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Journal articles on the topic 'Ocean general circulation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Barron, Eric J., and William H. Peterson. "The Cenozoic ocean circulation based on ocean General Circulation Model results." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 83, no. 1-3 (February 1991): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90073-z.

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2

Klinck, John M. "General Circulation of the Ocean." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 68, no. 27 (1987): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo068i027p00621-02.

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3

Smith, R. D., J. K. Dukowicz, and R. C. Malone. "Parallel ocean general circulation modeling." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 60, no. 1-4 (November 1992): 38–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(92)90225-c.

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4

Smith, Robin S., Clotilde Dubois, and Jochem Marotzke. "Global Climate and Ocean Circulation on an Aquaplanet Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model." Journal of Climate 19, no. 18 (September 15, 2006): 4719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3874.1.

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Abstract A low-resolution coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (OAGCM) is used to study the characteristics of the large-scale ocean circulation and its climatic impacts in a series of global coupled aquaplanet experiments. Three configurations, designed to produce fundamentally different ocean circulation regimes, are considered. The first has no obstruction to zonal flow, the second contains a low barrier that blocks zonal flow in the ocean at all latitudes, creating a single enclosed basin, while the third contains a gap in the barrier to allow circumglobal flow at high southern latitudes. Warm greenhouse climates with a global average air surface temperature of around 27°C result in all cases. Equator-to-pole temperature gradients are shallower than that of a current climate simulation. While changes in the land configuration cause regional changes in temperature, winds, and rainfall, heat transports within the system are little affected. Inhibition of all ocean transport on the aquaplanet leads to a reduction in global mean surface temperature of 8°C, along with a sharpening of the meridional temperature gradient. This results from a reduction in global atmospheric water vapor content and an increase in tropical albedo, both of which act to reduce global surface temperatures. Fitting a simple radiative model to the atmospheric characteristics of the OAGCM solutions suggests that a simpler atmosphere model, with radiative parameters chosen a priori based on the changing surface configuration, would have produced qualitatively different results. This implies that studies with reduced complexity atmospheres need to be guided by more complex OAGCM results on a case-by-case basis.

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5

HANAWA, Kimio. "Ocean General Circulation and Climate Change." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 114, no. 3 (2005): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.114.3_485.

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6

Bellucci, A., S. Gualdi, E. Scoccimarro, and A. Navarra. "NAO–ocean circulation interactions in a coupled general circulation model." Climate Dynamics 31, no. 7-8 (April 18, 2008): 759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0408-4.

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7

Apel, John R., Henry D. I. Abarbanel, W. R. Young, and Arnold L. Gordon. "Principles of Ocean Physics and General Circulation of the Ocean." Physics Today 41, no. 7 (July 1988): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2811502.

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8

Schiller, A., and J. S. Godfrey. "Indian Ocean Intraseasonal Variability in an Ocean General Circulation Model." Journal of Climate 16, no. 1 (January 2003): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0021:ioivia>2.0.co;2.

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9

Wu, Yang, Xiaoming Zhai, and Zhaomin Wang. "Decadal-Mean Impact of Including Ocean Surface Currents in Bulk Formulas on Surface Air–Sea Fluxes and Ocean General Circulation." Journal of Climate 30, no. 23 (December 2017): 9511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0001.1.

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The decadal-mean impact of including ocean surface currents in the bulk formulas on surface air–sea fluxes and the ocean general circulation is investigated for the first time using a global eddy-permitting coupled ocean–sea ice model. Although including ocean surface currents in air–sea flux calculations only weakens the surface wind stress by a few percent, it significantly reduces wind power input to both geostrophic and ageostrophic motions, and damps the eddy and mean kinetic energy throughout the water column. Furthermore, the strength of the horizontal gyre circulations and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation are found to decrease considerably (by 10%–15% and ~13%, respectively). As a result of the weakened ocean general circulation, the maximum northward global ocean heat transport decreases by about 0.2 PW, resulting in a lower sea surface temperature and reduced surface heat loss in the northern North Atlantic. Additional sensitivity model experiments further demonstrate that it is including ocean surface currents in the wind stress calculation that dominates this decadal impact, with including ocean surface currents in the turbulent heat flux calculations making only a minor contribution. These results highlight the importance of properly accounting for ocean surface currents in surface air–sea fluxes in modeling the ocean circulation and climate.

