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Journal articles on the topic 'Ocean waves'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 April 2024

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1

Rovira-Navarro, Marc, Isamu Matsuyama, and Hamish C. F. C. Hay. "Thin-shell Tidal Dynamics of Ocean Worlds." Planetary Science Journal 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/acae9a.

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Abstract Several solar system moons harbor subsurface water oceans; extreme internal heating or solar irradiation can form magma oceans in terrestrial bodies. Tidal forces drive ocean currents, producing tidal heating that affects the thermal−orbital evolution of these worlds. If the outermost layers (ocean and overlying shell) are thin, tidal dynamics can be described using thin-shell theory. Previous work assumed that the ocean and shell's thickness and density are uniform. We present a formulation of thin-shell dynamics that relaxes these assumptions and apply it to several cases of interest. The tidal response of unstratified oceans of constant thickness is given by surface gravity and Rossby waves, which can resonate with the tidal force. The oceans of the outer solar system are too thick for gravity wave resonances, but high-amplitude Rossby waves can be excited in moons with high orbital obliquity. We find that meridional ocean thickness variations hinder the excitation of Rossby waves, decreasing tidal dissipation and increasing the inclination damping timescale, which allows us to reconcile the present inclination of the Moon with the existence of a past long-lived magma ocean and to explain the inclination of Titan and Callisto without invoking a recent excitation. Stratified oceans can support internal gravity waves. We show that dissipation due to internal waves can exceed that resulting from surface gravity waves. For Enceladus, it can be close to the moon’s thermal output, even if the ocean is weakly stratified. Shear due to internal waves can result in Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities and induce ocean mixing.

2

Adhikary, Subhrangshu, and Saikat Banerjee. "Improved Large-Scale Ocean Wave Dynamics Remote Monitoring Based on Big Data Analytics and Reanalyzed Remote Sensing." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i01.026.

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Oceans and large water bodies have the potential to generate a large amount of green and renewable energy by harvesting the ocean surface properties like wind waves and tidal waves using Wave Energy Converter (WEC) devices. Although the oceans have this potential, very little ocean energy is harvested because of improper planning and implementation challenges. Besides this, monitoring ocean waves is of immense importance as several ocean-related calamities could be prevented. Also, the ocean serves as the maritime transportation route. Therefore, a need exists for remote and continuous monitoring of ocean waves and preparing strategies for different situations. Remote sensing technology could be utilized for a large scale low-cost opportunity for monitoring entire ocean bodies and extracting several important ocean surface features like wave height, wave time period, and drift velocities that can be used to estimate the ideal locations for power generation and find locations for turbulent waters so that maritime transportation hazards could be prevented. To process this large volume of data, Big Data Analytics techniques have been used to distribute the workload to worker nodes, facilitating a fast calculation of the reanalyzed remote sensing data. The experiment was conducted on Indian Coastline. The findings from the experiment show that a total of 1.86 GWh energy can be harvested from the ocean waves of the Indian Coastline, and locations of turbulent waters can be predicted in real-time to optimize maritime transportation routes.

3

Lee, Jaw-Fang, and Ray-Yeng Yang. "Waves and Ocean Structures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030305.

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4

Dance, Amber. "Ocean exhibit makes waves." Nature 455, no. 7211 (September 2008): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/455287a.

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5

Frigaard, Peter. "Wind generated ocean waves." Coastal Engineering 42, no. 1 (January 2001): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3839(00)00061-2.

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6

Varma, K. K. "Finite amplitude ocean waves." Resonance 19, no. 11 (November 2014): 1047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-014-0123-x.

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7

Whittaker, T. J. T. "Waves in ocean engineering." Engineering Structures 14, no. 5 (November 1992): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(92)90048-u.

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8

Lie, Vidar, and Alf Tørum. "Ocean waves over shoals." Coastal Engineering 15, no. 5-6 (October 1991): 545–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(91)90027-e.

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9

D'Asaro, E. A., P. G. Black, L. R. Centurioni, Y. T. Chang, S. S. Chen, R. C. Foster, H. C. Graber, et al. "Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 1405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00104.1.

