Journal articles on the topic 'Occupations'
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Palikhe, Amin, Netra Prasad Subedi, Hari Bahadur Bhandari, and Nabin Bahadur Adhikari. "Causes of Occupational Changes among Dalit Communities of Kaski District." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 01 (December 31, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v10i01.42612.
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Occupational change from traditionally adopted occupations to new occupations is an increasing trend in the new generation of Nepalese society. And this seems relatively high in the people of Dalit communities. This study aims to investigate the status of occupational change and their causes among the Dalit communities of the Kaski district. This study has conducted by using the quantitative nature of data collected from primary sources with the help of a structured questionnaire. Total 300 head of the household covering 150 from each urban and rural area including 50 each from three Dalit caste groups namely Nepali (Sarki), Pariyar (Damai), and Bishowkarma (Kami) are the sample for this study. The information regarding the occupational change was collected from the head of the household. The study reveals that there is a statistically significant difference in the involvement in a particular occupation in the past and at present. The tendency of abandoning past & caste-based occupation and shifting to new & modern occupation is high (63.33%) among the people of the Dalit communities. While investigating towards causes for occupational change; insufficient for livelihood, low return compares to costs & efforts, lack of skills & knowledge of past occupations, skills & knowledge of other occupations, lack of work for a whole year in traditional occupations, have found as the key causes for the occupational change in the Dalit communities. However, 36.67 percent still involved in past occupations, and the key causes for no change in the past occupations are lack of other skill & knowledge, satisfaction in the past occupation, and lack of capital.
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Torre, Margarita. "Attrition from Male-dominated Occupations." Sociological Perspectives 60, no. 4 (December 23, 2016): 665–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121416683160.
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Women in male-dominated occupations remain at a considerable risk of attrition. This study examines both the consequences of being an occupational minority and the effect of occupational attributes on women’s exit from male-dominated occupations. Drawing on prior theories and empirical studies, I argue that women in high-status occupations are better prepared than women in low-status occupations to overcome obstacles derived from their minority status. Using the Current Population Survey data set and the Occupational Information Network database, this study reveals that a greater proportion of males in an occupation increases the probability of exit from low-status occupations, once we account for relevant individual and occupational attributes. Conversely, women employed in high-status occupations are less likely to leave strongly male-dominated occupations. These findings underscore that women’s attrition from male-dominated occupations cannot be adequately explained without considering differences among women at the moment of hiring.
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Redlich Amirav, Dorit, Denise Larsen, and Elizabeth Taylor. "Imbuing Occupations with Spiritual Significance Fosters Experiences of Hope." OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 41, no. 3 (January 12, 2021): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1539449220985903.
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In theories of occupational therapy, occupation serves as a conduit for creating meaning and well-being. A crucial component of occupational therapy is developing and maintaining hope of clients during periods of major difficulty. Understanding the relationship between hope and occupation can prove helpful in stressful situations, such as caring for children with chronic illnesses. The aim of the present study was to identify occupations that foster experiences of hope among mothers of adult children with mental illness. A qualitative approach, informed by a constructivist framework and thematic analysis, was used to interpret and explicate relevant occupation-related themes that fostered hope in four mothers. The mother-participants reported engaging in various occupations, yet only occupations that were imbued with spiritual significance fostered experiences of hope. This study brings to the forefront of occupational therapy discourse the issue of spiritual connectedness as a potential link between occupations and hope.
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Keptner, Karen M., and Rachel Rogers. "Competence and Satisfaction in Occupational Performance Among a Sample of University Students: An Exploratory Study." OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 39, no. 4 (November 22, 2018): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1539449218813702.
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Success at university may be influenced by concerns with occupation and occupational performance. To understand occupations of concern and occupational performance among a sample ( N = 144) of university students in the Midwest United States, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was administered. Socially related ( n = 103), academic-related ( n = 75), and work-related ( n = 64) occupations were the three most frequently reported occupational concerns. Time management ( n = 79) was the most frequent person-level concern. Mean self-perceived competence in occupations was 29.83 ( SD = 7.18) out of 50 and mean performance satisfaction was 26.80 ( SD = 8.01) out of 50. There were no differences in occupational performance across gender, race/ethnicity, class standing, living environment, or work status. However, within participants, there was a significant and clinically relevant difference between performance satisfaction and self-perceived competence in occupation, t(143) = 7.052, p < .0005, d = 0.58. Students have varied occupations that they find important, and future research should explore how occupational performance and performance satisfaction influence university success.
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Xiu, Lin, and Morley Gunderson. "Occupational segregation and the gender earnings gap in China: devils in the details." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 5 (August 3, 2015): 711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-03-2013-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the gender earnings gap in China with a focus on the role of differences in the occupational distribution of males and females. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a procedure to model occupational attainments and decompose differences in earnings into an inter-occupational portion due to differences in the occupational distribution between males and females, and an intra-occupational portion due to differences in pay. The analysis is based on Chinese census data. Findings – The authors find that the male-female pay gap is virtually completely explained by wage discrimination defined as females being paid less than males within the occupation groups based on six broad occupations. Occupational segregation explains virtually none of the overall male-female pay gap, and in fact the “segregation” slightly favors women. However, the picture changes substantially when the analysis is conducted at the more disaggregate sub-occupation level within each of the six broad groups. Wage discrimination remains the prominent contributor to the pay gap across the disaggregated sub-occupations in each of the broad occupations. But there is considerable heterogeneity in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations within the different broad occupational groups. Social implications – When females have the same occupation-determining characteristics as men, they are in lower paying sub-occupations within the professional group and to a lesser extent within manufacturing and operations jobs. There is considerable heterogeneity in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations in the different broad occupational groups. Originality/value – The paper systematically examines the degree to which the gender earnings gap in China is due to the differences in occupational distributions of males and females, highlighting that the conventional Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions can under- or over- estimate the unexplained portion of the gender pay gap by controlling or not controlling for differences in the occupational distribution of males and females. The paper also shows that previous studies that have examined occupational segregation across aggregate occupational groups can mask important differences in the effect of occupational discrimination within the sub-occupations in the different broad occupational groups.
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Tudor-Locke, Catrine, Barbara E. Ainsworth, Tracy L. Washington, and Richard Troiano. "Assigning Metabolic Equivalent Values to the 2002 Census Occupational Classification System." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 4 (May 2011): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.4.581.
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Background:The Current Population Survey (CPS) and the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) use the 2002 census occupation system to classify workers into 509 separate occupations arranged into 22 major occupational categories.Methods:We describe the methods and rationale for assigning detailed Metabolic Equivalent (MET) estimates to occupations and present population estimates (comparing outputs generated by analysis of previously published summary MET estimates to the detailed MET estimates) of intensities of occupational activity using the 2003 ATUS data comprised of 20,720 respondents, 5323 (2917 males and 2406 females) of whom reported working 6+ hours at their primary occupation on their assigned reporting day.Results:Analysis using the summary MET estimates resulted in 4% more workers in sedentary occupations, 6% more in light, 7% less in moderate, and 3% less in vigorous compared with using the detailed MET estimates. The detailed estimates are more sensitive to identifying individuals who do any occupational activity that is moderate or vigorous in intensity resulting in fewer workers in sedentary and light intensity occupations.Conclusions:Since CPS/ATUS regularly captures occupation data it will be possible to track prevalence of the different intensity levels of occupations. Updates will be required with inevitable adjustments to future occupational classification systems.
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Yu, Wei-hsin, and Janet Chen-Lan Kuo. "Gender-Atypical Occupations and Instability of Intimate Unions: Examining the Relationship and Mechanisms." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211000177.
