Journal articles on the topic 'Ocean'
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1
Smith, H. J. "OCEANS: Tracing Ocean Circulation." Science 288, no. 5474 (June 23, 2000): 2097e—2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5474.2097e.
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Chisholm, S. W. "OCEANS: Dis-Crediting Ocean Fertilization." Science 294, no. 5541 (October 12, 2001): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1065349.
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Ming, Wan. "Zheng He’s Seven Voyages into the Namoli Ocean–the Indian Ocean." China and Asia 1, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 92–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-00101004.
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In the history of the development of human civilization, the Silk Road has been an important route of traffic and exchange between the East and the West. From Zhang Qian’s 張騫 opening up of the Silk Road across the Western Regions (Xiyue 西域) to Zheng He’s 鄭和 sailing to the Western Oceans (xia xiyang 下西洋) more than 1500 years later, China had a continuous desire to explore beyond its borders. At the time of Zheng He, the term “Western Oceans” (xiyang 西洋) had a specific meaning. As shown by the account of Ma Huan 馬歡, who personally joined Zheng He on the voyages, the people of Ming China considered the “Western Oceans” to be the Namoli Ocean (Namoli yang 那没黎洋), later called the Indian Ocean. Thus, it could be concluded that the Western Oceans where Zheng He’s fleet went meant the Indian Ocean. Even today most scholars still divide the Eastern and Western Oceans at Brunei, with no clear understanding of where the Western Oceans to which Zheng He sailed were actually located. It is therefore important to make clear that the Western Oceans in his time referred to the Indian Ocean, before moving on to investigate the purpose of the voyages and related historical issues. Even more important is to point out that Zheng He’s expeditions in the early fifteenth century reflected that Chinese people took to the seas on a scale larger than ever before and joined the maritime and overland silk routes together. The place where this occurred was the Indian Ocean.
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Jansen, Malte F., Wanying Kang, Edwin S. Kite, and Yaoxuan Zeng. "Energetic Constraints on Ocean Circulations of Icy Ocean Worlds." Planetary Science Journal 4, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/acda95.
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Abstract Globally ice-covered oceans have been found on multiple moons in the solar system and may also have been a feature of Earth’s past. However, relatively little is understood about the dynamics of these ice-covered oceans, which affect not only the physical environment but also any potential life and its detectability. A number of studies have simulated the circulation of icy-world oceans, but have come to seemingly widely different conclusions. To better understand and narrow down these diverging results, we discuss the energetic constraints for the circulation on ice-covered oceans, focusing in particular on Snowball Earth, Europa, and Enceladus. The energy input that can drive ocean circulation on ice-covered bodies can be associated with heat and salt fluxes at the boundaries as well as ocean tides and librations. We show that heating from the solid core balanced by heat loss through the ice sheet can drive an ocean circulation, but the resulting flows would be relatively weak and strongly affected by rotation. Salt fluxes associated with freezing and melting at the ice sheet boundary are unlikely to energetically drive a circulation, although they can shape the large-scale circulation when combined with turbulent mixing. Ocean tides and librations may provide an energy source for such turbulence, but the magnitude of this energy source remains highly uncertain for the icy moons, which poses a major obstacle to predicting the ocean dynamics of icy worlds and remains an important topic for future research.
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Wang, Lin, Chee Kent Lim, and Martin G. Klotz. "High Synteny and Sequence Identity between Genomes of Nitrosococcus oceani Strains Isolated from Different Oceanic Gyres Reveals Genome Economization and Autochthonous Clonal Evolution." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050693.
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The ammonia-oxidizing obligate aerobic chemolithoautotrophic gammaproteobacterium, Nitrosococcus oceani, is omnipresent in the world’s oceans and as such important to the global nitrogen cycle. We generated and compared high quality draft genome sequences of N. oceani strains isolated from the Northeast (AFC27) and Southeast (AFC132) Pacific Ocean and the coastal waters near Barbados at the interface between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean (C-27) with the recently published Draft Genome Sequence of N. oceani Strain NS58 (West Pacific Ocean) and the complete genome sequence of N. oceani C-107, the type strain (ATCC 19707) isolated from the open North Atlantic, with the goal to identify indicators for the evolutionary origin of the species. The genomes of strains C–107, NS58, C-27, and AFC27 were highly conserved in content and synteny, and these four genomes contained one nearly sequence-identical plasmid. The genome of strain AFC132 revealed the presence of genetic inventory unknown from other marine ammonia-oxidizing bacteria such as genes encoding NiFe-hydrogenase and a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like siderophore biosynthesis module. Comparative genome analysis in context with the literature suggests that AFC132 represents a metabolically more diverse ancestral lineage to the other strains with C-107 and NS58 potentially being the youngest. The results suggest that the N. oceani species evolved by genome economization characterized by the loss of genes encoding catabolic diversity while acquiring a higher redundancy in inventory dedicated to nitrogen catabolism, both of which could have been facilitated by their rich complements of CRISPR/Cas and Restriction Modification systems.
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Huo, Chuan Lin, Cheng Huo, and Dao Ming Guan. "Advances in Studies of Ocean Acidification." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2191.
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During the past 200 years, approximately one-half of the carbon dioxide from human activities is being taken up by the oceans. The uptake of carbon dioxide has led to a reduction of the pH value of surface seawater of 0.1 units, equivalent to a 30% increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions. If global emission of carbon dioxide from human activities continues to rise at the current rates, the average pH value of the oceans could fall by 0.5 units by the year 2100. This was equivalent to a three fold increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions. Global ocean acidification has become one of the most threatening disasters to the ocean ecosystem and has been attached great importance by the countries adjacent to oceans and the related international organizations in the world. In this paper the current situation and development of ocean acidification and the impacts of ocean acidification are described. It also summarizes the latest research achievements of ocean acidification and the ocean acidification studies in such countries as US, Europe, Japan, Australia, the Republic of Korea, and China, etc.
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Quirk, Genevieve, and Quentin Hanich. "Ocean Diplomacy: The Pacific Island Countries’ Campaign to the UN for an Ocean Sustainable Development Goal." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 1, no. 1 (June 3, 2016): 68–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00101005.
