Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ocean Change

Academic literature on the topic 'Ocean Change'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ocean Change"

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Prescot, Victor. "Ocean changes in global change." Marine Policy 15, no. 6 (November 1991): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(91)90057-i.

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Liang, Xinfeng, Christopher G. Piecuch, Rui M. Ponte, Gael Forget, Carl Wunsch, and Patrick Heimbach. "Change of the Global Ocean Vertical Heat Transport over 1993–2010." Journal of Climate 30, no. 14 (July 2017): 5319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0569.1.

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A dynamically and data-consistent ocean state estimate during 1993–2010 is analyzed for bidecadal changes in the mechanisms of heat exchange between the upper and lower oceans. Many patterns of change are consistent with prior studies. However, at various levels above 1800 m the global integral of the change in ocean vertical heat flux involves the summation of positive and negative regional contributions and is not statistically significant. The nonsignificance of change in the global ocean vertical heat transport from an ocean state estimate that provides global coverage and regular sampling, spatially and temporally, raises the question of whether an adequate observational database exists to assess changes in the upper ocean heat content over the past few decades. Also, whereas the advective term largely determines the spatial pattern of the change in ocean vertical heat flux, its global integral is not significantly different from zero. In contrast, the diffusive term, although regionally weak except in high-latitude oceans, produces a statistically significant extra downward heat flux during the 2000s. This result suggests that besides ocean advection, ocean mixing processes, including isopycnal and diapycnal as well as convective mixing, are important for the decadal variation of the heat exchange between upper and deep oceans as well. Furthermore, the analyses herein indicate that focusing on any particular region in explaining changes of the global ocean heat content is misleading.
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Vallega, Adalberto. "Ocean change in global change." GeoJournal 25, no. 4 (December 1991): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02439496.

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Piecuch, Christopher G., and Rui M. Ponte. "Mechanisms of Global-Mean Steric Sea Level Change." Journal of Climate 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00373.1.

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Abstract Global-mean sea level change partly reflects volumetric expansion of the oceans because of density change, otherwise known as global-mean steric sea level change. Owing to nonlinearities in the equation of state of seawater, the nature of processes contributing to recent observed global-mean steric sea level changes has not been well understood. Using a data-constrained ocean state estimate, global-mean steric sea level change over 1993–2003 is revisited, and contributions from ocean transports and surface exchanges are quantified using closed potential temperature and salinity budgets. Analyses demonstrate that estimated decadal global-mean steric sea level change results mainly from a slight, time-mean imbalance between atmospheric forcing and ocean transports over the integration period: surface heat and freshwater exchanges produce a trend in global-mean steric sea level that is mainly offset by the redistribution of potential temperature and salinity through small-scale diffusion and large-scale advection. A set of numerical experiments demonstrates that global-mean steric sea level changes simulated by ocean general circulation models are sensitive to the regional distribution of ocean heat and freshwater content changes.
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Steele, Michael, and Wendy Ermold. "Steric Sea Level Change in the Northern Seas." Journal of Climate 20, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4022.1.

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Abstract Ocean temperature and salinity data over the period 1950–2000 in the Northern Seas, defined here as the North Atlantic Ocean (north of 50°N), North Pacific Ocean (north of 40°N), and Arctic Oceans, are combined to diagnose the steric (i.e., density) contribution to sea level variation. The individual contributions to steric height from temperature (thermosteric height) and salinity (halosteric height) are also analyzed. It is found that during 1950–2000, steric height rose over the study’s domain, mostly as a result of halosteric increases (i.e., freshening). Over a shorter time period (late 1960s to early 1990s) during which climate indices changed dramatically, steric height gradients near the Nordic Seas minimum were reduced by 18%–32%. It is speculated that this may be associated with a local slowing of both the Meridional Overturning Circulation and the southward flow through Fram Strait. However, steric height increases in the North Pacific Ocean during this time imply a possible acceleration of flow through the poorly measured Canadian Arctic. Evidence that the Great Salinity Anomaly of the late 1960s and 1970s had two distinct Arctic Ocean sources is also found: a late 1960s export of sea ice, and a delayed but more sustained 1970s export of liquid (ocean) freshwater. A simple calculation indicates that these Arctic Ocean freshwater sources were not sufficient to create the 1970s freshening observed in the North Atlantic Ocean.
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Voigt, Christina. "Oceans, IUU Fishing, and Climate Change: Implications for International Law." International Community Law Review 22, no. 3-4 (August 20, 2020): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341436.

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Abstract Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing poses a significant threat to marine fisheries and biodiversity only outpaced by the projected impacts of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. Ocean warming might affect fish stocks, their health and migratory routes. Ocean acidification and de-oxygenation are another two phenomena that might affect certain marine species as well as entire marine ecosystems. Rebuilding of overexploited and depleted fisheries and managing fisheries sustainably will require comprehensive governance structures for port, flag, coastal and market states, which also address the causes and impacts of climate change. Addressing those concerns could open for opportunities for comprehensive and synergetic regulation. This article addresses potential synergies between oceans and climate governance; focusing on the role of oceans in addressing climate change and its adverse impacts. Suggestions to this end include (i) increasing ocean-based renewable energy, (ii) decarbonizing ocean-based transport, and (iii) pursuing integrated management of fisheries and aquaculture.
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Denman, KL. "Climate change, ocean processes and ocean iron fertilization." Marine Ecology Progress Series 364 (July 29, 2008): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07542.