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Although social scientists have long been interested in the effects of occupational gender composition on workers, previous research has rarely examined how working in a gender-atypical occupation affects people’s private lives. This study draws on 17 rounds of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to investigate how individuals in occupations with varying gender ratios differ in the stability of their intimate unions. The authors also consider various mechanisms that may explain the link between working in a gender-atypical occupation and union instability. Results from random-effects event-history models show that both men and women in gender-atypical occupations experience faster paces of union dissolution than their counterparts in gender-balanced or gender-typical occupations. Female-dominant occupations’ lower pay accounts for a modest portion of the effect of working in female-typed occupations on men’s union instability. By contrast, the more irregular work schedules of male-typed occupations explain a substantial part of why women in such occupations have lower union stability. The remaining associations between occupational gender composition and union instability, we suggest, reflect the tendency for men and women in gender-atypical occupations to undergo greater psychological strain, which in turn increases the difficulty of maintaining intimate relationships.
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Laditka, Sarah, James Laditka, and Ahmed Arif. "Linking Work-Life Occupational Exposures With Distress and Mortality Before and After Retirement." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1425.
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Abstract Mental health problems have surpassed musculoskeletal injuries as causes of work disability. Workers in certain occupations may have high risks for mental health problems and premature death even after retirement. People in high risk occupations for many years may be particularly vulnerable, along with groups with higher health risks such as rural residents. Little research examines their occupation-related risks. No research has examined how occupational exposures affect mental health in retirement. We studied these life course risks using the nationally representative Panel Study of Income Dynamics, following participants 36 years beginning 1981, with annual measures of occupation and distress (n=16,994; 129,880 occupation measures; 415 deaths). We estimated hazards of developing distress in occupations hypothesized to have high and low distress risks, adjusted for factors associated with occupational choice and mental health including age, education, income, race/ethnicity, sex, childhood and midlife health, and family trauma. Compared to low risk occupations, working in high risk occupations was associated with 20% elevated odds of distress (adjusted odds ratio, OR 1.20, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.13 1.28) and 55% elevated risk of death (hazard ratio 1.55, CI 1.11-2.16). Each additional year in a high risk occupation increased the odds by 5%. Rural residents had the highest occupation-related distress risk (adjusted OR 3.05, CI 2.39-3.97). At ages 70+ each additional past exposure year was associated with 2% higher distress risk (p<0.05), and 4.6% higher mortality (p<0.05). Workers in certain occupations have high risks of psychological distress and death, even after retirement.
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Wittlich, Marc. "SS10-03 DATA AND CRITERIA FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE OCCUPATIONAL RISK RELATED TO SOLAR UV RADIATION." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0098.
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Abstract Introduction Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer in Western countries. Occupational health prevention must be introduced as a strong instrument in workers protection also with regard to occupational disease issues. To date, criteria for both occupational health prevention and occupational disease are missing and the identification of risk groups has no metric basis. Materials and Methods With GENESIS-UV, we measured the largest data set available to date. Criteria for occupational health prevention were specifically mapped on occupation-specific dosimetric measurements of 45,000 measurement days in 176 occupations and sub-occupations to identify affected occupations. The number of employees affected were elucidated, worldwide. Finally, a direct link to retrospective occupational disease criteria could be established. Results The data set has been published and made available for scientists all over the world. Regarding occupational health prevention, of the 176 occupations and sub-occupations selected for this work, 153 (= 87%) exceed the criterion and thus need special attention. This includes all occupations with annual exposures of more than 150 SED. Employment figures for the EU and the world yield the total number of affected workers to be 36.1 million and more than 500 million, respectively. Conclusions These new criteria for occupational health prevention are valid and in good agreement with international research by WHO and ICNIRP. If applied correctly and consistently, these criteria can prevent occupational disease. It will be possible to identify occupations and sub-occupations that have an urgent need for prevention to avoid chronic skin damage leading to cancer.
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Bontje, Peter, Staffan Josephsson, Yumi Tamura, Yu Ishibashi, Yuki Sakane, Yasuyo Horibe, and Eric Asaba. "Cocreation from Emerging Opportunities: Occupational Therapists’ Perspectives on Supporting Older Persons, in Japan." Occupational Therapy International 2022 (July 21, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5495055.
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Introduction. Practices of occupational therapists, particularly those supporting older persons with physical impairments, remain overly focused on remediating impairments, and implementation of occupation-centered practices remains fraught with difficulties. In Japan, this issue exists across the continuum from acute care to rehabilitation settings and into the community. This is despite the existence of international models and frameworks that place occupation at the core of the profession. Accordingly, there is a need to better understand how occupational therapists respond to the call for occupation-centered practices across the said continuum of care with this population. The aim of this study was at exploring and understanding occupational therapists’ experiences of supporting the resumption of occupations among older persons with physical impairments, in Japan. Methods. Embedded in a constructivist world view, this was a qualitative focus group study. Four focus groups (two in urban areas and one each in rural and semirural areas), consisting of seven or eight occupational therapists with at least three years of relevant practice experience, convened twice to narrate and explore their support of older persons. All were participating voluntarily with confidentiality of their participation being guaranteed by the researchers. They met for a third time to verify emerging analytic results. Data were analysed using a reflective thematic analysis. Results. Identified were three themes, namely, calling forth powers of occupations, imagining client’s future, and cocreating plots, which we synthesized into recurring cocreations from emerging opportunities. Discussion. Supporting the resumption of occupations among older persons with physical impairments hinges on repeated processes of identifying possibilities for occupation, followed by actions to bring these (e.g., images of clients’ future) into reality. Occupations’ healing properties (i.e., occupations’ powers) can be used to assist clients in experiencing health and well-being. The results suggest a reframing of occupational therapy practices as recurring processes of recognizing opportunities for occupation, followed by actions whereby these possibilities are turned into reality. Occupational therapy effectiveness might be enhanced when goals and methods are repeatedly and creatively aligned with the evolving plots cocreated between the client, therapist, and stakeholders.
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Jenkins, P. J., D. Srikantharajah, A. D. Duckworth, A. C. Watts, and J. E. McEachan. "Carpal tunnel syndrome: the association with occupation at a population level." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 38, no. 1 (July 24, 2012): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193412455790.
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The aim of this study was to examine the association of occupation and gender with the incidence and severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We examined 884 patients of working age, diagnosed with CTS, in a specialist hand clinic that was the only provider of hand services to a health board area. We categorized occupation using the Standard Occupational Classification 2010 (SOC2010) and used local census data to calculate the incidence in each of the nine major occupational groups. The greatest incidence was in caring and leisure occupations (197 per 100 000 population per year), while the lowest incidence was in the associate professional group (37 per 100 000). Professional occupations had a high incidence of CTS, along with skilled trades and elementary occupations. Women had a higher incidence of CTS than men in managerial, professional, skilled trades, and elementary occupations (OR 2.9–3.6). The Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score varied across occupational groups ( p < 0.001) and was worst in the caring and leisure group. As traditional heavy industry associated with previously described occupational risks declines, new patterns of occupational association may emerge. We recommend ongoing observational research of potential occupational risk factors to identify these new trends.
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Kumar, Indraneel, Lionel J. Beaulieu, Andrey Zhalnin, and Chun Song. "Occupational Competitiveness Analysis of the U.S. Transportation and Logistics Cluster." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 1 (January 2020): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120901677.
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This paper explores occupational or human capital attributes of transportation and logistics clusters in the U.S., by analyzing logistics clusters, such as Memphis and uncovers the differences in occupations or knowledge and skill contents of the workforce. The research builds on previous studies funded by the U.S. Economic Development Administration on U.S. occupation clusters providing insights on logistics clusters from a human capital perspective. The study draws specifically from the industry-and-occupation cluster crosswalks building on previous research on occupation cluster industry cluster-location quotient (OCIC-LQ), and recent research on computerization and automation of occupations. The research questions include how knowledge occupation clusters differ in specialization within the select logistics clusters. How can occupation clusters inform the traditional cluster-based economic development policies in the U.S.? How might automation impact the logistics cluster? The findings show that transportation and logistics clusters are unique in knowledge-based occupations with some commonalities found in different locations. Based on occupational and staffing patterns, nearly 71% of occupations or tasks and activities within the transportation and logistics cluster in Memphis is at risk of automation. The research builds a case for place-based cluster development and people-based workforce development for transportation and logistics cluster in the U.S.
