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Kovacheva, Siyka, and Darena Hristozova. "Work careers of Bulgarian migrants in the European Union." Sociologija 63, no. 4 (2021): 603–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2104603k.
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After Bulgaria?s accession to the EU in 2007 increasing numbers of mobile workers have chosen emigration to the West as an attractive option for achieving a more satisfactory employment. The public debate in Bulgaria however perceives this mobility as a loss of human capital, while in the receiving countries in Western Europe immigrants are largely seen as a threat to the local labour markets. This paper builds upon 42 qualitative interviews conducted with Bulgarian labour migrants in four EU countries as part of the international project GEMM (2016- 2019). We selected interviewees with diverse education and qualifications achieved in the home and the destination country and explored their work trajectories and career aspirations. The analysis focuses on migrant capital accumulated, mobilized and negotiated in the host country and the subjective meanings attributed to the events in the life course. An important finding of the paper is that the interviewed migrants understand a successful work career to be something more than a rise in income or occupational hierarchy and associate it with a wider range of achievements: autonomy, self-reliance, learning. Often low-prestige jobs are not perceived as a failure, but rather as a new opportunity for development in personal, social and occupational terms. Migrants? work career is an essential part of their wider lived experiences.
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Gerlinger, Thomas, and Rolf Schmucker. "Transnational migration of health professionals in the European Union." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, suppl 2 (2007): S184—S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001400008.
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The establishment of the European Common Market has involved the free movement not only of capital and goods, but also of persons and services. The principles of free movement also apply to the health care sector, i.e. they allow for the free incorporation of health care providers and the cross-border delivery of services. Since the 1970s, the European Union (EU) has passed numerous regulations to enforce the mutual recognition of qualifications of physicians, nurses, and other health professionals by the Member States, considered an indispensable precondition for the free movement of services. Thus far, the establishment of a European job market for the health care professions has not led to extensive migration among the EU Member States. Likewise, the accession of Central and Eastern European countries to the EU in 2004 did not cause a "brain drain" to the better-off countries of Western and Northern Europe. However, the mobility among health care professions is expected to increase in the coming years.
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Williams, Gemma A., Gabrielle Jacob, Ivo Rakovac, Cris Scotter, and Matthias Wismar. "Health professional mobility in the WHO European Region and the WHO Global Code of Practice: data from the joint OECD/EUROSTAT/WHO-Europe questionnaire." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_4 (September 1, 2020): iv5—iv11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa124.
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Abstract WHO Member States adopted the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel 10 years ago. This study assesses adherence with the Code’s principles and its continuing relevance in the WHO Europe region with regards to international recruitment of health workers. Data from the joint OECD/EUROSTAT/WHO-Europe questionnaire from 2010 to 2018 are analyzed to determine trends in intra- and inter-regional mobility of foreign-trained doctors and nurses working in case study destination countries in Europe. In 2018, foreign-trained doctors and nurses comprised over a quarter of the physician workforce and 5% of the nursing workforce in five of eight and four of five case study countries, respectively. Since 2010, the proportion of foreign-trained nurses and doctors has risen faster than domestically trained professionals, with increased mobility driven by rising East-West and South-North intra-European migration, especially within the European Union. The number of nurses trained in developing countries but practising in case study countries declined by 26%. Although the number of doctors increased by 27%, this was driven by arrivals from countries experiencing conflict and volatility, suggesting countries generally are increasingly adhering to the Code’s principles on ethical recruitment. To support ethical recruitment practices and sustainable workforce development in the region, data collection and monitoring on health worker mobility should be improved.
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Villani, Leonardo, Roberta Pastorino, Walter Ricciardi, John Ioannidis, and Stefania Boccia. "Inverse correlates of COVID-19 mortality across European countries during the first versus subsequent waves." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 8 (August 2021): e006422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006422.
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The objectives of the study were to calculate the standardised mortality rates (SMRs) for COVID-19 in European Union/European Economic Area countries plus the UK and Switzerland and to evaluate the correlation between SMRs and selected indicators in the first versus the subsequent waves until 23 June 2021. We used indirect standardisation (using Italy as the reference) to compute SMRs and considered 16 indicators of health and social well-being, health system capacity and COVID-19 response. The highest SMRs were in Belgium, the UK and Spain in the first wave (1.20–1.84) and in Hungary, Czechia and Slovakia in the subsequent waves (2.50–2.69). Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy, urbanisation and healthcare expenditure had positive correlations with SMR in the first wave (rho=0.30–0.46), but negative correlations (rho=−0.67 to −0.47) in the subsequent waves. Retail/recreation mobility and transit mobility were negatively correlated with SMR in the first wave, while transit mobility was inversely correlated with SMR in the subsequent waves. The first wave hit most hard countries with high HDI, high life expectancy, high urbanisation, high health expenditures and high tourism. This pattern may reflect higher early community seeding and circulation of the virus. Conversely, in the subsequent waves, this pattern was completely inversed: countries with more resources and better health status did better than eastern European countries. While major SMR differences existed across countries in the first wave, these differences largely dissipated by 23 June 2021, with few exceptions.
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Marinescu, Nicolae, Anca Madar, Nicoleta Andreea Neacsu, and Camelia Schiopu. "An Empirical Research on the Behavioral Perceptions of University Students on Their ERASMUS Mobilities Abroad." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095756.
