Academic literature on the topic 'Oceania Economic policy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Oceania Economic policy"
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Dudzevičiūtė, Gitana, Agnė Šimelytė, and Vidmantė Giedraitytė. "Export – economic growth nexus in the world regions: directions of public policy." Public Policy and Administration 20, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.20.1.28500.
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This paper has examined a long - run causal nexus between export and economic growth in six regions of the world. For this purpose, the authors have applied the Granger causality test. Using annual data for the period of 1971 – 2018, the authors have tested the direction of the causality between the variables. The research has found unidirectional causality running from export to economic growth in Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. Moreover, the research has noticed the absence of the Granger causality in Africa and Latin America & the Caribbean. The findings could be useful in implementing regional policy. In Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania policy makers should aware of the importance of trade and focus on implementing export-oriented policies to stimulate economic growth and achieve sustainable development.
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Tesfay, Yohannes Yebabe, and Per Bjarte Solibakke. "Econometric Modelling of the Variations of Norway’s Export Trade across Continents and over Time: The Two-Stage Non-Full Rank Hierarchical Linear Econometric Model Approach." Economics Research International 2015 (September 1, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/791805.
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This paper applies the two-stage hierarchical non-full rank linear econometric model to make a deep analysis based on revenue generated from key Norwegian export items over the world’s continents. The model’s ability to analyse the variation of Norway’s export trade gives us the following interesting details: (1) for each continent intra- and intervariation of export items, (2) access to deep knowledge about the characteristics of the Norway’s export items revenue, (3) quantifying the economic importance and sustainability of export items within continents; and finally (4) comparing a given export item economic importance across continents. The results suggest the following important policy implications for Norway. First, Europe is the most important trade partner for Norway. In fact, 81.5% of Norwegian export items are transported to Europe. Second, there is a structural shift in Norwegian exports from North and Central America to Asia and Oceania. Third, the new importance of Asia and Oceania is also emphasized by the 85% increase in export revenues over the period 1988–2012. The trade pattern has changed and trade policy must change accordingly. The analysis has shown that in 2012 there are two important export continents for Norway: Europe and Asia and Oceania.
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Ochirova, Galina N., Evgeniya M. Moiseeva, and Anastasiya S. Maksimova. "The relation of environmental and climatic changes and migration situation in Oceania." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-2-313-325.
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The article presents overview of environmental and climatic, economic and migration situations in the countries of Oceania. In order to determine the relation of environmental and climatic changes and migration processes in the island states and territories of Oceania, New Zealand and Australia, analytical reports and censuses of the population of the states, estimates and statistics of international organizations are studied. The article analyses the state policy of island states and territories in the field of sustainable development and migration, as well as immigration policies of the main host countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the USA. It was found that internal and external migration in Oceania is mainly driven by socio-economic factors (problems with employment, education and medical services), while internal migration is usually directed to urban area, and external - from the city to foreign countries. Exploring the peculiarities of climate change and natural phenomena and their impact on the livelihoods of people in the region of Oceania, we can conclude that natural and climatic influences directly and indirectly affect different spheres of life of the local population. Nevertheless, the impact of climate change and natural phenomena on the migration of the population of Oceania at the moment is insignificant (no more than 10-12% of international flows), however, in the case of an increase in the intensity and frequency of na- tural disasters, and also due to an increase in the number and density of population (71 million people will live in the region to 2100) an increase in the flow of environmental migrants is inevitable.
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Cuthbertson, Joseph, Frank Archer, Jose-Manuel Rodriguez-llanes, and Andrew Robertson. "Perceptions of Climate Change and Disaster Risk in Oceania." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003522.
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Introduction:This study profiles climate change as an emerging disaster risk in Oceania. The rationale for undertaking this study was to investigate climate change and disaster risk in Oceania. The role of this analysis is to examine what evidence exists to support decision-making and profile the nature, type, and potential human and economic impact of climate change and disaster risk in Oceania.Aim:To evaluate perceptions of climate change and disaster risk in the Oceania region.Methods:Thirty individual interviews with participants from 9 different countries were conducted. All of the participants were engaged in disaster management in the Oceania region as researchers, practitioners in emergency management, disaster health care and policy managers, or academics. Data collection was conducted between April and November 2017. Thematic analysis was conducted using narrative inquiry to gather first-hand insights on their perceptions of current and emerging threats and propose improvements in risk management practice to capture, monitor, and control disaster risk.Results:Interviewees who viewed climate change as a risk or hazard described a breadth of impacts. Hazards identified included climate variability and climate-related disasters, climate issues in island areas and loss of land mass, trans-nation migration, and increased transportation risk due to rising sea levels. These emerging risks are reflective of both the geographical location of countries in Oceania, where land mass due to rising oceans has been previously reported and climate change-driven migration of island populations.Discussion:Climate change was perceived as a significant contemporary and future risk, and as an influencing factor on other risks in the Oceania region.
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Tazikhina, Tatiana, Vladimir Kvasha, Yulia Solovova, and Igbal Guliev. "Green Energy in the Caribbean: Influence on Toursim and Economic Development." Problemy Ekorozwoju 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2022.1.25.
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The green energy agenda has become one of the most important issues in international relations. Many island states of the Oceania have taken the course of green economy construction. The Caribbean states are in some way similar to the Oceania ones and have also made several steps towards greener future. Some of these states are tightly connected with international tourism, leading to the high dependence of their economies from touristic revenues. The article examines this interconnection, including economic component in the analysis. The major question of the article is how does (or doesn’t) tourism influence the development of green energy in the Caribbean states. The two major economies examined in the region are Cuba and Dominican Republic as the two examples of the totally different economic systems and approaches to the development of the green energy. The key findings of the article include such conclusions as the possibility of synergetic interdependence between tourism, economy and green energy and the positive effects this interdependence has. The other finding is that the Cuban method of introducing green energy is less effective than the Dominican one. The novelty of the article includes the comparison of the two economic models in the Caribbean and the development of strategies for the green energy proliferation in the countries.
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Ehizuelen, Michael Mitchell Omoruyi, and Hodan Osman Abdi. "Sustaining China-Africa relations." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 3, no. 4 (September 18, 2017): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891117727901.
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China’s “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) Initiative forms the centerpiece of China’s leadership’s new foreign policy. The initiative aspires to put the nations of Asia, Oceania, Europe, and Africa on a new trajectory of higher growth and human development through infrastructural connectivity, augmented trade, and investment. The initiative offers tremendous opportunities for international economic cooperation, especially for African nations. This article examines China-Africa relations, centering on the possibility of expanding the OBOR initiative to cover more African nations. Africa has been the focus of China’s foreign policy since 2013. A study on the implementation of OBOR in Africa will allow for a better understanding of contemporary China-Africa relations, while hopefully providing answers to some of the questions surrounding the issue. In this article, we carefully examine the economic drivers, challenges – with suggestions on ways to navigate those challenges – and opportunities of the OBOR initiative.