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Gay, Jennifer L., Harold W. Kohl, Jennifer J. Salinas, Joseph B. McCormick, and Susan P. Fisher-Hoch. "Contribution of Occupation to High Doses of Light-Intensity Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Mexican American Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 7 (September 2014): 1342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0174.
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Background:The association between light-intensity activity and cardiovascular disease risk is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of light-intensity activity with census-based occupational activity classifications and cardiovascular risk factors among Mexican American adults.Methods:118 Mexican American adults (68.6% female) provided cross-sectional accelerometer and biological data. Self-reported occupations were classified by activity level (sedentary, low, moderate). Participants were classified as At-Risk for BMI, glucose, triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure, waist circumference, and percent body fat.Results:Participants engaged in > 5 hours of light-intensity activity on average, and those in sedentary occupations engaged in fewer light-intensity activity minutes than low-active or moderately active workers (P < .001). Self-reported occupation explained 14% of the variation in light-intensity activity (P < .001). Participants in moderately active occupations were at increased risk for high %body fat than other workers (P = .01), but no other associations between occupation and cardiovascular risk were detected.Conclusion:Early work in physical activity underscored the importance of occupational activity. This study presents evidence of a dose-response association for light-intensity activity by occupational category such that workers in sedentary occupations had less light-intensity activity than employees in more active occupations. Future research on how light-intensity activity derived from occupation may reduce the risk of chronic disease will contribute to improved interventions as light-intensity activity participation may be more feasible than meeting current physical activity guidelines.
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Stansfeld, S. A., C. Pike, S. McManus, J. Harris, P. Bebbington, T. Brugha, A. Hassiotis, et al. "Occupations, work characteristics and common mental disorder." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 5 (August 21, 2012): 961–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001821.
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BackgroundThe present study aimed to assess the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) by occupation in a representative sample of the English adult population. Another aim was to examine whether the increased risk of CMD in some occupations could be explained by adverse work characteristics.MethodWe derived a sample of 3425 working-age respondents from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Occupations were classified by Standard Occupational Classification group, and CMD measured by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Job characteristics were measured by questionnaire, and tested as explanatory factors in associations of occupation and CMD.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, gender, housing tenure and marital status, caring personal service occupations had the greatest risk of CMD compared with all occupations (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.16–2.58). The prevalence of adverse psychosocial work characteristics did not follow the pattern of CMD by occupation. Work characteristics did not explain the increased risk of CMDs associated with working in personal service occupations. Contrary to our hypotheses, adding work characteristics individually to the association of occupation and CMD tended to increase rather than decrease the odds for CMD.ConclusionsAs has been found by others, psychosocial work characteristics were associated with CMD. However, we found that in our English national dataset they could not explain the high rates of CMD in particular occupations. We suggest that selection into occupations may partly explain high CMD rates in certain occupations. Also, we did not measure emotional demands, and these may be important mediators of the relationship between occupation type and CMDs.
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Torosyan, Karine, Sicheng Wang, Elizabeth A. Mack, Jenna A. Van Fossen, and Nathan Baker. "Assessing the impact of technological change on similar occupations: Implications for employment alternatives." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (September 18, 2023): e0291428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291428.
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Background The fast-changing labor market highlights the need for an in-depth understanding of occupational mobility impacted by technological change. However, we lack a multidimensional classification scheme that considers similarities of occupations comprehensively, which prevents us from predicting employment trends and mobility across occupations. This study fills the gap by examining employment trends based on similarities between occupations. Method We first demonstrated a new method that clusters 756 occupation titles based on knowledge, skills, abilities, education, experience, training, activities, values, and interests. We used the Principal Component Analysis to categorize occupations in the Standard Occupational Classification, which is grouped into a four-level hierarchy. Then, we paired the occupation clusters with the occupational employment projections provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. We analyzed how employment would change and what factors affect the employment changes within occupation groups. Particularly, we specified factors related to technological changes. Results The results reveal that technological change accounts for significant job losses in some clusters. This poses occupational mobility challenges for workers in these jobs at present. Job losses for nearly 60% of current employment will occur in low-skill, low-wage occupational groups. Meanwhile, many mid-skilled and highly skilled jobs are projected to grow in the next ten years. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the utility of our occupational classification scheme. Furthermore, it suggests a critical need for skills upgrading and workforce development for workers in declining jobs. Special attention should be paid to vulnerable workers, such as older individuals and minorities.
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Haupt, Andreas, and Christian Ebner. "Occupations and Inequality: Theoretical Perspectives and Mechanisms." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 72, S1 (July 24, 2020): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-020-00685-0.
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Abstract People’s occupations are strongly related to multiple dimensions of inequality, such as inequalities in wages, health, autonomy, or risk of temporary employment. The theories and mechanisms linking occupations to these inequalities are subject to debate. We review the recent evidence on the relationship between occupations and inequality and discuss the following four overarching theoretical perspectives: occupations and skills, occupations and tasks, occupations and institutions, and occupations and culture. We show that each perspective has strong implications for how scholars conceptualize occupations and which occupational characteristics are seen as relevant when explaining inequalities. Building on this, we review and critically examine the relevant theories related to and the mechanisms of the relationship between occupation and wage inequality, as an example. We conclude that there is sound empirical knowledge available on the relationships between occupations and inequality; however, some of the mechanisms are still unclear.
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Twinley, Rebecca, Leonie Boland, Lisa Bunn, and Gayle Letherby. "A Scoping Review Protocol to Map Empirical Evidence that Illuminates the Dark Side of Occupations Among Adults." Social Science Protocols 3 (March 24, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7565/ssp.2020.2807.
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The objective of this review is to explore existing literature to identify, map, and synthesise past accounts of occupations that could be considered as constituting the dark side of occupation and which could, consequently, be identified and discussed as such. Presenting findings through use of a synthesis matrix, and formulating a descriptive account of the types of occupations (including their form, function, meaning, and contribution to identity and becoming) that constitute the dark side of occupation, is anticipated to assist with prioritising future collaborative research endeavours, as part of an intended programme of research.
Specifically, the review questions are:
What past accounts of occupations have been discussed or explored in the literature that would constitute falling under the conceptual ‘umbrella’ of the dark side of occupation?
What specific occupations that challenge the pervasive belief in the link between health and occupation have been discussed for the adult population, across all cultures?
Where do gaps of knowledge remain regarding the less explored occupations people subjectively experience, and which indicate the priority research areas that need to be explored from an occupational perspective?
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Chen, Ming-Shu, Chi-Hao Chiu, and Shih-Hsin Chen. "Risk assessment of metabolic syndrome prevalence involving sedentary occupations and socioeconomic status." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e042802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042802.
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ObjectivesTo determine whether occupation type, distinguished by socioeconomic status (SES) and sedentary status, is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk.MethodsWe analysed two data sets covering 73 506 individuals. MetS was identified according to the criteria of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III. Eight occupational categories were considered: professionals, technical workers, managers, salespeople, service staff, administrative staff, manual labourers and taxi drivers; occupations were grouped into non-sedentary; sedentary, high-SES; and sedentary, non-high-SES occupations. A multiple logistic regression was used to determine significant risk factors for MetS in three age-stratified subgroups. R software for Windows (V.3.5.1) was used for all statistical analyses.ResultsMetS prevalence increased with age. Among participants aged ≤40 years, where MetS prevalence was low at 6.23%, having a non-sedentary occupation reduced MetS risk (OR=0.88, p<0.0295). Among participants aged >60 years, having a sedentary, high-SES occupation significantly increased (OR=1.39, p<0.0247) MetS risk.ConclusionsThe influence of occupation type on MetS risk differs among age groups. Non-sedentary occupations and sedentary, high-SES occupations decrease and increase MetS risk, respectively, among younger and older adults, respectively. Authorities should focus on individuals in sedentary, high-SES occupations.