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The European Union (EU) labor market needs a better-skilled workforce that can work in any of the Member States. In order to develop the skills and competencies of future competitors in this market, several student mobility programs have been set up in the EU, where they can travel to universities in partner countries to further their studies and enrich their academic performance, culture and knowledge. The best known of these programs is ERASMUS (European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students). Because Romania also participates in this program in the exchange of university students, the authors wanted, through this study, to highlight the benefits and challenges of participation in the program, to analyze how international mobilities are emotionally perceived by students and what are the behavioral reasons that determine Romanian students to choose a certain university as a study destination abroad. For this purpose, the authors conducted quantitative marketing research among students from the Transilvania University of Brasov who have been abroad with ERASMUS scholarships. The research results show that an important component in choosing a certain university is not the financial expense during the mobility as might have been expected, but rather the initial desire to study abroad. Students also consider the improvement of their academic performance as an equally important reason for embarking on mobility to the social aspect of getting to know other cultures.
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BRIDGEN, PAUL, and TRAUTE MEYER. "Divided citizenship: how retirement in the host country affects the financial status of intra-European Union migrants." Ageing and Society 39, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x17000927.
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AbstractSince European Union (EU) enlargement in 2003, labour migration from East to West and South to North has increased. It is to be expected that a share of these workers will want to retire in their host countries. According to the academic literature, EU legislation protects such mobility well by allowing the transfer of rights accrued in any EU country to another. However, such research has focused on legislation, not outcomes. We know little about how migration will affect the financial status of retired migrants in their host country and their ability to sustain a life there, should they stay after retirement. Using migration, wage and pension policy data (Eurostat, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), this paper projects the post-retirement incomes of a range of hypothetical EU migrants, selected in relation to the most common migratory flows since 2003. After having worked in their home countries (Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Italy) for at least ten years, these people move to richer countries (Italy, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom) and work there for at least 30 years. To determine whether they can remain settled after decades of labour force participation in the host country, the paper adds their pension entitlements from home and host countries and compares this income with the relative poverty line of the host countries. This shows that good portability of entitlements matters little when these are very low because of a large wage gap between home and host country. Thus, after at least 30 years of enjoying all citizenship rights as workers, most of these individuals are projected to receive incomes below the relative poverty line of their host countries and thus experience a sharp drop in this status. Their citizenship is diminished. The paper concludes by considering policies that could avoid such an outcome.
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Němec, Miroslav, Tomáš Gergeľ, Miloš Gejdoš, Anna Danihelová, and Vojtěch Ondrejka. "Selected Approaches to the Assessment of Environmental Noise from Railways in Urban Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 7086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137086.
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Rail transport is the second most important way of transporting people and freights by land in the European Union. Rail noise affects around 12 million people in the European Union during the day and around 9 million at night. There are two possible ways to assess environmental noise: noise measurement in situ and prediction using mathematical models. The aim of the work is based on the performed measurements and selected noise predictions to evaluate the accuracy of the prediction models and assess their sensitivity to various aspects. Two measuring points in the Banská Bystrica Self-Governing Region, within Slovakia, were selected for measurement, which is characterized by increased mobility of the population. For prediction, the two methodologies were selected (Schall 03 and Methodical instructions for the calculation of sound pressure level from transport). The results show that the Schall 03 method is sensitive to the measurement location (the value reaches half of the significance level) and to the location–period interaction. The second prediction method is sensitive to systematic error (absolute term) and, such as Schall 03, to the location–period interaction. This method systematically overestimates the results. Results showed greater accuracy of both prediction models compared to the measured noise values than the results of the authors in other countries and conditions.
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Romiszewska, Anna. "Influence of immigration on dynamics of economic growth and on condition and standing of public finance of Spain." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (December 5, 2015): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2015.2.10.
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At the turn of 20th and 21st century, Spain was one of target countries of earning immigration not only in the European Union, but in the entire world as well. This paper aims at analyzing the influence of immigration on the dynamics of Spanish GDP in the context of its direct influence on the level of productivity, employment rate, as well as the demographic factor that results from the share of working foreigners in the creation of national income, and the indirect impact resulting from its influence on, among other things, functioning of the labor market through mobility or occupational activity, as well as on changes in the volume of demand notified in the economy. Next, we are going to present the influence of immigration on condition and standing of public finance against the background of revenues generated by foreigners and public expenditures borne on immigrated population. Due to the size of this paper and difficult availability of data, the analysis will cover the country as a whole, disregarding regional differences
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Novicic, Zaklina. "Freedom of movement for persons in the European Union Law." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 1 (2003): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0301057n.
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In this article the author analyses the evolution of complex corpus of legislation concerning the freedom of movement for persons in European Union Law. The article deals with the subject in two aspects: the first part of the analysis considers the conceptual development of free movement of persons by way of deliberation of building-up the authority of Union in that area, and the second part analyses the contents of the right of the Union citizens to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member State. The freedom of movement for people includes the right of Union citizens to enter, move and reside in another Member State and, in that context prohibition of any discrimination based on nationality. Conceived originally as primarily an economic phenomenon, the free movement of persons was closely linked to the pursuit of an occupation. It was the mobility of human resources as a factor of production, which inspired the chapters of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (1957) relating to the free movement of workers, freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services. In that sense, freedom of movement is a part of a wider concept, that of the common/internal market. Since then, through the combined effect of secondary legislation and the case law of the Court of Justice, the concept has been broadened and it tends, from the Maastricht Treaty (1992), to form one of the fundamental and individual rights of Union citizens generally. Also, the amendments of EEC Treaty, which were made by the Single European Act (1985) and specially by the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and the Treaty of Nice (2001), have formalised the external aspect of freedom of movement. Namely, it was recognised that freedom of movement for persons could not take place at the expense of security, protection against crime and illegal immigration. The abolition of internal controls has generated the need of the transferring checks to the external frontiers of the Union and, in this connection, the gradual establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice. In the first part of the article the author presents and analyses the development of the Union power in the policies of freedom of movement: in facilitating of free movement of people as a principle of the common/internal/single market, in achievement of the right to free movement for Union citizens, and also in the fields related to the external aspect of freedom of movement, or, actually, the issues pertaining to visas, asylum and immigration. The second part presents the specific contents of freedom of movement for persons that consists of the corpus of individual rights enjoyed by Union citizens on the territories of EU Member States that are not countries of their origin. These are the right to entry and residence and the right to engagement in gainful activity as well as the related social rights. This part of the article also explores the freedom of movement restriction regime as well as the corresponding Union legislation in preparation.
