Academic literature on the topic 'Ocean Acidification Conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ocean Acidification Conditions"
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Radford, C. A., S. P. Collins, P. L. Munday, and D. Parsons. "Ocean acidification effects on fish hearing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1946 (March 3, 2021): 20202754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2754.
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Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through a multitude of effects, including increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting in warmer and acidified oceans. Elevated CO 2 conditions can cause sensory deficits and altered behaviours in marine organisms, either directly by affecting end organ sensitivity or due to likely alterations in brain chemistry. Previous studies show that auditory-associated behaviours of larval and juvenile fishes can be affected by elevated CO 2 (1000 µatm). Here, using auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and micro-computer tomography (microCT) we show that raising juvenile snapper, Chrysophyrs auratus , under predicted future CO 2 conditions resulted in significant changes to their hearing ability. Specifically, snapper raised under elevated CO 2 conditions had a significant decrease in low frequency (less than 200 Hz) hearing sensitivity. MicroCT demonstrated that these elevated CO 2 snapper had sacculus otolith's that were significantly larger and had fluctuating asymmetry, which likely explains the difference in hearing sensitivity. We suggest that elevated CO 2 conditions have a dual effect on hearing, directly effecting the sensitivity of the hearing end organs and altering previously described hearing induced behaviours. This is the first time that predicted future CO 2 conditions have been empirically linked through modification of auditory anatomy to changes in fish hearing ability. Given the widespread and well-documented impact of elevated CO 2 on fish auditory anatomy, predictions of how fish life-history functions dependent on hearing may respond to climate change may need to be reassessed.
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Leung, Jonathan Y. S., Zoë A. Doubleday, Ivan Nagelkerken, Yujie Chen, Zonghan Xie, and Sean D. Connell. "How calorie-rich food could help marine calcifiers in a CO 2 -rich future." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1906 (July 10, 2019): 20190757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0757.
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Increasing carbon emissions not only enrich oceans with CO 2 but also make them more acidic. This acidifying process has caused considerable concern because laboratory studies show that ocean acidification impairs calcification (or shell building) and survival of calcifiers by the end of this century. Whether this impairment in shell building also occurs in natural communities remains largely unexplored, but requires re-examination because of the recent counterintuitive finding that populations of calcifiers can be boosted by CO 2 enrichment. Using natural CO 2 vents, we found that ocean acidification resulted in the production of thicker, more crystalline and more mechanically resilient shells of a herbivorous gastropod, which was associated with the consumption of energy-enriched food (i.e. algae). This discovery suggests that boosted energy transfer may not only compensate for the energetic burden of ocean acidification but also enable calcifiers to build energetically costly shells that are robust to acidified conditions. We unlock a possible mechanism underlying the persistence of calcifiers in acidifying oceans.
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Hornick, Thomas, Lennart T. Bach, Katharine J. Crawfurd, Kristian Spilling, Eric P. Achterberg, Jason N. Woodhouse, Kai G. Schulz, Corina P. D. Brussaard, Ulf Riebesell, and Hans-Peter Grossart. "Ocean acidification impacts bacteria–phytoplankton coupling at low-nutrient conditions." Biogeosciences 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1-2017.
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Abstract. The oceans absorb about a quarter of the annually produced anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), resulting in a decrease in surface water pH, a process termed ocean acidification (OA). Surprisingly little is known about how OA affects the physiology of heterotrophic bacteria or the coupling of heterotrophic bacteria to phytoplankton when nutrients are limited. Previous experiments were, for the most part, undertaken during productive phases or following nutrient additions designed to stimulate algal blooms. Therefore, we performed an in situ large-volume mesocosm ( ∼ 55 m3) experiment in the Baltic Sea by simulating different fugacities of CO2 (fCO2) extending from present to future conditions. The study was conducted in July–August after the nominal spring bloom, in order to maintain low-nutrient conditions throughout the experiment. This resulted in phytoplankton communities dominated by small-sized functional groups (picophytoplankton). There was no consistent fCO2-induced effect on bacterial protein production (BPP), cell-specific BPP (csBPP) or biovolumes (BVs) of either free-living (FL) or particle-associated (PA) heterotrophic bacteria, when considered as individual components (univariate analyses). Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) revealed a significant effect of the fCO2 treatment on entire assemblages of dissolved and particulate nutrients, metabolic parameters and the bacteria–phytoplankton community. However, distance-based linear modelling only identified fCO2 as a factor explaining the variability observed amongst the microbial community composition, but not for explaining variability within the metabolic parameters. This suggests that fCO2 impacts on microbial metabolic parameters occurred indirectly through varying physicochemical parameters and microbial species composition. Cluster analyses examining the co-occurrence of different functional groups of bacteria and phytoplankton further revealed a separation of the four fCO2-treated mesocosms from both control mesocosms, indicating that complex trophic interactions might be altered in a future acidified ocean. Possible consequences for nutrient cycling and carbon export are still largely unknown, in particular in a nutrient-limited ocean.
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Punt, André E., Robert J. Foy, Michael G. Dalton, W. Christopher Long, and Katherine M. Swiney. "Effects of long-term exposure to ocean acidification conditions on future southern Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) fisheries management." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 3 (November 6, 2015): 849–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv205.