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Setiawan, Sigit. "Japanese Abenomics Stimulus Policy: The Impact on Indonesian and Japanese Economy." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 18, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v18i2.48.
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To address economic crisis and promote domestic economy to re-grow, Japanese government has launched Abenomics stimulus package in January 2013 to be disbursed during period 2013-2014. This study is focused and limited to analyze the impact of Abenomics policy on Japanese GDP and its transmission effect to Indonesian GDP. This study employs quantitative analysis method, completed with descriptive analysis based on historical data and relevant literatures. Main findings from this study are Abenomics will spur Japanese GDP positively by 2,37% in 2013 and by 2,79% in 2014. Spillover effect from Japanese demand shock will bring the biggest impact on the main partner of Asian and Oceania countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia will receive additional positive impact on its growth in 2013-2014 and substractive negative impact during 2015 to early 2017, before bounce back to positive zone in the second quarter 2017 to year 2018.
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Kupriyanov, Alexey V. "Indian South Pacific turn: causes and possible consequences." Asia and Africa Today, no. 12 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750017783-3.
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Until recently, Oceania was on the periphery of Indian foreign policy. This was due to a number of historical, political and economic reasons: the polities of Oceania historically weren’t a part of the Indian Ocean world; they gained independence too late, and the volume of India's trade with most of them is insignificant. The situation began to change after Narendra Modi came to power in 2014, but this process soon stalled. However, in recent months, there has been a sharp surge in Indian interest in Oceania. In the author's opinion, this is due to three processes: India's desire to enlist the support of its solar energy initiatives, the awareness of the weakness of its strategy of containing China in the Indian Ocean and and the formation of a triple informal alliance with the participation of India, Australia and France, which seems beneficial for these countries. The article analyzes the main imperatives and tasks of India, shows the process of their changes. The author points out that Fiji has historically played a major role in Indian politics in Oceania, but notes that in the near future Indian interest in Papua New Guinea and Tonga, two other island countries with their own armed forces, will grow. The article describes the existing interaction between India and the countries of the South Pacific and promising fields of cooperation. The author notes that Indian expansion in the region opens up new prospects for Russia and puts before it the question of formulating its own Indo-Pacific strategy, which would be combined with the Indian vision.
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Gonzalez Saez, Ruvislei. "Cuba – Asia y Oceanía: historical relations." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-4-79-91.
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The countries of Asia and Oceania occupy a prominent place in Cuba’s foreign policy orientation, which is especially relevant today when the country is facing another strengthening of restrictions by the United States, as well as trying to overcome the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The author analyzes the history and potential of Cuba’s cooperation with Asia, which is the most dynamic region in the world economy, in order to demonstrate the level of existing interaction and the prospects of emerging opportunities. The article provides an overview of the process of Cuba’s establishing diplomatic relations with the countries of Asia and Oceania, reflecting on both the incentives and the difficulties that accompanied this dynamic. The author looks at different areas of cooperation with the countries of the region, including health care (exchange of medical professionals, support by sharing medical brigades, shipments of diagnostic equipment and medications), agriculture and food security, academic exchange, etc. Particular attention is paid to trade, where economic ties with key partners are examined, taking into account the structure of trade. In conclusion, the research stresses the essential importance of developing already consolidated and trending relations between Cuba and the Asia-Pacific region, both with its “giants” and with the smaller states. This thesis is also supported by political preconditions, in particular by the fact that, from the political perspective, the countries of the region have expressed support and agreement with Cuba in many bilateral and multilateral aspects, especially those related to the condemnation of the U.S. economic and financial embargo against Cuba.
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Sherazi, Tatheer Zahra, and Amna Mahmood. "THE US POLICY SHIFT FROM ‘PIVOT TO ASIA’ TO ‘FREE INDO PACIFIC’: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN." Asia-Pacific - Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia 38 (February 4, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol38.iss0.2779.
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Asia Pacific, which is extended Eastward to the states of Oceania, Westward to Pakistan, Southward to New Zealand, and Northward to Mongolia, is currently a pivot of the globe due to its economic growth. Since last two decades, it has got status of ‘growth center’ owing to its high economic growth rate. The United States (US) had been very active in Asia Pacific throughout the Cold War period, but in post-Cold War era, it was disengaged due to its pre-occupation in Middle East. However, the rise of China attracted US again with multiple arrangements at political, economic and social fronts. There are two world views about the US presence in Asia Pacific. The first one asserts that the Asia Pacific is more secure without the presence of US, while others takes the US presence as a patron for stability and solidarity within the region. The US policy of ‘Pivot to Asia’, ‘Asia Pacific’ commonly known as ‘Rebalancing’ ensured its new commitment of deep engagement in Southeast Asia. Policy shift under Trump administration from ‘Pivot to Asia’ to ‘Free Indo-Pacific’ has direct as well indirect implications for Pakistan. The study analyses the US strategies and polices under the theory of ‘Offensive Realism,’ where ‘rational powers uncertain of intentions and capable of military offensive strive to survive’. Analytical, descriptive approaches are adopted in order to analyse US ongoing strategies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oceania Economic policy"
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Ryan, Andrea Catherine 1968. "Should we fertilize the oceans? : examining the science, economics and policy of the iron hypothesis & ocean fertilization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9604.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technology and Policy Program, 1998.Includes bibliographical references.
John Martin's 'iron hypothesis' (Martin, 1990), and the subsequent ground-breaking IRONEX experiments (Martin 1994, Coale 1996) have stimulated wide spread speculation about the concept of fertilizing the oceans. It has been suggested that adding nutrients to the open oceans will stimulate primary production, increasing the sequestration of carbon dioxide and enhancing potential fish harvest. Ocean fertilization has thus been heralded as a possible cure for global climate change and world food shortages. Despite considerable scientific effort, private investment, and public interest in this field there has been limited evaluation of the feasibility of ocean fertilization. This thesis attempts to fill this void by addressing not only the scientific, but also the economic and policy dimensions of ocean fertilization. It starts by reviewing current research proposals and implementation activities in the field of ocean fertilization. It identifies potential environmental impacts and biogeochemical consequences of ocean fertilization, highlighting the outstanding scientific unknowns associated with this field. The study reviews cost estimates compiled by the private sector, and examines likely practical obstacles to implementation. Legal, political and public response to fertilization proposals is also explored. Finally, some of the ethical concerns relating to fertilizing the oceans are discussed, and recommendations on future research directions and initiatives to manage this rapidly growing field are provided.
by Andrea Catherine Ryan.