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Cronin, Thomas M., and Gary S. Dwyer. "Deep Sea Ostracodes and Climate Change." Paleontological Society Papers 9 (November 2003): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002230.

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Ostracodes are bivalved Crustacea whose fossil shells constitute the most abundant and diverse metazoan group preserved in sediment cores from deep and intermediate ocean water depths. The ecology, zoogeography, and shell chemistry of many ostracode taxa makes them useful for paleoceanographic research on topics ranging from deep ocean circulation, bottom-water temperature, ecological response to global climate change and many others. However, the application of ostracodes to the study of climate change has been hampered by a number of factors, including the misconception that they are rare or absent in deep-sea sediments and the lack of taxonomic and zoogeographic data. In recent years studies from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans show that ostracodes are abundant enough for quantitative assemblage analysis and that the geochemistry of their shells can be a valuable tool for paleotemperature reconstruction. This paper presents practical guidelines for using ostracodes in investigations of climate-driven ocean variability and the ecological and evolutionary impacts of these changes.
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Krakauer, Nir Y., Michael J. Puma, Benjamin I. Cook, Pierre Gentine, and Larissa Nazarenko. "Ocean–atmosphere interactions modulate irrigation's climate impacts." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 4 (November 10, 2016): 863–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-863-2016.

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Abstract. Numerous studies have focused on the local and regional climate effects of irrigated agriculture and other land cover and land use change (LCLUC) phenomena, but there are few studies on the role of ocean–atmosphere interaction in modulating irrigation climate impacts. Here, we compare simulations with and without interactive sea surface temperatures of the equilibrium effect on climate of contemporary (year 2000) irrigation geographic extent and intensity. We find that ocean–atmosphere interaction does impact the magnitude of global-mean and spatially varying climate impacts, greatly increasing their global reach. Local climate effects in the irrigated regions remain broadly similar, while non-local effects, particularly over the oceans, tend to be larger. The interaction amplifies irrigation-driven standing wave patterns in the tropics and midlatitudes in our simulations, approximately doubling the global-mean amplitude of surface temperature changes due to irrigation. The fractions of global area experiencing significant annual-mean surface air temperature and precipitation change also approximately double with ocean–atmosphere interaction. Subject to confirmation with other models, these findings imply that LCLUC is an important contributor to climate change even in remote areas such as the Southern Ocean, and that attribution studies should include interactive oceans and need to consider LCLUC, including irrigation, as a truly global forcing that affects climate and the water cycle over ocean as well as land areas.
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Sullivan, Kathleen M. "Documenting Sea Change." Environment and Society 11, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ares.2020.110106.

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This review examines social science and practitioner literature regarding the relationship between ocean sciences big data projects and ocean governance. I contend that three overarching approaches to the study of the development of ocean sciences big data techne (the arts of data creation, management, and sharing) and data technologies can be discerned. The first approach traces histories of ocean sciences data technologies, highlighting the significant role of governments in their development. The second approach is comprised of an oceanic contribution to the study of ontological politics. The third takes a human-social centered approach, examining the networks of people and practices responsible for creating and maintaining ocean sciences big data infrastructure. The three approaches make possible a comparative reflection on the entangled ethical strands at work in the literature.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ocean Change"

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Byrne, Michael P. "Land-ocean contrasts under climate change." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/97332.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Climate Physics and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 155-163).
Observations and climate models show a pronounced land-ocean contrast in the responses of surface temperature and the hydrological cycle to global warming: Land temperatures increase more than ocean temperatures, low-level relative humidity increases over ocean but decreases over land, and the water cycle has a muted response over land in comparison to ocean regions at similar latitudes. A comprehensive physical understanding of these land-ocean contrasts has not been established, despite the robustness of the features and their importance for the regional and societal impacts of climate change. Here we investigate land-ocean contrasts in temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation minus evaporation (P - E) under climate change using both idealized and full-complexity models. As in previous studies, we find enhanced surface warming over land relative to the ocean at almost all latitudes. In the tropics and subtropics, the warming contrast is explained using a convective quasi-equilibrium (CQE) theory which assumes equal changes in equivalent potential temperature over land and ocean. As the CQE theory highlights, the warming contrast depends strongly on changes in relative humidity, particularly over land. The decreases in land relative humidity under warming can be understood using a conceptual model of moisture transport between the land and ocean boundary layers and the free troposphere. Changes in P - E over ocean are closely tied to the local surface-air temperature changes via a simple thermodynamic scaling; the so-called "rich-get-richer" mechanism. Over land, however, we show that the response has a smaller magnitude and deviates substantially from the thermodynamic scaling. We examine the reasons for this land-ocean contrast in the response of P - E by analyzing the atmospheric moisture budget. Horizontal gradients of surface temperature and relative humidity changes are found to be important over land, with changes in atmospheric circulation playing a secondary role outside the tropics. An extended thermodynamic scaling is introduced and is shown to capture the multimodel-mean response of P - E over land, and the physical mechanisms behind the extended scaling are discussed.
by Michael P. Byrne.
Ph. D. in Climate Physics and Chemistry
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Tedesco, Matthew P. "Strategic change management in ship design and construction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9851.