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Taris, Toon W., Arnold B. Bakker, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Jeroen Stoffelsen, and Dirk Van Dierendonck. "Job Control and Burnout across Occupations." Psychological Reports 97, no. 3 (December 2005): 955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.3.955-961.
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Researchers have reported that, for individual workers, low job control is associated with high burnout; however, as yet it is unclear whether this association holds for occupations as well. Whether differences in job control between occupations as assessed by eight expert judges could account for individual-level and occupational-level differences in burnout rates. Data were obtained from 9,503 incumbents of 28 occupations in The Netherlands ( M age = 37.9 yr., SD = 8.7; 50% were men). Burnout was measured on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Occupational-level job control was inversely correlated with burnout, explaining 16% of the variation in occupational-level burnout. Thus, between-occupation differences in job control are somewhat systematically related to burnout.
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Boucher, Emily, Christian Cao, Sean D’Mello, Nathan Duarte, Claire Donnici, Natalie Duarte, Graham Bennett, et al. "Occupation and SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies: a systematic review." BMJ Open 13, no. 2 (February 2023): e063771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063771.
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ObjectiveTo describe and synthesise studies of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence by occupation prior to the widespread vaccine roll-out.MethodsWe identified studies of occupational seroprevalence from a living systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020183634). Electronic databases, grey literature and news media were searched for studies published during January–December 2020. Seroprevalence estimates and a free-text description of the occupation were extracted and classified according to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2010 system using a machine-learning algorithm. Due to heterogeneity, results were synthesised narratively.ResultsWe identified 196 studies including 591 940 participants from 38 countries. Most studies (n=162; 83%) were conducted locally versus regionally or nationally. Sample sizes were generally small (median=220 participants per occupation) and 135 studies (69%) were at a high risk of bias. One or more estimates were available for 21/23 major SOC occupation groups, but over half of the estimates identified (n=359/600) were for healthcare-related occupations. ‘Personal Care and Service Occupations’ (median 22% (IQR 9–28%); n=14) had the highest median seroprevalence.ConclusionsMany seroprevalence studies covering a broad range of occupations were published in the first year of the pandemic. Results suggest considerable differences in seroprevalence between occupations, although few large, high-quality studies were done. Well-designed studies are required to improve our understanding of the occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 and should be considered as an element of pandemic preparedness for future respiratory pathogens.
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Haltiwanger, Emily, Ivelisse Lazzarini, and Homer Nazeran. "Application of Nonlinear Dynamics Theory to Neuro-Occupation: A Case Study of Alcoholism." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 70, no. 8 (August 2007): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260707000805.
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Nonlinear dynamics systems theory, also referred to as chaos theory, is infiltrating the biomedical and social sciences, including the practice of occupational therapy. Consequently, the Neuro-occupation model has emerged for the treatment of different illnesses, in which a therapist strives to apply the benefits of this theory. This model provides occupational therapists with a method of anticipating the natural flux between underlying or hidden order and chaos in occupations, which allows individuals to function at their highest level. These occupations typically involve the interaction of numerous variables over time. By considering a nonlinear dynamics approach in illnesses such as alcoholism, occupational therapists may understand how meaningful occupations serve as a catalyst to facilitate change, which may assist in better understanding the effect of the therapeutic relationship with the clients they serve. This paper explains the nonlinear dynamics of the interventions in a single case study on alcoholism using the Neuro-occupation model.
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Rosenbaum, David I., Mathew J. Cushing, and Daniel Baquet. "Worklife by Occupation Physical Requirements: A Three-State Model." Journal of Forensic Economics 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5085/jfe-436.
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Abstract Do workers in more physically demanding jobs have different worklives than those in more sedentary occupations? To answer this question, we link individual data from the Current Population Survey with occupation characteristics from the Occupational Information Network to categorize individuals into three mutually exclusive initial labor market states: inactive, or active in either a more or less physically demanding occupation. A three-state Markov model estimates worklives given transitions across states over time. There is not a significant difference in worklives between the two occupation groups, even when controlling for sex, age and education. Men and women initially in more physically demanding occupations can be expected to work just as long as their counterparts initially in less physically demanding occupations.
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Unruh, Anita M. "Spirituality and Occupation: Garden Musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 64, no. 1 (April 1997): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749706400112.
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Spirituality is a key dimension in occupational therapy models of practice, but definitions of spirituality and its relationship to occupation have eluded us. Nevertheless, if the writings of people who are deeply involved in their occupations are examined, we discover that spirituality can be expressed through our engagement in occupations with personal meaning in our lives. In these reflections, the author examines spirituality as it is expressed by gardeners in their garden musings, and suggests that this occupation has the capacity to enrich spirituality in everyday life. Further study of the relationship between specific occupations and spirituality may illuminate the construct of spirituality and demonstrate the ways in which occupation can be used to facilitate a richer spiritual life for individuals and communities.
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Unruh, Anita M. "Reflections on …: Spirituality and Occupation: Garden Musings and the Himalayan Blue Poppy." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 64, no. 3 (June 1997): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841749706400312.
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Spirituality is a key dimension in occupational therapy models of practice, but definitions of spirituality and its relationship to occupation have eluded us. Nevertheless, if the writings of people who are deeply involved in their occupations are examined, we discover that spirituality can be expressed through our engagement in occupations with personal meaning in our lives. In these reflections, the author examines spirituality as it is expressed by gardeners in their garden musings, and suggests that this occupation has the capacity to enrich spirituality in everyday life. Further study of the relationship between specific occupations and spirituality may illuminate the construct of spirituality and demonstrate the ways in which occupation can be used to facilitate a richer spiritual life for individuals and communities.
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Rohrbach-Schmidt, Daniela. "Putting Tasks to the Test: The Case of Germany." Social Inclusion 7, no. 3 (September 5, 2019): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i3.2025.
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The demand for skills has changed throughout recent decades, favouring high-skilled workers that perform abstract, problem-solving tasks. At the same time, research shows that occupation-specific skills are beneficial for labour market success. This article explores (1) how education, workplace characteristics and occupations shape job task requirements, (2) how within-occupation job task content relates to wages, and (3) whether these relationships vary across types of tasks due to their presumably varying degrees of occupational specificity. Using worker-level data from Germany from 2011–2012 the article shows that a large part of task content is determined by occupations, but that task requirements also differ systematically within occupations with workers’ educational levels and workplace characteristics. Moreover, differences in task usage within occupations are robust predictors of wage differences between workers. Finally, the results suggest that non-routine manual tasks have a higher occupational specificity than abstract and routine tasks, and that manually skilled workers can generate positive returns on their skills in their specific fields of activity.
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Johnson, Janna E., and Morris M. Kleiner. "Is Occupational Licensing a Barrier to Interstate Migration?" American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 347–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170704.
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Occupational licensure may limit the interstate movement of workers because it adds to the cost of moving between states. We analyze the interstate migration of 22 licensed occupations, proxying for the difficulty of the regulations by comparing state-specific licensed occupations to those with national licensing exams. Our empirical strategy also uses individuals who move a long distance, removing the influence of occupation characteristics and self-selection of migration-averse individuals into licensed occupations. Our estimates show that occupational licensing reduces interstate migration, but the magnitude of the effect can only account for a small part of the overall decline in recent decades. (JEL J44, J61, R23)
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Lyttelton, Thomas, and Emma Zang. "Occupations and Sickness-Related Absences during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 63, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221465211053615.