S.M.
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Crone, Bilger Cameron. "International and economic policy aspects of the Soviet ocean-going fishing industry." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2583/.
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This thesis examines the economic and political aspects of the Soviet distant water fleet. The Soviet Union is the number two fishing nation, responsible for 12% of the world catch. The USSR is planning to further expand its efforts by implementing a multifaceted strategy to increase the quantity and quality of fish and fish products. However, future expansion is unlikely. The 1990's will be a challenging decade for the Soviet fishing industry. Fish will remain a source of much sought after hard currency and food, but the prospects for the optimistic growth forecasted by the Soviet government are not realistic. Despite the current profitability of this industry, several factors limit future growth of this sector, including restricted Soviet access to coastal fisheries, depleted stocks worldwide, as well as the high cost of open ocean fishing operations. In addition, there is pressure for global conservation for many of the stocks targeted by the Soviet distant water fleet. This has led to the increase of regional management schemes in the South Pacific, East Caribbean, and the Antarctic which effectively close off most new areas of expansion to the USSR. As a result, the Soviet fishing industry has increasingly turned to developing its coastal fisheries and mariculture capabilities to increase its annual harvest.
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Häggqvist, Henric. "On the Ocean of Protectionism : The Structure of Swedish Tariffs and Trade 1780–1830." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-264482.
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In the field of international trade there is an intriguing tension between the ideological allure of free trade and the political reality of protectionism. Typically, the former is favored by scholars while the latter has been more historically prevalent. Protectionism in the form of tariffs and other obstacles trade was generally a preferred trade policy around the globe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Sweden was no exception and has been seen as highly protectionist and mercantilist during this period. This thesis has sought to shed new light on Swedish trade policy between 1780 and 1830. It has done so by quantifying and homogenizing tariffs and import bans in order to be able to analyze the structure of tariffs. The thesis stands on a theoretical ground which takes into account the different plausible reasons for setting tariffs. It has placed some emphasis on the possible tension between the desire to shelter one’s own industry from foreign competition and the need to use tariffs for fiscal purposes, as an important source of government revenue. It is therefore argued that tariffs need to be separated theoretically and empirically. A simple model is presented which aims to discern three types of tariffs. The model takes into account the tariff rate itself, and also the structure of trade and the presence of domestic substitution. The thesis has found that Swedish tariffs were generally high over the period and that protectionism was prevalent in a large number of economic sectors. There is tentative evidence that protectionist tariffs also distorted trade in certain types of goods, even if they didn’t have an impact on total import levels. Tariffs were also set so as to separate between raw materials and more processed goods, what is called mercantilist differentiation. Substantial empirical support is given to the claim that certain tariffs on inelastic consumption goods were of great fiscal importance, and increasingly so as the period progressed. The fiscal pressure maintained or even increased the import tariffs, which made it possible to decrease tariffs on exports.
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Wu, Yeong-Chyan. "The economic regulation of ocean liner shipping in a newly industrializing country : a survey of alternative regulatory modes and policy considerations concerning Taiwan's liner industry /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9628.
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Monnet, Rodolphe. "La politique extérieure de l'Inde en Afrique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB025.
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Depuis 2001 et la recomposition des équilibres de puissance, l'Inde s'affirme comme l'un des acteurs qui compte dans un espace international de plus en plus multipolaire. Les mouvements de fond actuels provoquent une redistribution de cette puissance imposant de nouvelles alliances et de nouveaux jeux de pouvoirs. L'Inde n'est pas étrangère à cette tendance et encore plus depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir, en 2014, de l'actuel Premier ministre, Narendra Modi. Ce dernier conduit une politique extérieure ambitieuse pour que son pays accède à un statut de puissance mondiale. C'est dans ce cadre que se pose notre problématique qui est de savoir dans quelle mesure la place de l'Afrique dans la politique étrangère indienne permet-elle justement à l'Inde de parvenir à se hisser à ce statut de puissance. Pour y répondre, cette thèse investigue trois directions. D'abord, la place de l'océan Indien dans la relation indo-africaine doit rendre compte du rôle de l'Afrique dans la volonté indienne de faire de cet océan un espace pacifique et sécurisé sur lequel l'Inde puisse être un acteur incontournable face à des acteurs politiques puissants et hétérogènes. Ensuite, cette thèse s'attache à déterminer le rôle que l'Afrique joue dans la volonté de l'Inde d'être une puissance ayant une capacité d'influence politique sur la scène internationale au travers des instances internationales, de ses relations bilatérales avec les États africains et de la diaspora indienne installée dans ces pays. Enfin, cette recherche de statut passe par le champ économique et la nécessaire évaluation de l'empreinte économique que l'Inde souhaite imprimer en Afrique pour mieux asseoir ses capacités d'influence. Cette étude doit permettre de donner un éclairage sur la politique extérieure indienne à l'heure où les États-Unis réévaluent leur implication dans l'océan Indien, où la Chine met en place la « One Belt, One Road » et où l'Inde et le Japon viennent de s'unir pour proposer un nouveau partenariat à l'AfriqueSince 2001 and the reshuffling of the balance of power, India has become one of the influential actors in an increasingly multipolar international context. The current groundswells are reshuffling powers between Nations in shaping new alliances and new power games. India is, more than ever, involved in this trend since the current Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, came to power in 2014. He conducts an ambitious foreign policy as a means to make his country a global and respected power. The context of the issue detailed in this document is: to what extent does Africa's place in India's foreign policy enables India to reach this status of power? This thesis investigates the following three themes: Firstly, the Indian Ocean's place in the Indo-African relationship should reflect Africa's role in India's will to make the Indian Ocean region a peaceful and secured space in which India is a decisive player in front of powerful and heterogeneous political actors. Secondly, this thesis focuses on assessing Africa's role in India's initiatives to be an influential player on politics on the international agenda through international bodies, its bilateral relations with African states and the Indian diaspora settled down in these countries. Thirdly, India's search for that particular status goes through the economic area and the assessment of India's economic footprint in Africa to better establish its influence on that Continent. This study tries to shed the light on India's foreign policy while the United States are reassessing their involvement in the Indian Ocean, and while China is setting up its "One Belt, One Road" and India and Japan have just come together to propose a new partnership to Africa
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Ogden, Michael R. "Islands on the net technology and development futures in Pacific Island microstates /." 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33072181.html.