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In this article we examine how Pacific Island Countries (pics) successfully championed a stand-alone Ocean Sustainable Development Goal (sdg) goal at the United Nations (un). We analyse how the un Post-2015 development process provided pics with a unique opportunity to use their experience with collective diplomacy and regional oceans governance to propose this international goal. In this article we establish how pics’ national and regional quest to strengthen their sovereign rights over marine resources motivated their diplomatic efforts for an Ocean sdg. The campaign was a significant political achievement, positioning these Large Ocean Island States (lois) as global ocean guardians. We critically evaluate the effectiveness of the pics’ diplomatic campaign to secure an international commitment for an Ocean sdg. The pics’ advocacy for Goal 14 under Agenda 2030 has enhanced their political effectiveness in the un by improving their recognition by other States as leaders in oceans governance. We suggest their Ocean sdg campaign forms part of a distinct and continuing brand of oceans diplomacy from Oceania.
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Visser, A. W. "OCEAN SCIENCE: Biomixing of the Oceans?" Science 316, no. 5826 (May 11, 2007): 838–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1141272.
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Hegerl, G. C. "OCEAN SCIENCE: Warming the World's Oceans." Science 309, no. 5732 (July 8, 2005): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1114456.
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Haward, Marcus. "National ocean governance and sustainable oceans." Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 8, no. 4 (October 2016): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2016.1254897.
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Pierella Karlusich, Juan José, Federico M. Ibarbalz, and Chris Bowler. "Phytoplankton in the Tara Ocean." Annual Review of Marine Science 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 233–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010706.
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Photosynthesis evolved in the ocean more than 2 billion years ago and is now performed by a wide range of evolutionarily distinct organisms, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Our appreciation of their abundance, distributions, and contributions to primary production in the ocean has been increasing since they were first discovered in the seventeenth century and has now been enhanced by data emerging from the Tara Oceans project, which performed a comprehensive worldwide sampling of plankton in the upper layers of the ocean between 2009 and 2013. Largely using recent data from Tara Oceans, here we review the geographic distributions of phytoplankton in the global ocean and their diversity, abundance, and standing stock biomass. We also discuss how omics-based information can be incorporated into studies of photosynthesis in the ocean and show the likely importance of mixotrophs and photosymbionts.
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Rovira-Navarro, Marc, Isamu Matsuyama, and Hamish C. F. C. Hay. "Thin-shell Tidal Dynamics of Ocean Worlds." Planetary Science Journal 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/acae9a.
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Abstract Several solar system moons harbor subsurface water oceans; extreme internal heating or solar irradiation can form magma oceans in terrestrial bodies. Tidal forces drive ocean currents, producing tidal heating that affects the thermal−orbital evolution of these worlds. If the outermost layers (ocean and overlying shell) are thin, tidal dynamics can be described using thin-shell theory. Previous work assumed that the ocean and shell's thickness and density are uniform. We present a formulation of thin-shell dynamics that relaxes these assumptions and apply it to several cases of interest. The tidal response of unstratified oceans of constant thickness is given by surface gravity and Rossby waves, which can resonate with the tidal force. The oceans of the outer solar system are too thick for gravity wave resonances, but high-amplitude Rossby waves can be excited in moons with high orbital obliquity. We find that meridional ocean thickness variations hinder the excitation of Rossby waves, decreasing tidal dissipation and increasing the inclination damping timescale, which allows us to reconcile the present inclination of the Moon with the existence of a past long-lived magma ocean and to explain the inclination of Titan and Callisto without invoking a recent excitation. Stratified oceans can support internal gravity waves. We show that dissipation due to internal waves can exceed that resulting from surface gravity waves. For Enceladus, it can be close to the moon’s thermal output, even if the ocean is weakly stratified. Shear due to internal waves can result in Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities and induce ocean mixing.
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Timmermans, Mary-Louise, and Steven R. Jayne. "The Arctic Ocean Spices Up." Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, no. 4 (April 2016): 1277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0027.1.
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AbstractThe contemporary Arctic Ocean differs markedly from midlatitude, ice-free, and relatively warm oceans in the context of density-compensating temperature and salinity variations. These variations are invaluable tracers in the midlatitudes, revealing essential fundamental physical processes of the oceans, on scales from millimeters to thousands of kilometers. However, in the cold Arctic Ocean, temperature variations have little effect on density, and a measure of density-compensating variations in temperature and salinity (i.e., spiciness) is not appropriate. In general, temperature is simply a passive tracer, which implies that most of the heat transported in the Arctic Ocean relies entirely on the ocean dynamics determined by the salinity field. It is shown, however, that as the Arctic Ocean warms up, temperature will take on a new role in setting dynamical balances. Under continued warming, there exists the possibility for a regime shift in the mechanisms by which heat is transported in the Arctic Ocean. This may result in a cap on the storage of deep-ocean heat, having profound implications for future predictions of Arctic sea ice.
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Liang, Xinfeng, Christopher G. Piecuch, Rui M. Ponte, Gael Forget, Carl Wunsch, and Patrick Heimbach. "Change of the Global Ocean Vertical Heat Transport over 1993–2010." Journal of Climate 30, no. 14 (July 2017): 5319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0569.1.
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A dynamically and data-consistent ocean state estimate during 1993–2010 is analyzed for bidecadal changes in the mechanisms of heat exchange between the upper and lower oceans. Many patterns of change are consistent with prior studies. However, at various levels above 1800 m the global integral of the change in ocean vertical heat flux involves the summation of positive and negative regional contributions and is not statistically significant. The nonsignificance of change in the global ocean vertical heat transport from an ocean state estimate that provides global coverage and regular sampling, spatially and temporally, raises the question of whether an adequate observational database exists to assess changes in the upper ocean heat content over the past few decades. Also, whereas the advective term largely determines the spatial pattern of the change in ocean vertical heat flux, its global integral is not significantly different from zero. In contrast, the diffusive term, although regionally weak except in high-latitude oceans, produces a statistically significant extra downward heat flux during the 2000s. This result suggests that besides ocean advection, ocean mixing processes, including isopycnal and diapycnal as well as convective mixing, are important for the decadal variation of the heat exchange between upper and deep oceans as well. Furthermore, the analyses herein indicate that focusing on any particular region in explaining changes of the global ocean heat content is misleading.
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Sun, Keren. "On the Four Eras of the Use of the Ocean by Mankind." Advances in Politics and Economics 4, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n2p1.