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MUFTAKHOVA, A. N. "TERRITORIAL MOBILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 14, no. 1 (2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2019-14-1-145-160.
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Moreno, Blanca, and Ana Salomé García Muñiz. "Investigating the Determinants of Higher Education Mobility into European Union Countries." International Journal of Learning in Higher Education 19, no. 4 (2013): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2327-7955/cgp/v19i04/48666.
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Biveinytė, Simona, and Raimundas Dužinskas. "Evaluation and drives of international student mobility across European Union countries." Socialinis ugdymas 49, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/su.2018.13.
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García Muñiz, Ana Salomé, and Blanca Moreno. "Investigating the Determinants of Higher Education Mobility into European Union Countries." International Journal of Learning in Higher Education 19, no. 4 (2013): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v19i04/48666.
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Franco, G. "Occupational physicians' education and training across European Union countries." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 72, no. 5 (August 16, 1999): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050385.
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Altbach, Philip G., and David Engberg. "Global Student Mobility: The Changing Landscape." International Higher Education, no. 77 (September 1, 2014): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2014.77.5676.
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Government sponsored scholarship programs for global student mobility are only a small part of total flows of international students, but these programs are quite important in several countries. Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and the European Union sponsor programs that provide mobility for many thousands of students. Other countries have smaller programs. This article discusses fiscal, sponsorship, and other key elements of some of these programs.
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Gracia, Manuel, and María J. Paz. "Network position, export patterns and competitiveness: Evidence from the European automotive industry." Competition & Change 21, no. 2 (February 12, 2017): 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529417692331.
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The organizational characteristics of production in the European automotive industry have favoured a high degree of fragmentation and productive mobility. This article analyses the differing national positions of automotive producing countries and their export patterns – particularly their export reorientation to extra-European Union markets following the collapse of regional demand in the European automotive industry. Based on the methodologies of Mahutga and Piana, our position analysis arrives at two main conclusions: (i) the countries best positioned in the European regional automotive production network are precisely those that have experienced a greater increase in extra-European Union exports, thus reducing their dependence on regional European demand; (ii) the increase in extra-European Union exports (mainly of final goods) is linked to increased regional fragmentation of production in the automotive industry. We conclude that the governance of this fragmentation process is a key determinant of extra-European Union export competitiveness.
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ALIEVA, Liudmila R., and Vladimir V. SAMOYLENKO. "INCREASING INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC MOBILITY OF STUDENTS: CASE STUDY OF NORTH-CAUCASUS FEDERAL UNIVERSITY." PRIMO ASPECTU, no. 3(43) (September 28, 2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/2500-2635-2020-3-43-93-99.
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The article is devoted to methods of financial and non-financial stimulation of academic mobility of students of higher educational institutions. Differences in the concepts of the term "academic mobility" in the countries of the European higher education area and in Russia are considered. The drivers of students academic mobility in European Union are presented. The authors describe case study of NCFU: the main barriers to implementation of credit mobility and detailed description of the institutional system stimulating students mobility.
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Decock, Nico, Adriano Friganovic, Biljana Kurtovic, Ber Oomen, Patrick Crombez, and Christine Willems. "Temper the Specialist Nurses Heterogeneity in the Interest of Quality Practice and Mobility—18 EU Countries Study." Healthcare 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030435.
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Background: The position of the specialist nurse profession varies across the European Union. Action is required to address the challenges to promote mobility and the contribution of specialist nurses to quality of care. The purpose of the study is to identify the interfaces of the specialist nurse profession across the European Union. Methods: A mixed method study was conducted in October 2019 and total of 40 answers from 18 different European Union countries were selected using a purposive sampling method. Results: The participants had completed various Bologna degree cycles and 57.2% had followed a specific educational programme to become a specialist nurse. More professional autonomy was acquired by 81.9% participants. Conclusion: A striving for homogeneity in the interpretation of the specialist nurses role and competencies is needed to achieve better quality of care provision and facilitate their mobility around the European Union. The lack of recognition identified in this study should encourage nurse managers to consider specialist nurse roles with the aim of capitalizing on the advanced care and expertise that specialist nurses provide. These results are an opportunity to improve the specialist nurses profession with an ultimate impact on management practices of streamlined, cost-effective clinical services.
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Ray, Thomas Patrick. "The European Astrophysics Doctoral Network." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 162 (1998): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100114782.
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In 1986, a group of university astrophysics institutes in eleven Western European countries established a federation known as the European Astrophysics Doctoral Network (EADN). The aims of the EADN, then and now, are to stimulate the mobility of postgraduate students in astrophysics within Europe, and to organize pre-doctoral astrophysics schools for graduate students at the beginning of their PhD research. The network has by now expanded to include about 30 institutes in 17 Western European countries, and ways are being actively sought for expanding the EADN even further to include Eastern and Central Europe. The coordinators have been Prof. Jean Heyvaerts (France) until 1992, Prof. Loukas Vlahos (Greece) 1992–1993 and myself since 1993. The network is financially supported by the European Union “ERASMUS” and the “Human Capital & Mobility” programmes as well as by national funds.
