduous monsoon forest occurs in seasonally dry areas, particularly in the southern and eastern islands such as the Lesser Sunda and the southern part of Papua. The outer islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Papua comprise approximately 10 % of the world’s tropical rainforest. Indonesia has more tropical forest than any other single Africa or Asia country, and is second only to Brazil in terms of tropical forest area. This country characterized by an enormously varied topography of shallow coastal water, swamp, lakes, alluvial plains, volcanoes, and High Mountain ranges. This country also presents at least forty-seven distinct natural and man-made ecosystems. These ecosystem types ranges from the ice mountain ecosystem and alpine grassland on the high mountains in Papua (Puncak Jaya Wijaya, at an altitude of over five thousand metres0 to variations of tropical rainforest ecosystems– from lowland to mountain landscape, shallow swamp to deep lakes, from mangroves to algae communities and coral reefs – as well as an ocean ecosystem reaching as deep as eight thousand meters below sea level (MoF/FAO, 1991).Unfortunately, little respect has been given to the high diversity of the archipelago, resulting in disappearance of many of these cultures. Studies to document and learn traditional wisdom are needed urgently, not least because traditional knowledge is often compatible with sustainable development objectives, as discussed in the World Summit on Sustainable Development, in Rio de Janeiro, 1992 and in Johannesburg in 2002. Meanwhile the deforestation in Indonesia occurs at an alarming rate. Forest cover decreased from about 193.7 million hectares in 1950s (Hannibal, 1950) to 119.7 million hectares in 1985 and to 100 million hectares in 1997 (GOI/World Bank, 2000) and only 98 million hectares remain (FWI/GWF, 2001).The local knowledge of environment management and indigenous custom, as part of indigenous culture, is the product of long interaction between man and their environment and also results of their ability for application the technique adaptation to their environment. High biological diversity has utilized for economic reason, even though this national asset has not yet been fully developed.Dynamic interaction between people and biodiversity in Indonesia let to the creation of many different cultures and thus languages and dialects. More than four hundred Indonesian ethnic groups are dispersed in different regions. Indonesia boasts665 different languages and dialects, with Papua accounting for 250 of these, Moluccas 133, Sulawesi105, Kalimantan 77, Nusa Tenggara (Lesser SundaIslands) 53, Sumatra 38, Java and Bali 9 (Grimes,1988). Such ethnics have specific knowledge about how to manage their environment and biodiversity surrounding them. Every ethnic has a specific culture, knowledge and local wisdom and technique adaptation to their various environments.Concerning the cultural richness in Indonesian, besides have advantages also constitute weaknesses for biodiversity resource management. One of these advantages is that we have various referable traditional pattern and alternative selection of space management and we have material to design system admissible management by all societies and also government. Meanwhile its weakness is that each ethnic has specific pattern according to environmental condition and cultural level. But along with time developing marks sense decentralization of policy in Indonesian, therefore local or region policy that based on actual condition area and society is more elegant compared with uniformity management which hasn’t obviously fastened byother area that has different culture and environmental condition.
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Scanu, Sergio, Daniele Piazzolla, Simone Bonamano, Marina Penna, Viviana Piermattei, Alice Madonia, Francesco Manfredi Frattarelli, et al. "Economic Evaluation of Posidonia oceanica Ecosystem Services along the Italian Coast." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010489.
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This study reports the quantification and analysis of the ecosystem services (ESs) value of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile (1813) meadows in Italy (Liguria, Tuscany, Latium, Campania, Calabria, Apulia, Sardinia, and Sicily regions). The ES evaluation method of P. oceanica meadows applied in this study was obtained from a previous study in which the site-specific approach for the definition of the benefits and services was applied. The distribution of P. oceanica and the ESs economic value have been managed through an open-source geographic information system (QGIS), focusing on five essential ESs: carbon sequestration, bioremediation, oxygen production, erosion protection, and food production. The average value of the ESs obtained on the Italian national scale is €21,660.5 ha−1 yr−1, which is comparable with the values reported in the international literature concerning P. oceanica ESs. The results of this study confirm that the economic evaluation of ESs is an essential tool for the management of the coastal marine environment, especially considering the modularity of the applied approach. The value of the total benefits, considering the entire extension of the national P. oceanica meadows, represents significant value with respect to the Italian gross domestic product, and the individual budgets of the considered Italian regions.
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Maury, O., L. Campling, H. Arrizabalaga, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, G. Merino, D. Squires, et al. "From shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) to oceanic system pathways (OSPs): Building policy-relevant scenarios for global oceanic ecosystems and fisheries." Global Environmental Change 45 (July 2017): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.06.007.
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Lane, Jesse M., and Michael Pretes. "Maritime dependency and economic prosperity: Why access to oceanic trade matters." Marine Policy 121 (November 2020): 104180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104180.