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Tropical cyclones (TCs) change the ocean by mixing deeper water into the surface layers, by the direct air–sea exchange of moisture and heat from the sea surface, and by inducing currents, surface waves, and waves internal to the ocean. In turn, the changed ocean influences the intensity of the TC, primarily through the action of surface waves and of cooler surface temperatures that modify the air–sea fluxes. The Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) program made detailed measurements of three different TCs (i.e., typhoons) and their interaction with the ocean in the western Pacific. ITOP coordinated meteorological and oceanic observations from aircraft and satellites with deployments of autonomous oceanographic instruments from the aircraft and from ships. These platforms and instruments measured typhoon intensity and structure, the underlying ocean structure, and the long-term recovery of the ocean from the storms' effects with a particular emphasis on the cooling of the ocean beneath the storm and the resulting cold wake. Initial results show how different TCs create very different wakes, whose strength and properties depend most heavily on the nondimensional storm speed. The degree to which air–sea fluxes in the TC core were reduced by ocean cooling varied greatly. A warm layer formed over and capped the cold wakes within a few days, but a residual cold subsurface layer persisted for 10–30 days.

10

Jiang, Zhu-Hui, Si-Xun Huang, Xiao-Bao You, and Yi-Guo Xiao. "Ocean internal waves interpreted as oscillation travelling waves in consideration of ocean dissipation." Chinese Physics B 23, no. 5 (May 2014): 050302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/23/5/050302.

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11

ARENDT, STEVE, and DAVID C. FRITTS. "Acoustic radiation by ocean surface waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 415 (July 25, 2000): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112000008636.

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We calculate the radiation of acoustic waves into the atmosphere by surface gravity waves on the ocean surface. We show that because of the phase speed mismatch between surface gravity waves and acoustic waves, a single surface wave radiates only evanescent acoustic waves. However, owing to nonlinear terms in the acoustic source, pairs of ocean surface waves can radiate propagating acoustic waves if the two surface waves propagate in almost equal and opposite directions. We derive an analytic expression for the acoustic radiation by a pair of ocean surface waves, and then extend the result to the case of an arbitrary spectrum of ocean surface waves. We present some examples for both the two-dimensional and three-dimensional regimes. Of particular note are the findings that the efficiency of acoustic radiation increases at higher wavenumbers, and the fact that the directionality of the acoustic radiation is often independent of the shape of the spectrum.

12

Pontes, M. T., L. Cavaleri, and Denis Mollison. "Ocean Waves: Energy Resource Assessment." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787908662.

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The aim of this paper is to provide a general view of wave energy resource assessment. First, a review of the origin of waves and the transformation they undergo as they propagate towards the coast through waters of decreasing depth is presented. Following this, the wave and wave-energy parameters and the statistics required for resource characterization are described. The various types of wave data and their usefulness for the present purposes are summarised. A common methodology for assessment of the wave energy resource is developed. Finally, a general description of the global open ocean resource is presented.

13

Shelkovnikov, N. K. "Rogue waves in the ocean." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 78, no. 12 (December 2014): 1328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873814120284.

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14

Shelkovnikov, N. K. "Extreme waves in the ocean." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 80, no. 2 (February 2016): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873816020271.

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15

Kappel, Ellen. "Making Waves in Ocean Policy." Oceanography 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2008.40.

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16

zielinski, Sarah. "Waves tracked across Indian Ocean." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88, no. 22 (May 29, 2007): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007eo220004.

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17

Waseda, Takuji. "Rogue Waves in the Ocean." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 91, no. 11 (2010): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010eo110007.

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18

FALKOVICH, G. "Could waves mix the ocean?" Journal of Fluid Mechanics 638 (October 20, 2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009991984.

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A finite-amplitude propagating wave induces a drift in fluids. Understanding how drifts produced by many waves disperse pollutants has broad implications for geophysics and engineering. Previously, the effective diffusivity was calculated for a random set of small-amplitude surface and internal waves. Now, this is extended by Bühler & Holmes-Cerfon (J. Fluid Mech., 2009, this issue, vol. 638, pp. 5–26) to waves in a rotating shallow-water system in which the Coriolis force is accounted for, a necessary step towards oceanographic applications. It is shown that interactions of finite-amplitude waves affect particle velocity in subtle ways. An expression describing the particle diffusivity as a function of scale is derived, showing that the diffusivity can be substantially reduced by rotation.

19

McCormick, M. E. "Ocean waves and Oscillating systems." Ocean Engineering 30, no. 7 (May 2003): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-8018(02)00070-7.