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Pandemic frontline occupations consist of disproportionately low socioeconomic status and racial minority workers. Documenting occupational health disparities is therefore crucial for understanding COVID-19-related health inequalities in the United States. This study uses Current Population Survey microdata to estimate occupational differences in sickness-related absences (SAs) from work in March through June 2020 and their contribution to educational, racial-ethnic, and nativity health disparities. We find that there has been an unprecedented rise in SAs concentrated in transportation, food-related, and personal care and service occupations. SA rates were 6 times higher in these occupations than in non-health-care professions. The greatest increases were in occupations that are unsuitable for remote work, require workers to work close to others, pay low wages, and rarely provide health insurance. Workers in these occupations are disproportionately Black, Hispanic, indigenous, and immigrants. Occupation contributes 41% of the total of Black/white differences and 54% of educational differences in SAs.
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Karnik, Harshada, Elizabeth Wrigley-Field, Zachary Levin, Yea-Hung Chen, Erik W. Zabel, Marizen Ramirez, and Jonathon P. Leider. "Examining Excess Mortality Among Critical Workers in Minnesota During 2020–2021: An Occupational Analysis." American Journal of Public Health 113, no. 11 (November 2023): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2023.307395.
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Objectives. To understand the occupational risk associated with COVID-19 among civilian critical workers (aged 16–65 years) in Minnesota. Methods. We estimated excess mortality in 2020 to 2021 for critical occupations in different racial groups and vaccine rollout phases using death certificates and occupational employment rates for 2017 to 2021. Results. Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher for workers in critical occupations than for noncritical workers. Some critical occupations, such as transportation and logistics, construction, and food service, experienced higher excess mortality than did other critical occupations, such as health care, K–12 school staff, and agriculture. In almost all occupations investigated, workers of color experienced higher excess mortality than did White workers. Excess mortality in 2021 was greater than in 2020 across groups: occupations, vaccine eligibility tiers, and race/ethnicity. Conclusions. Although workers in critical occupations experienced greater excess mortality than did others, excess mortality among critical workers varied substantially by occupation and race. Public Health Implications. Analysis of mortality across occupations can be used to identify vulnerable populations, prioritize protective interventions for them, and develop targeted worker safety protocols to promote equitable health outcomes. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(11):1219–1222. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307395 )
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Atwal, Anita, Sharon Owen, and Richard Davies. "Struggling for Occupational Satisfaction: Older People in Care Homes." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 66, no. 3 (March 2003): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260306600306.
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In the United Kingdom, a wide range of health care reforms has been introduced to enhance the wellbeing of older people. These reforms should ensure that both the public and the private sectors deliver best practice to older people. The role of the occupational therapist with older people is well established in a variety of health and social care settings but there is a noticeable absence of input in care homes, despite evidence that has demonstrated the importance of occupations for wellbeing. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was used in a research study to determine the types of occupation that seven older people perceived as important, their perceptions of their performance and their perceived level of satisfaction. It was found that these older people most valued leisure and self-care occupations, although occupations related to productivity were also cited. A perceived high performance rating often transferred to a high satisfaction rating and a perceived low performance rating to a low satisfaction rating. The challenge for occupational therapists is to implement occupation-based therapy that meets all the needs of older people. Furthermore, there is a requirement to develop the evidence base and to look at strategies to promote occupation in order to ensure occupational satisfaction for all.
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Lim, Sok Mui, and Sylvia Rodger. "An Occupational Perspective on the Assessment of Social Competence in Children." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 71, no. 11 (November 2008): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260807101104.
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Maintaining relationships and interacting socially are essential aspects of the occupational performance of childhood and adolescence. Social participation occurs during many childhood occupations, such as play and school work. Occupational therapists assess and treat children with difficulties in social participation. Rather than assessing a child's social skills deficits in isolation, the use of occupation-based theoretical models guides clinicians to consider the individual in his or her environments and during occupations. Familiarity with existing models of social competence and available assessment tools provides occupational therapists with the basis for a comprehensive assessment of children. This paper presents an occupational therapy model (the Model of Human Occupation), models of social competence from cognate fields and a range of assessment tools in order to guide occupational therapists in assessing and treating children with social participation difficulties in a more occupation-centred manner. The paper also presents a rationale for the use of multiple methods for a comprehensive assessment of a child's social competence.
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Nwaru, Chioma Adanma, Tomas Berglund, and Gunnel Hensing. "Occupational prestige and sickness absence inequality in employed women and men in Sweden: a registry-based study." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e050191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050191.
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ObjectivesSocioeconomic position has been linked to sickness absence (SA). However, less is known about the role of occupational prestige, a measure of social status afforded by one’s occupation, in SA. We investigated the association between occupational prestige and SA and the distribution of the association in women and men. We also examined the effect of intersections of gender and occupational prestige on SA.DesignLongitudinal.SettingA nationwide representative sample of Swedish working population.Participants97 397 employed individuals aged 25–59 years selected from the 2004, 2007 and 2010 waves of the Swedish Labour Force Survey and prospectively linked to the Swedish Longitudinal Integration Database for Health Insurance and Labour Market Studies.Outcome measuresThe number of SA days in any particular year during a 3-year follow-up and long-term (>120 days) SA based on those with at least one sick leave spell during the follow-up.ResultsOccupational prestige was weakly associated with SA in the total sample after adjusting for potential confounders. In the gender-stratified analysis, women in lower prestige occupations had higher absenteeism rates than women in high prestige occupations; men in lower prestige occupations had higher odds for long-term SA than men in high prestige occupations. In the intersectional analysis, women regardless of prestige level and men in lower prestige occupations had higher probability of SA compared with men in high prestige occupations. Women in high prestige occupations had the highest absenteeism rates (incidence rate ratio (IRR), 2.25, 95% CI, 2.20 to 2.31), while men in medium prestige occupations had the lowest rates (IRR, 1.17, 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.20). Compared with the rest of the groups, men in low and medium prestige occupations had higher odds for long-term absence.ConclusionThere is need to pay close attention to occupational prestige as a factor that may influence health and labour market participation.
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Huszár, Ákos, Gábor Hajdu, Endre Sik, and Réka Klára Nagy. "New Hungarian occupational prestige scale." Hungarian Statistical Review 6, no. 2 (2023): 12–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35618/hsr2023.02.en012.
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We aim to create in this paper a comprehensive prestige scale based on the 2016 microcensus supplementary survey on occupational prestige of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, where respondents have been requested to rate the prestige of 15 occupations (randomly selected from 173 occupations). Based on their answers, each occupation is assigned a relative prestige score. Furthermore, we created five additional scales that rank occupations according to earnings, social usefulness, education level, power and trendiness. First, we briefly summarise the characteristics of the occupational prestige scales in relation to other gradual measures of social status and then describe how the new prestige scales were created. Finally, we present the basic features of the new scales.
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Fisher, Sarah. "The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: Does it Address the Cultural Occupations of Ethnic Minorities?" British Journal of Occupational Therapy 68, no. 5 (May 2005): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260506800506.
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This study is the first to examine the cultural sensitivity of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), as reported by occupational therapists who have used it with people from an ethnic minority background. The research was conducted as part of a Master's degree, held in Boston, USA, and funded by the Elizabeth Casson Trust, UK. Twenty-five practising occupational therapists from North America answered an emailed survey and, from this sample, three were interviewed by telephone. The findings showed that the practitioners perceived the COPM as able to address the cultural occupations of ethnic minorities; however, they felt that including examples of cultural occupations and children's occupations and modifying the rating scales would improve the tool. Two of the three therapists interviewed worked with children and, because of this, there was a focus on children's occupations that was only revealed in the second part of the research. The nature of the tool, its ability to focus on occupation and the therapist's interview skills were identified as the reasons that the COPM is effective in addressing the cultural occupations of ethnic minorities. Additional research is needed using a larger sample to validate these findings.
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Koh, Dong-Hee, Ju-Hyun Park, Sang-Gil Lee, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Sang-Jun Choi, Hyejung Jung, and Dong-Uk Park. "O6D.3 Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure across occupations in korea using urinary metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A57.3—A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.155.