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Abstract Demographic models of pre- and post-recruitment population dynamics were developed to account for the effects of ocean acidification on biological parameters that affect southern Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) larval hatching success and larval and juvenile survival. Projections of stock biomass based on these linked models were used to calculate biological and economic reference points on which fisheries management advice is based and thus provide fisheries managers with strategic advice on the likely long-term consequences of ocean acidification. The models utilized information for southern Tanner crab in the eastern Bering Sea. This information included the monitoring data on which conventional size-structured stock assessments are based, as well as the functional relationships that determine survival based on experiments that evaluated the consequences of ocean acidification over the next 100–200 years on crab larval hatching success, larval survival, and the survival of juvenile crab. The results highlighted that juvenile survival had the largest effect (∼20% decrease over 75 years) on biological and economic reference points, while hatching success, particularly if density dependence occurs after hatching, and larval survival have smaller effects (<10% decrease). Catch and profits would be expected to decrease by >50% in 20 years if natural mortality is affected by ocean acidification. Additional laboratory data on oocyte and embryo development leads to large changes in biological reference points depending on the timing of ocean acidification effects relative to natural mortality. The results highlight the need for experiments to evaluate the longer term physiological effects of ocean acidification on multiple life history stages and to measure indices that directly inform population dynamics models to evaluate future management scenarios.
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Nagelkerken, Ivan, Kylie A. Pitt, Melchior D. Rutte, and Robbert C. Geertsma. "Ocean acidification alters fish–jellyfish symbiosis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1833 (June 29, 2016): 20161146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1146.
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Symbiotic relationships are common in nature, and are important for individual fitness and sustaining species populations. Global change is rapidly altering environmental conditions, but, with the exception of coral–microalgae interactions, we know little of how this will affect symbiotic relationships. We here test how the effects of ocean acidification, from rising anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, may alter symbiotic interactions between juvenile fish and their jellyfish hosts. Fishes treated with elevated seawater CO 2 concentrations, as forecast for the end of the century on a business-as-usual greenhouse gas emission scenario, were negatively affected in their behaviour. The total time that fish (yellowtail scad) spent close to their jellyfish host in a choice arena where they could see and smell their host was approximately three times shorter under future compared with ambient CO 2 conditions. Likewise, the mean number of attempts to associate with jellyfish was almost three times lower in CO 2 -treated compared with control fish, while only 63% (high CO 2 ) versus 86% (control) of all individuals tested initiated an association at all. By contrast, none of three fish species tested were attracted solely to jellyfish olfactory cues under present-day CO 2 conditions, suggesting that the altered fish–jellyfish association is not driven by negative effects of ocean acidification on olfaction. Because shelter is not widely available in the open water column and larvae of many (and often commercially important) pelagic species associate with jellyfish for protection against predators, modification of the fish–jellyfish symbiosis might lead to higher mortality and alter species population dynamics, and potentially have flow-on effects for their fisheries.
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Li, Futian, John Beardall, and Kunshan Gao. "Diatom performance in a future ocean: interactions between nitrogen limitation, temperature, and CO2-induced seawater acidification." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 4 (January 4, 2018): 1451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx239.
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Abstract Phytoplankton cells living in the surface waters of oceans are experiencing alterations in environmental conditions associated with global change. Given their importance in global primary productivity, it is of considerable concern to know how these organisms will perform physiologically under the changing levels of pH, temperatures, and nutrients predicted for future oceanic ecosystems. Here we show that the model diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana, when grown at different temperatures (20 or 24 °C), pCO2 (400 or 1000 µatm), and nitrate concentrations (2.5 or 102.5 µmol l−1), displayed contrasting performance in its physiology. Elevated pCO2 (and hence seawater acidification) under the nitrate-limited conditions led to decreases in specific growth rate, cell size, pigment content, photochemical quantum yield of PSII, and photosynthetic carbon fixation. Furthermore, increasing the temperature exacerbated the negative effects of the seawater acidification associated with elevated pCO2 on specific growth rate and chlorophyll content under the N-limited conditions. These results imply that a reduced upward transport of nutrients due to enhanced stratification associated with ocean warming might act synergistically to reduce growth and carbon fixation by diatoms under progressive ocean acidification, with important ramifications for ocean productivity and the strength of the biological CO2 pump.
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Matear, Richard J., and Andrew Lenton. "Carbon–climate feedbacks accelerate ocean acidification." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6 (March 22, 2018): 1721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1721-2018.
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Abstract. Carbon–climate feedbacks have the potential to significantly impact the future climate by altering atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Zaehle et al., 2010). By modifying the future atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the carbon–climate feedbacks will also influence the future ocean acidification trajectory. Here, we use the CO2 emissions scenarios from four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) with an Earth system model to project the future trajectories of ocean acidification with the inclusion of carbon–climate feedbacks. We show that simulated carbon–climate feedbacks can significantly impact the onset of undersaturated aragonite conditions in the Southern and Arctic oceans, the suitable habitat for tropical coral and the deepwater saturation states. Under the high-emissions scenarios (RCP8.5 and RCP6), the carbon–climate feedbacks advance the onset of surface water under saturation and the decline in suitable coral reef habitat by a decade or more. The impacts of the carbon–climate feedbacks are most significant for the medium- (RCP4.5) and low-emissions (RCP2.6) scenarios. For the RCP4.5 scenario, by 2100 the carbon–climate feedbacks nearly double the area of surface water undersaturated with respect to aragonite and reduce by 50 % the surface water suitable for coral reefs. For the RCP2.6 scenario, by 2100 the carbon–climate feedbacks reduce the area suitable for coral reefs by 40 % and increase the area of undersaturated surface water by 20 %. The sensitivity of ocean acidification to the carbon–climate feedbacks in the low to medium emission scenarios is important because recent CO2 emission reduction commitments are trying to transition emissions to such a scenario. Our study highlights the need to better characterise the carbon–climate feedbacks and ensure we do not underestimate the projected ocean acidification.