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Llort, Jordi Joan. "Bloom phenology, mechanisms and future change in the Southern Ocean." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066064.

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La production primaire (PP) dans l'Océan Austral joue un rôle crucial dans la capacité des océans à absorber le carbon atmosphérique. Elle est caractérisée par une forte limitation en Fer et par un cycle saisonnier très marqué, présentant un bloom planctonique en fin d'hiver, plus ou moins intense selon les régions. Ma thèse est centrée sur la compréhension des mécanismes qui contrôlent ce bloom et sa variabilité, ainsi que sur les éléments, présents et futurs, qui contrôlent son intensité. J'ai abordé le premier aspect (phénologie et mécanismes) en mettant en place une approche mécaniste basée sur une nouvelle configuration du modèle biogéochimique PISCES forcé par un environnement physique 1D idéalisé. Cette méthodologie m'a permis de réconcilier les différentes théories sur la formation des blooms aux hautes-latitudes, d'identifier les spécificités du bloom de l'Océan Austral et de proposer des critères adaptés à sa détection dans les observations. En outre, les résultats de cette étude de modélisation ont été confrontés à ceux issues d'une deuxième approche, basée sur des observations satellitaires, ce qui a permis la localisation géographique des différentes phénologies de bloom que j'ai identifiées dans l'Océan Austral. Pour répondre au deuxième aspect (altération et changements futurs), j'ai également suivi une double approche. J'ai d'abord examiné comment les limitations par la lumière et par le fer se combinent, via la variabilité du cycle saisonnier du mélange vertical, et pilotent ainsi la production primaire dans l'Océan Austral actuel à l'aide de la configuration idéalisée présentée plus haut. Dans un deuxième temps, cette analyse a permis d'aider à l’interprétation des variations de PP observées dans les projections climatiques issues de 8 modèles couplés (CMIP5). L'ensemble de mes résultats permet de mieux comprendre les processus physiques et biologiques qui contrôlent la croissance du phytoplancton dans l'Océan Austral et d'appréhender comment la modification de ces processus peut entraîner des altérations de la PP dans une région clé pour l'évolution future du climat
Primary production (PP) in the Southern Ocean (SO) plays a crucial role on atmospheric carbon uptake. PP in this ocean is highly iron-limited and presents a marked seasonal cycle. Such a seasonal cycle has a strong productive phase in late winter, called bloom, which distribution and intensity is highly variable. My PhD focus on two specific aspects of the PP in the SO: first, the mechanisms that drive such a bloom and its dynamics and, second, the elements able to control the bloom intensity at present and in the future. The first aspect (bloom phenology and mechanisms) was addressed by setting up a mechanistic approach based on a novel model configuration: a complex biogeochemical model (PISCES) forced by a 1D idealised physical framework. This methodology allowed me to conciliate the different bloom formation theories and to identify the SO bloom specificities. Moreover, I proposed how to use different bloom detection criteria to properly identify bloom from observations. Such criteria were then tested in a complementary observation-based approach (with satellite and in-situ data) to characterise different bloom phenologies and its spatial distribution in the SO. The second aspect (bloom intensity and future change) was also addressed by a twofold approach. First, using the 1D model, I studied how seasonal variability of vertical mixing combine light and Fe limitation to drive PP. Secondly, I used such an analysis to interpret PP trends observed in 8 coupled model climatic projections (CMIP5 models). My PhD thesis results allow for a better understanding of the physical and biological processes controlling phytoplankton growth. My conclusions also suggest how an alteration of these processes by Climate Change may influence PP in the whole SO, a key region for future climate evolution
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Dalan, Fabio 1975. "Sensitivity of climate change to diapycnal diffusivity in the ocean." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30129.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-67).
The diapycnal diffusivity of the ocean is one of the least known parameters in cur- rent climate models. Measurements of this diffusivity are sparse and insufficient for compiling a global map. Inferences from inverse methods and energy budget calculations suggests as much as a factor of 5 difference in the global mean value of the diapycnal diffusivity. Yet, the climate is extremely sensitive to the diapycnal diffusivity, as shown by studies using single-hemispheric ocean General Circulation Models (GCMs) and 2-dimensional coupled models. In this thesis we study the sensitivity of both the current climate and the climate change to the diapycnal diffusivity - using, for the first time, a coupled model with a 3-dimensional global ocean component and idealized geometry. Our results show that, at equilibrium, the strength of the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic scales with the 0.44 power of the diapycnal diffusivity, in contrast to the theoretical value of 2/3. On the other hand, the strength of the circulation in the South Pacific scales with the 0.63 power of the diapycnal diffusivity. The implication is that the amount of water upwelling from the deep ocean may be regulated by the diapycnal diffusion in the Indo-Pacific ocean. The vertical heat balance in the ocean is controlled by: in the downward direction, (i) advection and (ii) diapycnal diffusion; in the upward direction, (iii) isopycnal diffusion and (iv) bolus velocity (GM) advection. The size of the latter three fluxes increases with diapycnal diffusivity.
(cont.) The thickness of the thermocline also increases with diapycnal diffusivity leading to greater isopycnal slopes at high latitudes, and hence enhanced isopycnal diffusion and GM advection. Larger diapycnal diffusion compensates for changes in isopycnal diffusion and GM advection. Little changes are found for the advective flux because of compensation between changes in downward and upward advective fluxes. We present sensitivity results for the hysteresis curve of the thermohaline circulation. The stability of the climate system to slow freshwater perturbations is reduced as a consequence of a smaller diapycnal diffusivity. This result confirms the findings of 2-dimensional climate models. However, contrary to the results of these studies, a common threshold for the shutdown of the thermohaline circulation is not found in our model. In our global warming experiments, the thermohaline circulation slows down for about 100 years and recovers afterward, for any value of the diapycnal diffusivity. The rates of slowdown and of recovery, as well as the percentage recovery of the circulation at the end of 1000-year integration, is variable but a direct relation with the diapycnal diffusivity cannot be found. The steric height gradient is divided into a temperature component and a salinity component. It appears that, in the first 70 years of simulated global warming, temperature variations dominate the salinity ones in weakly diffusive models, whereas the opposite occurs in strongly diffusive models. The analysis of the vertical heat balance reveals that, in global warming experiments, deep ocean heat uptake is due to reduced upward isopycnal diffusive flux and GM advective flux ...
by Fabio Dalan.
S.M.
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de, Lavaissiere de Lavergne Casimir. "Cessation of southern ocean deep convection under anthropogenic climate change." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119766.