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ObjectivesPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a well-known carcinogen causing lung and skin cancers in exposed workers. Several occupations such as coke production have been reported to be associated with high PAHs exposure. However, previous reports have been confined in several occupations. Thus, we aimed to evaluate PAHs exposure across a wide range of occupations using its urinary metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP).MethodsTo evaluate PAHs exposure across occupations, we collected the urine 1-OHP data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey which is a nationwide bio-monitoring survey. The data contained information about urine 1-OHP levels, cigarette smoking status, and standard occupational codes. We calculated summary statistics of urine 1-OHP levels for each occupation. In addition, we calculated the relative exposure indicators which are the proportions of exceeding the quartile levels. Since cigarette smoking is a single most influential factor of PAHs exposure, we repeated the analyses by excluding current smokers.ResultsOverall geometric means (GM) of all populations and non-smoker populations were 0.13µg/L and 0.10µg/L, respectively. For the major group of occupation, ‘Craft and Related Trades Workers’ and ‘Equipment, Machine Operating and Assembling Workers’ showed the highest urine 1-OHP levels, while ‘Homemaker’ showed the lowest level. For the sub-major group of occupation, ‘Video and Telecommunications Equipment Related Occupations’ showed the highest percentage (61%) of exceeding the third quartile (Q3) level of all populations. While ‘Legal and Administration Professional Occupations’ showed the lowest percentage of exceeding the Q3 level of all populations. For the minor group of occupation, ‘Horticultural and Landscape Workers’ showed the highest percentage (64%) of exceeding the Q3 level of all populations. While ‘Kindergarten teachers’ showed the lowest percentage of exceeding the Q3 level of all populations.ConclusionsOur results will provide ancillary information about PAHs exposure across occupations, especially in occupations where PAHs exposure has not well known.
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Albornoz, Facundo, Antonio Cabrales, and Esther Hauk. "Occupational Choice with Endogenous Spillovers." Economic Journal 129, no. 621 (January 8, 2019): 1953–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12634.
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Abstract We study a model that integrates productive and socialising efforts with occupational choice, and endogenous spillovers. We show that more talented individuals work harder and contribute more to externalities, but also have incentives to segregate. Average socialising increases the productivity of the occupation. The size of an occupation grows with its synergies. Individuals underinvest in productive and socialising effort, and sort themselves inefficiently into occupations. We derive the optimal subsidy for sorting into different occupations. Finally, we derive a rule to identify overpopulated sectors and establish the connection between inequality of talents, socialising, productive efforts and occupation size.
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Freeland, Robert E., and Catherine E. Harnois. "Bridging the Gender Wage Gap: Gendered Cultural Sentiments, Sex Segregation, and Occupation-Level Wages." Social Psychology Quarterly 83, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519875777.
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The extent to which cultural beliefs about gender shape occupation-level wages remains a central yet unresolved question in the study of gender inequality. Human capital theorists predict that gendered beliefs have no direct effect on occupation-level wages. Devaluation theorists argue that occupations associated with women and femininity are systematically devalued and thus underpaid. We test these explanations using data from the American Community Survey, the Occupational Information Network, and an affect control theory (ACT) data set of affective meanings. We use the ACT data set to operationalize occupational gendered cultural sentiments along two distinct dimensions: evaluation (goodness, caring, warmth) and potency (power, strength, competence). Hierarchical linear models show that potency but not evaluation affects occupational income net of individual and occupational controls. Path analyses show that potency has a direct effect net of occupational traits. The gender composition of an occupation indirectly affects occupational income through potency. The cultural meanings of potency/competence associated with masculinity, rather than the devaluation of feminine nurturant occupations, is the primary cultural mechanism linking gender composition and occupational reward.
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Guṭu, Robert, Valerie Schaps, Jens Hoebel, Benjamin Wachtler, Florian Beese, Josephine Jacob, Marco Alibone, and Morten Wahrendorf. "Berufsbedingte Unterschiede in COVID-19-Erkrankungen – Eine wellenspezifische Analyse von 3,17 Millionen gesetzlich Versicherten." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2023, no. 12 (November 29, 2023): 776–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-1-324029.
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Occupational differences in COVID-19 diseases – A wave-specific analysis of 3.17 million insured persons Objective: Previous results on occupational differences in the COVID-19 infection risk are heterogeneous. One reason for this could be the different observation periods of previous studies. Wave-specific analyses are not yet available. The aim of this paper is to investigate COVID-19 disease risks along occupational characteristics for the first four waves of the pandemic. Methods: The study uses health insurance data from the research database of InGef (Institute for Applied Health Research) on more than 3.17 million insured men and women between 18 and 67 years of age. To compare wave-specific associations, a distinction was made between the four main infection waves of the pandemic between 01.01.2020 and 31.12.2021. SARS-CoV-2 infections were determined on the basis of the transmitted COVID-19 diagnoses (ICD codes U07.1!). Occupations were divided according to the four groupings of the official classification of occupations. In addition to wave-specific incidence rates, multivariable Cox regressions were estimated (adjusted for sex, age and region). Results: Personal service occupations (esp. healthcare occupations) showed significantly higher incidence rates, especially at the beginning of the pandemic (waves 1 and 2), but these rates were comparable to those of other occupations with increased risk during the course of the pandemic. Production occupations (especially manufacturing occupations), on the other hand, had rather low incidence rates at the beginning of the pandemic, but higher risks as the pandemic progressed. A kind of reversal from lower to higher incidence rates in the course of the pandemic was also observed for lowskilled occupations or occupations without a management function. Results remained consistent after controlling for sex, age and region. Conclusion: The study shows that occupational differences in COVID-19 incidence varied by pandemic phase. Accordingly, it appears that the risk of infections is partly shaped by the occupation, but also by the extent to which it was possible to establish infection control measures during the pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19 – occupational inequalities – social epidemiology – Germany
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Sánchez-Soto, Gabriela, and Joachim Singelmann. "The Occupational Mobility of Mexican Migrants in the United States." Revista Latinoamericana de Población 11, no. 20 (December 23, 2017): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31406/relap2017.v11.i1.n20.3.
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In this paper we analyze the pre-to-post migration occupational mobility of Mexican migrants to the U.S. using occupation and migration histories from the Mexican Migration Project. We compare the first occupation in the U.S. to the last occupation in Mexico, and the occupation in the last year spent in the U.S. to the occupation in the first year, by sex, using multinomial logistic regression models. The multivariate analyses account for individual, migration, and context characteristics. Our findings show rigidities in occupational structure for migrants and low opportunities for mobility after migration. Most men experience lateral mobility upon arriving to the U.S., and are unlikely to change occupations afterwards. Most women enter lower-status occupations or exit the labor force upon arrival, especially if highly educated or skilled. Undocumented men and university educated women are more likely to experience downward mobility. These patterns remain even after accounting for migrant networks.
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Hawkins, Devan, Laura Punnett, Letitia Davis, and David Kriebel. "The Contribution of Occupation-Specific Factors to the Deaths of Despair, Massachusetts, 2005–2015." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 65, no. 7 (April 23, 2021): 819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab017.