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Churanova, A. N., and A. S. Titov. "Occupational injuries in Russia and EU countries." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 9 (March 19, 2020): 803–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-803-804.
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The article presents an analysis of the levels of total industrial injuries and fatal injuries in Russia and the European Union in 2016 in various economic activities, as well as the completeness of registration of accidents.
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Ericksno, Christopher L., and Sarosh Kuruvilla. "Labor Costs and the Social Dumping Debate in the European Union." ILR Review 48, no. 1 (October 1994): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404800103.
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This study examines the labor cost incentive for capital movement in manufacturing within the European Union, a key aspect of the “social dumping” debate in Western Europe. The authors find that the percentage differences in unit labor costs between the more developed and less developed countries in the Union not only were large in 1980 but actually grew between 1980 and 1986, and separate estimates of compensation and productivity growth rates do not indicate that significant convergence occurred over the remainder of the 1980s. Although these findings apparently confirm that a labor cost incentive for capital mobility does exist, analysis of foreign direct investment data indicates that during the period 1980–88 capital flows to the lower labor cost countries actually were not much larger than capital flows to the higher labor cost countries.
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Smits, Jeroen, Wout Ultee, and Jan Lammers. "Occupational Homogamy in Eight Countries of the European Union, 1975-89." Acta Sociologica 42, no. 1 (January 1999): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000169939904200104.
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Smits, Wout Ultee, Jan Lammers, Jeroen. "Occupational Homogamy in Eight Countries of the European Union, 1975-89." Acta Sociologica 42, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016999950079943.
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SITNIK, Lech. "Emissions of e-mobility." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-323.
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E-mobility is treated as emission-free. Generally, this sentence can only be true in a very small range. Namely, about selected pa-rameters and in a very limited area. An example of this is the measurement of CO2 emissions in the immediate vicinity of BEV (battery electric vehicle) . The situation can change dramatically if you take into account the emissions in the energy production necessary for car traffic. This work presents this issue taking into account the energy mix in the various countries of the European Union. Simulation research shows that there are already countries in the EU where the operation of electric vehicles makes sense. Especially when it con-cerns CO2 emissions. Emissions below the standards for 2025 can be obtained there. Unfortunately, in most EU countries, the operation of BEV is associated with increased (in relation to present-day) CO2 emissions. Without changing the energy policy, and in particular the energy mix, introducing e-mobility is problematic.
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Grimaud, Olivier, Mark McCarthy, and Claudia Conceição. "Strategies for public health research in European Union countries." European Journal of Public Health 23, suppl 2 (November 2013): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt153.
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Gimeno, D. "Distribution of sickness absence in the European Union countries." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 867–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.010074.
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BAKHMAT, N., and A. OSTENDA. "THE INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESSES CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN POLAND AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE EU COUNTRIES." Scientific papers of Berdiansk State Pedagogical University Series Pedagogical sciences 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31494/2412-9208-2022-1-2-48-61.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the processes of internationalization of higher education in Poland and compare them with other countries of the European Union, which will allow us to assess the state's place in the European educational space and form further development prospects. It was noted that the most important impetus for the development of internationalization in Europe was the Bologna process. The joining of the higher education system of Poland to it initiated the implementation of the pan-European development policy at the state level. The main prerequisites for the internationalization of the educational process in institutions of higher education have been determined. The international student mobility level in the countries of the European Union is analyzed. It was established that Poland is an active participant in internationalization, which allows increasing the competitiveness of universities against the background of preserving the best traditions and specifics of the national higher education system. Based on the study of the processes of internationalization of higher education in Poland against the background of the countries of the European Union, it was noted that they correspond to European trends and follow the best world trends in this field. It was established that this country's share of foreign students in higher education institutions is 3.86% of the number of enrolled students, which is significantly lower than the average value for the countries of the European Union (10.86%). According to the results of the analysis of the total number of foreign students in the host countries, it was determined that Poland belongs to the largest classification group (from 20 to 100 thousand people) and receives the main contingent of students from Ukraine, Belarus, India, the Czech Republic, Norway, and other countries. Certain developments and practices that are characteristic of the Polish higher education system in comparison with the countries of the European Union are summarized. Attention is drawn to the problems and challenges faced by internationalization participants. A set of measures aimed at the effective development of the internationalization of higher education in Poland has been formed, which should be implemented at different levels of management (national and university), which will increase the country's competitiveness in the market of educational services. Key words: higher education, internationalization of higher education, competitiveness, foreign students, student mobility.
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Rosnerova, Zuzana, and Dagmar Hraskova. "The impact of globalization on the business position of European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 05022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207405022.
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We are meeting with the term globalization for many years. The globalization process sets in motion goods, services, financial flows, information, through globalization come to the mobility of people, the workforce and globalization is also a power drive to move the whole world. This paper deals with the contribution of globalization to the EU market. The aim is to find out to what extent EU countries are involved in world trade. It also points to the position of the World Trade Organization, which is the only organization connecting the countries of the world, with the aim strengthening of world trade and ensuring its liberalization. We assume that the EU as the largest integration group in the world will play an important role in world trade and that EU countries will be among the top 10 world players. The document contains an analysis of the EU’s position in world trade. The methodology used is based on comparing the export shares of the top 10 world trade countries and assessing how the countries of the EU positioned on the scale in 2018. The discussion deals with assessing the findings and estimating the situation in the future.