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In 1974, newly available satellite observations unveiled the presence of a giant ice-free area within the Antarctic ice pack, which persisted throughout the winter, and formed again in the next two winters. Subsequent research showed that deep convective overturning kept the waters ice-free, through the massive release of heat rising from the deep sea. While the polynya has aroused continued interest among climate scientists, it has not reappeared since 1976. Here we use model experiments to show that deep convection in the Southern Ocean, common in current generation climate models, is highly sensitive to anthropogenic forcing, and ceases in many models when forced by a high emissions climate change scenario. The slowdown in deep ventilation follows from the gradual freshening of polar surface waters, a trend which is borne out by observations over recent decades. Our results suggest that deep convection in the Southern Ocean will be less common in future, and may have already been significantly reduced compared to the pre-industrial period, with important consequences for ocean circulation and climate.
En 1974, des observations satellite nouvellement disponibles révélèrent la présence d'une géante surface d'eau libre au sein de la glace de mer entourant l'Antarctique, qui persista tout au long de l'hiver et réapparut les deux hivers suivants. Les recherches qui suivirent montrèrent que les eaux étaient maintenues libres de glace par la convection profonde, permettant à une grande quantité de chaleur de remonter des profondeurs pour être ensuite libérée dans l'atmosphère. Si la polynya continue de susciter l'intérêt des climatologues, elle n'est cependant pas réapparue depuis 1976. Nous utilisons ici des expériences de modélisation pour montrer que la convection profonde dans l'Océan Austral, commune dans les modèles de climat actuels, est fortement sensible au forçage anthropique, et cesse dans beaucoup de modèles quand ceux-ci sont forcés par un scénario de fortes émissions. Le ralentissement de la ventilation profonde résulte de la baisse progressive de la salinité des eaux de surface, une tendance corroborée par les observations des dernières décennies. Nos résultats suggèrent que la convection profonde dans l'Océan Austral sera moins fréquente dans le futur, et a peut-être déjà été significativement affaiblie relativement à la période préindustrielle, avec d'importantes conséquences pour la circulation océanique et le climat.
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Davis, Michael A. "Cloud-Radiative Feedback and Ocean-Atmosphere Feedback In the Southeast Pacific Ocean Simulated by IPCC AR4 GCMs." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313350254.

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Tinder, Phaedra C. "Ocean-Ice Interactions at Breiðamerkurjökull Glacier, Southeast Iceland." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1339663923.

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Campbell, Justin E. "The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Fertilization on the Ecology of Tropical Seagrass Communities." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/693.

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Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations associated with climate change will likely influence a wide variety of ecosystems. Terrestrial research has examined the effects of increasing CO2 concentrations on the functionality of plant systems; with studies ranging in scale from the short-term responses of individual leaves, to long-term ecological responses of complete forests. While terrestrial plants have received much attention, studies on the responses of marine plants (seagrasses) to increased CO2(aq) concentrations remain relatively sparse, with most research limited to small-scale, ex situ experimentation. Furthermore, few studies have attempted to address similarities between terrestrial and seagrass responses to increases in CO2(aq). The goals of this dissertation are to expand the scope of marine climate change research, and examine how the tropical seagrass, Thalassia testudinum responds to increasing CO2(aq) concentrations over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Manipulative laboratory and field experimentation reveal that, similar to terrestrial plants, seagrasses strongly respond to increases in CO2(aq) concentrations. Using a novel field technique, in situ field manipulations show that over short time scales, seagrasses respond to elevated CO2(aq) by increasing leaf photosynthetic rates and the production of soluble carbohydrates. Declines in leaf nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) content were additionally detected, paralleling responses from terrestrial systems. Over long time scales, seagrasses increase total above- and belowground biomass with elevated CO2(aq), suggesting that, similar to terrestrial research, pervasive increases in atmospheric and oceanic CO2(aq) concentrations stand to influence the productivity and functionality of these systems. Furthermore, field experiments reveal that seagrass epiphytes, which comprise an important component of seagrass ecosystems, additionally respond to increased CO2(aq) with strong declines in calcified taxa and increases in fleshy taxa. Together, this work demonstrates that increasing CO2(aq) concentrations will alter the functionality of seagrass ecosystems by increasing plant productivity and shifting the composition of the epiphyte community. These results have implications for future rates of carbon storage and sediment production within these widely distributed systems.
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How, Penelope. "Dynamical change at tidewater glaciers examined using time-lapse photogrammetry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31103.