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This paper takes the relationship between humans and the ocean as the object of analysis, from the perspective of human use of the ocean, four era theories on the relationship between humans and the ocean are proposed, i.e., in the first era, the ocean is a geographic barrier for mankind; in the second era, the ocean is a road for human transportation; in the third era, the ocean is a granary for mankind; in the fourth era, the ocean is a treasure house of mankind’s natural resources. Viewing from the last three eras, we can know that the ocean plays an important role in promoting the creation, production, and accumulation of human wealth. This paper argues the four-era theory of the relationship between humans and the ocean, also get the following conclusion: every era has the most significant feature of this era. This most significant feature function is the most important, largest, latest, and trendy contribution of the oceans to humans in this era; the four-era theory of the relationship between humans and the ocean also shows the continuous improvement process of human influence and utilization of the oceans; the continuous improvement of human influence and utilization of the ocean is realized by improvement of science and technology; the ability of humans to influence and utilize the oceans in the second era surpassed the first era is due to advances in shipbuilding technology and navigation technology; humans’ ability to influence and utilize the ocean in the third era surpassed the second era due to advances in biotechnology; and the ability of humans to influence and utilize the ocean in the fourth era surpassed the third era due to the advancement and application of all-round science and technology; Historically, once a country has maritime hegemony, this country would become wealthy, powerful, and the leaders of maritime civilization.
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Rajan, Kanna, Fernando Aguado, Pierre Lermusiaux, João Borges de Sousa, Ajit Subramaniam, and Joaquin Tintore. "METEOR: A Mobile (Portable) ocEan roboTic ObsErvatORy." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.3.42.
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Abstract The oceans make this planet habitable and provide a variety of essential ecosystem services ranging from climate regulation through control of greenhouse gases to provisioning about 17% of protein consumed by humans. The oceans are changing as a consequence of human activity but this system is severely under sampled. Traditional methods of studying the oceans, sailing in straight lines, extrapolating a few point measurements have not changed much in 200 years. Despite the tremendous advances in sampling technologies, we often use our autonomous assets the same way. We propose to use the advances in multiplatform, multidisciplinary, and integrated ocean observation, artificial intelligence, marine robotics, new high-resolution coastal ocean data assimilation techniques and computer models to observe and predict the oceans “intelligently”—by deploying self-propelled autonomous sensors and Smallsats guided by data assimilating models to provide observations to reduce model uncertainty in the coastal ocean. This system will be portable and capable of being deployed rapidly in any ocean.
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Smirnov, A., B. N. Holben, D. M. Giles, I. Slutsker, N. T. O'Neill, T. F. Eck, A. Macke, et al. "Maritime Aerosol Network as a component of AERONET – first results and comparison with global aerosol models and satellite retrievals." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 1 (January 8, 2011): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-1-2011.
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Abstract. The Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) has been collecting data over the oceans since November 2006. Over 80 cruises were completed through early 2010 with deployments continuing. Measurements areas included various parts of the Atlantic Ocean, the Northern and Southern Pacific Ocean, the South Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and inland seas. MAN deploys Microtops hand-held sunphotometers and utilizes a calibration procedure and data processing traceable to AERONET. Data collection included areas that previously had no aerosol optical depth (AOD) coverage at all, particularly vast areas of the Southern Ocean. The MAN data archive provides a valuable resource for aerosol studies in maritime environments. In the current paper we present results of AOD measurements over the oceans, and make a comparison with satellite AOD retrievals and model simulations.
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Smirnov, A., B. N. Holben, D. M. Giles, I. Slutsker, N. T. O'Neill, T. F. Eck, A. Macke, et al. "Maritime aerosol network as a component of AERONET – first results and comparison with global aerosol models and satellite retrievals." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 3 (March 21, 2011): 583–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-583-2011.
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Abstract. The Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) has been collecting data over the oceans since November 2006. Over 80 cruises were completed through early 2010 with deployments continuing. Measurement areas included various parts of the Atlantic Ocean, the Northern and Southern Pacific Ocean, the South Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and inland seas. MAN deploys Microtops hand-held sunphotometers and utilizes a calibration procedure and data processing traceable to AERONET. Data collection included areas that previously had no aerosol optical depth (AOD) coverage at all, particularly vast areas of the Southern Ocean. The MAN data archive provides a valuable resource for aerosol studies in maritime environments. In the current paper we present results of AOD measurements over the oceans, and make a comparison with satellite AOD retrievals and model simulations.
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Wang, Sai, Guoping Fu, Yongduo Song, Jing Wen, Tuanqi Guo, Hongjin Zhang, and Tuantuan Wang. "Ocean-Mixer: A Deep Learning Approach for Multi-Step Prediction of Ocean Remote Sensing Data." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030446.
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The development of intelligent oceans requires exploration and an understanding of the various characteristics of the oceans. The emerging Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an extension of the Internet of Things (IoT) to underwater environments, and the ability of IoUT to be combined with deep learning technologies is a powerful technology for realizing intelligent oceans. The underwater acoustic (UWA) communication network is essential to IoUT. The thermocline with drastic temperature and density variations can significantly limit the connectivity and communication performance between IoUT nodes. To more accurately capture the complexity and variability of ocean remote sensing data, we first sample and analyze ocean remote sensing datasets and provide sufficient evidence to validate the temporal redundancy properties of the data. We propose an innovative deep learning approach called Ocean-Mixer. This approach consists of three modules: an embedding module, a mixer module, and a prediction module. The embedding module first processes the location and attribute information of the ocean water and then passes it to the subsequent modules. In the mixing module, we apply a temporal decomposition strategy to eliminate redundant information and capture temporal and channel features through a self-attention mechanism and a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The prediction module ultimately discerns and integrates the temporal and channel relationships and interactions among various ocean features, ensuring precise forecasting. Numerous experiments on ocean temperature and salinity datasets show that Mixer-Ocean performs well in improving the accuracy of time series prediction. Mixer-Ocean is designed to support multi-step prediction and capture the changes in the ocean environment over a long period, thus facilitating efficient management and timely decision-making for innovative ocean-oriented applications, which has far-reaching significance for developing and conserving marine resources.
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Andrianova, O. R. "ACTUALS PROBLEMS OF THE RESEARCH OF WORLD OCEAN LEVEL." Odesa National University Herald. Geography and Geology 19, no. 4(23) (March 20, 2015): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2303-9914.2014.4(23).39300.