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"Applied general equilibrium model with emphasis on trade sector: A fiscal policy study in Taiwan." Tulane University, 1988.
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A general equilibrium model is established to evaluate fiscal policy in Taiwan, particularly the replacement of the sales tax by a value-added tax. To begin, the major taxes levied in Taiwan are identified and briefly described. Based on this descriptive analysis, we can make assumptions concerning tax incidence for Taiwan's major taxes within a general equilibrium framework; and the effective tax rates, by type of tax, by family income class, are calculated. Then, a general equilibrium computation algorithm is applied to convert an abstract representation of an economy into an operational model The results are obtained by comparing the solutions between before- and after-tax equilibrium in nonlinear equations system. The main conclusions show that (1) the relative prices of goods, in general, only have a small change; and (2) the efficiency gain in production and total welfare gain are both small as wellacase@tulane.edu
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Cheuk, Thomas Ping Keung. "An economic analysis of Canadian airline development and air transport public policy in the Pacific Ocean region." 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/16863.
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Desharnais, Craig. "The Pacific halibut fishery : success and failure under regulation, 1930-1960: the Canadian experience." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11684.
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At the 1996 World Fisheries Congress, Donald A. McCaughran declared seventyfive
years of regulatory success for the International Pacific Halibut Commission. The
Commission's mandate was to reverse the precipitous decline in halibut stocks that had
become apparent in the 1910's, and save this fishery from economic extinction. The
biologists and fishermen who sat on the Commission assumed that the appropriate
biological target was the one that yielded the maximum sustainable harvest. Using a
bioeconomic model of the fishery and regression analysis, I argue the Commission's use
of global quotas to achieve its biological goal of maximum sustained yield was most
certainly an economic failure. I also argue its policies were very likely a biological
failure, as well. While arguably accomplishing its biological goal of the maximum
sustainable yield in 1960, dynamic bioeconomic theory indicates their policies probably
destabilized the biological fishery. The paper will first sketch the historical background
of the industry. Then the regulatory history will be discussed. Then the economic
literature will be reviewed as it applies to the Pacific halibut industry. Finally, the
historical data will be examined and the proposition that the regulatory management of
the halibut fishery was a success will be tested. The period 1928 to 1960 is covered as it
provides both reliable data and a continuous period of regulation, at the end of which the
biological goal of maximum sustainable yields was apparently achieved. In conclusion, I
find that statistically the fishermen were insensitive to the direct effects of the quota and
the total quantity of fish available, and instead responded to the quota's indirect effects
on the fishermen's costs, which induced the inflow of greater fishing capital than
otherwise would have occurred.
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Martins, Maria de Fátima Chaves. "Economia e direito na exploração dos fundos marinhos." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/4680.
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Económicas e Empresariais, 20 de março de 2018, Universidade dos Açores.O consumo excessivo e os padrões de exploração dos recursos naturais, as crises cíclicas dos recursos energéticos, que motivaram as oscilações da economia mundial, o crescimento económico e demográfico dos países asiáticos, a perceção da limitação dos recursos, os avanços tecnológicos e o interesse em mitigar as alterações climáticas, incitaram a pesquisa de novos locais de recursos e alternativas. Em paralelo, procura-se alterar os padrões de consumo e exploração desses recursos em benefício de um futuro sustentável, convicções da Economia Azul e Crescimento Azul. Diante do exposto, o objeto de estudo é a exploração dos recursos naturais (genéticos, energéticos e, sobretudo, minerais) localizados nos fundos marinhos em jurisdição internacional e nacional, convergindo para a Região Autónoma dos Açores. Analisa-se o estado da arte numa dupla perspetiva económica e jurídica, que termina com reflexões sobre as políticas públicas adotadas para a gestão dos usos e atividades económicas do espaço marinho no contexto da governança oceânica. A vertente jurídica versa a análise dos dispositivos legais que regulam a disposição do espaço marinho, especialmente a CNUDM, e a mineração oceânica, setor económico emergente. Não obstante, para alcançar o espírito do legislador, é substancial compreender os instrumentos económicos empregues na definição da estratégia para as políticas públicas aplicadas ao sector, designadamente: tradeoff, análise custo-benefício, entre outros. Sendo este o exercício que completa a perspetiva económica da dissertação. Feita essa análise, verificam-se quais as políticas públicas que estão a ser desenvolvidas, opções, alternativas, recomendações e orientações das partes interessadas na exploração dos depósitos de sulfuretos maciços, crostas ricas em cobalto, nódulos polimetálicos e hidrocarbonetos nos fundos marinhos.
ABSTRACT: The over-consumption and the exploitation standards of natural resources, the cyclical crisis of energy resources, which determine the fluctuations of the world economy, the economic and demographic growth of Asian countries, the perception of resource limitation, technological breakthroughs and the interest is mitigating climate change, urged the discovery of alternative resources and sought to change the standards of consumption and exploitation of resources to the benefit of a sustainable future, convictions of Blue Growth and Blue Economy. Given this, this dissertation considers the exploitation of resources (genetic, energy, and, mainly, mining) located in the seabed within international and national jurisdiction, converging towards the Autonomous Region of the Azores. The state of the art is analysed under a dual concern, legal and economic, culminating with reflections on the public policies adopted for the management of the marine space’s uses and economic activities, in an ocean governance context. The legal aspect concerns the analysis of the legal provisions regulating marine spatial planning, most importantly UNCLOS, and oceanic mining, an emergent economic sector. Nevertheless, in order to realize the legislator’s aim, it is essential to understand the economic instruments used in the strategy definition for public policy applied to the sector, namely: trade-off, cost-benefit assessment, among others, with this exercise complementing the economics’ perspective of this dissertation. Following these analyses, there was a review on which public policies are being developed, options, alternatives, recommendations and guidelines from stakeholders of this sector, interested in exploiting massive sulphide deposits, cobalt-rich crusts, polymetallic nodules and hydrocarbons in the seabed.
Books on the topic "Oceania Economic policy"
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Sisto, Nicholas P. Pacific solidarity for the common good: Maximising returns on our natural resources through Pacific solidarity : Pacific Forum Meeting, September 1996, Marshall Islands. Suva, Fiji: N. Sisto, 1996.
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Kunio, Saitō, Meesook Kanitta, and International Monetary Fund, eds. Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1995.
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George, Kozmetsky, Matsumoto Hiroshi, Smilor Raymond W, and Global Community Forum '87 (1987 : Apia, Samoa), eds. Pacific cooperation and development. New York: Praeger, 1988.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. U.S. trade policy toward Southeast Asia and Oceania: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, June 25, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Secretariat of the Pacific Community corporate plan 1999-2003. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 1998.
