Journal articles: 'Occupational diseases Australia'

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Hoy, Ryan F., and Fraser Brims. "Occupational lung diseases in Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 207, no. 10 (November 2017): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00601.

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Si, Si, Kate Lewkowski, Lin Fritschi, Jane Heyworth, Danny Liew, and Ian Li. "Productivity Burden of Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Australia: A Life Table Modelling Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 4667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134667.

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Background: Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is one of the most common yet preventable occupational diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of ONIHL in the Australian working population by quantifying and monetising ONIHL—related loss of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) and Productivity Adjusted Life Years (PALYs). Methods: We simulated the number of moderate-to-severe ONIHL by multiplying the age-specific prevalence of occupational noise exposure by the excess risks of ONIHL. Life table modelling was applied to workers with ONIHL. The QALY and PALY weights attributable to hearing loss were sourced from published data. The 2016 Gross Domestic Product per full-time equivalent worker in Australia was used to estimate the cost of productivity loss due to ONIHL. The cost due to the loss of well-being was quantified using willingness to pay thresholds derived from an Australian longitudinal study. Results: Under current occupational noise exposure levels in Australia, we estimated that over 80,000 male workers and over 31,000 female workers would develop ONIHL over 10 years of exposure. Following this cohort until the age of 65 years, the estimated loss of QALYs and PALYs were 62,218 and 135,561 respectively, with a projected loss of AUD 5.5 billion and AUD 21.3 billion due to well-being and productivity loss, respectively. Reducing noise exposure at work would substantially reduce the economic burden of ONIHL. Conclusion: ONIHL imposes substantial burden on Australian economy. Interventions to reduce occupational noise exposure are warranted.

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Mayo, Mark, Sean Taylor, and Bart J. Currie. "Infectious diseases in Northern Australia." Microbiology Australia 43, no. 3 (October 21, 2022): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma22029.

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Plant, Aileen J., and R. Louise Rushworth. "Emerging infectious diseases: what should Australia do?" Australian Journal of Public Health 19, no. 6 (February 12, 2010): 541–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00454.x.

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Douglas, Bob. "The control of communicable diseases in Australia." Australian Journal of Public Health 19, no. 6 (February 12, 2010): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00456.x.

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Cortes-Ramirez, Javier, Darren Wraith, Peter D. Sly, and Paul Jagals. "Mapping the Morbidity Risk Associated with Coal Mining in Queensland, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031206.

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The populations in the vicinity of surface coal mining activities have a higher risk of morbidity due to diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory and hypertensive diseases, as well as cancer and diabetes mellitus. Despite the large and historical volume of coal production in Queensland, the main Australian coal mining state, there is little research on the association of coal mining exposures with morbidity in non-occupational populations in this region. This study explored the association of coal production (Gross Raw Output—GRO) with hospitalisations due to six disease groups in Queensland using a Bayesian spatial hierarchical analysis and considering the spatial distribution of the Local Government Areas (LGAs). There is a positive association of GRO with hospitalisations due to circulatory diseases (1.022, 99% CI: 1.002–1.043) and respiratory diseases (1.031, 95% CI: 1.001–1.062) for the whole of Queensland. A higher risk of circulatory, respiratory and chronic lower respiratory diseases is found in LGAs in northwest and central Queensland; and a higher risk of hypertensive diseases, diabetes mellitus and lung cancer is found in LGAs in north, west, and north and southeast Queensland, respectively. These findings can be used to support public health strategies to protect communities at risk. Further research is needed to identify the causal links between coal mining and morbidity in non-occupational populations in Queensland.

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Aroni, Rosalie, and Hal Swerissen. "Editorial: Chronic illness: policies and paradoxes." Australian Journal of Primary Health 9, no. 3 (2003): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py03016.

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It is almost a truism to state that Australia has experienced a health transition from infectious and acute diseases to chronic disease, impairment and disability in the last century (Murray & Lopez, 1996; Beaglehole & Bonita, 1997; Australian Institute o

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Williams, Henrietta, and Sandra Davidson. "Improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health. A view from Australia: learning from world's best practice." Sexual Health 1, no. 2 (2004): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh03023.