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The features of the sea level changes and the related dynamics of the coastal zone are the subject of the discussions in the economic planning as in the regionally as in globally scale. The work’s purpose is analysis of changes of World Ocean level under the influence of different factors from the viewpoint of physical geography – the interdependence of nature of the ocean and continents, large-scale connections between oceanosphera and other elements of the Earth’s environment and evaluation of the modern established knowledge about thetendencies of the development of processes in the coastal zone. The object of research is the dynamical system of the World Ocean in the period of current climate’s changes. The subject of research is the changes of the World Ocean level for whole observation period. During the work the averaging by data series of annual level heights for 172 stations separately for the Atlantic (37 stations along the west coast and 31 – along the east), Pacific (35 and 36) andIndian (33 stations) oceans has been done. The results of researches of long-term changes of level according to different authors have shown that the observed modern sea level rise is not uniform. Our evaluation of temporal variability of the fluctuations in the level of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and the whole World Ocean during 1880 – 2010 years period has shown their coordinated behavior. It is noted that the trend of ocean levels grows uneven with alternating stages of the weak and intense increases it. There is a slight difference in levels’ increasing in different oceans: the trend in the Atlantic Ocean was 1.85 mm·yr-1, in the Pacific and Indian oceans smaller – respectively 1.71 and 1.79 mm·yr-1 and in general for the World Ocean – 1.76 mm yr-1. The maxima of level rising in the generalized series of average annual heights of oceans (which displayed with approximately quasi decade cycles) are due to the peculiar display of the El Niño phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean. The satellite measurements of sea level have not shown increasing of the World Ocean level in 2002-2008. The falling of level on observation data in separate coastal areas of the World Ocean in the early 21st century is consistent with our estimates. The situation with the ocean level and its prognosis is not unambiguous so constant monitoring of the coastal processes is needed.
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Watson, Andrew J., Timothy M. Lenton, and Benjamin J. W. Mills. "Ocean deoxygenation, the global phosphorus cycle and the possibility of human-caused large-scale ocean anoxia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2102 (August 7, 2017): 20160318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0318.
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The major biogeochemical cycles that keep the present-day Earth habitable are linked by a network of feedbacks, which has led to a broadly stable chemical composition of the oceans and atmosphere over hundreds of millions of years. This includes the processes that control both the atmospheric and oceanic concentrations of oxygen. However, one notable exception to the generally well-behaved dynamics of this system is the propensity for episodes of ocean anoxia to occur and to persist for 10 5 –10 6 years, these ocean anoxic events (OAEs) being particularly associated with warm ‘greenhouse’ climates. A powerful mechanism responsible for past OAEs was an increase in phosphorus supply to the oceans, leading to higher ocean productivity and oxygen demand in subsurface water. This can be amplified by positive feedbacks on the nutrient content of the ocean, with low oxygen promoting further release of phosphorus from ocean sediments, leading to a potentially self-sustaining condition of deoxygenation. We use a simple model for phosphorus in the ocean to explore this feedback, and to evaluate the potential for humans to bring on global-scale anoxia by enhancing P supply to the oceans. While this is not an immediate global change concern, it is a future possibility on millennial and longer time scales, when considering both phosphate rock mining and increased chemical weathering due to climate change. Ocean deoxygenation, once begun, may be self-sustaining and eventually could result in long-lasting and unpleasant consequences for the Earth's biosphere. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
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Cheng, Lijing, Kevin E. Trenberth, John T. Fasullo, Michael Mayer, Magdalena Balmaseda, and Jiang Zhu. "Evolution of Ocean Heat Content Related to ENSO." Journal of Climate 32, no. 12 (May 23, 2019): 3529–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0607.1.
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Abstract As the strongest interannual perturbation to the climate system, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates the year-to-year variability of the ocean energy budget. Here we combine ocean observations, reanalyses, and surface flux data with Earth system model simulations to obtain estimates of the different terms affecting the redistribution of energy in the Earth system during ENSO events, including exchanges between ocean and atmosphere and among different ocean basins, and lateral and vertical rearrangements. This comprehensive inventory allows better understanding of the regional and global evolution of ocean heat related to ENSO and provides observational metrics to benchmark performance of climate models. Results confirm that there is a strong negative ocean heat content tendency (OHCT) in the tropical Pacific Ocean during El Niño, mainly through enhanced air–sea heat fluxes Q into the atmosphere driven by high sea surface temperatures. In addition to this diabatic component, there is an adiabatic redistribution of heat both laterally and vertically (0–100 and 100–300 m) in the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans that dominates the local OHCT. Heat is also transported and discharged from 20°S–5°N into off-equatorial regions within 5°–20°N during and after El Niño. OHCT and Q changes outside the tropical Pacific Ocean indicate the ENSO-driven atmospheric teleconnections and changes of ocean heat transport (i.e., Indonesian Throughflow). The tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans warm during El Niño, partly offsetting the tropical Pacific cooling for the tropical oceans as a whole. While there are distinct regional OHCT changes, many compensate each other, resulting in a weak but robust net global ocean cooling during and after El Niño.
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Roy, Nalanda. "Reviewing ocean governance in Asia." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 5, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891119883127.
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Oceans are the life support system for our planet and are vital to human health. It is said that half of the oxygen we breathe is generated by our oceans. However, ocean space is becoming more globalized over time. Hence, it is essential for countries to take up a more holistic approach to ending ocean exploitation on the one hand, and also to ensuring a healthy ocean future on the other. Today, maritime cooperation is key to the management of the global commons, and ocean governance is important in establishing maritime connectivity. This article is a qualitative analysis of how the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) will undertake such an initiative to promote diverse and collaborative ocean governance in Asia. The article will analyze whether ASEAN countries are ready to take up the great power game challenge, and simultaneously motivate each other to promote sustainable development of common ocean governance structures and principles in the region. Last but not the least, we will see how ASEAN (Way) will connect with global trends in order to realize its a vision of building a community conscious of its historical ties and cultural heritage to improve the overall ocean health in Southeast Asia.
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George, William P. "Theologically Shoring Up the Law of the Sea." Theological Studies 84, no. 2 (May 26, 2023): 265–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405639231169965.
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In Laudato Si’, Pope Francis highlights the oceans as integral to our threatened common home and stresses the need for more effective ocean governance. Theologians can help to meet that need. By turning their attention to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and its further development, and by practicing “ocean empathy,” they can join ocean scientists, NGOs, international lawyers, and others in caring for the oceans by shoring up the law of the sea.
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Nam, Sunghyun. "Observing the oceans to predict the future." Impact 2019, no. 9 (December 20, 2019): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2019.9.9.
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The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the surface of the planet and some 97 percent of the Earth's water can be found in our oceans. Many of the serious global issues we face, such as warming waters, melting ice and rising sea levels, are directly related to seas and oceans across the world. There is also the increased threat of natural disasters such as typhoons and hurricanes, tsunamis, heatwaves and floods. Many of these issues are directly related to ocean processes and so it follows that in order to combat these issues, it is vital that we find a means of better monitoring, predicting and understanding ocean environments. The Ocean Observation Laboratory (OOL), based at the Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, was founded in 2014 by Professor SungHyun Nam, who leads a laboratory intent on developing our understanding of the oceans to generate scientific findings that will increasingly become a focal point of our lives. The team at the laboratory is currently composed of 15 members, including graduate students, who work together to improve ocean-observing techniques using state-of-the-art technology. The team collaborates closely with industrial and academic partners as well as national and international ocean observation networks to pool knowledge and speed up the process of improving our understanding of the oceans.