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Retreating glaciers and ice sheets provide a significant contribution to sea level rise, which will affect future populations and their activities. Accurate sea level projections are needed in order to best inform policy makers, but these projections are limited by our understanding of dynamical change at marine-terminating glaciers. Terrestrial time-lapse photography has proved to be a viable approach for obtaining high-detail observational records, and is used here to examine signals of dynamical change at two tidewater glaciers in Svalbard. Photogrammetric measurements were extracted using PyTrx (`Python Tracking'), a new photogrammetry toolbox that has been developed here for deriving velocities (e.g. glacier surface velocity), surface areas (e.g. supraglacial lake area, surfacing plume area), and line distances (e.g. terminus profiles). PyTrx has been created as a Python-alternative photogrammetry software, and offers additional functionality to the typical monoscopic feature-tracking toolboxes that are currently available. Subglacial hydrology and its relation to basal sliding were examined at Kronebreen, Svalbard. The results revealed a difference in flow efficiency between the north and south regions of the glacier tongue, which influences spatial patterns in surface velocities. Long-term changes in ice flow were concluded to be controlled by the location of effcient and inefficient drainage, and the position of regions where water is stored and released. Changes in terminus conditions and calving processes were examined at Tunabreen, a surge-type tidewater glacier. Observations suggested that atmospheric forcing plays a larger role in terminus stability than previously considered, and it is likely that terminus dynamics at Tunabreen are the product of a unique interplay between oceanic and atmospheric forcing which are shaped by the glacier's surge-type nature. Additionally, calving activity at Tunabreen can be characterised as high-frequency, low-magnitude events, and a high proportion of its long-term calving activity can be attributed to the rate of under-cutting at the terminus. In all, these studies demonstrate that long-term changes in glacier dynamics are dictated by the small changes in basal and terminus conditions, and how they vary from year-to-year. Future research now needs to be directed towards understanding how small-scale processes vary over multiple melt seasons, in order to establish how they operate at longer timescales. PyTrx provides an appropriate basis to continue this work and expand the capabilities of the toolbox.
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Wall-Palmer, Deborah. "Response of pteropod and related faunas to climate change and ocean acidification." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1398.

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Recent concern over the effects of ocean acidification upon calcifying organisms in the modern ocean has highlighted the aragonitic shelled thecosomatous pteropods as being at a high risk. Laboratory studies have shown that increased pCO2, leading to decreased pH and low carbonate concentrations, has a negative impact on the ability of pteropods to calcify and maintain their shells. This study presents the micropalaeontological analysis of marine cores from the Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. Pteropods, heteropods and planktic foraminifera were picked from samples to provide palaeoenvironmental data for each core. Determination of pteropod calcification was made using the Limacina Dissolution Index (LDX) and the average shell size of Limacina inflata specimens. Pteropod calcification indices were compared to global ice volume and Vostok atmospheric CO2 concentrations to determine any associations between climate and calcification. Results show that changes in surface ocean carbonate concentrations throughout the Late Pleistocene did affect the calcification of thecosomatous pteropods. These effects can be detected in shells from marine sediments that are located well above the aragonite lysocline and have not undergone post-depositional dissolution. The results of this study confirm the findings of laboratory studies, showing a decrease in calcification during interglacial periods, when surface ocean carbonate concentrations were lower. During glacial periods, calcification was enhanced due to the increased availability of carbonate. This trend was found in all sediments studied, indicating that the response of pteropods to past climate change is of global significance. These results demonstrate that pteropods have been negatively affected by oceanic pH levels relatively higher and changing at a lesser rate than those predicted for the 21st Century. Results also establish the use of pteropods and heteropods in reconstructing surface ocean conditions. The LDX is a fast and appropriate way of determining variations in surface water carbonate saturation. Abundances of key species were also found to constrain palaeotemperatures better than planktic foraminifera, a use which could be further developed.
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Books on the topic "Ocean Change"

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1936-, Fabbri Paolo, Ente Colombo '92, and International Conference on Ocean Management in Global Change (1992 : Genoa, Italy), eds. Ocean management in global change. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992.

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FABBRI, PAOLO, ed. OCEAN MANAGEMENT IN GLOBAL CHANGE. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203213636.

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Vallega, Adalberto. Ocean change in global change: Introductory geographical analysis. [Genova]: Università degli studi di Genova, Istituto di scienze geografiche, 1990.

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World Book, Inc. Oceans and climate change. Chicago: World Book, a Scott Fetzer company, 2016.

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Bateman, W. S. G. Sea change: Advancing Australia's ocean interests. Barton, A.C.T: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2009.

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Bateman, W. S. G. Sea change: Advancing Australia's ocean interests. Barton, A.C.T: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2009.

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Bateman, W. S. G. Sea change: Advancing Australia's ocean interests. Barton, A.C.T: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2009.

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Carballo, José Luis, and James J. Bell, eds. Climate Change, Ocean Acidification and Sponges. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59008-0.