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There is increasing awareness worldwide of the importance of sexual and reproductive health in adolescents. Australia's high rates of teenage pregnancy and increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections in young people reflect a failure to prioritise adolescent sexual and reproductive health on the public health agenda. This paper reviews adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Australia in comparison with international data, and examines the systemic, social and cultural factors that influence it. Based on comparisons with international best practice, recommendations are included for improvement in adolescent sexual and reproductive health within the Australian context.

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BI, P., P. J. TULLY, S. PEARCE, and J. E. HILLER. "Occupational blood and body fluid exposure in an Australian teaching hospital." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805005212.

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To examine work-related blood and body fluid exposure (BBFE) among health-care workers (HCWs), to explore potential risk factors and to provide policy suggestions, a 6-year retrospective study of all reported BBFE among HCWs (1998–2003) was conducted in a 430-bed teaching hospital in Australia. Results showed that BBFE reporting was consistent throughout the study period, with medical staff experiencing the highest rate of sharps injury (10·4%). Hollow-bore needles were implicated in 51·7% of all percutaneous injuries. Most incidents occurred during sharps use (40·4%) or after use but before disposal (27·1%). Nursing staff experienced 68·5% of reported mucocutaneous exposure. Many such exposures occurred in the absence of any protective attire (61·1%). This study indicated that emphasis on work practice, attire, disposal systems and education strategies, as well as the use of safety sharps should be employed to reduce work-related injuries among HCWs in Australia.

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Keegel, Tessa, Ollie Black, Ewan MacFarlane, Rwth Stuckey, Anthony LaMontagne, Rosemary Nixon, and Malcolm Sim. "O5B.4 Workers’ compensation claims for occupational contact dermatitis: 20 years of data from victoria, australia." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A44.1—A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.119.

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BackgroundOccupational contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational diseases, but there is a lack of reliable information on incidence. Despite acknowledged limitations, workers’ compensation statistics may provide insights into contact dermatitis patterns.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to characterise historical patterns of workers’ compensation claims for occupational contact dermatitis.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of workers’ compensation claims for occupational contact dermatitis from 1996–2015 (n=3,348) accepted by WorkSafe Victoria in Victoria, Australia. Accepted claims per 1 00 000 person-years stratified by sex, age and industry were calculated. Denominators for the population at risk were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics using Victorian Labour Force Survey data.ResultsThe compensation claims rate of occupational contact dermatitis was 6.72 per 1 00 000 person-years for the overall twenty-year period. There was a significant reduction in claims from 11.84 in 1996 to 1.78 in 2015. Males had a higher overall claims rate of 7.97 compared to the rate for females of 5.18. Over the twenty-year period the rate for males decreased from 14.46 to 1.7 compared to a reduction from 8.4 to 1.8 for females. This decrease was still observed when the data were standardised for underlying changes in the age structure of the population. There was an overall decline across all high-risk occupational groupsConclusionsThere was a fivefold decrease in accepted claims for occupational contact dermatitis for the twenty-year period from January 1996 to December 2015 for the state of Victoria in Australia. These results need to be regarded with caution as the declining rate of accepted occupational contact dermatitis claims may indicate changes in workplace dermal exposures or improvements in workplace skin protection practices over time, or they may be driven by underlying changes to the workers’ compensation system or changes to claims behaviour amongst workers.

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Zhang, Xiaohui, Xueyan Zhao, and Anthony Harris. "Chronic diseases and labour force participation in Australia." Journal of Health Economics 28, no. 1 (January 2009): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.08.001.

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Shield, Jennifer, Sabine Braat, Matthew Watts, Gemma Robertson, Miles Beaman, James McLeod, Robert W. Baird, et al. "Seropositivity and geographical distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis in Australia: A study of pathology laboratory data from 2012–2016." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): e0009160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009160.