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Marcu, Silvia. "Mobility, return for development and sense of Europe: narratives of Moldavian immigrants returning from the European Union." REMHU : Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 21, no. 41 (December 2013): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-85852013000200005.
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The article links migration, cross-border mobility and return for development embedded in terms of identity and approach to sense of Europe. Taking into account the global changes in Moldova, the paper examines the perceptions of mobility, return and identity of the Moldovans engaged in emigration in the countries of the European Union (EU). Utilising a multi-discipline approach and an in-depth qualitative interview technique, this article seeks to analyze how mobility and return can support social change and development of the country, and argues that people, who cross EU borders, living through the experience of emigration, acquire a pro-European mentality.
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Faivre, P., G. Bencina, R. Campbell, S. Quilici, and R. Drury. "PIN127 Immunization Funding Landscape in European Union 28 Countries." Value in Health 23 (December 2020): S565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.968.
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Gros, Daniel. "A Reconsideration of the Optimum Currency Area Approach: The Role of External Shocks and Labour Mobility." National Institute Economic Review 158 (October 1996): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019615800108.
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The external shocks emphasised by the standard Optimum Currency Area approach (i.e. shocks to exports) have surprisingly little influence on employment and unemployment in most member countries of the European Union (EU) whether or not exchange rates are fixed. Short-run exchange-rate variability (but not the level of the exchange rate) seems to have a negative impact on employment.It is often claimed that a high degree of international labour mobility is a condition for a monetary union. However, what matters for the Optimum Currency Area approach is the difference between inter-regional and inter-national labour mobil ity and not the level of the latter. Recent data show that international labour mobility in Europe is of the same order of magnitude as inter-regional labour mobility within member countries and that, the latter seems to be influenced by the housing market. EMU is thus unlikely to significantly worsen the problems that arise through the low mobility of labour in Europe.
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Binytska, Kateryna. "TENDENCIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION OF EU COUNTRIES AS AN OBJECT OF INTER-DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH." Educological discourse, no. 3-4 (2019): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2312-5829.2019.3-4.294305.
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The article deals with the issue of the development of university education in the EU countries. The article presents statistical data on the number of students at each of the higher education levels of the European Union. The factors influencing the process of university education development have been discussed: European and national. It is generalized that the current tendencies of the development of higher education in the countries of the European Union are: the mass character of population obtaining higher education; increasing accessibility of higher education for citizens; internationalization. The general tendencies of organization of the educational process in universities of the European Union countries include: the use of higher education levels (bachelor and master); the use of credit-transfer system of training; the education quality control (developing common criteria for evaluating the quality of teaching and providing educational services); the expansion of academic mobility (creation of integrated educational programs and programs for conducting scientific researches); from teaching – to self-study; from skills – to competences and learning outcomes; orientation to achievement of goals and attention to the evaluation of achievements; dialogue between structures; from linearity – to dynamic thinking; providing the employment of graduates. It is noted that current trends in the development of higher education and specific activities of universities of the EU countries are increasingly affecting the socio-political and economic development of European countries. The objectives of the educational policy of the EU countries include: improving the provision of educational services, facilitating the employment of graduates and strengthening interaction with various sectors of the domestic and world economy, strengthening international cooperation activities, mobility of students and teaching staff, internationalization of higher education, which are crucial factors for advancement of our country in the global competition on the world market of goods and services. Taking into account the considered tendencies of the development of university education in the EU countries, recommendations have been offered to the domestic universities to improve their activity.
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Khan, Evgen. "Academic Mobility as One of the Priority Areas in the Process of the Formation of the Common European Educational Space: the Ukrainian Experience of Cooperation." European Historical Studies, no. 8 (2017): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.08.53-73.
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The integration processes, which take place in the world community in all spheres of the human activity have a great influence on the system of higher education. During this period, the common European education space is formed, which expressed particularly through harmonization of education standards, approaches, curricula, and specialties in different countries of the world. The open educational space provides for the increasing of student mobility and co-operation of university lecturers from different countries, which should help to improve the university graduates’ employment system and increase the status of these countries in the field of education. Academic mobility is one of the areas of the Bologna Process, which ensures the integrity of the European Higher Education Area and the European Research Area. At the same time the European space means not only the space of the states of the European Union. This space covers the territories of all member states of the Bologna Process. The course for the development of academic mobility is enshrined in almost all major documents governing the Bologna process. They note that the academic mobility of students, researchers and lecturers allows its participants to take advantage of European educational values (Prague Communiqué of Ministers of Education 2001), which forms the basis for the formation of the European Higher Education Area (Berlin Communiqué 2003), is an essential element of the Bologna process, which creates the new opportunities for personal growth, development of cooperation between people and institutions (London Communiqué 2007), etc. It is very important to find out how much our country is involved in the process of academic exchanges and international cooperation in the field of education, especially with European countries, as far as the international academic mobility is an important factor in the process of European integration.
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Martirosyan, Diana G. "LEGAL LABOR MIGRATION REGULATION FROM THIRD COUNTRIES UNDER EUROPEAN UNION LAW." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 1 (2022): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-1-09.
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The article deals with the EU legal framework in the sphere of regulation of legal labor migration of citizens from third countries. In recent years this issue has become one of the most discussed in the European Union due to the migration crisis and the development of geopolitical transformations. By examining the relevant provisions of primary and secondary EU law, especially certain provisions of EU secondary legislation, as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter — CJEU), the author concludes that the European Union institutions and competent authorities need to change their approach when it comes to labor market needs. The migration crisis of 2015-2019 has shown the need to develop and further adopt a common migration policy at the supranational level, with particular attention to the regulation of labor migration. Details on improving and developing a program for the integration and assimilation of migrants in host countries are extremely important. There is also a need to develop online platforms and tools to help potential migrants better integrate, which could be similar to the European Job Mobility Portal (EURES). Particular attention needs to be paid to the implementation of European law at the supranational level, as individual countries complicate administrative and bureaucratic regulation in order to reduce the flow of migration into their countries. In general, despite some progress in the development of EU migration law, there is a need to improve it in order to bring it into line with the reality of migration regulation.