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Ferrari, Raffaele, Louis-Philippe Nadeau, David P. Marshall, Lesley C. Allison, and Helen L. Johnson. "A Model of the Ocean Overturning Circulation with Two Closed Basins and a Reentrant Channel." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 12 (December 2017): 2887–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0223.1.
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AbstractZonally averaged models of the ocean overturning circulation miss important zonal exchanges of waters between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. A two-layer, two-basin model that accounts for these exchanges is introduced and suggests that in the present-day climate the overturning circulation is best described as the combination of three circulations: an adiabatic overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean associated with transformation of intermediate to deep waters in the north, a diabatic overturning circulation in the Indo-Pacific Ocean associated with transformation of abyssal to deep waters by mixing, and an interbasin circulation that exchanges waters geostrophically between the two oceans through the Southern Ocean. These results are supported both by theoretical analysis of the two-layer, two-basin model and by numerical simulations of a three-dimensional ocean model.
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Lansner, Frank, and Jens Olaf Pepke Pedersen. "Temperature trends with reduced impact of ocean air temperature." Energy & Environment 29, no. 4 (March 21, 2018): 613–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18756670.
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Temperature data 1900–2010 from meteorological stations across the world have been analyzed and it has been found that all land areas generally have two different valid temperature trends. Coastal stations and hill stations facing ocean winds are normally more warm-trended than the valley stations that are sheltered from dominant oceans winds. Thus, we found that in any area with variation in the topography, we can divide the stations into the more warm trended ocean air-affected stations, and the more cold-trended ocean air-sheltered stations. We find that the distinction between ocean air-affected and ocean air-sheltered stations can be used to identify the influence of the oceans on land surface. We can then use this knowledge as a tool to better study climate variability on the land surface without the moderating effects of the ocean. We find a lack of warming in the ocean air sheltered temperature data – with less impact of ocean temperature trends – after 1950. The lack of warming in the ocean air sheltered temperature trends after 1950 should be considered when evaluating the climatic effects of changes in the Earth’s atmospheric trace amounts of greenhouse gasses as well as variations in solar conditions.
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Takahashi, J., Y. Itoh, T. Matsuo, Y. Oasa, Y. P. Bach, and M. Ishiguro. "Polarimetric signature of the oceans as detected by near-infrared Earthshine observations." Astronomy & Astrophysics 653 (September 2021): A99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039331.
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Context. The discovery of an extrasolar planet with an ocean has crucial importance in the search for life beyond Earth. The polarimetric detection of specularly reflected light from a smooth liquid surface is anticipated theoretically, though the polarimetric signature of Earth’s oceans has not yet been conclusively detected in disk-integrated planetary light. Aims. We aim to detect and measure the polarimetric signature of the Earth’s oceans. Methods. We conducted near-infrared polarimetry for lunar Earthshine and collected data on 32 nights with a variety of ocean fractions in the Earthshine-contributing region. Results. A clear positive correlation was revealed between the polarization degree and ocean fraction. We found hourly variations in polarization in accordance with rotational transition of the ocean fraction. The ratios of the variation to the typical polarization degree were as large as ~0.2–1.4. Conclusions. Our observations provide plausible evidence of the polarimetric signature attributed to Earth’s oceans. Near-infrared polarimetry may be considered a prospective technique in the search for exoplanetary oceans.
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Richmond, Robert, and Ken Buesseler. "The future of ocean health." Science 381, no. 6661 (September 2023): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adk5309.
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Human and environmental health are inextricably linked. Yet ocean ecosystem health is declining because of anthropogenic pollution, overexploitation, and the effects of global climate change. These problems affect billions of people dependent on oceans for their lives, livelihoods, and cultural practices. The importance of ocean health is recognized by scientists, managers, policy-makers, nongovernmental organizations, and stakeholders including fishers, recreationalists, and cultural practitioners. So why are the oceans still degrading? Sustainable care of this vast resource needs a new approach if future generations are to inherit a legacy of vital marine ecosystems.
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Cho, Dong-Oh. "Korea's Oceans Policymaking: Toward Integrated Ocean Management." Coastal Management 40, no. 2 (February 15, 2012): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2012.652508.
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Ruddick, B. "OCEANS: Enhanced: Sounding Out Ocean Fine Structure." Science 301, no. 5634 (August 8, 2003): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1086924.
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Sunagawa, Shinichi, Silvia G. Acinas, Peer Bork, Chris Bowler, Damien Eveillard, Gabriel Gorsky, Lionel Guidi, et al. "Tara Oceans: towards global ocean ecosystems biology." Nature Reviews Microbiology 18, no. 8 (May 12, 2020): 428–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0364-5.
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Smith, H. J. "OCEANS: Carbonate Deficit in the Southern Ocean." Science 289, no. 5480 (August 4, 2000): 697b—697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5480.697b.
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Smith, H. J. "ATMOSPHERES AND OCEANS: Ocean Dumping of CO2." Science 287, no. 5454 (February 4, 2000): 769a—769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5454.769a.
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Fu, Lee-Lueng, Tong Lee, W. Timothy Liu, and Ronald Kwok. "50 Years of Satellite Remote Sensing of the Ocean." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2019): 5.1–5.46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0010.1.
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Abstract The development of the technologies of remote sensing of the ocean was initiated in the 1970s, while the ideas of observing the ocean from space were conceived in the late 1960s. The first global view from space revealed the expanse and complexity of the state of the ocean that had perplexed and inspired oceanographers ever since. This paper presents a glimpse of the vast progress made from ocean remote sensing in the past 50 years that has a profound impact on the ways we study the ocean in relation to weather and climate. The new view from space in conjunction with the deployment of an unprecedented amount of in situ observations of the ocean has led to a revolution in physical oceanography. The highlights of the achievement include the description and understanding of the global ocean circulation, the air–sea fluxes driving the coupled ocean–atmosphere system that is most prominently illustrated in the tropical oceans. The polar oceans are most sensitive to climate change with significant consequences, but owing to remoteness they were not accessible until the space age. Fundamental discoveries have been made on the evolution of the state of sea ice as well as the circulation of the ice-covered ocean. Many surprises emerged from the extraordinary accuracy and expanse of the space observations. Notable examples include the determination of the global mean sea level rise as well as the role of the deep ocean in tidal mixing and dissipation.
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Bopp, L., L. Resplandy, A. Untersee, P. Le Mezo, and M. Kageyama. "Ocean (de)oxygenation from the Last Glacial Maximum to the twenty-first century: insights from Earth System models." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2102 (August 7, 2017): 20160323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0323.