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deMayo, James A., Amanda Girod, Matthew C. Sasaki, and Hans G. Dam. "Adaptation to simultaneous warming and acidification carries a thermal tolerance cost in a marine copepod." Biology Letters 17, no. 7 (July 2021): 20210071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0071.
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The ocean is undergoing warming and acidification. Thermal tolerance is affected both by evolutionary adaptation and developmental plasticity. Yet, thermal tolerance in animals adapted to simultaneous warming and acidification is unknown. We experimentally evolved the ubiquitous copepod Acartia tonsa to future combined ocean warming and acidification conditions (OWA approx. 22°C, 2000 µatm CO 2 ) and then compared its thermal tolerance relative to ambient conditions (AM approx. 18°C, 400 µatm CO 2 ). The OWA and AM treatments were reciprocally transplanted after 65 generations to assess effects of developmental conditions on thermal tolerance and potential costs of adaptation. Treatments transplanted from OWA to AM conditions were assessed at the F1 and F9 generations following transplant. Adaptation to warming and acidification, paradoxically, reduces both thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity. These costs of adaptation to combined warming and acidification may limit future population resilience.
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Andrew, SM, RF Strzepek, O. Branson, and MJ Ellwood. "Ocean acidification reduces the growth of two Southern Ocean phytoplankton." Marine Ecology Progress Series 682 (January 20, 2022): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13923.
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Model projections for the Southern Ocean indicate that light, iron (Fe) availability, temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) will change concurrently in the future. We investigated the physiological responses of Southern Ocean phytoplankton to multiple variables by culturing the haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica and the diatom Chaetoceros flexuosus under various combinations of light, Fe, temperature and CO2. Using statistical models, the influence of each environmental variable was analysed for each physiological response, ultimately predicting how ‘future’ conditions (high temperature and high CO2) would influence the 2 phytoplankton species. Under future conditions, cellular chlorophyll a and carbon to nitrogen molar ratios were modelled to increase for both species in all light and Fe treatments, but at times were inconsistent with measured values. Measured and modelled values of the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) declined in cultures of P. antarctica due to concurrent increases in temperature and CO2, under all light and Fe treatments. The trends in Fv/Fm for C. flexuosus were less clear. Our model and observations suggest that when temperature and CO2 are concurrently increased, the growth of both species remains largely unchanged. This modelling analysis reveals that high CO2 exerts a strong negative influence on the growth of both phytoplankton, and any ‘future’ increase in growth can be attributed to the positive effect of warming rather than a CO2 fertilisation effect.
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Sutton, Adrienne J., Christopher L. Sabine, Richard A. Feely, Wei-Jun Cai, Meghan F. Cronin, Michael J. McPhaden, Julio M. Morell, et al. "Using present-day observations to detect when anthropogenic change forces surface ocean carbonate chemistry outside preindustrial bounds." Biogeosciences 13, no. 17 (September 13, 2016): 5065–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5065-2016.
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Abstract. One of the major challenges to assessing the impact of ocean acidification on marine life is detecting and interpreting long-term change in the context of natural variability. This study addresses this need through a global synthesis of monthly pH and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) climatologies for 12 open ocean, coastal, and coral reef locations using 3-hourly moored observations of surface seawater partial pressure of CO2 and pH collected together since as early as 2010. Mooring observations suggest open ocean subtropical and subarctic sites experience present-day surface pH and Ωarag conditions outside the bounds of preindustrial variability throughout most, if not all, of the year. In general, coastal mooring sites experience more natural variability and thus, more overlap with preindustrial conditions; however, present-day Ωarag conditions surpass biologically relevant thresholds associated with ocean acidification impacts on Mytilus californianus (Ωarag < 1.8) and Crassostrea gigas (Ωarag < 2.0) larvae in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) and Mya arenaria larvae in the Gulf of Maine (Ωarag < 1.6). At the most variable mooring locations in coastal systems of the CCE, subseasonal conditions approached Ωarag = 1. Global and regional models and data syntheses of ship-based observations tended to underestimate seasonal variability compared to mooring observations. Efforts such as this to characterize all patterns of pH and Ωarag variability and change at key locations are fundamental to assessing present-day biological impacts of ocean acidification, further improving experimental design to interrogate organism response under real-world conditions, and improving predictive models and vulnerability assessments seeking to quantify the broader impacts of ocean acidification.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ocean Acidification Conditions"
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Newbold, Lindsay Kate. "Microbial community organisation and functioning under ocean acidification conditions." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2576.