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Background There are no national prevalence studies of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Australia, although it is known to be endemic in northern Australia and is reported in high risk groups such as immigrants and returned travellers. We aimed to determine the seropositivity (number positive per 100,000 of population and percent positive of those tested) and geographical distribution of S. stercoralis by using data from pathology laboratories. Methodology We contacted all seven Australian laboratories that undertake Strongyloides serological (ELISA antibody) testing to request de-identified data from 2012–2016 inclusive. Six responded. One provided positive data only. The number of people positive, number negative and number tested per 100,000 of population (Australian Bureau of Statistics data) were calculated including for each state/territory, each Australian Bureau of Statistics Statistical Area Level 3 (region), and each suburb/town/community/locality. The data was summarized and expressed as maps of Australia and Greater Capital Cities. Principal findings We obtained data for 81,777 people who underwent serological testing for Strongyloides infection, 631 of whom were from a laboratory that provided positive data only. Overall, 32 (95% CI: 31, 33) people per 100,000 of population were seropositive, ranging between 23/100,000 (95% CI: 19, 29) (Tasmania) and 489/100,000 population (95%CI: 462, 517) (Northern Territory). Positive cases were detected across all states and territories, with the highest (260-996/100,000 and 17–40% of those tested) in regions across northern Australia, north-east New South Wales and north-west South Australia. Some regions in Greater Capital Cities also had a high seropositivity (112-188/100,000 and 17–20% of those tested). Relatively more males than females tested positive. Relatively more adults than children tested positive. Children were under-represented in the data. Conclusions/Significance The study confirms that substantial numbers of S. stercoralis infections occur in Australia and provides data to inform public health planning.

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Bernard, Diana, Susan Kippax, and Don Baxter. "Effective partnership and adequate investment underpin a successful response: key factors in dealing with HIV increases." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07078.

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Background: Australia has mounted an effective response to HIV and AIDS by investing in evidence-informed policy. Recently, in response to increases in HIV in some states in Australia, the New South Wales Department of Health set up a ‘think tank’ to examine differences in epidemiological and behavioural data, policies, strategies and community responses in order to account for state-based differences and ensure an effective ongoing response to HIV. Methods: The National Centre in HIV Social Research undertook key informant interviews with major stakeholders to help understand differences in responses by the three states most affected by HIV in Australia – Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. In parallel, the Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations completed an analysis of the investments in HIV-prevention activities targeting gay men in all jurisdictions in Australia. The Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations also analysed the strategic contexts and government responses to HIV in the three states. Results: There were significant differences between New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria in the way the HIV partnership functions. Type of prevention strategy and level of financial investment in prevention activities appear to be related to the effectiveness of the ongoing response to HIV. Conclusions: An active commitment to and adequate resourcing of HIV prevention by all stakeholders in the HIV partnership – government and non-government departments, researchers and gay community organisations – is crucial if Australia is to respond effectively to HIV among gay and other men who have sex with men.

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Han, Shuai, Hong Chen, Maggie-Anne Harvey, Eric Stemn, and David Cliff. "Focusing on Coal Workers’ Lung Diseases: A Comparative Analysis of China, Australia, and the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112565.

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China has high and increasing annual rates of occupational lung diseases such as pneumoconiosis and silicosis. In contrast, Australia and the United States of America (USA) have greatly lowered their annual rates of lung diseases since the 1970s. This paper systematically compared and analysed the multi-elements of coal dust management and health management in these three countries to provide a reference for China. Regarding coal dust management, this paper found that coal workers in China are more susceptible to lung diseases compared to workers in the USA and Australia, considering fundamental aspects such as mine type, coal rank, and geological conditions. In addition, the controllable aspects such as advanced mitigation, monitoring methods, and the personal protective equipment of coal dust were relatively inadequate in China compared to the USA and Australia. Health management in China was found to have multiple deficiencies in health examination, co-governance, and compensations for coal workers suffering from lung diseases and healthcare for retired coal workers. These deficiencies may be attributed to insufficient medical resources, the Chinese government-dominated governance, ineffective procedures for obtaining compensation, and the lack of effective and preventive healthcare programs for the retired coal workers. Based on the USA and Australia experience, some suggestions for improvement were proposed.

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Pham, Hong Tham, and Minh-Hoang Tran. "One Health: An Effective and Ethical Approach to Leptospirosis Control in Australia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7110389.