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10

Yamanaka, Yasuhiro. "Development of Ocean Biogeochemical General Circulation Model." Oceanography in Japan 8, no. 1 (1999): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.8.25.

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11

Ierley, G. R. "Boundary Layers in the General Ocean Circulation." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22, no. 1 (January 1990): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.22.010190.000551.

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12

RHINES, P. "Global Currents: General Circulation of the Ocean." Science 238, no. 4823 (October 2, 1987): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4823.92-a.

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13

Wunsch, Carl, and Raffaele Ferrari. "100 Years of the Ocean General Circulation." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2018): 7.1–7.32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0002.1.

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Abstract The central change in understanding of the ocean circulation during the past 100 years has been its emergence as an intensely time-dependent, effectively turbulent and wave-dominated, flow. Early technologies for making the difficult observations were adequate only to depict large-scale, quasi-steady flows. With the electronic revolution of the past 50+ years, the emergence of geophysical fluid dynamics, the strongly inhomogeneous time-dependent nature of oceanic circulation physics finally emerged. Mesoscale (balanced), submesoscale oceanic eddies at 100-km horizontal scales and shorter, and internal waves are now known to be central to much of the behavior of the system. Ocean circulation is now recognized to involve both eddies and larger-scale flows with dominant elements and their interactions varying among the classical gyres, the boundary current regions, the Southern Ocean, and the tropics.

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14

Halpern, David. "Data assimilation and ocean general circulation models." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 68, no. 35 (1987): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo068i035p00731-02.

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15

Xuehong, Zhang, and Liang Xinzhong. "A numerical world ocean general circulation model." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 6, no. 1 (February 1989): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02656917.

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16

Li-Iun, Zhang, Song Jun-qiang, and Li Xiao-mei. "Parallel computing of Ocean General Circulation Model." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 6, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03160303.

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17

Dai, Aiguo, A. Hu, G. A. Meehl, W. M. Washington, and W. G. Strand. "Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation in a Coupled General Circulation Model: Unforced Variations versus Forced Changes." Journal of Climate 18, no. 16 (August 15, 2005): 3270–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3481.1.

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Abstract A 1200-yr unforced control run and future climate change simulations using the Parallel Climate Model (PCM), a coupled atmosphere–ocean–land–sea ice global model with no flux adjustments and relatively high resolution (∼2.8° for the atmosphere and 2/3° for the oceans) are analyzed for changes in Atlantic Ocean circulations. For the forced simulations, historical greenhouse gas and sulfate forcing of the twentieth century and projected forcing for the next two centuries are used. The Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) shows large multidecadal (15–40 yr) variations with mean-peak amplitudes of 1.5–3.0 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) and a sharp peak of power around a 24-yr period in the control run. Associated with the THC oscillations, there are large variations in North Atlantic Ocean heat transport, sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS), sea ice fraction, and net surface water and energy fluxes, which all lag the variations in THC strength by 2–3 yr. However, the net effect of the SST and SSS variations on upper-ocean density in the midlatitude North Atlantic leads the THC variations by about 6 yr, which results in the 24-yr period. The simulated SST and sea ice spatial patterns associated with the THC oscillations resemble those in observed SST and sea ice concentrations that are associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The results suggest a dominant role of the advective mechanism and strong coupling between the THC and the NAO, whose index also shows a sharp peak around the 24-yr time scale in the control run. In the forced simulations, the THC weakens by ∼12% in the twenty-first century and continues to weaken by an additional ∼10% in the twenty-second century if CO2 keeps rising, but the THC stabilizes if CO2 levels off. The THC weakening results from stabilizing temperature increases that are larger in the upper and northern Atlantic Ocean than in the deep and southern parts of the basin. In both the control and forced simulations, as the THC gains (loses) strength and depth, the separated Gulf Stream (GS) moves southward (northward) while the subpolar gyre centered at the Labrador Sea contracts from (expands to) the east with the North Atlantic Current (NAC) being shifted westward (eastward). These horizontal circulation changes, which are dynamically linked to the THC changes, induce large temperature and salinity variations around the GS and NAC paths.

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18

Legutke, S., E. Maier-Reimkr, A. Stössel, and A. Hellbach. "Ocean-sea-ice coupling in a global ocean general circulation model." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500013896.