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20

BALMFORTH, N. J., and R. V. CRASTER. "Ocean waves and ice sheets." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 395 (September 25, 1999): 89–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099005145.

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A complete analytical study is presented of the reflection and transmission of surface gravity waves incident on ice-covered ocean. The ice cover is idealized as a plate of elastic material for which flexural motions are described by the Timoshenko–Mindlin equation. A suitable non-dimensionalization extracts parameters useful for the characterization of ocean-wave and ice-sheet interactions, and for scaled laboratory studies. The scattering problem is simplified using Fourier transforms and the Wiener–Hopf technique; the solution is eventually written down in terms of some easily evaluated quadratures. An important feature of this solution is that the physical conditions at the edge of the ice sheet are explicitly built into the analysis, and power-flow theorems provide verification of the results. Asymptotic results for large and small values of the non-dimensional parameters are extracted and approximations are given for general parameter values.

21

Kraft, Leland M., Steven C. Helfrich, Joseph N. Suhayda, and Justo E. Marin. "Soil response to ocean waves." Marine Geotechnology 6, no. 2 (January 1985): 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641198509388186.

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22

Jury, Mark R. "South Indian Ocean Rossby Waves." Atmosphere-Ocean 56, no. 5 (October 20, 2018): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2018.1544882.

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23

Legg, Sonya. "Mixing by Oceanic Lee Waves." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 53, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 173–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-051220-043904.

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Oceanic lee waves are generated in the deep stratified ocean by the flow of ocean currents over sea floor topography, and when they break, they can lead to mixing in the stably stratified ocean interior. While the theory of linear lee waves is well established, the nonlinear mechanisms leading to mixing are still under investigation. Tidally driven lee waves have long been observed in the ocean, along with associated mixing, but observations of lee waves forced by geostrophic eddies are relatively sparse and largely indirect. Parameterizations of the mixing due to ocean lee waves are now being developed and implemented in ocean climate models. This review summarizes current theory and observations of lee wave generation and mixing driven by lee wave breaking, distinguishing between steady and tidally oscillating forcing. The existing parameterizations of lee wave–driven mixing informed by theory and observations are outlined, and the impacts of the parameterized lee wave–driven mixing on simulations of large-scale ocean circulation are summarized.

24

Auclair-Desrotour, P., S. Mathis, J. Laskar, and J. Leconte. "Oceanic tides from Earth-like to ocean planets." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732249.

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Context. Oceanic tides are a major source of tidal dissipation. They drive the evolution of planetary systems and the rotational dynamics of planets. However, two-dimensional (2D) models commonly used for the Earth cannot be applied to extrasolar telluric planets hosting potentially deep oceans because they ignore the three-dimensional (3D) effects related to the ocean’s vertical structure. Aims. Our goal is to investigate, in a consistant way, the importance of the contribution of internal gravity waves in the oceanic tidal response and to propose a modelling that allows one to treat a wide range of cases from shallow to deep oceans. Methods. A 3D ab initio model is developed to study the dynamics of a global planetary ocean. This model takes into account compressibility, stratification, and sphericity terms, which are usually ignored in 2D approaches. An analytic solution is computed and used to study the dependence of the tidal response on the tidal frequency and on the ocean depth and stratification. Results. In the 2D asymptotic limit, we recover the frequency-resonant behaviour due to surface inertial-gravity waves identified by early studies. As the ocean depth and Brunt–Väisälä frequency increase, the contribution of internal gravity waves grows in importance and the tidal response becomes 3D. In the case of deep oceans, the stable stratification induces resonances that can increase the tidal dissipation rate by several orders of magnitude. It is thus able to significantly affect the evolution time scale of the planetary rotation.

25

Li, Jian-Guo. "Ocean surface waves in an ice-free Arctic Ocean." Ocean Dynamics 66, no. 8 (June 18, 2016): 989–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0964-9.

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26

Aoki, Yudai, Ryota Nakamura, and Martin Mäll. "FUTURE PREDICTION OF WIND VELOCITY AND SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT IN THE COMPLETELY ICE-FREE ARCTIC OCEAN UNDER RCP8.5 SCENARIO." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.waves.6.