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Plant, Roger. Indigenous peoples/ethnic minorities and poverty reduction: Regional report. Manila, Philippines: Environment and Social Safeguard Division, Regional and Sustainable Development Dept., Asian Development Bank, 2002.
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Pacific, United States Congress House Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on Asia and the. U.S. trade policy toward Southeast Asia and Oceania: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, June 25, 2003. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. U.S. trade policy toward Southeast Asia and Oceania: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, June 25, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
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McKee, David L. Developmental issues in small island economies. New York: Praeger, 1990.
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G, Zhukov Eugene, Bond Marian E, and Asian Development Bank, eds. Financial sector development in Pacific island economies. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Oceania Economic policy"
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Turgo, Nelson. "A Taste of the Sea: Artisanal Fishing Communities in the Philippines." In The World of the Seafarer, 9–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49825-2_2.
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AbstractThe Philippines remains one of the top suppliers of seafarers to the global merchant fleet. In the 2015 BIMCO Manpower Report on seafarer supply countries, the Philippines ranked first for ratings and second for officers with 363,832 Filipino seafarers deployed to ocean-going merchant vessels in 2014 and accounting for 28% of the global supply of seafarers (MARINA 2015). Seafarers are crucial in keeping the Philippine economy afloat and in 2018, Filipino seafarers sent home USD 6.14 billion (Hellenic Shipping News 2019), accounting for about a fifth of the USD 32.2 billion overseas workers sent home that year (Inquirer 2019). The Philippines has developed as a major player in the crewing sector of the global maritime industry primarily because of its maritime history (Giraldez 2015; Mercene 2007; Schurz 1939), its maritime geography and the continued centrality of the sea to many people’s lives (as attested to by the presence of the myriad fishing communities dotted around the many islands of the country) (Warren 2003, 2007), the economic liberalisation of the 1970s and the concomitant institutionalisation of the labour export policies as enacted by Philippine governments since the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos whose latter policy saw many Filipinos seeking employment overseas (Asis 2017; Kaur 2016; Wozniak 2015).
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Sousa, Cristina, Margarida Fontes, and Oscarina Conceição. "Blue Economy as a Policy-Driven Innovation System: Research Funding and the Direction of Ocean-Related Innovation." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 101–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60080-8_6.
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Preston-Whyte, Fiona, and Thomas Maes. "Introduction to Marine Litter in Africa." In The African Marine Litter Outlook, 1–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08626-7_1.
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SummaryWhat to expect from the African Marine Litter Outlook? The African Marine Litter Outlook provides an overview of marine litter from the African perspective. The Outlook covers: Marine Litter Sources and Distribution Pathways (Chap. 2), Impacts and Threats of Marine Litter in African Seas (Chap. 3), Legal and Policy Frameworks to address Marine Litter through Improved Livelihoods (Chap. 4), and The Way Forward, Building up from on-the-Ground Innovation (Chap. 5). This chapter provides the context for marine litter in Africa from a global and regional standpoint. This chapter introduces the concept of marine litter, the importance of the ocean, and the value of the Blue Economy in Africa. The uncertainties created by COVID-19 and its effects on future projections of marine litter are also summarised in this chapter.
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Amodu, Taoreed Alaba. "Blue Economy and Foreign Direct Investment to Maritime Nations." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 131–47. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3393-5.ch007.
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For policy enrichment, this chapter discusses the opportunities available to maritime nations in the blue economy and explicates the roles of policymakers in achieving an improved economy by encouraging and attracting foreign investors and grants, which is a catalyst to achieving a blue economy. First, the author argues that the transition to the blue economy has encouraged maritime nations to look inward and diversify their economies by harnessing ocean resources and other economic potentials. Second, the proximity to the seas and oceans has made maritime nations realize the possibility of converting ocean resources to boost their national GDPs. However, this opportunity comes with enormous responsibilities. Third, policymakers must ensure proper conservation and management measures so that living creatures in the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) are not endangered. Finally, maritime nations need to exercise their jurisdiction for the protection and preservation of the marine environment.
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Talley, Wayne K. "Ocean container shipping." In Transportation Policy and Economic Regulation, 145–68. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812620-2.00007-9.
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"Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habitat: The Governance, Practices, and Science." In Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habitat: The Governance, Practices, and Science, edited by Thomas E. Bigford. American Fisheries Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874417.ch3.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Based on increased concern for habitat degradation, destructive fishing practices, and cumulative impacts across regional ecosystems, marine fish habitat conservation has received unprecedented attention in the past 15 years. Significant progress in science, management, and policy reflect growing acceptance that habitat conservation is an essential ingredient for successful management at the regional or ecosystem levels. Economic realities from the recent global downturn are dampening an immediate infusion of new monies, but the cumulative benefits of these efforts promise to bear fruit. In U.S. waters, our ocean’s health and society’s expectations appear to be nearing their respective tipping points on marine environmental and ecological issues such as declining population vitality and worsening economic yields. This new paradigm calls for a more inclusive approach to fisheries management, including habitat protection and restoration in regional approaches to resource management. Fisheries are likely to be managed in a larger context with other ocean uses and with an eye toward a broader sweep of ecosystem services. The next era of resource management could be based less on traditional fishery management tactics and more on new expectations related to broad ocean management. The result could be healthier oceans yielding greater returns across the larger range of societal needs.
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Şeren, Gamze Yıldız. "An Assessment and Policy Proposals Within the Framework of the Blue Economy and Public Policies." In The Circular Economy and Its Implications on Sustainability and the Green Supply Chain, 84–99. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8109-3.ch005.
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Blue economy refers to economic sectors that are either directly or indirectly linked with the oceans. However, the blue economy does not only have an economic dimension. Environmental health is also an area that blue economy takes into account. This chapter draws attention to both social and economic potential to be created by blue economy and to consider and evaluate how to increase this potential through public policies in today's century, when the resources are gradually depleted and population growth continues. In order for the blue economy to be a driving force for sustainable growth, public-private partnerships emerge as a recipe for opportunities. In addition, the growth of the blue economy can be stimulated by conventional financial instruments (such as taxes and subsidies). Since the blue economy is at an intersection of environmental health and economic benefits, positive externalities that environmental health can have on generations should not be overlooked.
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Rouse, William B. "Energy and Climate." In Transforming Public-Private Ecosystems, 172–214. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866530.003.0006.