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A global ocean general circulation model has been coupled with a dynamic thermodynamic sea-ice model. This model has been spun-up in a 1000 year integration using daily atmosphere model data. Main water masses and currents are reproduced as well as the seasonal characteristics of the ice cover of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Model results for the Southern Ocean, however, show the ice cover as too thin, and there are large permanent polynyas in the Weddell and Ross Seas. These polynyas are due to a large upward oceanic heat flux caused by haline rejection during the freezing of sea ice. Sensitivity studies were performed to test several ways of treating the sea-surface salinity and the rejected brine. The impact on the ice cover, water-mass characteristics, and ocean circulation are described.

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19

Vinayachandran, P. N., Satoshi Iizuka, and Toshio Yamagata. "Indian Ocean dipole mode events in an ocean general circulation model." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, no. 7-8 (January 2002): 1573–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00157-6.

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20

Legutke, S., E. Maier-Reimkr, A. Stössel, and A. Hellbach. "Ocean-sea-ice coupling in a global ocean general circulation model." Annals of Glaciology 25 (1997): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500013896.

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A global ocean general circulation model has been coupled with a dynamic thermodynamic sea-ice model. This model has been spun-up in a 1000 year integration using daily atmosphere model data. Main water masses and currents are reproduced as well as the seasonal characteristics of the ice cover of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Model results for the Southern Ocean, however, show the ice cover as too thin, and there are large permanent polynyas in the Weddell and Ross Seas. These polynyas are due to a large upward oceanic heat flux caused by haline rejection during the freezing of sea ice. Sensitivity studies were performed to test several ways of treating the sea-surface salinity and the rejected brine. The impact on the ice cover, water-mass characteristics, and ocean circulation are described.

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21

Pozzer, A., P. Jöckel, B. Kern, and H. Haak. "The Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model EMAC-MPIOM." Geoscientific Model Development 4, no. 3 (September 9, 2011): 771–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-771-2011.

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Abstract. The ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model is coupled to the ocean general circulation model MPIOM using the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) interface. MPIOM is operated as a MESSy submodel, thus the need of an external coupler is avoided. The coupling method is tested for different model configurations, proving to be very flexible in terms of parallel decomposition and very well load balanced. The run-time performance analysis and the simulation results are compared to those of the COSMOS (Community earth System MOdelS) climate model, using the same configurations for the atmosphere and the ocean in both model systems. It is shown that our coupling method shows a comparable run-time performance to the coupling based on the OASIS (Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil, version 3) coupler. The standard (CMIP3) climate model simulations performed with EMAC-MPIOM show that the results are comparable to those of other Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation models.

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22

Pozzer, A., P. Jöckel, B. Kern, and H. Haak. "The atmosphere-ocean general circulation model EMAC-MPIOM." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 4, no. 1 (March 4, 2011): 457–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-457-2011.

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Abstract. The ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model is coupled to the ocean general circulation model MPIOM using the Modular Earth Submodel Sytem (MESSy) interface. MPIOM is operated as a MESSy submodel, thus the need of an external coupler is avoided. The coupling method is tested for different model configurations, proving to be very flexible in terms of parallel decomposition and very well load balanced. The run time performance analysis and the simulation results are compared to those of the COSMOS (Community earth System MOdelS) climate model, using the same configurations for the atmosphere and the ocean in both model systems. It is shown that our coupling method is, for the tested conditions, approximately 10% more efficient compared to the coupling based on the OASIS (Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil, version 3) coupler. The standard (CMIP3) climate model simulations performed with EMAC-MPIOM show that the results are comparable to those of other Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation models.

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23

Cullum, Jodie, David P. Stevens, and Manoj M. Joshi. "Importance of ocean salinity for climate and habitability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (April 4, 2016): 4278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522034113.

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Modeling studies of terrestrial extrasolar planetary climates are now including the effects of ocean circulation due to a recognition of the importance of oceans for climate; indeed, the peak equator-pole ocean heat transport on Earth peaks at almost half that of the atmosphere. However, such studies have made the assumption that fundamental oceanic properties, such as salinity, temperature, and depth, are similar to Earth. This assumption results in Earth-like circulations: a meridional overturning with warm water moving poleward at the surface, being cooled, sinking at high latitudes, and traveling equatorward at depth. Here it is shown that an exoplanetary ocean with a different salinity can circulate in the opposite direction: an equatorward flow of polar water at the surface, sinking in the tropics, and filling the deep ocean with warm water. This alternative flow regime results in a dramatic warming in the polar regions, demonstrated here using both a conceptual model and an ocean general circulation model. These results highlight the importance of ocean salinity for exoplanetary climate and consequent habitability and the need for its consideration in future studies.