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All Earth System models project a consistent decrease in the oxygen content of oceans for the coming decades because of ocean warming, reduced ventilation and increased stratification. But large uncertainties for these future projections of ocean deoxygenation remain for the subsurface tropical oceans where the major oxygen minimum zones are located. Here, we combine global warming projections, model-based estimates of natural short-term variability, as well as data and model estimates of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ocean oxygenation to gain some insights into the major mechanisms of oxygenation changes across these different time scales. We show that the primary uncertainty on future ocean deoxygenation in the subsurface tropical oceans is in fact controlled by a robust compensation between decreasing oxygen saturation (O 2sat ) due to warming and decreasing apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) due to increased ventilation of the corresponding water masses. Modelled short-term natural variability in subsurface oxygen levels also reveals a compensation between O 2sat and AOU, controlled by the latter. Finally, using a model simulation of the LGM, reproducing data-based reconstructions of past ocean (de)oxygenation, we show that the deoxygenation trend of the subsurface ocean during deglaciation was controlled by a combination of warming-induced decreasing O 2sat and increasing AOU driven by a reduced ventilation of tropical subsurface waters. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
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Falkenberg, Laura J., Richard G. J. Bellerby, Sean D. Connell, Lora E. Fleming, Bruce Maycock, Bayden D. Russell, Francis J. Sullivan, and Sam Dupont. "Ocean Acidification and Human Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 4563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124563.
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The ocean provides resources key to human health and well-being, including food, oxygen, livelihoods, blue spaces, and medicines. The global threat to these resources posed by accelerating ocean acidification is becoming increasingly evident as the world’s oceans absorb carbon dioxide emissions. While ocean acidification was initially perceived as a threat only to the marine realm, here we argue that it is also an emerging human health issue. Specifically, we explore how ocean acidification affects the quantity and quality of resources key to human health and well-being in the context of: (1) malnutrition and poisoning, (2) respiratory issues, (3) mental health impacts, and (4) development of medical resources. We explore mitigation and adaptation management strategies that can be implemented to strengthen the capacity of acidifying oceans to continue providing human health benefits. Importantly, we emphasize that the cost of such actions will be dependent upon the socioeconomic context; specifically, costs will likely be greater for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, exacerbating the current inequitable distribution of environmental and human health challenges. Given the scale of ocean acidification impacts on human health and well-being, recognizing and researching these complexities may allow the adaptation of management such that not only are the harms to human health reduced but the benefits enhanced.
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Cunningham, Stuart A. "Southern Ocean circulation." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.265.
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The Discovery Investigations of the 1930s provided a compelling description of the main elements of the Southern Ocean circulation. Over the intervening years, this has been extended to include ideas on ocean dynamics based on physical principles. In the modern description, the Southern Ocean has two main circulations that are intimately linked: a zonal (west-east) circumpolar circulation and a meridional (north-south) overturning circulation. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current transports around 140 million cubic metres per second west to east around Antarctica. This zonal circulation connects the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, transferring and blending water masses and properties from one ocean basin to another. For the meridional circulation, a key feature is the ascent of waters from depths of around 2,000 metres north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the surface south of the Current. In so doing, this circulation connects deep ocean layers directly to the atmosphere. The circumpolar zonal currents are not stable: meanders grow and separate, creating eddies and these eddies are critical to the dynamics of the Southern Ocean, linking the zonal circumpolar and meridional circulations. As a result of this connection, a global three-dimensional ocean circulation exists in which the Southern Ocean plays a central role in regulating the Earth's climate.
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George, Mary. "Adequacy of national laws for Malaysian ocean governance for the next decade†." International Journal of Legal Information 40, no. 1-2 (2012): 202–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073112650000648x.
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AbstractCurrent sectoral practices in ocean governance are insufficient to meet the needs of the next decade where the safety and security of navigation in clean and healthy oceans is a priority without compromising the political independence, integrity and security of the nation. The Ocean Law, Policy and Strategic Framework in Malaysia can be said to be a journey of a 1000 miles of which we have currently embarked on a few steps. There are many factors that play an important role in ocean governance such as government commitment, and institutional and human resource capacity. This paper identifies the lacunae in current legal framework and concludes with some pointers for ocean governance purposes to avoid irreversible trends. For the next decade, one way forward to sustainably develop the living resources of the oceans lies in the adoption of an eco-system based approach to oceans management and for the rest of the challenges a cross-sectoral approach may prove effective.
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Boley, Kiersten M., Wendy R. Panero, Cayman T. Unterborn, Joseph G. Schulze, Romy Rodríguez Martínez, and Ji Wang. "Fizzy Super-Earths: Impacts of Magma Composition on the Bulk Density and Structure of Lava Worlds." Astrophysical Journal 954, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acea85.
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Abstract Lava worlds are a potential emerging population of Super-Earths that are on close-in orbits around their host stars, with likely partially molten mantles. To date, few studies have addressed the impact of magma on the observed properties of a planet. At ambient conditions, magma is less dense than solid rock; however, it is also more compressible with increasing pressure. Therefore, it is unclear how large-scale magma oceans affect planet observables, such as bulk density. We update ExoPlex, a thermodynamically self-consistent planet interior software, to include anhydrous, hydrous (2.2 wt% H2O), and carbonated magmas (5.2 wt% CO2). We find that Earth-like planets with magma oceans larger than ∼1.5 R ⊕ and ∼3.2 M ⊕ are modestly denser than an equivalent-mass solid planet. From our model, three classes of mantle structures emerge for magma ocean planets: (1) a mantle magma ocean, (2) a surface magma ocean, and (3) one consisting of a surface magma ocean, a solid rock layer, and a basal magma ocean. The class of planets in which a basal magma ocean is present may sequester dissolved volatiles on billion-year timescales, in which a 4 M ⊕ mass planet can trap more than 130 times the mass of water than in Earth’s present-day oceans and 1000 times the carbon in the Earth’s surface and crust.
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Adhikary, Subhrangshu, and Saikat Banerjee. "Improved Large-Scale Ocean Wave Dynamics Remote Monitoring Based on Big Data Analytics and Reanalyzed Remote Sensing." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i01.026.