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Since industrialisation global CO2 emissions have increased, and as a consequence oceanic pH is predicted to drop by 0.3-0.4 units before the end of the century - a process coined ‘ocean acidification’ (OA). There is significant interest therefore in how pH changes will affect the oceans’ biota and integral processes. This thesis investigates microbial community organisation and functioning in response to predicted end of century CO2 concentrations using an elevated CO2 (~750ppm), large volume (11,000 L) contained seawater mesocosm. This thesis utilises RNA stable isotope probing (SIP) technologies, in conjunction with quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR), to investigate the response of microbial communities to elevated CO2. This thesis finds little evidence of changes occurring in bacterial abundance or community composition with elevated CO2, under both phytoplankton pre-bloom/bloom and post-bloom conditions. It is proposed that they represent a community resistant to the changes imposed. In contrast, significant differences were observed between treatments for a number of key eukaryote community members. These findings were investigated in the context of functional change, using the uptake of two key substrates (bicarbonate and glucose) as analogues for photosynthesis and respiration respectively. Unlike community abundance, distinct changes in carbon assimilation were detected in dominant members of the picoplankton. In conclusion the data presented suggest that although current microbial communities hold the capacity to respond to elevated CO2, future responses will likely be taxa specific and controlled by wider community dynamics.
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Dungan, Ashley M. "Species Specific Microcalcification in Reef Building Caribbean Corals in Ocean Acidification Conditions." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/392.
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Coral reefs are one of the most economically important ecosystems on the planet. Despite their great contribution to the world economy, anthropogenic influence via carbon dioxide emissions is leading to unprecedented changes with concerns about subsequent negative impacts on reefs. Surface ocean pH has dropped 0.1 units in the past century; in spite of this rapid shift in oceanic chemistry, it is unclear if individual species or life stages of Caribbean stony corals will be more sensitive to ocean acidification (OA). Examined is the relationship between CO2-induced seawater acidification, net calcification, photosynthesis, and respiration in three model Caribbean coral species: Orbicella faveolata, Montastraea cavernosa, and Dichocoenia stokesi, under near ambient (465 ± 5.52 ppm), and high (1451 ± 6.51 ppm) CO2 conditions. A species specific response was observed for net calcification; D. stokesi and M. cavernosa displayed a significant reduction in CaCO3 secreted under OA conditions, while O. faveolata fragments showed no significant difference. At the cellular level, transmission electron micrographs verified that all species and treatments were actively calcifying. Skeletal crystals nucleated by O. faveolata in the high CO2 treatments were statistically longer relative to controls. These results suggest that the addition of CO2 may shift the overall energy budget, causing a modification of skeletal aragonite crystal structures, rather than inhibiting skeletal crystal formation. Consequential to this energy shift, Orbicella faveolata belongs in the category of Scleractinian corals that exhibit a lower sensitivity to ocean acidification.
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Bouyoucos, Ian. "Les effets des conditions du changement climatique prévues sur les requins tropicaux." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02889401.
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Les requins sont menacés aux causes anthropiques ; mais, les conséquences qu’une menace nouveau, le changement climatique, sont mal connus. Pour ma thèse, j’ai testé l’hypothèse que le changement climatique agira sur les performances physiologiques des requins tropicaux pour réduire la valeur sélective. Mes objectives sont d’évaluer les effets des zones « nurseries » sur la performance physiologique, la performance physiologique in situ, les performances, préférences, et tolérances thermiques, et les effets du réchauffement et de l’acidification des océans sur la performance physiologique. J’ai trouvé que les requins pointes noires (Carcharhinus melanopterus) ont la croissance supérieure dans les zones nurseries mais l’acidification et le réchauffement agissent en synergie à la réduire. Mes résultats suggèrent que le changement climatique va réduire la valeur sélective des requins tropicaux par les effets sur les performances physiologiques qui sont associés aux zones nurseriesMyriad anthropogenic impacts drive declines in global shark populations; yet, the consequences of a newly recognised threat, global climate change, are poorly understood. This thesis tested the hypothesis that global change stressors (ocean acidification and warming) reduce fitness in tropical reef sharks via effects on physiological performance. My specific objectives were to define thermal performance in fitness-enhancing nursery areas, physiological performance in situ, associations between thermal performance, preference, and tolerance, and physiological performance under multiple global change stressors. I found that neonatal blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) have superior growth efficiency in nursery areas relative to other habitats, but ocean acidification and warming synergistically reduce performance. This thesis suggests that global change stressors reduce fitness in tropical reef sharks by acting on physiological traits that are associated with nursery areas
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Bergan, Alexander (Alexander John). "Pteropod shell condition, locomotion, and long-term population trends in the context of ocean acidification and environmental change." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111298.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Biological Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 159-168).