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24

Bye, John A. T., and Jörg-Olaf Wolff. "Atmosphere–Ocean Momentum Exchange in General Circulation Models." Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, no. 4 (April 1999): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0671:aomeig>2.0.co;2.

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25

Rosati, A., and K. Miyakoda. "A General Circulation Model for Upper Ocean Simulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 18, no. 11 (November 1988): 1601–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018<1601:agcmfu>2.0.co;2.

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26

Ollitrault, Michel, and Alain Colin de Verdière. "The Ocean General Circulation near 1000-m Depth." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 384–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-030.1.

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Abstract The mean ocean circulation near 1000-m depth is estimated with 100-km resolution from the Argo float displacements collected before 1 January 2010. After a thorough validation, the 400 000 or so displacements found in the 950–1150 dbar layer and with parking times between 4 and 17 days allow the currents to be mapped at intermediate depths with unprecedented details. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the most prominent feature, but western boundary currents (and their recirculations) and alternating zonal jets in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific are also well defined. Eddy kinetic energy (EKE) gives the mesoscale variability (on the order of 10 cm2 s−2 in the interior), which is compared to the surface geostrophic altimetric EKE showing e-folding depths greater than 700 m in the ACC and northern subpolar regions. Assuming planetary geostrophy, the geopotential height of the 1000-dbar isobar is estimated to obtain an absolute and deep reference level worldwide. This is done by solving numerically the Poisson equation that results from taking the divergence of the geostrophic equations on the sphere, assuming Neumann boundary conditions.

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27

Beare, M. I., and D. P. Stevens. "Optimisation of a parallel ocean general circulation model." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 10 (October 31, 1997): 1369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-1369-3.

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Abstract. This paper presents the development of a general-purpose parallel ocean circulation model, for use on a wide range of computer platforms, from traditional scalar machines to workstation clusters and massively parallel processors. Parallelism is provided, as a modular option, via high-level message-passing routines, thus hiding the technical intricacies from the user. An initial implementation highlights that the parallel efficiency of the model is adversely affected by a number of factors, for which optimisations are discussed and implemented. The resulting ocean code is portable and, in particular, allows science to be achieved on local workstations that could otherwise only be undertaken on state-of-the-art supercomputers.

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28

Yongqiang, Yu, Yu Rucong, Zhang Xuehong, and Liu Hailong. "A flexible coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 19, no. 1 (February 2002): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-002-0042-8.

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29

Rao, Suryachandra A., Sebastien Masson, Jing-Jia Luo, Swadhin K. Behera, and Toshio Yamagata. "Termination of Indian Ocean Dipole Events in a Coupled General Circulation Model." Journal of Climate 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2007): 3018–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4164.1.

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Abstract Using 200 yr of coupled general circulation model (CGCM) results, causes for the termination of Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events are investigated. The CGCM used here is the Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change (SINTEX-F1) model, which consists of a version of the European Community–Hamburg (ECHAM4.6) atmospheric model and a version of the Ocean Parallelise (OPA8.2) ocean general circulation model. This model reproduces reasonably well the present-day climatology and interannual signals of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The main characteristics of the intraseasonal disturbances (ISDs)/oscillations are also fairly well captured by this model. However, the eastward propagation of ISDs in the model is relatively fast in the Indian Ocean and stationary in the Pacific compared to observations. A sudden reversal of equatorial zonal winds is observed, as a result of significant intraseasonal disturbances in the equatorial Indian Ocean in November–December of IOD events, which evolve independently of ENSO. A majority of these IOD events (15 out of 18) are terminated mainly because of the 20–40-day ISD activity in the equatorial zonal winds. Ocean heat budget analysis in the upper 50 m clearly shows that the initial warming after the peak of the IOD phenomenon is triggered by increased solar radiation owing to clear-sky conditions in the eastern Indian Ocean. Subsequently, the equatorial jets excited by the ISD deepen the thermocline in the southeastern equatorial Indian Ocean. This deepening of the thermocline inhibits the vertical entrainment of cool waters and therefore the IOD is terminated. IOD events that co-occur with ENSO are terminated owing to anomalous incoming solar radiation as a result of prevailing cloud-free skies. Further warming occurs seasonally through the vertical convergence of heat due to a monsoonal wind reversal along Sumatra–Java. On occasion, strong ISD activities in July–August terminated short-lived IOD events by triggering downwelling intraseasonal equatorial Kelvin waves.