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Abstract Objectives In the USA, deaths from poisonings (especially opioids), suicides, and alcoholic liver disease, collectively referred to as ‘deaths of despair’, have been increasing rapidly over the past two decades. The risk of deaths from these causes is known to be higher among certain occupations. It may be that specific exposures and experiences of workers in these occupations explain these differences in risk. This study sought to determine whether differences in the risk of deaths of despair were associated with rate of occupational injuries and illnesses, job insecurity, and temporal changes in employment in non-standard work arrangements. Methods Usual occupation information was collected from death certificates of Massachusetts residents aged 16–64 with relevant causes of death between 2005 and 2015. These data were combined with occupation-level data about occupational injuries and illnesses, job insecurity, and non-standard work arrangements. We calculated occupation-specific mortality rates for deaths of despair, categorized by occupational injury and illnesses rates and job insecurity. We calculated trends in mortality according to changes in non-standard work arrangements. Results Workers in occupations with higher injury and illnesses rates and more job insecurity had higher rates of deaths of despair, especially opioid-related deaths. Rates of deaths of despair increased most rapidly for occupations with increasing prevalence of workers employed in non-standard work arrangements. Conclusions The findings suggest occupational factors that may contribute to the risk of deaths of despair. Future studies should examine these factors with individual-level data. In the meantime, efforts should be made to address these factors, which also represent known or suspected hazards for other adverse health outcomes.
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Brønnum-Hansen, Henrik, Else Foverskov, and Ingelise Andersen. "Occupational inequality in health expectancy in Denmark." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494819882138.
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Background: The pension age in Denmark is adjusted in line with projected increasing life expectancy without taking health differentials between occupational groups into account. The purpose was to study occupational disparities in partial life expectancy and health expectancy between the ages of 50 and 75. Methods: Register data on occupation and mortality were combined with data from the Danish part of Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe in 2010–2014 ( N=3179). Expected lifetime without and with activity limitations and without and with long-term illness was estimated by Sullivan’s method and comparisons made between four occupational groups. Results: We found clear differences between occupational groups. Expected lifetime without activity limitations between the ages of 50 and 75 was about 4.5 years longer for men and women in high skilled white-collar occupations than for men and women in low skilled blue-collar occupations. Men in high skilled blue-collar and low skilled white-collar occupations could expect 2.3 and 3.8 years shorter lifetimes without activity limitations, respectively, than men in high skilled white-collar occupations. For women in low skilled white-collar occupations, lifetime without activity limitations was 2.6 years shorter than for women in high skilled white-collar occupations. Due to few observations, no results were obtained for women in the high skilled blue-collar group. The social gradient was also significant when health was measured by years without long-term illness. Conclusions: The results support implementation of a flexible pension scheme to take into account the health differentials between occupational groups.
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Elder, Bruce Robert, and Laurie Swinney. "The good moral character requirement for occupational licensing." Management Research Review 43, no. 6 (December 16, 2019): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-03-2019-0129.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which a character component is required for occupational licensing by state, industry and occupation. This study also investigates whether the good moral character (GMC) is defined and how GMC is defined in state statutes. Investigating the GMC requirement is important to society at large because character is a vital factor for trust and trust is an essential component to voluntary exchange and free markets. Investigating the GMC requirement is also important to the thousands of rehabilitated individuals who may be denied work in licensed occupations because of past transgressions. Design/methodology/approach The quantitative research data were collected from state licensing statutes. The number of licensed occupations within each of the 50 states that require GMC was tabulated, as well as the number of states that require GMC for licensing by industry group. In addition, an occupation that requires GMC in a high number of states was compared to an occupation that requires GMC in a low number of states within 11 industry groups. Finally, regulatory statutes were searched to determine how good moral character is defined by each of the state licensing boards for the select occupations. Findings This paper reports that the inclusion of a character component within regulatory licensing statutes varies widely by occupation and by state. The number of occupations requiring GMC ranged from 8 to 119 per state. The number of states requiring GMC ranged from 12 to 49 per industry group. Occupations within industry groups that are more frequently licensed are also more likely to require GMC than occupations that are less frequently licensed. Occupations that are more frequently licensed, however, are generally not more likely to define GMC in their regulatory statutes. Only accounting, an occupation that requires GMC in most states, also defines GMC in more states than any of the other select occupations. Research limitations/implications Only state regulatory statutes were searched for definitions of GMC. Definitions could be included in other government documents such as rules or regulations. As these additional sources were not searched, the number of states that define GMC for the select occupations cited in this study may be understated. Originality/value Prior research has included only studies of the GMC requirement relating to the licensing of attorneys and accountants. The current research explores the extent that good moral character is required for licensing across states, industries and select occupations. This research agrees with prior research that GMC, although providing an important foundation for public trust, is typically not well-defined. To counter criticism of the requirement, this paper concludes with a call for the inclusion of a GMC definition within occupational licensing statutes that is “narrowly and precisely construed, avoiding problems of both vagueness and over breadth” (AICPA and NASBA, 2018).
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Valentino, Lauren. "The Segregation Premium: How Gender Shapes the Symbolic Valuation Process of Occupational Prestige Judgments." Social Forces 99, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz145.
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Abstract Symbolic valuation is an important but overlooked aspect of gendered processes of inequality in the occupation structure. Prior work has largely focused on the material valuation of gendered work, such as how much predominantly-female versus predominantly-male occupations pay. Less research has examined the symbolic valuation of work, such as how prestigious predominantly-female versus predominantly-male occupations are. What research has examined this question has remained inconclusive at best. Drawing on insights into and techniques from the sociology of culture and cognition, this study examines the role of an occupation’s gender composition in how Americans judge the prestige of jobs, testing key predictions from theories of gender and status. Using 2012 General Social Survey and federal occupation-level data, it finds evidence for a segregation premium: people view gender-segregated occupations as the most symbolically valuable jobs. Both men and women reward gender-segregated occupations with symbolic value, although there is evidence of a gendered in-group bias in which women in particular see women’s work as more prestigious, while men see men’s work as more prestigious.
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Park, Heeyoung, Sohyun Park, and Jin Park. "Perceptions of Vocational Counselors and Their Career Advice for Individuals Who Stutter." Audiology and Speech Research 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21848/asr.190102.
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Purpose: This study aimed to evalvate perceptions of vocational counselors and their career advice for individuals who stutter.Methods: Forty-six vocational counselors were randomly assigned to two different stuttering conditions (mild and severe recordings, 23 per condition) and asked to listen to one of the recordings and to rate the speaker’s suitability for 31 occupations, along with perceptions of the speaking demands and educational requirements for the occupations. The participants were also told to provide three pieces of career advice tailored to individuals who stutter.Results: Occupational suitability ratings were affected more by occupation-associated speaking demands than educational requirements, regardless of the severity of stuttering. The vocational counselors recommended occupations more with a lower speaking demand and emphasized efforts to overcome stuttering.Conclusion: These results indicate that vocational counselors tend to recommend less occupations with a high speaking demand to individuals who stutter but occupational advice and support to overcome employment difficulties should be provided for them.
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Njelesani, Janet, Jane A. Davis, and Tatiana Pontes. "Occupational Repertoire Development Measure – Parent (ORDM-P): Face validity, comprehensiveness, and internal consistency." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 83, no. 5 (December 9, 2019): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022619885247.
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Introduction An occupational repertoire is the array of occupations that an individual has the perceived capacity to perform at a specific point in time. The Occupational Repertoire Development Measure – Parent is a new tool that uses parent report to identify the occupations children can and do perform and their interests in and opportunities for doing them. This study aimed to test the face validity, comprehensiveness, and internal consistency of the Occupational Repertoire Development Measure – Parent as a tool to measure the occupational repertoire of children aged between 2 and 12 years. Method Twenty-nine occupational therapists completed an online questionnaire about the Occupational Repertoire Development Measure – Parent, and 27 parents completed it and then provided feedback via a structured interview. Descriptive statistics, content analysis, and the content validity index guided data analysis. Results Participants view the Occupational Repertoire Development Measure – Parent as practical, simple, and supportive of occupation-centred practice to optimize children’s development of a meaningful repertoire. Overall, self-care occupations were rated highly relevant. Lower-scoring occupations were those perceived as performed only by older children, nonessential for children with disabilities, or culturally unimportant. Conclusion Results indicate value in the further development of the Occupational Repertoire Development Measure – Parent and validate that it asks relevant questions to understand a child’s performance, engagement, and opportunities, leading to optimal repertoire development.