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This chapter addresses the impacts of global warming, stakeholders in energy and climate, and the structure of the global ecosystem, including the geopolitics and economic dependencies on fossil fuels. Past innovations reviewed include the formation of the United States Weather Bureau in 1890, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1970, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970. Also discussed are Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards enacted in 1975 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, formed in 1988. Contemporary innovations discussed include innovations in the automobile industry, driverless cars for disabled and older adults, approaches to managing failures, and designing policy portfolios. Incentives to facilitate transformation of this ecosystems are considered. The economics of transformation include needs to appropriately attribute revenues, costs, and savings across stakeholder organizations and the ultimate question of who benefits and who pays.
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Alger, Justin. "The Political Economy of Conservation." In Conserving the Oceans, 53–78. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197540534.003.0003.
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This chapter introduces a strategic actor framework of environmental norm diffusion, which it uses to develop a theory of the diffusion of the norm of large marine protected areas. By incorporating domestic material interests into environmental norm diffusion, it builds norm diffusion theory to better explain why certain environmental norms gain global traction while others do not, as well as why there is considerable variation in how environmental norms are localized. The chapter also examines the interests of key stakeholder groups, including the state, extractive and non-extractive industry, environmental groups, and local communities. The framework foregrounds business influence to explain how governments attempt to reconcile new environmental norms with commercial interests. In some instances, business influence can lead to stronger protections, but more often tends to undermine conservation goals. This chapter analyses the potential and the limits of business influence over state conservation policy.
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"16 One Cannot Change the Wind, but One Can Always Adjust the Sail: The Role of Legal Framework in Developing a Blue Economy." In Ocean Law and Policy, 379–86. Brill | Nijhoff, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004311442_018.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Oceania Economic policy"
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"Blue Economy Policy of India." In OCEANS 2022 - Chennai. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanschennai45887.2022.9775217.
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Takahashi, Koji, Yasuo Kasugai, and Isao Fukuda. "Port Placement Theory in Consideration of Geographical Characteristics and Disaster Risks in Case of Ocean Space Utilization." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24345.
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In case of ocean space utilization, the factors which have to be taken into consideration in order to form an international basic container route are geographical factors which are the position on a global scale, the economic scale of port hinterland, the ocean climatic condition for setting the route etc. as well as factors from the viewpoint of transport such as the volume of container cargo and both size of container ships and container terminals. It is important to consider these geographical factors not only in order to study the port placement from the global point of view but also to devise the port policy. Although there are many studies on factors from the viewpoint of transport, there is almost no study on these geographical factors. Then, the authors made a new simulation model and analyzed these geographical factors of the international container ports in all parts of the world. As a result of analysis, the authors got the conclusion that there were three port placement patterns. The first type is ‘the Continent Base Port Type’, which it is located in the continent and has the large economic hinterland. Typical ports of this type are Antwerp, LA, LB and Shanghai. The second type is ‘the Ocean Base Port Type’, which is located in the ocean space where geographical predominance is high. This type forms route hubs. Typical ports of this type are Singapore, Malta and Kaohsiung. The third type is ‘the Tight Hinterland Port Type’, which is located in an island and has the tight economic hinterland where the economic activities density is very high. This type has characteristics that the distance between the ports is short and there are a lot of numbers of ports, which is unique and special in the world. Japan’s ports are classified in the third type. Furthermore, Japan has a characteristic that there are many large-scale earthquakes and has to consider earthquake measures to reduce disaster risks. The authors will suggest the most suitable port placement theory in consideration of these characteristics in case of ocean space utilization.
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Elusakin, Tobiloba, Mahmood Shafiee, and Tosin Adedipe. "Towards Implementing Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) Policy for Offshore Blowout Preventer (BOP) System." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95539.
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Abstract With the steadily growing demand for energy in the world, oil and gas companies are finding themselves facing increasing capital and operating costs. To ensure the economic viability of investments and improve the safety of operations, oil and gas companies are promoting their asset integrity management (AIM) systems. In the past, the oil and gas industry adopted reactive maintenance regimes, which involved recertification, testing and repair of faulty equipment while trying to achieve minimum downtime. As technology becomes more affordable, operators have been able to carry out improved fault diagnosis, prognosis and maintenance optimisation. As a result of this, condition-based maintenance (CBM) is being adopted more and more as the preeminent maintenance regime for oil and gas equipment. The blowout preventer (BOP) is one of the most expensive and safety critical drilling equipment in the oil and gas industry. However, there have been very few studies and best practices about how to develop a CBM policy and what specific monitoring techniques and devices will be required to implement it for the BOP system. This paper proposes a V-model based architecture for designing a CBM policy in BOP systems. As a result of the model proposed, gaps in implementation are identified and all the hardware, software and training requirements for implementing the CBM solution in BOP systems will be outlined in detail. Our proposed CBM framework will help BOP operators and maintenance personnel make cost savings through less repairs and replacements and minimal downtime.
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Giro, Felipe, Jose Mishael, Pablo G. Morato, and Philippe Rigo. "Inspection and Maintenance Planning for Offshore Wind Support Structures: Modelling Reliability and Inspection Costs at the System Level." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78269.
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Abstract In the context of achieving a decarbonized economy, wind farms installed farther offshore provide the opportunity of harnessing more stable wind energy. Exposed to the combined cyclic loading of wind and waves, offshore wind substructures withstand, however, harsh fatigue and corrosion deterioration mechanisms throughout their operational life. In this scenario, Inspection and Maintenance (I&M) planning methods enable efficient control of structural failure risks by timely allocating inspection and maintenance interventions. In this work, we discuss the benefits of approaching I&M planning at the system level, thus determining strategies that are influenced by system risk metrics. To support the discussion, I&M policies are identified for an offshore wind support structure composed of 12 fatigue hotspots located at three weld connections and exposed to varying corrosion-fatigue deterioration intensities. Within the numerical experiments, the heuristics-based policy search is conducted both at component and system levels, exploring various structural redundancy settings. The results demonstrate that a systematic treatment of structural reliability can only be achieved by modelling the entire structural system, assigning and considering global failure risk metrics during the policy search. Independently of the investigated structural reliability model, system-based I&M policies outperform component-based strategies.
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Takahashi, Koji, Shinichi Urabe, Shuichi Umeno, Keiji Kozawa, Isao Fukuda, and Takeo Kondo. "Port Logistics Policy of Japanese Government for Strengthening Global Competitiveness of Industry in Case of Ocean Space Utilization." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11226.