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Gross, Daniel P., and Bhaven N. Sampat. "The Economics of Crisis Innovation Policy: A Historical Perspective." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211106.
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Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers, researchers, and journalists have made comparisons to World War II. In 1940, a group of top US science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the Allied war effort, including significant investments in medical research that yielded innovations like mass-produced penicillin, antimalarials, and a flu vaccine. We draw on this episode to discuss the economics of crisis innovation. Since the objectives of crisis R&D are different than ordinary R&D, we argue that appropriate R&D policy in a crisis requires going beyond the standard Nelson-Arrow framework for research policy.
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Schmidt, Stephen J. "Minimum Grade Requirements for Economics Majors: Effects on Enrollments and Student Learning." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211046.
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This paper studies one college's policy requiring minimum grades in core courses for completion of the economics major. The policy reduced majors by approximately 6 percent. Grades of C-and D (requiring students to retake the course) dropped substantially, while grades of C (the minimum acceptable grade) did not change, and grades from C+ to B rose. Difference-in-difference analysis suggests that the policy caused the grade shift. Because C grades did not change and grades as high as B increased, I conclude that the policy caused increased effort by students who were below and somewhat above the performance standard.
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Sokolov, Roman, Evgeniya Mikhailovna Rogozhina, and Aleksandra Dmitrievna Tikhomirova. "Current Environmental Policy of the European Union: The struggle for resources and conflict of interests in various market segments (Part 2)." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2022): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2022.2.37970.
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This article examines the issue of the strategic development of the environmental policy of the European Union in modern conditions. The assessment of the "European Green Course" is given, political, economic and environmental risks are assessed in the context of the implementation of the EU environmental policy. The authors also identify the criteria for the formation of the EU environmental policy, as well as analyze the basic principles of the implementation of pan-European legislation on environmental policy. It is concluded that the environmental policy of the European Union depends on the so-called "compactness factor", which plays a key role in shaping the principles of implementation and building a coherent environmental policy. In general, in this part of the study, the authors reveal the technologies of the political and economic impact of the EU environmental policy on the life of the member states. In many ways, this influence can be traced in the activities of youth environmental movements, which form the environmental agenda in the union and the request for changes. At the same time, the authors note the high conflictogenic potential of these movements. In general, the modern environmental policy of the EU is a catalyst for the actualization of various economic and political problems, the mechanisms of formation of which are considered by the authors. The article presents forecasts regarding the implementation of the EU environmental policy in the next few years and likely trends.
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Abrams, David S., Hanming Fang, and Priyanka Goonetilleke. "Police Frisks." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 1, 2022): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221100.
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The standard economic model of police frisks implies that the contraband hit rate should rise when the number of frisks falls, ceteris paribus. We provide the first empirical corroboration of such models of police behavior by examining changes in frisks following the killing of George Floyd in 2020. We find that hit rates from pedestrian frisks rose as police frisks fell dramatically. Using detailed data, we rule out several alternative explanations, including changes in street population, crime, and police allocation. Our findings provide quantitative estimates that can contribute to the important goals of improving and reforming policing.
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Leonard, Kelsey. "Sustaining Tribal Fisheries: U.S. Economic Relief Policies during COVID-19." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 12366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212366.
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This article reviews the individual spend plans of U.S. states granted a funding allocation under Sec. 12005 of the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act to identify consistency with legislative mandates to support Tribal commercial, subsistence, cultural, or ceremonial fisheries negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing critical discourse analysis, this study identifies state discursive practices in supporting Tribal sovereignty in fisheries management for the advancement of Indigenous Ocean justice. State spending plans (n = 22) publicly available and submitted to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration before July 2021 were reviewed. Few of the state spend plans listed impacts to Tribal fisheries due to the pandemic. Only two state plans included Tribal consultation and direct economic relief for commercial, subsistence, cultural, and/or ceremonial losses faced by neighboring Tribes and Tribal citizens. Overall, the protections within the CARES Act for Tribal fisheries were not integrated into state spend plans. The article identifies best practices for state fisheries relief policy content that is affirming of Tribal fishing rights and uses them to help address the ongoing pandemic crisis facing Tribal fisheries. These findings have relevance for future emergency relief programs that are inclusive of Tribal Nations. Honoring Tribal sovereignty and the federal trust responsibility must be the cornerstone of shared sustainable fisheries.
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Makholm, Jeff D. "A Long Economic View on the FERC's New Policy Statements on Natural Gas Pipelines." Climate and Energy 38, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.22297.
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Decker, Ryan A., Robert J. Kurtzman, Byron F. Lutz, and Christopher J. Nekarda. "Across the Universe: Policy Support for Employment and Revenue in the Pandemic Recession." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211058.