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The summer sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean has decreased by several million square kilometers over the past decades highly likely due to anthropogenic global warming (Walsh, 2014). In the Arctic Ocean, the decrease in sea ice increases the open water area (and period), which potentially leads to the development of more energetic wave conditions (Wang et al., 2015). In the summertime Arctic Ocean, the maximum wind speed and the maximum significant wave height have been on a long-term upward trend as the sea ice extent has decreased (Waseda et al., 2018). In addition, changes in wind speed will contribute significantly to changes in the wave height in the future Arctic Ocean (Khon et al., 2014). Thus, it is becoming more important to study the sea surface wave heights in the Arctic area under possible future scenarios. The aim of this study is (1) to develop a method to assess wind and wave conditions over the Arctic Ocean and (2) to predict them under global warming considering the RCP 8.5 scenario.

27

Rousseau, Stéphan, and Philippe Forget. "Ocean wave mapping from ERS SAR images in the presence of swell and wind-waves." Scientia Marina 68, no. 1 (March 30, 2004): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2004.68n11.

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28

Val, Dimitri V. "Reliability of Marine Energy Converters." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 3387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083387.

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29

Wang, Gang, Hong-Quan Yu, and Jin-Hai Zheng. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GUIDED WAVES OVER THE OCEAN RIDGE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.waves.54.

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Long waves can be trapped by oceanic ridges due to refraction effect, and such guided waves travel along the ridge and transfer their energy to rather long distance. The guided wave is constrained over the top of the ridge and propagates slower than the free long wave, which leads to the largest amplitude waves arriving later and duration of tsunami activity longer. The existence of trapping effect of ocean ridges has not only been demonstrated mathematically (Buchwald 1969; Zheng et al. 2016), but also been verified by the interpretation of tide-gauge data and numerical models on global tsunami events (Koshimura et al. 2001; Titov et al. 2005).

30

Mohtat, Ali, Casey Fagley, Kedar C. Chitale, and Stefan G. Siegel. "Efficiency analysis of the cycloidal wave energy convertor under real-time dynamic control using a 3D radiation model." International Marine Energy Journal 5, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36688/imej.5.45-56.

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Ocean waves provide a vast, uninterrupted resource of renewable energy collocated around large coastal population centers. Clean energy from ocean waves can contribute to the local electrical grid without the need for long-term electrical storage, yet due to the current high cost of energy extraction from ocean waves, there is no commercial ocean wave farm in operation. One of the wave energy converter (WEC) device classes that show the potential to enable economic energy generation from ocean waves is the class of wave terminators. This work investigates the Cycloidal Wave Energy Converter (CycWEC), which is a one-sided, lift-based wave terminator operating with coupled hydrofoils. The energy that the CycWEC extracted from ocean waves was estimated using a control volume analysis model of the 3D wave field in the presence of the CycWEC. The CycWEC was operated under feedback control to extract the maximum amount of energy possible from the incoming waves, and the interaction with different incoming regular, irregular, and short crested waves was examined.

31

Akhmediev, Nail. "Waves that appear from nowhere." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 135, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs23011.

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Oceanic rogue waves belong to a well-established class of phenomena but their study is hindered due to the great danger that they represent. They exist not only at the surface of the open ocean but they also hit coastal areas as well as appear internally in deeper layers of the ocean. The amplitude of the latter may exceed several times the amplitude of rogue waves at the surface. Surface rogue waves in the deep ocean represent threat even for large ocean liners while rogue waves in shallow waters are dangerous for coastal structures. On the other hand, internal rogue waves are hazardous for submarines. The experimental research of all three types of rogue waves is difficult. The theory provides certain degree of understanding of such waves. Some of the recent achievements in this area of research are reviewed in this article.

32

Nakayama, Yoshihiro, Kay I. Ohshima, and Yasushi Fukamachi. "Enhancement of Sea Ice Drift due to the Dynamical Interaction between Sea Ice and a Coastal Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-018.1.