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The increasing concerns over emerging infectious diseases and potential pandemics led to the formation of One Health, a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach to address the risks from human–animal–ecosystem interactions. This multi-sectoral approach is specifically important in Australia, a biodiverse country with unique flora, fauna, and many infectious diseases, including leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a relatively rare but potentially fatal zoonosis, with an attributed mortality of around 60,000 deaths per year worldwide. In recent years, sporadic cases and alarming outbreaks of leptospirosis have been notified in many states and territories of Australia, noteworthily in 2018 and 2019. The sudden outbreaks in these two years have raised a question about the possibility of a more severe menace or a potential threat to both humans and animals. Amid the fight against leptospirosis, One Health has been shown to be an excellent and ideal framework, especially in Australia, the country that has taken the lead in zoonosis control using this approach. In this review, the focus will be put on the effectiveness and ethics of One Health in leptospirosis control under the Australian setting to further advocate the implementation of this framework for many other infectious diseases.

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Peach, Elizabeth, Chris Lemoh, Mark Stoove, Paul Agius, Carol El Hayek, Nasra Higgins, and Margaret Hellard. "Aiming for 90–90–90 – the importance of understanding the risk factors for HIV exposure and advanced HIV infection in migrant populations and other groups who do not report male-to-male sex." Sexual Health 15, no. 5 (2018): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17192.

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Background In Australia, new HIV diagnoses increasingly occur among people who do not report male-to-male sex. Among migrants, it is not clear what proportion acquired infection before migration. Similarly, among Australian-born people, it is not clear what proportion acquired infection in-country. There is a need to better understand the epidemiology of HIV in people who do not report male-to-male sex. Methods: Victorian public health surveillance data were used to classify migrants as having likely acquired HIV before or after arrival to Australia using a CD4 cell count decline method to estimate date of infection. Place of exposure for Australian-born people was estimated based on self-report. Factors associated with place of HIV acquisition, advanced infection and newly acquired infection were explored among migrants and among Australian-born people. Results: Between July 1996 and June 2014, there were 821 new non-MSM HIV diagnoses. Most (58%) were migrants, and of these, half (54%) were estimated to have acquired HIV before migration. Among Australian-born people, 27% reported exposure likely occurring abroad; the majority of these were men who reported exposure in South-East Asia. Advanced infection was common in migrants (45%) and Australian-born people (35%). Among migrants, birth in South-East Asia was associated with increased odds of advanced infection. Conclusion: These results highlight the potential vulnerability of migrants after arrival in Australia, especially those from South-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, and that of Australian-born men travelling to these regions. Public health practice must be strengthened to meet prevention needs of these populations in line with Australian policy.

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PARK, Eun-Kee, Kirsty M. HANNAFORD-TURNER, Rebecca A. HYLAND, Anthony R. JOHNSON, and Deborah H. YATES. "Asbestos-related Occupational Lung Diseases in NSW, Australia and Potential Exposure of the General Population." Industrial Health 46, no. 6 (2008): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.46.535.

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Mathews, Karen O., David Phalen, Jacqueline M. Norris, John Stenos, Jenny-Ann Toribio, Nicholas Wood, Stephen Graves, Paul A. Sheehy, Chelsea Nguyen, and Katrina L. Bosward. "Serological Evidence of Exposure to Spotted Fever Group and Typhus Group Rickettsiae in Australian Wildlife Rehabilitators." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060745.

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Rickettsioses are arthropod-borne zoonotic diseases, several of which occur in Australia. This study aimed to assess the exposure levels and risk factors for Rickettsia spp. among Australian wildlife rehabilitators (AWRs) using serology, PCR and a questionnaire. Antibody titres against Spotted Fever Group (SFG), Typhus Group (TG) and Scrub Typhus Group (STG) antigens were determined using an immunofluorescence assay. PCR targeting the gltA gene was performed on DNA extracts from whole blood and serum. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Of the 27 (22.1%; 27/122) seropositive participants all were seropositive for SFG, with 5/27 (4.1%) also positive for TG. Of the 27 positive sera, 14.8% (4/27) were further classified as exposure to R. australis, 3.7% (1/27) to R. honei, 3.7% (1/27) to R. felis and 77.8% (21/27) were classified as ‘indeterminate’—most of which (85.7%; 18/21) were indeterminate R. australis/R. honei exposures. Rickettsia DNA was not detected in whole blood or serum. Rehabilitators were more likely to be seropositive if more than one household member rehabilitated wildlife, were older than 50 years or had occupational animal contact. These findings suggest that AWRs are at increased risk of contracting Rickettsia-related illnesses, however the source of the increased seropositivity remains unclear.