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Cepeliauskaite, Gabriele, Benno Keppner, Zivile Simkute, Zaneta Stasiskiene, Leon Leuser, Ieva Kalnina, Nika Kotovica, Jānis Andiņš, and Marek Muiste. "Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084127.
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The transport sector is one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In order to achieve the Paris goal of decreasing the global average temperature by 2 °C, urgent and transformative actions in urban mobility are required. As a sub-domain of the smart-city concept, smart-mobility-solutions integration at the municipal level is thought to have environmental, economic and social benefits, e.g., reducing air pollution in cities, providing new markets for alternative mobility and ensuring universal access to public transportation. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the relevance of smart mobility in creating a cleaner environment and provide strategic and practical examples of smart-mobility services in four European cities: Berlin (Germany), Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). The paper presents a systematized literature review about the potential of smart-mobility services in reducing the negative environmental impact to urban environments in various cities. The authors highlight broad opportunities from the European Union and municipal documents for smart-mobility initiatives. The theoretical part is supplemented by socioeconomic and environmental descriptions, as well as experience, related to smart-mobility services in the four cities selected.
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Yu, Jing. "The Geographies of International Student Mobility." Journal of International Students 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i2.2187.
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The Geographies of International Student Mobility: Spaces, Places and Decision-Making is a timely volume offering distinctive and critical insights into the geographical dimensions of international student mobilities. After the 2016 United Kingdom referendum to leave the European Union, and in the same year, the election of Donald Trump as the President of the United States, both countries faced the rise of conservative populism and sociopolitical upheavals. Brexit and Trumpism have been reshaping the politics of Western democracies in a more nationalistic and nativist way. This anti-immigration macro-level trend actually has ramifications for the internationalization processes of UK higher education.
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Cheshmehzangi, Ali, Maycon Sedrez, Junhang Ren, Dezhou Kong, Yifan Shen, Sinan Bao, Junhao Xu, Zhaohui Su, and Ayotunde Dawodu. "The Effect of Mobility on the Spread of COVID-19 in Light of Regional Differences in the European Union." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105395.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly all over the world, affecting many countries to varying degrees. In this study, an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 is offered mainly through big data in the European Union (EU) context. In doing so, the data of the first wave of the pandemic are assessed. Afterward, we evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 spread in specific countries and regions. Based on the existing literature, mobility is recognized as a significant direct factor affecting disease transmission. The same applies to the case of COVID-19. However, compared with the analysis of mobility itself, this paper explores more profound reasons that affect mobility, ranging from policy and economy to geographical and transportation factors. Specifically, this paper studies nine EU countries based on their population density and the degree of impact of the epidemic in the first six months (February to July 2020) of the pandemic. Our study aims to illustrate how policies, economies, and geographical locations (including transportation factors) directly or indirectly affect the spread of the novel coronavirus by applying the SEIR model to analyze all selected countries’ big data. The key findings of this research are: (1) the timeliness of relevant policies and the effectiveness of government implementation indirectly limit the spread of the epidemic by reducing population mobility; (2) a better medical level would contribute to detect, isolate, and treat patients, and help control the epidemic; and (3) the large land borders and developed transportation between countries exacerbate the spread of the COVID-19. The paper contributes to ongoing research on COVID-19 by addressing the above points.
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Boschetti, Florinda. "Mobility and health: European cities networking for sustainable mobility and healthier cities." Public Health Forum 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-2016-2109.
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Abstract A sedentary lifestyle is a primary risk factor of non–communicable diseases in Western Countries causing major health problems for individuals and great economic costs for the society as a whole. Getting more active can be easily achieved by introducing active travel into everyday life. Unattractive built environments, poor connections and car-dominated spaces are too often discouraging people from being more active. However, we are witnessing the rise of a new urban mobility culture in cities.
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Slepak, V. Yu, and A. A. Ariyants. "Formation of a European Research Area in Evolution of Legal Regulation of European Research." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 9 (October 5, 2019): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.106.9.142-152.
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Since the end of the 20th century in Europe, there has been a tendency to accumulate scientific knowledge, increase the level of competitiveness of European research and the mobility of scientists themselves. The goals and objectives set by the European Union are realized through the creation of a single European research area and the implementation of special framework programs. It is determined that today the European Union is one of the world leaders in research and innovation. It is scientific knowledge, experience, high standards of research, developed research infrastructure that guarantee many years of successful cooperation between the EU and other countries. Contacts between Russia and the EU in the field of scientific and technical cooperation are developing quite actively. Both in the EU and in Russia, the development of effective innovation policies and programs is important for the development of a knowledge-based economy and an increase in the efficiency of investments in research and development.
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Chymbay, Liudmyla, Larysa Popkova, and Tetiana Khaniuk. "THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF UKRAINE ON THE WAY TO THE EUROPEAN UNION." Educational Analytics of Ukraine, no. 4 (2022): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32987/2617-8532-2022-4-31-48.