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Charabi, Yassine, ed. Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3109-9.

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Johnson, Marcha, and Amanda Bayley, eds. Coastal Change, Ocean Conservation and Resilient Communities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41914-5.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ocean Change"

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Gerdes, Rüdiger, and Peter Lemke. "Sea-Ice–Ocean Modelling." In Arctic Climate Change, 381–403. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2027-5_10.

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Rudels, Bert, Leif Anderson, Patrick Eriksson, Eberhard Fahrbach, Martin Jakobsson, E. Peter Jones, Humfrey Melling, Simon Prinsenberg, Ursula Schauer, and Tom Yao. "Observations in the Ocean." In Arctic Climate Change, 117–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2027-5_4.

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Naqvi, S. W. A. "Indian Ocean Margins." In Global Change – The IGBP Series, 171–210. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92735-8_4.

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Anderson, David L. T. "The World Ocean Circulation Experiment." In Global Environmental Change, 199–213. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76067-9_14.

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Kondratyev, Kirill Ya, Vladimir F. Krapivin, and Gary W. Phillips. "Modeling of Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics." In Global Environmental Change, 131–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04941-9_4.

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Chang, Yen-Chiang. "Ocean Governance: It is Time to Change." In Ocean Governance, 55–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2762-5_3.

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Harris, Peter Townsend. "Frozen Ocean: Ice Ages and Climate Change." In Mysterious Ocean, 89–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15632-9_7.

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Farmer, G. Thomas, and John Cook. "The World Ocean." In Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis, 247–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5757-8_12.

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Boeuf, Gilles. "Ocean, Biodiversity and Resources." In Ecosystem Sustainability and Global Change, 1–36. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119007708.ch1.

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Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter A., and Björn Rost. "Ocean Acidification and Oceanic Carbon Cycling." In Global Environmental Change, 103–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5784-4_79.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ocean Change"

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Seymour, Richard, Robert Guza, and William O'Reilly. "Monitoring Regional Shoreline Change." In California and the World Ocean 2002. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40761(175)2.

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Yang, J., D. Kitazawa, and R. Yamanaka. "Numerical Study on the Hydrological Change due to Water Level Rising in the Caspian Sea." In OCEANS 2008 - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanskobe.2008.4531080.

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Nunn, P. D. "Sea-Level Change in the Pacific." In Ocean and Atmosphere Pacific: OAP 95. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811936_0001.

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Esin, N. V., and N. I. Esin. "The World Ocean level change during the Holocene." In 2012 IEEE/OES Baltic International Symposium (BALTIC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/baltic.2012.6250112.

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Haugan, Peter M., Hanne Sagen, and Stein Sandven. "Ocean observatories for understanding and monitoring Arctic change." In OCEANS 2012 - YEOSU. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans-yeosu.2012.6263520.

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Murai, M., Y. Funaki, and R. Yamanaka. "A Study on an Analysis of an Annual Change of Distribution of Short-necked clam in a Tideland Considering Huge Human Impact." In OCEANS 2008 - MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanskobe.2008.4531014.

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Ponomarev, Vladimir, Vladimir Ponomarev, Elena Dmitrieva, Elena Dmitrieva, Svetlana Shkorba, Svetlana Shkorba, Irina Mashkina, Irina Mashkina, Alexander Karnaukhov, and Alexander Karnaukhov. "CLIMATIC REGIME CHANGE IN THE ASIAN PACIFIC REGION, INDIAN AND SOUTHERN OCEANS AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9475504153.46587602.

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Multiple scale climate variability in Asia of temperate and high latitudes, Pacific, Indian and South Oceans, their features and linkages are studied by using statistical analyses of monthly mean time series of Hadley, Reynolds SST, surface net heat flux (Q), atmospheric pressure (SLP), air temperature (SAT) from NCEP NCAR reanalyses (1948-2015). Three multidecadal climatic regimes were revealed for the whole area studied by using cluster analyses via Principal Components of differences between values of Q, SLP, SAT in tropical and extratropical regions of the Asian Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans. The climate regime change in 70s of the 20th century in this area is confirmed by this method. It is also found that the climate regime is significantly changed at the end of the 20th century in both same area and World Ocean. The characteristic features of recent climate regime after 1996-1998 are SLP increase in the central extratropic area of Indian Ocean, North and South Pacific being prevailing in boreal winter. It is accompanying SLP increase and precipitation decrease in South Siberia and Mongolia prevailing in boreal summer. Inversed SLP and precipitation anomaly associated with increase of cyclone activity and extreme events in the land-ocean marginal zones including Southern Ocean, eastern Arctic, eastern Indian, western and eastern Pacific margins. It is known that low frequency PDO phase is also changed at the same time.
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Ponomarev, Vladimir, Vladimir Ponomarev, Elena Dmitrieva, Elena Dmitrieva, Svetlana Shkorba, Svetlana Shkorba, Irina Mashkina, Irina Mashkina, Alexander Karnaukhov, and Alexander Karnaukhov. "CLIMATIC REGIME CHANGE IN THE ASIAN PACIFIC REGION, INDIAN AND SOUTHERN OCEANS AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316b52a9b.