Thecosome pteropods are planktonic mollusks that form aragonite shells and that may experience increased dissolution and other adverse effects due to ocean acidification. This thesis focuses on assessing the possible biological effects of ocean acidification on the shells and locomotion of pteropods and examining the response of a local pteropod population to environmental change over time. I analyzed shell condition after exposing pteropods to elevated CO₂ as well as in natural populations to investigate the sensitivity of the shells of different species to aragonite saturation state ([omega][subscript A]). The pteropods (Limacina retroversa) from laboratory experiments showed the clearest pattern of shell dissolution in response to decreased [omega][subscript A], while wild populations either had non-significant regional trends in shell condition (Clio pyramidata) or variability in shell condition that did not match expectations due to regional variability in [omega][subscript A] (Limacina helicina). At locations with intermediate [omega][subscript A] (1.5-2.5) the variability seen in L. helicina shell condition might be affected by food availability more than tA. I examined sinking and swimming behaviors in the laboratory in order to investigate a possible fitness effect of ocean acidification on pteropods. The sinking rates of L. retroversa from elevated CO₂ treatments were slower in conjunction with worsened shell condition. These changes could increase their vulnerability to predators in the wild. Swimming ability was mostly unchanged by elevated CO₂ after experiments that were up to three weeks in duration. I used a long-term dataset of pteropods in the Gulf of Maine to directly test whether there has been a population effect of environmental change over the past several decades. I did not observe a population decline between 1977 and 2015, and L. retroversa abundance in the fall actually increased over the time series. Analysis of the habitat use of L. retroversa revealed seasonal associations with temperature, salinity, and bottom depths. The combination of laboratory experiments and field surveys helped to address gaps in knowledge about pteropod ecology and improve our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification on pteropods.
by Alexander Bergan.
Ph. D.
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Errera, Reagan Michelle. "Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis to Current and Projected Environmental Conditions: Salinity and Global Climate Change." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149433.
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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in frequency and duration worldwide. Karenia brevis, the major toxic dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico, produces potent neurotoxins, known as brevetoxins. For K. brevis, only minor concentrations of brevetoxins are needed to induce toxicity and environmental conditions appear to have the most direct impact on the cellular content of these toxins. A better understanding of K. brevis biology is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying toxin production and the ecology of such HABs, as well as to better anticipate and respond to such blooms. Here we present findings on the effect of salinity and availability of carbon on cellular physiology and brevetoxin and brevenal production by K. brevis. When grown at salinities of 35 and 27, but otherwise identical conditions, total brevetoxin cellular concentration varied between 0 to 18.5 pg cell-1 and brevenal varied between 0 and 1 pg cell-1. In response to hypoosmotic stress brevetoxin production was triggered, as a result, brevetoxin production increased up to 53%, while growth rates remained unchanged. A significant hypoosmotic event of >11%, was needed to trigger the response in brevetoxin production. To determine if K. brevis was sensing changes in specific ions within seawater (K+, Cl- or Ca2+), we systematically removed one ion while keeping the remaining ions at equivalent molar concentration for salinity of 35. Dilution in seawater K+ concentrations triggered the production of brevetoxins, increasing production ≥44%. Ecosystem changes due to climate change have increased the production of toxins in other HAB species; here we examined the impact on K. brevis. We have shown that modification of pCO2 level and temperature did not influence brevetoxin production; however, predicted climate change scenarios (increased temperature and pCO2) did significantly increase the growth rate of K. brevis, by 60% at 25°C and 55% at 30°C. We suggest that K. brevis blooms could benefit from predicted increase in pCO2 over the next 100 years. Overall, our findings close a critical gap in knowledge regarding the function of brevetoxin in K. brevis by identifying a connection between brevetoxin production and osmoacclimation.
Books on the topic "Ocean Acidification Conditions"
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Sheppard, Charles. 8. Climate change and reefs. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682775.003.0008.
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Reefs are more affected by the damaging consequences of climate change than any other ecosystem. ‘Climate change and reefs’ illustrates how the impacts of climate change add on to, and synergistically multiply, the harmful effects of local disease and pollution. Warming of the seas and an increase of intense light overload the photosynthetic mechanism and symbiotic algae die. When these are expelled, the coral appears bleached and may die if conditions continue. The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also leads to acidification of the oceans, which reduces the amount of carbonate available to corals for limestone deposition. Severely damaged or destroyed reefs will erode, which means they can no longer act as breakwaters for island communities.
Book chapters on the topic "Ocean Acidification Conditions"
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Andersson, Andreas J., and Fred T. Mackenzie. "Effects of Ocean Acidification on Benthic Processes, Organisms, and Ecosystems." In Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0012.
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The benthic environment refers to the region defined by the interface between a body of water and the bottom substrate, including the upper part of the sediments, regardless of the depth and geographical location. Hence, benthic environments, their organisms, and their ecosystems are highly variable as they encompass the full depth range of the oceans with associated changes in physical and chemical properties as well as differences linked to latitudinal and geographical variation. The effects of ocean acidification on the full range of different benthic organisms and ecosystems are poorly known and difficult to ascertain. Nevertheless, by integrating our current knowledge on the effects of ocean acidification on major benthic biogeochemical processes, individual benthic organisms, and observed characteristics of benthic environments as a function of seawater carbonate chemistry, it is possible to draw conclusions regarding the response of benthic organisms and ecosystems to a world of increasingly higher atmospheric CO2 levels. The fact that there are large-scale geographical and spatial differences in seawater carbonate system chemistry (see Chapter 3), owing to both natural and anthropogenic processes, provides a powerful means to evaluate the effect of ocean acidification on marine benthic systems. In addition, there are local and regional environments that experience high-CO2 and low-pH conditions owing to special circumstances such as, for example, volcanic vents (Hall- Spencer et al . 2008 ; Martin et al . 2008 ; Rodolfo-Metalpa et al . 2010), seasonal stratification (Andersson et al . 2007), and upwelling (Feely et al . 2008 ; Manzello et al . 2008 ) that may provide important clues to the impacts of ocean acidification on benthic processes, organisms, and ecosystems. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the potential consequences of ocean acidification on marine benthic organisms, communities, and ecosystems, and the major biogeochemical processes governing the cycling of carbon in the marine benthic environment, including primary production, respiration, calcification, and CaCO3 dissolution. The depth of the euphotic zone, i.e. the depth of water exposed to sufficient sunlight to support photosynthesis, varies depending on a range of factors affecting the clarity of seawater, including river input and run-off to the coastal ocean, upwelling, mixing, and planktonic production.