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30

Frajka-Williams, E. "Sustaining observations of the unsteady ocean circulation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2025 (September 28, 2014): 20130335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0335.

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Sustained observations of ocean properties reveal a global warming trend and rising sea levels. These changes have been documented by traditional ship-based measurements of ocean properties, whereas more recent Argo profiling floats and satellite records permit estimates of ocean changes on a near real-time basis. Through these and newer methods of observing the oceans, scientists are moving from quantifying the ‘state of the ocean’ to monitoring its variability, and distinguishing the physical processes bringing signals of change. In this paper, I give a brief overview of the UK contributions to the physical oceanographic observations, and the role they have played in the wider global observing systems. While temperature and salinity are the primary measurements of physical oceanography, new transbasin mooring arrays also resolve changes in ocean circulation on daily timescales. Emerging technologies permit routine observations at higher-than-ever spatial resolutions. Following this, I then give a personal perspective on the future of sustained observations. New measurement techniques promise exciting discoveries concerning the role of smaller scales and boundary processes in setting the large-scale ocean circulation and the ocean's role in climate. The challenges now facing the scientific community include sustaining critical observations in the case of funding system changes or shifts in government priorities. These long records will enable a determination of the role and response of the ocean to climate change.

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31

Zhai, Xiaoming, Helen L. Johnson, David P. Marshall, and Carl Wunsch. "On the Wind Power Input to the Ocean General Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 1357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-09.1.

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Abstract The wind power input to the ocean general circulation is usually calculated from the time-averaged wind products. Here, this wind power input is reexamined using available observations, focusing on the role of the synoptically varying wind. Power input to the ocean general circulation is found to increase by over 70% when 6-hourly winds are used instead of monthly winds. Much of the increase occurs in the storm-track regions of the Southern Ocean, Gulf Stream, and Kuroshio Extension. This result holds irrespective of whether the ocean surface velocity is accounted for in the wind stress calculation. Depending on the fate of the high-frequency wind power input, the power input to the ocean general circulation relevant to deep-ocean mixing may be less than previously thought. This study emphasizes the difficulty of choosing appropriate forcing for ocean-only models.

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32

Bigg, Grant R. "An ocean general circulation model view of the glacial Mediterranean thermohaline circulation." Paleoceanography 9, no. 5 (October 1994): 705–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94pa01183.

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33

Jayne, Steven R. "The Impact of Abyssal Mixing Parameterizations in an Ocean General Circulation Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 1756–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4085.1.

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Abstract A parameterization of vertical diffusivity in ocean general circulation models has been implemented in the ocean model component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). The parameterization represents the dynamics of the mixing in the abyssal ocean arising from the breaking of internal waves generated by the tides forcing stratified flow over rough topography. This parameterization is explored over a range of parameters and compared to the more traditional ad hoc specification of the vertical diffusivity. Diapycnal mixing in the ocean is thought to be one of the primary controls on the meridional overturning circulation and the poleward heat transport by the ocean. When compared to the traditional approach with uniform mixing, the new mixing parameterization has a noticeable impact on the meridional overturning circulation; while the upper limb of the meridional overturning circulation appears to be only weakly impacted by the transition to the new parameterization, the deep meridional overturning circulation is significantly strengthened by the change. The poleward ocean heat transport does not appear to be strongly affected by the mixing in the abyssal ocean for reasonable parameter ranges. The transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current through the Drake Passage is related to the amount of mixing in the deep ocean. The new parameterization is found to be energetically consistent with the known constraints on the ocean energy budget.

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34

Gnanaseelan, C., and Aditi Deshpande. "Equatorial Indian Ocean subsurface current variability in an Ocean General Circulation Model." Climate Dynamics 50, no. 5-6 (May 5, 2017): 1705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3716-8.