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Multiple scale climate variability in Asia of temperate and high latitudes, Pacific, Indian and South Oceans, their features and linkages are studied by using statistical analyses of monthly mean time series of Hadley, Reynolds SST, surface net heat flux (Q), atmospheric pressure (SLP), air temperature (SAT) from NCEP NCAR reanalyses (1948-2015). Three multidecadal climatic regimes were revealed for the whole area studied by using cluster analyses via Principal Components of differences between values of Q, SLP, SAT in tropical and extratropical regions of the Asian Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans. The climate regime change in 70s of the 20th century in this area is confirmed by this method. It is also found that the climate regime is significantly changed at the end of the 20th century in both same area and World Ocean. The characteristic features of recent climate regime after 1996-1998 are SLP increase in the central extratropic area of Indian Ocean, North and South Pacific being prevailing in boreal winter. It is accompanying SLP increase and precipitation decrease in South Siberia and Mongolia prevailing in boreal summer. Inversed SLP and precipitation anomaly associated with increase of cyclone activity and extreme events in the land-ocean marginal zones including Southern Ocean, eastern Arctic, eastern Indian, western and eastern Pacific margins. It is known that low frequency PDO phase is also changed at the same time.
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Willis, Cope M., and Gary B. Griggs. "Delineating Long-Term Trends in Beach Change, Central California." In California and the World Ocean 2002. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40761(175)3.

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Yasakov, Alexey K. "Method for detection of jump-like change points in optical data using approximations with distribution functions." In Ocean Optics XII, edited by Jules S. Jaffe. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.190105.

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Reports on the topic "Ocean Change"

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Buesseler, Ken O., Di Jin, Melina Kourantidou, David S. Levin, Kilaparti Ramakrishna, and Philip Renaud. The ocean twilight zone’s role in climate change. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/28074.

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The ocean twilight zone (more formally known as the mesopelagic zone) plays a fundamental role in global climate. It is the mid-ocean region roughly 100 to 1000 meters below the surface, encompassing a half-mile deep belt of water that spans more than two-thirds of our planet. The top of the ocean twilight zone only receives 1% of incident sunlight and the bottom level is void of sunlight. Life in the ocean twilight zone helps to transport billions of metric tons (gigatonnes) of carbon annually from the upper ocean into the deep sea, due in part to processes known as the biological carbon pump. Once carbon moves below roughly 1000 meters depth in the ocean, it can remain out of the atmosphere for centuries to millennia. Without the benefits of the biological carbon pump, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration would increase by approximately 200 ppm 1 which would significantly amplify the negative effects of climate change that the world is currently trying to curtail and reverse. Unfortunately, existing scientific knowledge about this vast zone of the ocean, such as how chemical elements flow through its living systems and the physical environment, is extremely limited, jeopardizing the efforts to improve climate predictions and to inform fisheries management and ocean policy development.
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Schwinger, Jörg. Report on modifications of ocean carbon cycle feedbacks under ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d4.2.

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Ocean Alkalinization deliberately modifies the chemistry of the surface ocean to enhance the uptake of atmospheric CO2. Here we quantify, using idealized Earth system model (ESM) simulations, changes in carbon cycle feedbacks and in the seasonal cycle of the surface ocean carbonate system due to ocean alkalinization. We find that both, carbon-concentration and carbon climate feedback, are enhanced due to the increased sensitivity of the carbonate system to changes in atmospheric CO2 and changes in temperature. While the temperature effect, which decreases ocean carbon uptake, remains small in our model, the carbon concentration feedback enhances the uptake of carbon due to alkalinization by more than 20%. The seasonal cycle of air-sea CO2 fluxes is strongly enhanced due to an increased buffer capacity in an alkalinized ocean. This is independent of the seasonal cycle of pCO2, which is only slightly enhanced. The most significant change in the seasonality of the surface ocean carbonate system is an increased seasonal cycle of the aragonite saturation state, which has the potential to adversely affect ecosystem health.
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Spoors, F., C. D. B. Leakey, and M. A. James. Coast to ocean: a Fife-eye view: ocean literacy in Fife, Scotland. Scottish Oceans Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23981.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] Ocean Literacy (OL), or Ocean Citizenship, is the basis of a movement to sway positive, lasting change in communities that will benefit the sea, coast and climate. An ocean literate person is understanding of the ocean’s influence on their own lives, as well as the way that their behaviours influence the ocean and is knowledgeable concerning ocean threats. A degree of informed-ness (or ‘literacy’) is thought to inspire effective communication and allow for impactful decision-making regarding personal lifestyle and behaviours, which are subsequently beneficial to the marine and coastal environment. Not only that, a collective OL mindset may be translated into policy, informing marine spatial planning authorities of people’s expectations regarding their marine and coastal spaces.
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Cenedese, Claudia, and Mary-Louise Timmermans. 2017 program of studies: ice-ocean interactions. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27807.

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The 2017 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Summer Study Program theme was Ice-Ocean Interactions. Three principal lecturers, Andrew Fowler (Oxford), Adrian Jenkins (British Antarctic Survey) and Fiamma Straneo (WHOI/Scripps Institution of Oceanography) were our expert guides for the first two weeks. Their captivating lectures covered topics ranging from the theoretical underpinnings of ice-sheet dynamics, to models and observations of ice-ocean interactions and high-latitude ocean circulation, to the role of the cryosphere in climate change. These icy topics did not end after the first two weeks. Several of the Fellows' projects related to ice-ocean dynamics and thermodynamics, and many visitors gave talks on these themes.
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Ghil, M., S. Kravtsov, A. W. Robertson, and P. Smyth. Studies of regional-scale climate variability and change. Hidden Markov models and coupled ocean-atmosphere modes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/940218.