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Using data from 14 government sources, we develop comprehensive estimates of US economic activity by sector, legal form of organization, and firm size to characterize how four government direct-lending programs--the Paycheck Protection Program, Main Street Lending Program, Corporate Credit Facilities, and Municipal Liquidity Facility--relate to these classes of economic activity in the United States. The classes targeted by these programs are vast--accounting for 97 percent of total US employment--though entity-specific financial criteria limit coverage within specific programs. These programs notionally cover a far larger universe than what was targeted by analogous Great Recession-era lending policies.
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Ge, Qi, Brad R. Humphreys, and Kun Zhou. "Are Fair Weather Fans Affected by Weather? Rainfall, Habit Formation, and Live Game Attendance." Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 3 (November 20, 2019): 304–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002519885427.
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We analyze habit formation in sports attendance utilizing rainfall as an unexpected, transitory shock to attendance costs. Using attendance data from Major League Baseball (MLB) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather data, we analyze the impact of variation in game day weather conditions on current and future MLB attendance. The empirical strategy permits identification of both the formation and persistence of habit from exogenous weather shocks. Past adverse weather shocks increase future attendance by about 200 fans per game. This contributes to the literature developing empirical evidence of habit formation in the field and provides policy implications for optimal ticket-pricing strategies.
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Borisov, Denis Alekseevich, and Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Tarkhina. "Organizational Forms of "Containment of China" in US Foreign Policy at the Present Stage." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 4 (April 2022): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2022.4.39329.
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The trilateral defense alliance AUKUS has taken the US-China conflict to a new level. The authors record consistent steps in US foreign policy with the aim of military and economic containment of the PRC in the Asia-Pacific region. The article traces the connection between growing power of the PRC and US attempts to organize a united anti-Chinese front with countries of the Indo-Pacific region. Further aggravation of relations between Washington and Beijing motivates further rapprochement of Russian-Chinese relations, both in sphere of economic and military cooperation with China.
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Njiru, James, Johnston O. Omukoto, Edward N. Kimani, Christopher Mulanda Aura, and Martin Van der Knaap. "Kenya marine fisheries: The next frontier for economic growth?" Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.01.14.
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Abstract The economic potential of Kenya marine resources is critical for the socioeconomic development. The current study reports fisheries output from marine systems in Kenya as a priority for Blue Economy investment in order to rival the current production from inland systems as a trigger for sustainable development. The assessment of fish landings and economic value was based on Catch Assessment Surveys, cruises and secondary literature. Kenya’s inland capture fisheries contributes about 83%, aquaculture 12%, and marine artisanal fisheries 5%. Lake Victoria that contributes up to 90% of inland capture fish production has shown decline in catches in the recent past and the trend indicates that the fishery may not be sustainable. The Kenya Exclusive Economic Zone has a coast line of about 647 km and an area of 142,000 km2 that constitutes about 42% of the country’s surface area and has several commercially important species that are barely exploited; yet it produces a paltry 26,000 mt annually that is estimated at an export value of about USD 50 million. However, recent estimates have found that Kenya Exclusive Economic Zone could contain up to 2 million mt of fish that is valued at about USD 130 million. Furthermore, additional worth along the value chain and with substantial trickle-down effect that could have a positive impact on the Blue Growth in Kenya and other developing nations with oceanic potential – triggering the possibility for sustainable exploitation.
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Lewis, Daniel J., Karel Mertens, James H. Stock, and Mihir Trivedi. "High-Frequency Data and a Weekly Economic Index during the Pandemic." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211050.
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This paper describes a weekly economic index (WEI) developed to track the rapid economic developments associated with the onset of and policy response to the novel coronavirus in the United States. The WEI, with its ten component series, tracks the overall economy. Comparing the contributions of the WEI's components in the 2008 and 2020 recessions reveals differences in how the two events played out at a high frequency. During the 2020 collapse and recovery, it provides a benchmark to interpret similarities and differences of novel indicators with shorter samples and/or nonstationary coverage, such as mobility indexes or credit card spending.
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Lindhjem, Henrik, and Tran Huu Tuan. "Valuation of species and nature conservation in Asia and Oceania: a meta-analysis." Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 14, no. 1 (August 20, 2011): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10018-011-0019-x.
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Harlamova, Julia. "CHINA: GEO-ECONOMIC SCENARIO IN CENTRAL ASIA." Central Asia and The Caucasus 22, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.1.02.
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The article discusses China’s geo-economic presence in the Central Asian region and analyzes the history and causes of this phenomenon in the form of a detailed discussion of the interaction between China and the Central Asian countries in the energy and transportation spheres. It notes the special role of Kazakhstan in the realization of Belt and Road Initiative and pays particular attention to certain aspects of China’s crediting and investment policy.
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Boldizsár, Adrienn, and Ferenc Mészáros. "A Spatial Economic Study of Rail Freight in the European Economic Area." Promet 34, no. 5 (September 30, 2022): 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v34i5.4054.