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Abstract Wind factor, the ratio of sea ice drift speed to surface wind speed, is a key factor for the dynamics of sea ice and is generally about 2%. In some coastal oceans, however, the wind factor tends to be larger near the coast. This study proposes the enhancement mechanism of the sea ice drift caused by the dynamical coupling between sea ice and a coastal ocean. In a coastal ocean covered with sea ice, wind-forced sea ice drift excites coastal trapped waves (shelf waves) and generates fluctuating ocean current. This ocean current can enhance sea ice drift when the current direction is the same as that of the wind-driven drift. The authors consider a simplified setting where spatially uniform oscillating wind drifts sea ice parallel to the coast. When a barotropic long shelf wave is assumed for the ocean response, sea ice drifts driven by wind and ocean are obtained analytically. The ratio of ocean-driven to wind-driven sea ice drifts is used for the evaluation of the oceanic contribution to the enhancement of sea ice drift. The enhancement is mostly determined by the characteristics of the shelf waves, and sea ice drift is significantly enhanced close to the coast with lower-frequency wind forcing. Comparison with the observation off the Sakhalin coast shows that the degree of enhancement of sea ice drift and its characteristic such that larger enhancement occurs near the coast are mostly consistent with our theoretical solution, suggesting that this mechanism is present in the real ocean.

33

Lecoulant, Jean, Claude Guennou, Laurent Guillon, and Jean-Yves Royer. "Numerical modeling and observations of seismo-acoustic waves propagating as modes in a fluid-solid waveguide." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 5 (May 2022): 3437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010529.

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This paper discusses the nature of the low-frequency seismo-acoustic waves generated by submarine earthquakes in the ocean. In a finite-depth homogeneous ocean over a semi-infinite solid crust, the derivation of the acoustic equations shows that waves propagate as modes. The waves propagating with the speed of sound in water (T waves) are preceded by waves with frequencies below the Airy phase. Furthermore, the group speeds of these modes are sensitive to the environmental setting. As a test, we applied the spectral finite-element code SPECFEM2D in a simplified configuration with an ocean layer overlaying a solid crust, and a seismic source below a Gaussian seamount surrounded by a flat seafloor. The simulations confirm that the generated T waves and their precursors follow the theoretical dispersion curves. A more realistic environment with a seismically-layered crust and a sound-speed profile in the ocean is then used to predict the expected acoustic modes. Although noisy, recordings by ocean bottom seismometers from the southwest Indian Ocean show T waves preceded by ultra-low frequency waves, which display two modes comparable to the theoretical ones. They are in good agreement for mode 1, whereas, for mode 0, a slight offset in frequency has yet to be explained.

34

Nilsson, Bjarke, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Heidi Ranndal, and Mikkel Lydholm Rasmussen. "Consolidating ICESat-2 Ocean Wave Characteristics with CryoSat-2 during the CRYO2ICE Campaign." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061300.

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Using the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) global high-resolution elevation measurements, it is possible to distinguish individual surface ocean waves. With the vast majority of ocean surveying missions using radar satellites, ICESat-2 observations are an important addition to ocean surveys. ICESat-2 can also provide additional observations not possible with radar. In this paper, we consolidate the ICESat-2 ocean observations by comparing the significant wave height (SWH) with coincident CryoSat-2 radar observations during the CRYO2ICE campaign from August 2020 to August 2021. We use 136 orbit segments, constrained to the Pacific and Atlantic oceans as well as the Bering Sea, to compare observations to show the level of agreement between these systems. Three models based on ICESat-2 are used in the comparison: the standard ocean data output (ATL12), a method of modeling the individual surface waves using the geolocated photons and, functioning as a baseline, an approach using the standard deviation of the ocean surface. We find the following correlations between the SWHs from the models and the SWHs from CryoSat-2: 0.97 for ATL12, 0.95 for the observed waves model, and 0.97 for the standard deviation model. In the same comparison, we find mean differences relative to the observed SWHs for each model, as well as errors, which increase as the SWH increases. The SWH observed from ICESat-2 is found to agree with observations from CryoSat-2, with limitations due to changes in the sea state between the satellite observations. Observing the individual surface waves from ICESat-2 can therefore provide additional observed properties of the sea state that can be used alongside other global observations.

35

von Jouanne, Annette. "Harvesting the Waves." Mechanical Engineering 128, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2006-dec-1.

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This article elaborates ways of harnessing the power of the ocean. Engineers have attempted, with varying success, to tap ocean energy as it occurs in waves, tides, marine currents, thermal gradients, and differences in salinity. Among these forms, significant opportunities and benefits have been identified in the area of wave-energy extraction. As a form of harvestable energy, waves have advantages not simply over other forms of ocean power, but also over more conventional renewable energy sources, such as the wind and the sun. Wave energy also offers much higher energy densities, enabling devices to extract more power from a smaller volume at consequent lower costs. The Oregon State University (OSU) wave energy team is developing several novel direct-drive prototypes, including buoys that incorporate permanent magnet linear generators, permanent magnet rack-and-pinion generators, and contactless force transmission generators. The OSU researchers are also interested in small-scale wave-energy generators, which could be integrated into boat anchor systems to power a variety of small craft electronic devices.