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35

Yin, Xunqiang, Fangli Qiao, Yongzeng Yang, Changshui Xia, and Xianyao Chen. "Argo data assimilation in ocean general circulation model of Northwest Pacific Ocean." Ocean Dynamics 62, no. 7 (June 5, 2012): 1059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0549-1.

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36

Proshutinsky, Andrey, Dmitry Dukhovskoy, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Richard Krishfield, and Jonathan L. Bamber. "Arctic circulation regimes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2052 (October 13, 2015): 20140160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0160.

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Between 1948 and 1996, mean annual environmental parameters in the Arctic experienced a well-pronounced decadal variability with two basic circulation patterns: cyclonic and anticyclonic alternating at 5 to 7 year intervals. During cyclonic regimes, low sea-level atmospheric pressure (SLP) dominated over the Arctic Ocean driving sea ice and the upper ocean counterclockwise; the Arctic atmosphere was relatively warm and humid, and freshwater flux from the Arctic Ocean towards the subarctic seas was intensified. By contrast, during anticylonic circulation regimes, high SLP dominated driving sea ice and the upper ocean clockwise. Meanwhile, the atmosphere was cold and dry and the freshwater flux from the Arctic to the subarctic seas was reduced. Since 1997, however, the Arctic system has been under the influence of an anticyclonic circulation regime (17 years) with a set of environmental parameters that are atypical for this regime. We discuss a hypothesis explaining the causes and mechanisms regulating the intensity and duration of Arctic circulation regimes, and speculate how changes in freshwater fluxes from the Arctic Ocean and Greenland impact environmental conditions and interrupt their decadal variability.

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37

Paul, Saheb, Arun Chakraborty, P. C. Pandey, Sujit Basu, S. K. Satsangi, and M. Ravichandran. "Numerical Simulation of Bay of Bengal Circulation Features from Ocean General Circulation Model." Marine Geodesy 32, no. 1 (February 23, 2009): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490410802661930.

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38

Power, Scott B. "Climate Drift in a Global Ocean General Circulation Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, no. 6 (June 1995): 1025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<1025:cdiago>2.0.co;2.

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Volodin, E. M. "Atmosphere-ocean general circulation model with the carbon cycle." Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 43, no. 3 (June 2007): 266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001433807030024.

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Cummins, Patrick F. "The deep water stratification of ocean general circulation models." Atmosphere-Ocean 29, no. 3 (September 1991): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1991.9649417.

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Semtner, Albert J., and Robert M. Chervin. "Ocean general circulation from a global eddy-resolving model." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. C4 (1992): 5493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jc00095.

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Furrer, Reinhard, Stephan R. Sain, Douglas Nychka, and Gerald A. Meehl. "Multivariate Bayesian analysis of atmosphere–ocean general circulation models." Environmental and Ecological Statistics 14, no. 3 (July 3, 2007): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10651-007-0018-z.

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Jackett, D. R., T. J. McDougall, M. H. England, and A. C. Hirst. "Thermal Expansion in Ocean and Coupled General Circulation Models." Journal of Climate 13, no. 8 (April 2000): 1384–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1384:teioac>2.0.co;2.

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Wadley, Martin R., and Grant R. Bigg. "The stability of passively nested ocean general circulation models." Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 82, no. 3-4 (June 1996): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091929608213635.

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Bryan, Frank. "Parameter Sensitivity of Primitive Equation Ocean General Circulation Models." Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, no. 7 (July 1987): 970–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<0970:psopeo>2.0.co;2.

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Power, S. B., and R. Kleeman. "Multiple Equilibria in a Global Ocean General Circulation Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 23, no. 8 (August 1993): 1670–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1670:meiago>2.0.co;2.

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Webb, David J., Andrew C. Coward, Beverly A. de Cuevas, and Catherine S. Gwilliam. "A Multiprocessor Ocean General Circulation Model Using Message Passing." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 14, no. 1 (February 1997): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0175:amogcm>2.0.co;2.

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Meehl, Gerald A. "Development of global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models." Climate Dynamics 5, no. 1 (November 1990): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00195851.

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Bugnion, Véronique, and Chris Hill. "Equilibration mechanisms in an adjoint ocean general circulation model." Ocean Dynamics 56, no. 1 (March 8, 2006): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-005-0052-z.

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Mikolajewicz, Uwe, and Ernst Maier-Reimer. "Internal secular variability in an ocean general circulation model." Climate Dynamics 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00209518.

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