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Pörtner, Hans-O., and Magda Gutowska. "Effects of Ocean Acidification on Nektonic Organisms." In Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0013.
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The average surface-ocean pH is reported to have declined by more than 0.1 units from the pre-industrial level ( Orr et al. 2005 ), and is projected to decrease by another 0.14 to 0.35 units by the end of this century, due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Caldeira and Wickett 2005 ; see also Chapters 3 and 14). These global-scale predictions deal with average surface-ocean values, but coastal regions are not well represented because of a lack of data, complexities of nearshore circulation processes, and spatially coarse model resolution (Fabry et al. 2008 ; Chapter 3 ). The carbonate chemistry of coastal waters and of deeper water layers can be substantially different from that in surface water of offshore regions. For instance, Frankignoulle et al. ( 1998 ) reported pCO2 (note 1) levels ranging from 500 to 9400 μatm in estuarine embayments (inner estuaries) and up to 1330 μatm in river plumes at sea (outer estuaries) in Europe. Zhai et al. (2005) reported pCO2 values of > 4000 μatm in the Pearl River Estuary, which drains into the South China Sea. Similarly, oxygen minimum layers show elevated pCO2 levels, associated with the degree of hypoxia (Millero 1996). These findings suggest that some coastal and mid-water animals, both pelagic and benthic, are regularly experiencing hypercapnic hypercapnic conditions (i.e. elevated pCO2 levels), that reach beyond those projected in the offshore surface ocean. These organisms might, therefore, be preadapted to relatively high ambient pCO2 levels. The anthropogenic signal will nonetheless be superimposed on the pre-existing natural variability. These phenomena lead to the question of whether future changes in the ocean’s carbonate chemistry pose a serious problem for marine organisms. Those with calcareous skeletons or shells, such as corals and some plankton, have been at the centre of scientific interest. However, elevated CO2 levels may also have detrimental effects on the survival, growth, and physiology of marine animals more generally (Pörtner and Reipschläger 1996; Seibel and Fabry 2003; Fabry et al. 2008; Pörtner 2008; Melzner et al. 2009a).
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Widdicombe, Stephen, and John I. Spicer. "Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sediment Fauna." In Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0014.
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The vast majority of the seafloor is covered not in rocky or biogenic reefs but in unconsolidated sediments and, consequently, the majority of marine biodiversity consists of invertebrates either residing in (infauna) or on (epifauna) sediments (Snelgrove 1999). The biodiversity within these sediments is a result of complex interactions between the underlying environmental conditions (e.g. depth, temperature, organic supply, and granulometry) and the biological interactions operating between organisms (e.g. predation and competition). Not only are sediments important depositories of biodiversity but they are also critical components in many key ecosystem functions. Nowhere is this more apparent than in shallow coastal seas and oceans which, despite covering less than 10% of the earth’s surface, deliver up to 30% of marine production and 90% of marine fisheries (Gattuso et al. 1998). These areas are also the site for 80% of organic matter burial and 90% of sedimentary mineralization and nutrient–sediment biogeochemical processes. They also act as the sink for up to 90% of the suspended load in the world’s rivers and the many associated contaminants this material contains (Gattuso et al. 1998). Human beings depend heavily on the goods and services provided, for free, by the marine realm (Hassan et al. 2005 ) and it is no coincidence that nearly 70% of all humans live within 60 km of the sea or that 75% of all cities with more than 10 million inhabitants are in the coastal zone (Small and Nicholls 2003; McGranahan et al. 2007) Given these facts, it is clear that any broad-scale environmental impact that affects the diversity, structure, and function of sediment ecosystems could have a considerable impact on human health and well-being. It is therefore essential that the impacts of ocean acidification on sediment fauna, and the ecosystem functions they support, are adequately considered. This chapter will first describe the geochemical environment within which sediment organisms live. It will then explore the role that sediment organisms play as ecosystem engineers and how they alter the environment in which they live and the overall biodiversity of sediment communities.
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Joos, Fortunat, and Thomas L. Frölicher. "Impact of Climate Change Mitigation On Ocean Acidification Projections." In Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0019.