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Oceans and large water bodies have the potential to generate a large amount of green and renewable energy by harvesting the ocean surface properties like wind waves and tidal waves using Wave Energy Converter (WEC) devices. Although the oceans have this potential, very little ocean energy is harvested because of improper planning and implementation challenges. Besides this, monitoring ocean waves is of immense importance as several ocean-related calamities could be prevented. Also, the ocean serves as the maritime transportation route. Therefore, a need exists for remote and continuous monitoring of ocean waves and preparing strategies for different situations. Remote sensing technology could be utilized for a large scale low-cost opportunity for monitoring entire ocean bodies and extracting several important ocean surface features like wave height, wave time period, and drift velocities that can be used to estimate the ideal locations for power generation and find locations for turbulent waters so that maritime transportation hazards could be prevented. To process this large volume of data, Big Data Analytics techniques have been used to distribute the workload to worker nodes, facilitating a fast calculation of the reanalyzed remote sensing data. The experiment was conducted on Indian Coastline. The findings from the experiment show that a total of 1.86 GWh energy can be harvested from the ocean waves of the Indian Coastline, and locations of turbulent waters can be predicted in real-time to optimize maritime transportation routes.
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Oszczypko, Nestor, Andrzej Ślączka, Marta Oszczypko-Clowes, and Barbara Olszewska. "Where was the Magura Ocean?" Acta Geologica Polonica 65, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 319–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agp-2015-0014.
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Abstract In the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous palaeogeography of the Alpine Tethys the term Ocean is used for different parts of these sedimentary areas: eg. Ligurian – Piedmont and Penninic, Magura, Pieniny, Valais and Ceahlau-Severins oceans. The Magura Ocean occupied the more northern position in the Alpine-Carpathian arc. During the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene tectono-sedimentary evolution the Magura Ocean was transformed into several (Magura, Dukla, Silesian, sub-Silesian and Skole) basins and intrabasinal source area ridges now incorporated into the Outer Western Carpathians.
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Katavouta, Anna, and Richard G. Williams. "Ocean carbon cycle feedbacks in CMIP6 models: contributions from different basins." Biogeosciences 18, no. 10 (May 27, 2021): 3189–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3189-2021.
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Abstract. The ocean response to carbon emissions involves the combined effect of an increase in atmospheric CO2, acting to enhance the ocean carbon storage, and climate change, acting to decrease the ocean carbon storage. This ocean response can be characterised in terms of a carbon–concentration feedback and a carbon–climate feedback. The contribution from different ocean basins to these feedbacks on centennial timescales is explored using diagnostics of ocean carbonate chemistry, physical ventilation and biological processes in 11 CMIP6 Earth system models. To gain mechanistic insight, the dependence of these feedbacks on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is also investigated in an idealised climate model and the CMIP6 models. For the carbon–concentration feedback, the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans provide comparable contributions when estimated in terms of the volume-integrated carbon storage. This large contribution from the Atlantic Ocean relative to its size is due to strong local physical ventilation and an influx of carbon transported from the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean has large anthropogenic carbon uptake from the atmosphere, but its contribution to the carbon storage is relatively small due to large carbon transport to the other basins. For the carbon–climate feedback estimated in terms of carbon storage, the Atlantic and Arctic oceans provide the largest contributions relative to their size. In the Atlantic, this large contribution is primarily due to climate change acting to reduce the physical ventilation. In the Arctic, this large contribution is associated with a large warming per unit volume. The Southern Ocean provides a relatively small contribution to the carbon–climate feedback, due to competition between the climate effects of a decrease in solubility and physical ventilation and an increase in accumulation of regenerated carbon. The more poorly ventilated Indo-Pacific Ocean provides a small contribution to the carbon cycle feedbacks relative to its size. In the Atlantic Ocean, the carbon cycle feedbacks strongly depend on the AMOC strength and its weakening with warming. In the Arctic, there is a moderate correlation between the AMOC weakening and the carbon–climate feedback that is related to changes in carbonate chemistry. In the Pacific, Indian and Southern oceans, there is no clear correlation between the AMOC and the carbon cycle feedbacks, suggesting that other processes control the ocean ventilation and carbon storage there.
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Nakayama, A., T. Kodama, M. Ikoma, and Y. Abe. "Runaway climate cooling of ocean planets in the habitable zone: a consequence of seafloor weathering enhanced by melting of high-pressure ice." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 1580–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1812.
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ABSTRACT Terrestrial planets covered globally with thick oceans (termed ocean planets) in the habitable zone were previously inferred to have extremely hot climates in most cases. This is because H2O high-pressure (HP) ice on the seafloor prevents chemical weathering and, thus, removal of atmospheric CO2. Previous studies, however, ignored melting of the HP ice and horizontal variation in heat flux from oceanic crusts. Here, we examine whether high heat fluxes near the mid-ocean ridge melt the HP ice and thereby remove atmospheric CO2. We develop integrated climate models of an Earth-size ocean planet with plate tectonics for different ocean masses, which include the effects of HP ice melting, seafloor weathering, and the carbonate–silicate geochemical carbon cycle. We find that the heat flux near the mid-ocean ridge is high enough to melt the ice, enabling seafloor weathering. In contrast to the previous theoretical prediction, we show that climates of terrestrial planets with massive oceans lapse into extremely cold ones (or snowball states) with CO2-poor atmospheres. Such extremely cold climates are achieved mainly because the HP ice melting fixes seafloor temperature at the melting temperature, thereby keeping a high weathering flux regardless of surface temperature. We estimate that ocean planets with oceans several tens of the Earth’s ocean mass no longer maintain temperate climates. These results suggest that terrestrial planets with extremely cold climates exist even in the habitable zone beyond the Solar system, given the frequency of water-rich planets predicted by planet formation theories.
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Kajtar, Jules B., Agus Santoso, Matthew H. England, and Wenju Cai. "Indo-Pacific Climate Interactions in the Absence of an Indonesian Throughflow." Journal of Climate 28, no. 13 (July 1, 2015): 5017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00114.1.
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Abstract The Pacific and Indian Oceans are connected by an oceanic passage called the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). In this setting, modes of climate variability over the two oceanic basins interact. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events generate sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the Indian Ocean that, in turn, influence ENSO evolution. This raises the question as to whether Indo-Pacific feedback interactions would still occur in a climate system without an Indonesian Throughflow. This issue is investigated here for the first time using a coupled climate model with a blocked Indonesian gateway and a series of partially decoupled experiments in which air–sea interactions over each ocean basin are in turn suppressed. Closing the Indonesian Throughflow significantly alters the mean climate state over the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Pacific Ocean retains an ENSO-like variability, but it is shifted eastward. In contrast, the Indian Ocean dipole and the Indian Ocean basinwide mode both collapse into a single dominant and drastically transformed mode. While the relationship between ENSO and the altered Indian Ocean mode is weaker than that when the ITF is open, the decoupled experiments reveal a damping effect exerted between the two modes. Despite the weaker Indian Ocean SSTAs and the increased distance between these and the core of ENSO SSTAs, the interbasin interactions remain. This suggests that the atmospheric bridge is a robust element of the Indo-Pacific climate system, linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans even in the absence of an Indonesian Throughflow.