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Vaast, Emmanuelle, and Alain Pinsonneault. "When Digital Technologies Enable and Threaten Occupational Identity: The Delicate Balancing Act of Data Scientists." MIS Quarterly 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1087–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25300/misq/2021/16024.
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Occupations are increasingly embedded with and affected by digital technologies. These technologies both enable and threaten occupational identity and create two important tensions: they make the persistence of an occupation possible while also potentially rendering it obsolete, and they magnify both the similarity and distinctiveness of occupations with regard to other occupations. Based on the critical case study of an online community dedicated to data science, we investigate longitudinally how data scientists address the two tensions of occupational identity associated with digital technologies and reach transient syntheses in terms of “optimal distinctiveness” and “persistent extinction.” We propose that identity work associated with digital technologies follows a composite life-cycle and dialectical process. We explain that people constantly need to adjust and redefine their occupational identity, i.e., how they define who they are and what they do. We contribute to scholarship on digital technologies and identity work by illuminating how people deal in an ongoing manner with digital technologies that simultaneously enable and threaten their occupational identity.
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Koh, Dong-Hee, Ju-Hyun Park, Sang-Gil Lee, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Sangjun Choi, Hyejung Jung, and Donguk Park. "Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure Across Occupations Using Urinary Metabolite 1-Hydroxypyrene." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa014.
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Abstract Objectives Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well-known carcinogens causing lung and skin cancers in exposed workers. Certain occupations, such as coke production, have been associated with high PAH exposure; however, the number of occupations tested to date remains small. Here, we sought to compare PAH exposure across a wide range of occupations based on levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), the urinary exposure surrogate of PAHs. Methods We collected urine 1-OHP data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), a nationwide biomonitoring survey. We developed a linear regression model, controlling for sex, age, smoking, and survey cycle, and obtained resulting residuals. Then, we computed the fraction of exceeding the third quartile (Q3) level of residuals for each occupation, which is employed as a relative exposure indicator across occupations. Results A total of 15 125 measurements derived from three cycles of KoNEHS were used for analysis. The overall geometric means (GMs) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of urine 1-OHP levels were 0.16 µg g−1 creatinine and 3.07, respectively. Among the sub-major occupational groups, ‘construction and mining related elementary occupations’ showed the highest fraction (0.45) of exceeding the Q3 level of residuals. Among the minor occupational groups, ‘deliverers’ showed a high fraction (0.42) of exceeding the Q3 level of residuals, which indicates rapidly growing occupations to be addressed. Conclusions Our results provide ancillary information regarding PAH exposure across occupations, especially for occupations for which PAH exposure has not been well characterized.
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Baumeler, Carmen, Sonja Engelage, and Alexandra Strebel. "The Dilemmas of Flexibilisation of Vocational Education and Training: A Case Study of the Piano Makers." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 8, no. 1 (April 22, 2021): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.8.1.6.
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Context: Dual VET systems are often praised for their labour market proximity because of economic stakeholders’ involvement. However, when labour market requirements change rapidly, a lack of flexibility is attributed to them. This occurs in times of fast socio-technological change like the current digital transformation. A repeatedly proposed measure to increase system flexibility is to reduce the number of occupations and create broader occupational profiles, for example, by combining similar occupations into so-called occupational fields. However, little is known about actually establishing occupational fields.Approach: Against this backdrop, we address the following research question: How was an occupational field created? As Switzerland attempted to merge occupations over a decade ago, we selected an information-rich and illuminative case concerning the research question: The piano makers’ occupation as one of the first occupations required to merge into an occupational field called musical instrument makers together with organ builders and wind instrument makers. Based on a qualitative case study, we reconstruct the process of occupational field construction by combining expert interviews with comprehensive document analysis and present its narrative.Findings: Based on this case study, we contribute to the understanding of VET flexibilisation by detailing occupational field creation and identifying opportunities and challenges. Here, we pay special attention to the institutional work of the affected occupational association and identify the importance of preserving its collective occupational identity. Although regulatory changes disrupted the piano makers’ occupation, the occupational association reinstitutionalised it as part of the musical instrument makers’ occupational field. Over a decade later, the piano makers reintroduced their former occupational title, which is deeply connected to their occupational identity. Conclusion: The results indicate that VET reforms that promote flexibilisation by creating occupational fields encounter serious limitations in collectively governed dual VET systems. In the Swiss system, occupational associations are core collective actors that rely on their members’ voluntary work. To maintain these economic stakeholders’ necessary commitment to VET, their collective occupational identity, symbolized by their long-standing occupational title, needs to be preserved.
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Solovieva, Svetlana, Karina Undem, Daniel Falkstedt, Gun Johansson, Petter Kristensen, Jacob Pedersen, Eira Viikari-Juntura, Taina Leinonen, and Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum. "Utilizing a Nordic Crosswalk for Occupational Coding in an Analysis on Occupation-Specific Prolonged Sickness Absence among 7 Million Employees in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 15674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315674.
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We identified occupations with a high incidence of prolonged sickness absence (SA) in Nordic employees and explored similarities and differences between the countries. Utilizing data from national registers on 25–59-year-old wage-earners from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, we estimated the gender- and occupation-specific age-adjusted cumulative incidence of SA due to any cause, musculoskeletal diseases and mental disorders. To increase the comparability of occupations between the countries, we developed a Nordic crosswalk for occupational codes. We ranked occupational groups with the incidence of SA being statistically significantly higher than the population average of the country in question and calculated excess fractions with the employee population being the reference group. We observed considerable occupational differences in SA within and between the countries. Few occupational groups had a high incidence in all countries, particularly for mental disorders among men. In each country, manual occupations typically had a high incidence of SA due to any cause and musculoskeletal diseases, while service occupations had a high incidence due to mental disorders. Preventive measures targeted at specific occupational groups have a high potential to reduce work disability, especially due to musculoskeletal diseases. Particularly groups with excess SA in all Nordic countries could be at focus.
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Hodges, Leslie. "Do Female Occupations Pay Less but Offer More Benefits?" Gender & Society 34, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 381–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243220913527.
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Workers in predominantly female occupations have, on average, lower wages compared to workers in predominantly male occupations. Compensating differentials theory suggests that these wage differences occur because women select into occupations with lower pay but more fringe benefits. Alternatively, devaluation theory suggests that these wage differences occur because work performed by women is not valued as highly as work performed by men. One theory assumes that workers choose between wages and benefits. The other assumes that workers face constraints that restrict their wages and benefits. To examine whether female occupations pay less but offer more benefits, I used individual-level data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey and occupation-level data from the American Community Survey and from the Occupational Information Network. Contrary to compensating differentials theory, results from multivariate regression analysis provide little evidence that benefits explain wage differences between male and female occupations. Instead, consistent with devaluation theory, workers in female occupations are less likely to be offered employer health insurance coverage and are less likely to have retirement plans compared with workers in male occupations.
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Lee, Eun-Suk, and Yonjeong Paik. "Sensemaking About the Organization–Occupation Relationship in Constructing Identification at Work: A Cross-Occupational Approach." SAGE Open 13, no. 2 (April 2023): 215824402311739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440231173914.
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Departing from the prior assumption that identification with organization and identification with occupation are constructed separately, we explore how employee identifications with these multiple targets are co-constructed at work, using a grounded-theory approach. An analysis of interview data collected from members of three occupations (engineers, human resource [HR] staff, and marketers) in a large global company reveals that organizational identity’s impact on employee identification is not independent of but significantly influenced by occupational identity; specifically, occupational identity provides a lens through which individuals actively interpret the organizational identity. Using the occupational lens, individuals engage in sensemaking about the alignment between organization and occupation and, based on this sensemaking, construct their identification with both targets. We identify four types of identification configurations constructed under the nexus of these organizational and occupational identity inputs: holistic, prioritized, parallel, and conditional identification, which vary systematically across occupations.