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Ocean acidification caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the ocean is an important global change problem (Kleypas et al. 1999; Caldeira and Wickett 2003; Doney et al. 2009). Ongoing ocean acidification is closely linked to global warming, as acidification and warming are primarily caused by continued anthropogenic emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel burning (Marland et al. 2008 ), land use, and land-use change (Strassmann et al. 2007). Future ocean acidification will be determined by past and future emissions of CO2 and their redistribution within the earth system and the ocean. Calculation of the potential range of ocean acidification requires consideration of both a plausible range of emissions scenarios and uncertainties in earth system responses, preferably by using results from multiple scenarios and models. The goal of this chapter is to map out the spatiotemporal evolution of ocean acidification for different metrics and for a wide range of multigas climate change emissions scenarios from the integrated assessment models (Nakićenović 2000; Van Vuuren et al. 2008b). By including emissions reduction scenarios that are among the most stringent in the current literature, this chapter explores the potential benefits of climate mitigation actions in terms of how much ocean acidification can be avoided and how much is likely to remain as a result of inertia within the energy and climate systems. The longterm impacts of carbon emissions are addressed using so-called zero-emissions commitment scenarios and pathways leading to stabilization of atmospheric CO 2. Discussion will primarily rely on results from the cost-efficient Bern2.5CC model (Plattner et al. 2008) and the comprehensive carbon cycle– climate model of the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), CSM1.4-carbon (Steinacher et al. 2009; Frölicher and Joos 2010). The magnitude of the human perturbation of the climate system is well documented by observations (Solomon e t al. 2007). Carbon emissions from human activities force the atmospheric composition, climate, and the geochemical state of the ocean towards conditions that are unique for at least the last million years (see Chapter 2).
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Zeng, Chaoshu, Guiomar Rotllant, Luis Giménez, and Nicholas Romano. "Effects of Environmental Conditions on Larval Growth and Development." In Developmental Biology and Larval Ecology, 195–222. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648954.003.0007.
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The vast majority of crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or freshwater environments. Marine crustaceans—such as copepods, in particular—are ubiquitous in the oceans and perhaps the most numerous metazoans on Earth. Because crustaceans occur in all marine habitats, their larvae are exposed to highly diverse and sometimes variable environmental conditions, including extreme situations in which various environmental factors exert significant effects on larval growth and development. This chapter first describes the effects of food availability on crustacean larvae. Food paucity is a commonly occurring scenario in the wild, which can directly affect larval growth and development and, in severe cases, results in mortality. In the subsequent sections, we cover the effects of temperature and salinity—the two most prominent physical parameters in the aquatic environments—on growth and development of crustacean larvae. We then discuss the influence of other important physicochemical factors in aquatic environments on larval growth and development, including dissolved oxygen, light, ocean acidification, and pollutants. Finally, the last two sections of this chapter discuss synergistic effects of different environmental factors and suggest future research directions in this field.
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Mishra, Harshita, Ashutosh Pathak, P. V. Subba Rao, and K. Suresh Kumar. "Physiology of Algae." In Handbook of Research on Algae as a Sustainable Solution for Food, Energy, and the Environment, 140–74. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-2438-4.ch006.
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Algae are a fascinatingly diverse group of photosynthetic organisms existing in diverse environments (ranging from oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, and brackish waters). Comprising the base of the aquatic food ecosystem, algae have pivotal ecological functions as oxygen producers. Ranging in size from unicellular microalgae to the giant kelp, they have a wide range of (food, pharmaceutical, and industrial) applications. Physiology of algae comprises the study of algal function and behaviour. It encompasses all the dynamic processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction, defence, communication of algae (that account for algae being alive), and the processes underlying large biogeographical patterns of algae. Several biotic and abiotic environmental variables such as nutrients, light, temperature stress, salinity stress, desiccation, global warming, and ocean acidification affect algal growth and occurrence. This chapter provides a rudimentary insight regarding the growth, reproduction, and biochemistry of algae under varying environmental conditions.
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Bris, Nadine Le, and Lisa A. Levin. "Climate change cumulative impacts on deep-sea ecosystems." In Natural Capital and Exploitation of the Deep Ocean, 161–82. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841654.003.0009.
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Climate models report that the environmental changes resulting from excess CO2 and heat absorption by the ocean already reach many deep-ocean margins, basins, and seas. Decadal monitoring programmes have confirmed significant warming and deoxygenation trends down to the abyss, which combine with CO2-enriched, more corrosive conditions. Although the resolution of current models does not account for the typical mesoscale seafloor heterogeneity, cumulative impacts on biodiversity and productivity hotpots are anticipated. The growing interest in deep-sea resource exploitation has shed light on the lack of knowledge about current climate-driven disturbance and potential cumulative threats at great depth. Assessing the sensitivity of deep-sea ecosystems to temperature increase combined with oxygen and resource decline is emerging as a growing challenge. The natural patchiness of deep-seafloor habitats and associated deep-sea diversity patterns inform about environmental constraints over space, but the temporal dynamics of these systems is not well known. Experimental studies are required to assess the physiological limits and explore the adaptation and acclimation potential of foundation species exposed to various forms of abiotic stress. The case of cold-water corals is particularly illustrative of the potential synergistic effects of climate stressors, including warming, acidification, deoxygation, and reduced food availability. Addressing ecosystem vulnerability also requires dedicated monitoring efforts to identify the current and future drivers of climate-change impacts on deep-sea habitats. United Nations policy objectives for protected high-sea biodiversity and healthy oceans and seas drive the momentum towards better climate-change forecasting over the ocean-depth range and related integrated observing strategies.
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McMichael, Anthony. "From Cambrian Explosion to First Farmers: How Climate Made Us Human." In Climate Change and the Health of Nations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190262952.003.0009.