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The present study explores whether the European Union’s transport policy measures of the last decade have fulfilled the expectations, i.e. whether there has been a positive change in the field of rail freight transport in the region. Data on the volumes of freight transport in the recent period have been analysed with freight transport intensity as an indicator. The values have been then translated into a spatial econometric model, looking for spatiality in the European Economic Region, including countries such as Norway, Switzerland or even Russia, extending the scope of the study to 37 countries. It has been proven that there is a spatial correlation between rail freight transport performance and GDP in Europe, which has a positive effect on countries with high GDP and a negative effect on low GDP countries in terms of performance. There is a particularly high intensity of rail freight in the Baltic region, as well as in Ukraine and Russia. Furthermore, it can be stated that rail freight has not undergone any significant changes in the last 10 years.
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Bañolas, G., S. Fernández, F. Espino, R. Haroun, and F. Tuya. "Evaluation of carbon sinks by the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa at an oceanic island: Spatial variation and economic valuation." Ocean & Coastal Management 187 (April 2020): 105112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105112.
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GAUR, Punit, Anurag TRIPATHI, and Shovan Sinha RAY. "INDIA’S ROLE IN KAZAKHSTAN’S MULTI-VECTOR FOREIGN POLICY." CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.21.2.03.
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After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan’s economy was weak since most of the industrial enterprises were located in Russia. To attain economic growth, Kazakhstan crafted a unique foreign policy known as the multi-vector foreign policy, which facilitated an easy inflow of direct foreign investments into the state economy. After economic liberalization in 1991, India took a serious interest in Central Asia, and since then the two nations have come a long way marked by complex interdependence in the international arena. They have demonstrated a successful and sustained upward trend in their bilateral relationship through soft power, trade and long-standing historical connections. Thus, the prospects of mutual cooperation between Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan, and India are quite promising in the near future.
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Molokoedov, Daniil Igorevich, and Syatsin Sun'. "US-China Rivalry in Trade and Economic Relations with Latin American Countries." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 1 (January 2023): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2023.1.39613.
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This article is devoted to the analysis of trade and economic relations between the United States and China with Latin American countries. This region is a sphere of competitive confrontation between the two countries not only for foreign policy ties, but also for trade and economic ones. The authors in this article show the peculiarities of the bilateral relations between China and the United States with Latin America and describe the process of changing US policy towards Latin America after 2017, when it radically changed after the Trump administration came to power, and Beijing, taking advantage of this opportunity, began to compete with Washington in this region. Also, in this article, the authors provide a comparative analysis of the indicators of trade and economic relations between China and the United States with the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that, using the example of the transition of leading positions towards China, the authors, within the framework of the theory of "power transit" (Power transition theory), describe the competitive struggle of states in this region in trade and economic terms, which is inextricably linked with political relations. The main conclusions are that the United States is still an external force that cannot be ignored in Latin American international relations, while China has every chance of gradually displacing the United States from the foreign market in Latin America thanks to its economic projects with the introduction of leading Latin American countries in the economic sphere. The United States of America, in turn, is trying to maintain its position in this region by easing its economic and financial constraints and, thereby, inclining the political leadership of Latin American countries to its side.
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Gumbatov, Nazim Farizovich, and Xiangyu Kong. "Minilateral Alliances in the American Strategy of Containing the PRC in the Indo-Pacific Region." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 1 (January 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2023.1.39633.
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The subject of the study is the consideration of the minilateral formations in the framework of the implementation of US foreign policy. The object of the study is the US foreign policy towards China since the beginning of the 21st century. The author examines in detail such aspects as the interaction of the United States and its allies in the Asian region, within the framework of the formation of the anti-Chinese coalition association, as well as analyzing and drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of a number of large minilateral organizations. Particular attention is paid to the reactionary perception of the top leadership of the leadership and the public masses of China on the role of the United States in building minilateral formations in its foreign policy. The main conclusions of the study are: • The minilateral unions only accelerate the process of dividing the Asian region into pro-Chinese and pro-American. Such a competitive policy to attract Asian states to their trade, economic and political space will only complicate the process of finding a compromise point of view between the two great economic powers, as well as damage peace, prosperity and stability in the region in the long term; • The growing popularity in the formation of minilateral structures is a consequence of the growing confrontation between China and the USA over the past decade, and not the primary cause of contradictions; • To date, most of the programs that have a "minilateral connotation" have little effective impact for the American government, nevertheless they cannot be called unfulfilled. Taking into account the relatively recent acceleration in attracting an increasing number of countries to existing and newly formed formats, Washington expects to get positive results for itself in the next decade, provided that China's economic and technological development is consolidated. The scientific novelty is determined primarily by the fact that the work analyzes the mechanism and evolution of interstate relations between the United States and partner countries, as well as the peculiarities of their activities in the minilateral associations.