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Becker, Kyle M., Heather Spence, and Grace Smarsh. "Ocean acoustics and the UN decade of ocean science for sustainable development." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018031.
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The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (Ocean Decade) was initiated in 2021 and runs until 2030. The Ocean Decade seeks transformative ocean science solutions that connects people to our oceans to bring about positive change. This motivated an idea that ocean acoustics has a role to play among the larger ocean sciences as they relate to climate change and the emerging blue economy. On World Ocean Day 2021 (June 8), the Ocean Decade Research Programme on the Maritime Acoustic Environment (OD-MAE) was included among the first Ocean Decade actions endorsed by the United Nations Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC). Inspired by Lindsay’s “wheel of acoustics,” the OD-MAE program is envisioned as a hub for coordinating studies involving rigorous and principled used of sound to address questions relating to all aspects of ocean science and engineering, development, policy, and management. The program seeks to support the development of both people and capabilities that enable a quantitative linkage between an acoustic environment and the physical and biological components and processes occurring within that environment. This presentation will introduce the OD-MAE program, describe some of the initiative underway within it, and provide information on how to get involved.
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Craciun, Adriana. "The Frozen Ocean." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 3 (May 2010): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.693.
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We'll get crushed by the ocean but it will not get us wet.—Isaac Brock, “Invisible” (2007)“There is no Sea With Which Our Age is So Imperfectly Acquainted as the Frozen Ocean,” Wrote the Eighteenth-Century Russian hydrographer Gavriil Sarychev, “and no empire which has more powerful motives and resources for extending its information, in this quarter, than Russia” (iii). Russia's Great Northern Expedition of the 1730s and later expeditions, like Sarychev's in 1785, mapped the shores of the Arctic Ocean across continental Asia, an impressive feat by any century's standards. Meanwhile, the American shores of the Arctic Ocean remained entirely unknown to the European empires (England, France, Spain) most interested in passing to and from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans via the Northwest and Northeast passages. Alexander MacKenzie, Samuel Hearne, and John Franklin, each traveling with native people, walked thousands of miles to reach the Frozen Ocean, leaving in their wake the occasional human disaster and an unimpeachable record of publishing successes, like MacKenzie's Voyages from Montreal to the Frozen Ocean (1801) and Franklin's Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea (1824).
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Sullivan, Deidre, Tom Murphree, Bruce Ford, and Jill Zande. "OceanCareers.com: Navigating Your Way to a Better Future." Marine Technology Society Journal 39, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533205787465995.
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The ocean attracts and inspires thousands of students every year to pursue degrees in science, engineering, and technology. Yet, in spite of all the attention paid to the oceans, students often lack the information needed to make wise decisions about choosing an ocean-related career. The Center for Ocean Science Education Excellence ? California (COSEE California) and the Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center have responded to this problem by developing a user-friendly interactive Web site on ocean careers (www.OceanCareers.com).
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Siqueira, Beatriz, Jonas Teixeira Nery, and Oliver Messeguer-Ruiz. "Análise dos Índices das Temperaturas Superficiais das Zonas Intertropicais dos Oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico associados às precipitações no Nordeste do Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 2 (May 20, 2021): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.2.p1081-1093.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, através de índices climáticos, a variabilidade da precipitação na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para tanto foram utilizados dados em ponto de grade para gerar o índice de precipitação, bem como dados da National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) para gerar os índices de temperatura do oceano Pacífico (setor EN3.4) e do oceano Atlântico tropical norte e sul. O período de análise foi de 1970 a 2012. Com base nesses índices foram realizadas correlações lineares de Pearson, entre o oceano Pacífico e o Atlântico tropical norte e o oceano tropical sul, na costa do Brasil. Anomalias de precipitação também foram calculadas para alguns anos de ocorrência do evento El Niño, denotando expressiva variabilidade de um evento para outro. De maneira geral, as correlações entre os índices envolvendo os referidos oceanos foram positivas e expressivas, o que permite considerar a influência dos oceanos na dinâmica das chuvas na área de estudo. A importância do Atlântico sul é mais nítida quando os índices de temperatura da superfície do mar apresentaram o mesmo sinal, tanto no Pacífico quanto no Atlântico, o que implica em correlações mais marcadas.Palavras-chave: Forçante climática, El Niño 3.4, Nordeste do Brasil, Atlântico tropical, Anomalias da precipitação.Analysis of Surface Temperature Indices of the Intertropical Zones of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans associated with rainfall in Northeastern Brazil ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to analyze, through climatic indices, the variability of precipitation in the Northeast region of Brazil. For that purpose, grid point data were used characterize the precipitation behaviour, as well as data from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to determine the temperature of the Pacific Ocean (sector EN3.4) and the tropical North and South Atlantic Ocean. Based on these data, correlations were made, which are characterized as marked, between the dynamics of the Pacific Ocean and the dynamics of the tropical North and South Atlantic, directly influencing the precipitation regime in Northeast Brazil. Precipitation anomalies were also calculated for some years of the El Niño event, showing significant variability from one event to another. In general, the correlations between the indexes involving the referred oceans were positive and expressive, which allows considering the influence of the oceans on the dynamics of rainfall in the study area. The importance of the South Atlantic is clearer when the sea surface temperature indices show the same sign, both in the Pacific and in the Atlantic, which implies more marked correlations.Keywords: Climate forcing, El Niño 3.4, Northeast Brazil, Tropical Atlantic, Precipitation anomalies.
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Haines, K., M. Valdivieso, H. Zuo, and V. N. Stepanov. "Transports and budgets in a 1/4° global ocean reanalysis 1989–2010." Ocean Science Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 23, 2012): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-9-261-2012.
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Abstract. Large scale ocean transports of heat and freshwater have not been well monitored, and yet the regional budgets of these quantities are vital to understanding the role of the oceans in climate and climate change. In contrast atmospheric heat and freshwater transports are commonly assessed from atmospheric reanalysis products, despite the presence of non-conserving data assimilation based on the wealth of distributed atmospheric observations as constraints. The ability to carry out ocean reanalyses globally at eddy permitting resolutions of 1/4° or better, along with new global ocean observation programs, now make a similar approach viable for the ocean. In this paper we examine the budgets and transports within a global high resolution ocean model constrained by ocean data assimilation, and compare them with independent ocean and atmospheric estimates.