36

Kusahara, Kazuya, and Kay I. Ohshima. "Kelvin Waves around Antarctica." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 2909–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0051.1.

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Abstract The Southern Ocean allows circumpolar structure and the Antarctic coastline plays a role as a waveguide for oceanic Kelvin waves. Under the cyclic conditions, the horizontal wavenumbers and frequencies for circumpolarly propagating waves are quantized, with horizontal wavenumbers 1, 2, and 3, corresponding to periods of about 32, 16, and 11 h, respectively. At these frequencies, westward-propagating signals are detected in sea level variation observed at Antarctic coastal stations. The occurrence frequency of westward-propagating signals far exceeds the statistical significance, and the phase speed of the observed signal agrees well with the theoretical phase speed of external Kelvin waves. Therefore, this study concludes that the observed, westward-propagating sea level variability is a signal of the external Kelvin waves of wavenumbers 1, 2, and 3 around Antarctica. A series of numerical model experiments confirms that Kelvin waves around Antarctica are driven by surface air pressure and that these waves are excited not only by local forcing over the Southern Ocean, but also by remote forcing over the Pacific Ocean. Sea level variations generated over the Pacific Ocean can travel to the western side of the South American coast and cross over Drake Passage to the Antarctic continent, constituting a part of the Kelvin waves around Antarctica.

37

MITSUYASU, Hisashi. "Ocean Waves in the Atlantic Ocean (off the East Coast)." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 357 (1985): I—II. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1985.357_i.

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38

Ajiwibowo, Harman. "Fractals and Nonlinearity of Ocean Waves." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jts.2003.10.3.2.

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39

Henry, L., and J. Bridge. "Wiener chaos expansions of ocean waves." AIP Advances 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 035328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0043930.

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40

Liu, P. C., H. S. Chen, D. J. Doong, C. C. Kao, and Y. J. G. Hsu. "Monstrous ocean waves during typhoon Krosa." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 6 (June 11, 2008): 1327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-1327-2008.

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Abstract:

Abstract. This paper presents a set of ocean wave time series data recorded from a discus buoy deployed near northeast Taiwan in western Pacific that was operating during the passage of Typhoon Krosa on 6 October 2007. The maximum trough-to-crest wave height was measured to be 32.3 m, which could be the largest Hmax ever recorded.

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TAMURA, Hitoshi, and William M. DRENNAN. "TURBULENT FLOW STRUCTURE OVER OCEAN WAVES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 72, no. 2 (2016): I_91—I_96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.72.i_91.

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Aterianus-Owanga, Alice, and Pauline Guedj. "« On the Waves of the Ocean »." Cahiers d'études africaines, no. 216 (October 5, 2014): 865–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.17877.

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Janssen, Peter A. E. M., and Pedro Viterbo. "Ocean Waves and the Atmospheric Climate." Journal of Climate 9, no. 6 (June 1996): 1269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1269:owatac>2.0.co;2.

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Tanimoto, Toshiro. "Equivalent forces for colliding ocean waves." Geophysical Journal International 181, no. 1 (April 2010): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04505.x.

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Webb, Spahr C., Xin Zhang, and Wayne Crawford. "Infragravity waves in the deep ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 96, no. C2 (February 15, 1991): 2723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jc02212.

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Pelinovsky, E., O. Polukhina, and A. Kurkin. "Rogue edge waves in the ocean." European Physical Journal Special Topics 185, no. 1 (July 2010): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2010-01236-9.

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Fournier, Alain, and William T. Reeves. "A simple model of ocean waves." ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 20, no. 4 (August 31, 1986): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/15886.15894.

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Grachev, A. A., C. W. Fairall, J. E. Hare, J. B. Edson, and S. D. Miller. "Wind Stress Vector over Ocean Waves." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 11 (November 2003): 2408–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2408:wsvoow>2.0.co;2.

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Farina, Leandro. "On ensemble prediction of ocean waves." Tellus A 54, no. 2 (March 2002): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.01301.x.

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Mayo, Ned. "Ocean waves—Their energy and power." Physics Teacher 35, no. 6 (September 1997): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2344718.

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