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Fedorov, Alexey. "What Controls the Structure and Stability of the Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation: Implications for Abrupt Climate Change?". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1107722.

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Keller, David P. Quantification of “constrained” potential of ocean NETs. OceanNets, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d4.1.

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This study uses an existing perturbed parameter ensemble (PPE) of simulated ocean CO2 removal (CDR) to better determine sustainable pathways of ocean-based NET deployment and to provide information to constrain the design of subsequent modelling experiments. The results show that ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) can only help meet SDG13 (Climate Action) when other ambitious mitigation efforts are taken. This reinforces that OAE is not a substitute for emissions reduction, but could contribute to meeting our climate goals (if other factors suggest OAE is worth doing). For SDG14 (Life Below Water), the results suggest OEA can contribute to limiting or even reversing ocean acidification. Meeting many other SDG14 objectives is closely linked to also meeting SDG13. A key recommendation is therefore, that subsequent simulations in OceanNETs should only use SDG13 compatible baseline scenarios, unless there is some specific need for process understanding at higher levels of climate change. The analysis has also determined that the idealized CDR in the PPE is not suitable for determining many socio-economic constraints and the implications that these have for meeting the SDGs. Another key recommendation is therefore, that subsequent simulations within OceanNETs should use more realistic scenarios of CDR deployment.
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Hunke, Elizabeth C. Ice at the Interface: Atmosphere-Ice-Ocean Boundary Layer Processes and Their Role in Polar Change---Workshop Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1047098.

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Pstuty, Norbert, Mark Duffy, Dennis Skidds, Tanya Silveira, Andrea Habeck, Katherine Ames, and Glenn Liu. Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network Geomorphological Monitoring Protocol: Part I—Ocean Shoreline Position, Version 2. National Park Service, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293713.

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Following a review of Vital Signs – indicators of ecosystem health – in the coastal parks of the Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network (NCBN), knowledge of shoreline change was ranked as the top variable for monitoring. Shoreline change is a basic element in the management of any coastal system because it contributes to the understanding of the functioning of the natural resources and to the administration of the cultural resources within the parks. Collection of information on the vectors of change relies on the establishment of a rigorous system of protocols to monitor elements of the coastal geomorphology that are guided by three basic principles: 1) all of the elements in the protocols are to be based on scientific principles; 2) the products of the monitoring must relate to issues of importance to park management; and 3) the application of the protocols must be capable of implementation at the local level within the NCBN. Changes in ocean shoreline position are recognized as interacting with many other elements of the Ocean Beach-Dune Ecosystem and are thus both driving and responding to the variety of natural and cultural factors active at the coast at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. The direction and magnitude of shoreline change can be monitored through the application of a protocol that tracks the spatial position of the neap-tide, high tide swash line under well-defined conditions of temporal sampling. Spring and fall surveys conducted in accordance with standard operating procedures will generate consistent and comparable shoreline position data sets that can be incorporated within a data matrix and subsequently analyzed for temporal and spatial variations. The Ocean Shoreline Position Monitoring Protocol will be applied to six parks in the NCBN: Assateague Island National Seashore, Cape Cod National Seashore, Fire Island National Seashore, Gateway National Recreation Area, George Washington Birthplace National Monument, and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site. Monitoring will be accomplished with a Global Positioning System (GPS )/ Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) unit capable of sub-meter horizontal accuracy that is usually mounted on an off-road vehicle and driven along the swash line. Under the guidance of a set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) (Psuty et al., 2022), the monitoring will generate comparable data sets. The protocol will produce shoreline change metrics following the methodology of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System developed by the United States Geological Survey. Annual Data Summaries and Trend Reports will present and analyze the collected data sets. All collected data will undergo rigorous quality-assurance and quality-control procedures and will be archived at the offices of the NCBN. All monitoring products will be made available via the National Park Service’s Integrated Resource Management Applications Portal.
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Adelekan, Ibidun, Anton Cartwright, Winston Chow, Sarah Colenbrander, Richard Dawson, Matthias Garschagen, Marjolijn Haasnoot, et al. Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/supsv209.2022.

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The second volume in the Summary for Urban Policymakers (SUP) series, Climate Change in Cities and Urban Areas: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, offers a concise and accessible distillation of the IPCC Working Group II Report. Cities are places of high risks from climate change, resulting from the interaction of climate change hazards, the exposure of infrastructure, people and ecosystems, the vulnerability of exposed elements and communities, and the negative or unintended effects of responses to climate change to people and ecosystems. This report assesses the feasibility and effectiveness of different adaptation options but highlights that adaptation has limits and can even lead to maladaptation, triggering unintended effects which increase risk, emissions and lock-ins. It synthesises the latest evidence on the necessary urban-led transformation, as well as evidence on operationalizing the five simultaneous system transitions across land, coastal, ocean and freshwater ecosystems; cities, regions, and infrastructure; energy and industrial systems, accelerated by societal choices. Cities and urban areas have a critical role to play in the climate resilient development needed to meet goals of climate change, human wellbeing, and ecosystem health challenges.
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