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A port logistics is classified into two kinds, a container logistics and a bulk logistics. In the field of a container logistics, a terminal operator pursues large-scale management of its container terminals by global M&A corresponding to the global growth of the container handling number, which resulted in container terminal operators’ oligopolization. In the field of a bulk freight logistics, the private enterprises, which invest in and improve port equipment by themselves, are changing in the direction to reduce number of handling ports and to invest in port equipment intensively corresponding to the vigorous resource demand of the world. The economic activities of the private enterprises are progressing on the basis of the management strategy which differs between “oligopolization” of a container logistics and “selection and concentration” of a bulk freight logistics. On the other hand, since management of ports is the basis supporting a national logistics, each country of the world carries out various public participations, such as a legal support and a financial support. For example, in Japan, although ‘a port authority system’ was brought to Japan almost 60 years ago by U.S.A. and the management right of main ports were transferred to local governments from national government, Japanese government has been taking the lead in implementation of many policies to strength global competitiveness of industry reflecting the flow of global privatization and concession. Recently, many countries have been changing their public participation policies. A country has established the system which increases private investment and reduces public financial support since capital investment remaining power has decreased according to aggravation of the finances of national government and local governments. The other country has established the system which backs up logistics activity with public support. This paper, to utilize ocean space, will show a port logistics policy of Japanese government, particularly the historical flow and the prospective view of the public participation to a port logistics based on the logistics trend of the world.
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Dudziak, Gregory, Christos Kolliatsas, Julia Schaefer, and Noah Myers. "Accelerating the Deployment of Offshore Renewable Energy Technologies (ADORET): Presentation, Findings and Recommendations." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49193.
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The outcome of the ADORET project, commissioned by the International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (IEA-RETD), and executed by Mott MacDonald, will be presented. Globally, offshore renewable energy is a burgeoning industry which has the potential to grow rapidly in a number of countries. While tidal and wave energy is at an earlier stage of development with technology demonstrations being pursued in many locations worldwide, the offshore wind industry is already considered mature. The overall objective of the ADORET project is to assist policy makers and project developers by providing them a better understanding of the specifics of offshore renewable energy (ORE) technologies and to give them practical guidelines in how to foster their deployment. The project has an international perspective, focusing on the 11 IEA-RETD members as well as 7 additional countries. In an introductory phase, the project has delivered a brief of the current status of advancement of ORE technologies. It then highlighted the available resources, and gave an overview of policies in place and deployment to date. In a second phase, the economics and financing of ORE projects have been examined. The respective maturity levels of technologies have been discussed, as well as capital and operational costs structures. An analysis of commercial and technical risks, and of their impact on the financing costs, has been performed. Mitigation measures can reduce these to an acceptable level. The respective merits and constraints associated to the main financing options available to ORE projects will be presented. An in-depth review of technical and non-technical barriers and challenges to the deployment of ORE technologies has been performed and will be presented. Technical barriers covered included technology and design optimisation, reliability, installation and decommissioning, operation and maintenance, grid connection and integration. Non-technical barriers investigated included environmental, safety, regulatory and licensing, competing uses, skills, supply chain and infrastructures, and financial issues. Examples of country and technology specific barriers are highlighted. In the final part the project, a detailed review of policies in place to promote ORE technologies deployment and of their effectiveness has been performed. Mitigation measures to barriers previously identified are also presented. Based on this analysis, a generic model policy framework is proposed, to be used as a possible template by policy makers in interested countries. Guidelines for project design and development are presented. The full version of the ADORET report and its appendices are shortly to be made available to download at www.iea-retd.org.
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Takahashi, Koji. "Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Port Management Against High Tide and Tsunamis." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96406.
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Abstract In 2011, the National Diet of Japan passed a law to implement the policy of “International Container Strategy Ports,” which would be applied to public-built private-management system and private company financing methods to container terminals at the main ports operated by Port Management Bodies which are local governments. It would also establish the port management corporation at each port in order to improve the productivity of container terminals throughout Japan. Port management corporations have already been established at several ports such as “Kobe-Osaka,” “Yokohama-Kawasaki” and “Nagoya-Yokkaichi.” The purpose of establishing these port management corporations for container terminals is to amend the rigid port management system by local governments, and to be prepared to provide a quick response to global economic changes and the wills of cargo owners and shipping companies. Current port management corporations, however, are facing various problems of management. On the other hand, as in the cases of the tidal inundation disaster at Kansai Airport and the port area due to heavy rain in 2018, port management needs to make new capital investment to cope with the issues such as the construction to protect ground structure against high tide and tsunamis. Therefore, the author would like to first analyze the issues that current port management face, and then propose solutions and possible scenarios for improving the productivity and sustainability of port management against high tide and tsunamis.
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Fu, Xingguo, Xiaohong Xu, and Xuguang Zhou. "The New Lubrication Technology and China’s Sustained Development." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63123.
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The application of new lubrication technology has a close relationship with the industrial development of automobile, machinery and transportation. Energy saving and environment protection are main two factors to push lubricants upgrades. Lubricant quality and correct application directly influence the use-life of machine, consumption of energy and environment protection. All over the world, especially in Western developed countries people pay more attention to the research and application of new lubricant technology. The lubricant specifications were reviewed and upgraded continuously according to the requirements of machine, fuel economy and emission. China’s sustained development means the ability to satisfy current human’s requirement as well as not to destroy nature resources for next generation. That also means we must balance the fast development of economy, society, resources and environment, we must protect natural resources and environment such as water, ocean, lands and forest which we live on, which can keep our next generation developing. Research and application of new lubricant technology is basic issues to keep China’s economy continuously growing. China’s petroleum consumption increased rapidly during the recent decades. There are two rapid period within 25 years after China’s application of opening and reform policy. The first is from 1978 to 1990, the whole petroleum consumption increased from 913 million to 1.18 billion tons respectively, increasing rate is 2.0% per year. The second was from 1991 to 2003, petroleum consumption increased from 1.18 billion to 2.74 billion tons, increasing rate was up to 6.7% per year. If we compare 2003 with 2001, the net petroleum consumption amount had increased 42million tons, increase rate is 8.7% per year. China now becomes one of biggest petroleum consumption country. The efficiency of China’s petroleum consumption is low. According to world petroleum consumption level (ton per thousand U.S. Dollar, GDP), China consumes four times more petroleum than that of Japan, three times of that of European, two times of that of USA. The wide application of low-grade lubricating oil and the lack of new lubrication technology are the main cause of the low-efficient petroleum usage. In the future decades petroleum shortages will be more and more strict in China, and it will have an important role in the delay of economic development and national safety. It is our lubricants workers duty to develop and apply the new lubrication technology to enhance the use efficiency of petroleum, to prevent our reliable environment and to push the China’s sustainable development. The world total consumption quantity of lubricating oil keeps about 37 to 39 million tons per year. It shares about 1% of total crude refining amount. The lube consumption amount in North American keeps stable about 9.5 million tons which listed No.1 while European and previous Unit Soviet area decreased. Asia is the only increased area, mainly because of the fast economic growth in China and India. China has consumed 4.4million tons lubricating oil in 2003, take about 1.6% of total crude refining amount, shares about 11% of whole world consumption amount, values about 22 billion RMB [1]. The increased rate reaches the highest—10.56% compared to 2002. This was the first time China become the second lubricant consumer in the world, just after USA. In 2004, China’s lubricants consumption will reach over 5 million tons, reaches the top in history, the increased rate will reach 10% comparing with 2003. China’s Automobile industry develops rapidly in the recent years, at the same time fuel efficiency keeps a low level. In 2002 China’s automobile has consumed 2.28 ton fuel per automobile which is 110–120 percent of USA, 200 percent of Japan. There exists a wide market for the application of new lubrication technology. The application of those additives and lube oils such as environment-friend additives, friction modified agents, nano-lube additives, energy-conserving multi-grade lube oils can enhance lubrication efficiency of equipments, decrease fuel consumption and conserve the petroleum resources. In this paper the applications of Cu nano-lube additive are introduced. and 0.1% Cu nano-lube is added into passenger car motor oil 5W30 SJ. The four-ball test equipment, cam-tappet test equipment and MS VI engine test are used to evaluate the performance, the test results shows the application of Cu nano-additive can obviously decrease the friction coefficient and fuel consumption. China should establish its national lube oil evaluation system, this system can greatly push the warranty of the quality of lube oil. The standard and national principle for fuel-conserving should be acted to improve the application of multi-grade lube oil and energy-conserving lube oil and new technology.