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The article is devoted to the training of specialists with higher education in the context of the integration of Ukraine into the European educational space. Nowadays it is necessary to implement European principles, approaches and practices into the Ukrainian education policy through fundamental reforms in the field of education. The analysis of scientific research has shown that the academic mobility of all participants in the educational process contributes to the internationalization and adaptation of the national education system of Ukraine to European criteria. Special attention was paid to the current legislation of Ukraine, which regulates legal, organizational and financial relations in the process of implementing academic mobility in the training of competitive specialists with higher education. The article defines the advantages of international academic mobility in the educational process, contains a list of countries with the largest contingent of Ukrainian students and a list of the most popular universities of Ukraine, chosen by foreign citizens for obtaining higher education. Based on the data of the Erasmus+ National Office, the results of Ukraine's participation in the exchange projects of the Erasmus+ program, and joint master's programs Erasmus Mundus and Jean Monnet were analyzed. The paper outlines exceptional measures taken within the framework of the approved European Union Directives to support Ukrainian educators and facilitate their integration into educational projects. Foreign organizations and programs that support the international academic mobility of participants in the educational process are given as an example of cooperation between well-known Ukrainian HEIs with scientific institutions and universities of other countries. Attention is paid to the modern approaches available to Ukrainian students to obtain quality higher education, namely their participation in virtual international academic mobility and double degree programs. This issue is now relevant and could be the subject of further research. In general, the participation of Ukrainian students and researchers in international academic mobility projects has been identified by the authors as an important factor in achieving the goals of the Bologna process and the training of highly qualified and competitive specialists at the European level.
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Sobotková, Veronika. "Revisiting the debate on harmful tax competition in the European Union." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 4 (2012): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260040343.
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Globalization leads to economic benefits for some countries but may have also many serious negative side effects for others. The increased mobility of economic activities may result in a sharp increase in tax competition between countries. On the one hand, tax competition can have desirable consequences, such as more efficiency, but on the other side it may also have undesirable or harmful consequences, such as race to the bottom. Also, the increasing using of tax havens has resulted in erosion of many countries’ tax bases. From of the point of view, there is a need to revisiting the debate on tax competition and to answer whether the tax competition is beneficial or harmful. For this reason, this paper discusses the significance of tax competition in the European Union and deals with the position of tax competition in the European Single Market. This paper discusses an economic purpose of tax competition at currently European Single Market and discusses about harmful effects of tax competition. Based on the findings in this paper the following overall conclusion is drawn. The article makes clear that Member States have a need to protect their tax bases, especially in time of economic crisis, because the foreign direct investment flows might have negative consequences on the choice of tax revenues.
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Pietryka, Ilona. "The process of nominal and real convergence under the conditions of monetary integration." Equilibrium 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2009.020.
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The creation of the Economic and Monetary Union is the next stage of monetary integration. Due to differentiation between Member States of the European Union, expenses and profits of participation in Eurosystem are not spread similarly. The first part of this paper reviews the fulfillment of nominal Maastricht criteria (stability of public finances, prices, exchange rate and interest rates). The second part presents the state of real convergence between countries either belonging to or aspiring to European Economic and Monetary Union (flexibility of prices and salaries, mobility of means of production, integration of financial markets, openness of economy, diversification of production and consumption and similarity of economic disorders). Analyses are based on available statistical data and scientific research.
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VÂLCU, ELISE-NICOLETA. "EUROPEAN UNION LEGAL PROVISIONS ON THE ADMISSION OF THIRD-COUNTRY NATIONALS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EMPLOYMENTAS SEASONAL WORKERS." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 12, no. 1 (November 26, 2018): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v12i1.3415.
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”The global approach in matters of migration and mobility”, adopted by the Commission in 2011, sets out a general framework for the relations of the European Union with the third countries in matters of migration. This approach is based on four pillars: legal immigration and mobility, illegal immigration and human trafficking, international protection and asylum policy, as well as maximization of the impact of migration and of mobility on development.On 13th May 2015, the Commission presented”The European Agenda on migration” proposing immediate measures and actions to perform in the following years for a better management of migration under all its aspects. Within it, the Commission proposes orientations in four directions: reduction of factors encouraging clandestine migration; a border management aiming at lifesaving and border security; development of a sounder asylum common policy; and establishment of a new policy in matter of legal migration by modernising and revising the ”blue card” regime, by establishing some new priorities of the integration policies and by optimising the advantages of the migration policy for the aimed persons and the countries of origin. In September 2018, the Commission published a report on the progress made in the implementation of the European Agenda on migration, examining the progress and deficiencies in its implementation.
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Semeko, Galina. "LABOR MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS." Economic and social problems of Russia The digital economy Current state and prospects, no. 4 (2021): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/espr/2021.04.06.
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Quarantine measures and restrictions on movement associated with the spread of the COVID-19 virus have a serious impact on the mobility of the population in the EU, in particular on the labor migration. The pandemic highlighted the significant contribution of the migrant workforce to the keeping vital sections of the European economy operational, which necessitated a reassessment of its role and the adaptation of immigration policy. The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the situation of migrant workers, their employment, wages, remittances to their homeland, as well as on the regulation of migration flows and immigration policy. The problems of labor migration from the Eastern Partnership countries to the EU countries are also considered.
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Rokicki, Tomasz, Piotr Bórawski, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Agata Żak, and Grzegorz Koszela. "Development of Electromobility in European Union Countries under COVID-19 Conditions." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010009.