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Details Blur As We peer back through millions of years, but the outline of the story is clear enough. During the past 2– 3 million years, our hominin forebears had to cope with an increasingly variable and cooling climate. Across those 100,000 Homo generations, survival and reproduction depended on maintaining biological and behavioral compatibility with constantly changing climatic and environmental conditions. Hence much of modern human biological versatility and adaptability, including several unique aspects of brain function, comes from evolution’s selective winnowing within those ancient predecessor populations. The genes of the survivors, those best able to reproduce, are part of our genetic inheritance today. That climate change has been a major source of natural selective pressure has long been known. Alfred Russel Wallace, the overshadowed younger contemporary of Charles Darwin and codiscoverer of evolution by natural selection, wrote that, among the variations occurring in every fresh generation, survival of the fittest occurred in response to the “changes of climate, of food, of enemies always in progress.” The corollary, of course, is that since biological evolution must focus on surviving the present, oblivious of the future, it provides no guarantee against extinction. Even so, a multivalent brain that enables cultural and behavioral adaptability and strategic forward thinking would surely help an animal species cope better with subsequent environmental changes. Indeed, it seems to have worked sufficiently well for our Homo genus ancestors during two million years of ever- changing climatic conditions for at least one Homo species to have carried the baton of survival into the present. In the next two centuries, our species faces a new challenge of greater, faster, and protracted climate change. Since the Cambrian Explosion of new life forms around 540 million years ago, there have been five great natural extinctions and many lesser ones. The earliest extinction of multicellular life, though less destructive than its successors, occurred around 510 million years ago, apparently due to acute sulfurous shrouding, cooling, and oxygen deprivation caused by a massive volcanic eruption in northwest Australia. Most of these catastrophic transitions were marked by climate extremes, volcanic activity, and altered ocean chemistry, especially rapid surface acidification of shallow coastal waters.
Conference papers on the topic "Ocean Acidification Conditions"
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Hensel, Hannah, David Gold, and Sandra J. Carlson. "PACIFIC LITTLENECK CLAM (LEUKOMA STAMINEA) GROWTH UNDER ACIDIFIED CONDITIONS: CAN ADDING SHELL HASH TO COASTAL SEDIMENTS MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION?" In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-381614.
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Nan, Zhao, Zhang Liwei, Wang Rongjun, Wang Qing, Zhang Mengchuan, Yao Erdong, and Wang Bo. "Experimental Study on Temporary Plugging Diverting Acidification of Heterogeneous Sandstone Reservoirs." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78751.
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Abstract Matrix acidizing is the primary well stimulation method applied to increase the oil and gas production of sandstone reservoirs. However, for reservoirs with many small layers and strong heterogeneity, the permeability of the thief zone is increased because a large amount of acid is easy to enter it, and the less permeable layer that needs to be stimulated cannot be improved, which lead to the interlayer heterogeneity more serious. The method of uniform distribution acid in heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs has been rarely studied. In this paper, temporary plugging and diverting acidizing is suggested to solve the problem of uniform acid distribution in heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs. The temporarily plugged powder is trapped in the front edge of the high-permeability core to form a filter cake. The acid is forced to enter the low-permeability core to achieve uniform acidification. The results show that the dissolving rate of 50 and 100 mesh temporarily blocked powders is more than 99% under the condition of reservoir temperature and can flowback entirely to the surface without harming the reservoir. The core flooding experiment shows that a 2MPa diverting pressure was induced by 0.1% temporary plugging powder. when the permeability level difference is 50, the permeability of the low permeability core can be improved by more than 50%. It indicated that the temporary plugging powder has a strong plugging ability for high permeability core and a good stimulation effect for low permeability core. Laboratory experiments show that temporary plugging diverting acidification (TPDA) has an excellent stimulation effect on the reservoir with strong heterogeneity in the long well section, which will be an important reference for the realization of uniform acidizing.
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Long, Henry A., and Ting Wang. "Performance of an Integrated Mild/Partial Gasification Combined (IMPGC) Cycle With Carbon Capture in Comparison With Other Power Systems." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10279.
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Abstract With rising concerns about potential CO2 emissions and the effects of which on climate change and ocean acidification, it becomes necessary to consider developing newer and cleaner power plant technologies, including carbon capture. A conceptual clean coal technology called the Integrated Mild/Partial Gasification Combined (IMPGC) cycle implemented with a post-combustion carbon capture process is introduced in this paper. The IMPGC cycle employs mild gasification to preserve the high energy volatile matters within the coal and partial gasification to supplement the steam bottom cycle with a purely char-fired PC plant boiler. The performance of this newly conceptualized model is compared to those of other types of power plants, including natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), and pulverized coal (PC) Rankine cycle plants under the condition that all plants utilize carbon capture in some form so as to achieve the same overall CO2 emissions as a high-performing NGCC plant. The results show that, while natural gas is still the top-performing power plant, IMPGC with carbon capture has the highest performance of all coal plants studied (∼39.7%), able to achieve the same CO2 emissions as natural gas, but with the same efficiency as a top-of-the-line subcritical Rankine cycle plant without carbon capture. This is about 2.5 percentage points better than an IGCC plant with carbon capture, ∼8 percentage points better than an ultra-supercritical Rankine cycle plant with carbon capture, and over 9 points better than a subcritical plant with carbon capture. This high performance is achieved through the use of a warm gas cleanup process based on the technology developed by RTI with the support of the U.S. Department of Energy.