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De Silva, Shelton G. "Knowledge of Arctic and EQQ Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Multiple Applications." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11477.
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The rapid change in climate conditions, and the present demand for political and commercial interest in the Arctic region will cause considerable implications on the environment, ecosystem, security, and on the social system in the region. Today, governments, scientists and researchers understand that there is a huge gap of knowledge in the Arctic region and this must be addressed prior to development of the region, or there will be devastating environmental consequences in the future. Existing studies concluded by various organizations including Lloyd’s of London, US Geological Survey and other institutes emphasize that in order to ensure sustainable development in the Arctic, it is important to close the existing gap of knowledge by obtaining accurate scientific data, and make available this data to scientists, researchers and policy makers, for them to take sound decisions on both Arctic challenges and future economic opportunities. The scientists understand that existing lack of knowledge is mainly due to insufficient information in the Arctic and the inability to obtain sufficient scientific data to understand the Arctic region in-depth. Main challenges will be, the vast area of the Arctic, inaccessibility to complex and remote areas, long cold dark winters and short summers, rapid changes of weather conditions etc. Presently, existing satellites provide extremely valuable scientific data, however scientists emphasize that this data would be further analyzed (due to inaccuracy) and collaborated with data on actual close observations, physical sea–ice samples, ice core samples, data from surface and bottom of the sea-ice, glacial ice etc. Collecting data from high altitudes using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are not new to the Arctic region, and have been used for number of years. The AMAP, (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program Workshop), Oslo October, 2008, recommended that it is of great importance that scientists use unmanned aerial vehicles in the Arctic to obtain important environment measurements. Further, added to the AMAP work plan for 2011–2013, is to develop safety guidelines and cross-jurisdictional flight pilot projects, to demonstrate the use of unmanned aerial service (UAS) in the Arctic Environmental Monitoring Plan. The Canadian Government also completed the feasibility study to build a “High Arctic Research Station” in the high north to serve the entire world, for scientists to have an opportunity to share data and support the knowledge for researchers to conclude their investigations. The government is further considering purchasing, three large high-altitude Global Hawk drones for Arctic surveillance, and seeking small snowmobiles and remote control aircrafts to monitor the extreme complex landscape of the Arctic. At present, there is no method to obtain accurate surface and atmospheric data in complex and remote areas, and this requirement has become the highest priority and should be addressed urgently. In order to obtain sufficient accurate data from the Arctic surface and atmosphere, EQQUERA Inc. innovated, is designing and developing multipurpose, multifunctional SG EQQ Unmanned Aerial Vehicles that are able to access remote and complex areas in the Arctic, and operate in challengeable weather conditions such as cold long dark nights.
Reports on the topic "Oceania Economic policy"
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Greenhill, Lucy, Christopher Leakey, and Daniela Diz. Second Workshop report: Mobilising the science community in progessing towards a sustainable and inclusive ocean economy. Scottish Universities Insight Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23693.
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Across the Blue Economy, science must play a fundamental role in moving us away from business as usual to a more sustainable pathway. It provides evidence to inform policy by understanding baselines, trends and tipping points, as well as the multiple and interacting effects of human activities and policy interventions. Measuring progress depends on strong evidence and requires the design of a monitoring framework based on well-defined objectives and indicators, informed by the diverse disciplines required to inform progress on cross-cutting policy objectives such as the Just Transition. The differences between the scientific and policy processes are stark and affect interaction between them, including, among other factors, the time pressures of governmental decision-making, and the lack of support and reward in academia for policy engagement. To enable improved integration, the diverse nature of the science / policy interface is important to recognise – improved communication between scientists and policy professionals within government is important, as well as interaction with the wider academic community through secondments and other mechanisms. Skills in working across boundaries are valuable, requiring training and professional recognition. We also discussed the science needs across the themes of the Just Transition, Sustainable Seafood, Nature-based Solutions and the Circular Economy, where we considered: • What research and knowledge can help us manage synergies and trade-offs? • Where is innovation needed to promote synergies? • What type of indicators, data and evidence are needed to measure progress? The insights developed through dialogue among participants on these themes are outlined in Section 4 of this report.
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Greenhill, Lucy, Christopher Leakey, and Dani Diz. Workshop report: Driving the transition to a resilient and inclusive future: the role of the ocean and policy coherence. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23456.
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Through a programme of activities from January to July 2021, this Scottish Universities Insight Institute (SUII) project seeks to accelerate progress towards the ‘Just Transition’ for an environmentally sustainable, resilient and equitable economy and society in Scotland, within the framework provided by the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The programme aims to: 1. Develop our understanding of interdependencies between marine and cross-cutting policy themes to promote policy coherence, promoting synergies and managing trade-offs. 2. Mobilise the science and policy communities in co-developing knowledge for policy impact, including understanding data and evidence needs for innovation and measuring progress.