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The introduction of electromobility contributes to an increase in energy efficiency and lower air pollution. European countries have not been among the world’s leading countries in this statistic. In addition, there have been different paces in the implementation of electromobility in individual countries. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the directions of change and the degrees of concentration in electromobility in European Union (EU) countries, especially after the economic closure as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The specific objectives are to indicate the degree of concentration of electromobility in the EU and changes in this area, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic; to determine the dynamics of changes in the number of electric cars in individual EU countries, showing the variability in this aspect, while also taking into account the crisis caused by COVID-19; to establish the association between the number of electric cars and the parameters of the economy. All EU countries were selected for study by the use of the purposeful selection procedure, as of December 31, 2020. The analyzed period covered the years 2011–2020. It was found that in the longer term, the development of electromobility in the EU, measured by the number of electric cars, is closely related to the economic situation in this area. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the economic situation in all EU countries, but has not slowed down the pace of introducing electromobility, and may have even accelerated it. In all EU countries, in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the dynamics of introducing electric cars into use increased. The growth rate in the entire EU in 2020 was 86%, while in 2019 it was 48%. The reason was a change in social behavior related to mobility under conditions of risk of infection. COVID-19 has become a positive catalyst for change. The prospects for the development of this type of transport are very good because activities related to the development of the electromobility sector perfectly match the needs related to the reduction of pollution to the environment.
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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru, and Anna Kant. "Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.
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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.
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Solum, Eva Merethe, Berit Viken, and Anne Lyberg. "First Year’s Work Experiences of Foreign Educated Nurses Coming to Norway From Other European Countries." SAGE Open Nursing 6 (January 2020): 237796082097000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2377960820970003.
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Introduction Nurses educated in the European Union and European Economic Area are automatically given professional authorization to work in all member states, facilitating workforce mobility between countries. Along with many other European countries, Norway faces nursing shortages in healthcare. European Foreign Educated Nurses are often recruited to work in Norway by agencies or apply for work themselves. Aims To explore the experiences Foreign Educated Nurses from European Union and European Economic Area had with their preparation and orientation programs and their first year of work in Norwegian elderly care institutions Methods The study followed a qualitative explorative design. Nine open, dialogue-based, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Foreign Educated Nurses from Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Iceland, and Spain. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings One main theme, struggling to adjust to professional competence standards, and four subthemes emerged from our data (1) deficiencies in preparation and orientation by recruitment agencies and institutions, (2) language skills and communication challenges at work, (3) cultural differences in the nursing role in clinical practice, and (4) social interactions at work. Conclusion More comprehensive preparation and orientation programs regarding language skills and local healthcare systems are needed. Foreign Educated Nurses make important contributions to the Norwegian healthcare work force, but the challenges brought to light in this study negatively affected their work conditions and can possibly threaten patient safety. More research is suggested to address the lack of collaboration between agencies, healthcare institutions, and other stakeholders in establishing professional standards and appropriate support for Foreign Educated Nurses from European Union and European Economic Area.
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Oancea Negescu, Mihaela Diana, Georgiana Raluca Ladaru, Petrut Cristian Vasilache, and Petrica Sorin Angheluta. "Learning mobility for tertiary education in the context of globalization in European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 08012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908012.
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Research background: Mobility activities, unimpeded by borders, supports the modernization of national education and training. Increasing student mobility can help increase European competitiveness. The high challenges of globalization can be counteracted by skills up to date with the requirements of the labour market. Mobility in the case of tertiary education contributes to globalization in the field of education. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether the process of globalization is reflected in the growth of mobile students from abroad enrolled in tertiary education. It also analyzes the evolution of the number of mobile graduates from abroad. Methods: In the article, the comparative situation of the number of mobile students from abroad enrolled for tertiary education in the European Union is presented. The article also presents an analysis of the number of degree mobile graduates from abroad in the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in the number of mobile students from abroad enrolled in tertiary education. Also, for most countries there is an increase in the number of degree mobile graduates from abroad. Depending on the field of education, there is a high interest in the following areas: Business, administration and law; Engineering, manufacturing and construction; Arts and humanities; Health and welfare; Social sciences, journalism and information; Natural sciences, mathematics and statistics.
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Organiściak-Krzyszkowska, Anna. "The Determinants and the Size of International Migration in Central and Eastern Europe After 2004." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0033.
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Migration is a very important socio‑economic issue in the contemporary world. One of the interesting and pertinent research problems worth considering concerns the scale and nature of migration from countries which entered the European Union in 2004 and in the subsequent years. As a result of integration within the European Community, the citizens of member states acquired citizenship within the entire European Union (which is complementary to citizenship in the country of origin). The right of free movement led to the emergence of the migration phenomenon within the territory of the European Union. A well educated and young labour force may be an influential factor in the social and economic development of the European Union members. The enlargement of the EU led to a significant increase in the number of part‑time/temporary migrants. According to statistical data, the number of emigrants from the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) to the more prosperous European countries increased from 1,66 million in 2004 to 7,3 million in 2016. Within the context of the scale of economic migration from the CEE, questions should be asked about the determinants and economic consequences of this mobility. The main objective of this article is a diagnosis and evaluation of the determinants and size of migration from the CEE. The analyses are based on Eurostat data. The determinants of migration are presented from the point of view of the push and pull factors theory and related to the situation in the European labour market. An analysis of the size of migration outflow from the CEE countries made it possible to classify them into three groups: countries with a high emigration potential (Latvia, Lithuania, Romania), a moderate emigration potential (Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Estonia, Slovakia) and a low emigration potential (the Czech Republic, Slovenia). The economic consequences of migration are shown from the perspective of remittances received from working abroad.
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Sjöström, M., P. Oja, M. Hagströmer, B. J. Smith, and A. Bauman. "Health-enhancing physical activity across European Union countries: the Eurobarometer study." Journal of Public Health 14, no. 5 (May 19, 2006): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-006-0031-y.
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