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Sikazwe, Chisha, Matthew J. Neave, Alice Michie, Patrick Mileto, Jianning Wang, Natalie Cooper, Avram Levy, et al. "Molecular detection and characterisation of the first Japanese encephalitis virus belonging to genotype IV acquired in Australia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): e0010754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010754.

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Background A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in a resident of the Tiwi Islands, in the Northern Territory of Australia in February 2021, preceding the large JE outbreak in south-eastern Australia in 2022. This study reports the detection, whole genome sequencing and analysis of the virus responsible (designated JEV/Australia/NT_Tiwi Islands/2021). Methods Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) testing was performed on post-mortem brain specimens using a range of JE virus (JEV)-specific assays. Virus isolation from brain specimens was attempted by inoculation of mosquito and mammalian cells or embryonated chicken eggs. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken using a combination of Illumina next generation sequencing methodologies, including a tiling amplicon approach. Phylogenetic and selection analyses were performed using alignments of the Tiwi Islands JEV genome and envelope (E) protein gene sequences and publicly available JEV sequences. Results Virus isolation was unsuccessful and JEV RNA was detected only by RT-qPCR assays capable of detecting all JEV genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Tiwi Islands strain is a divergent member of genotype IV (GIV) and is closely related to the 2022 Australian outbreak virus (99.8% nucleotide identity). The Australian strains share highest levels of nucleotide identity with Indonesian viruses from 2017 and 2019 (96.7–96.8%). The most recent common ancestor of this Australian-Indonesian clade was estimated to have emerged in 2007 (95% HPD range: 1998–2014). Positive selection was detected using two methods (MEME and FEL) at several sites in the E and non-structural protein genes, including a single site in the E protein (S194N) unique to the Australian GIV strains. Conclusion This case represents the first detection of GIV JEV acquired in Australia, and only the second confirmed fatal human infection with a GIV JEV strain. The close phylogenetic relationship between the Tiwi Islands strain and recent Indonesian viruses is indicative of the origin of this novel GIV lineage, which we estimate has circulated in the region for several years prior to the Tiwi Islands case.

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Roberts-Witteveen, April, Kate Pennington, Nasra Higgins, Carolyn Lang, Monica Lahra, Russell Waddell, and John Kaldor. "Epidemiology of gonorrhoea notifications in Australia, 2007–12." Sexual Health 11, no. 4 (2014): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13205.

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Background An increase in the notification rate of gonorrhoea was observed in the national surveillance system. In Australia, gonorrhoea is relatively rare, apart from among some populations of Aboriginal people and men who have sex with men. Methods: Data about gonorrhoea cases reported between 2007 and 2012 from all Australian jurisdictions were extracted from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Analyses were undertaken of the time trends in counts and rates, according to jurisdiction, gender, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, diagnosis method and sexual orientation. Results: The largest increase in notifications between 2007 and 2012 was observed in both men and women in New South Wales (2.9- and 3.7-fold greater in 2012 than 2007, respectively) and Victoria (2.4- and 2.7-fold greater in 2012 than 2007, respectively), men in the Australian Capital Territory and women in Queensland. The highest notification rates remained in Indigenous people in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and particularly in women, although rates may have decreased over the study period. Changes in age and sex distribution, antimicrobial resistance and patterns of exposure and acquisition were negligible. Conclusions: There is an ongoing gonorrhoea epidemic affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia, but the increases in notifications have occurred primarily in non-Aboriginal populations in the larger jurisdictions. Interpretation of these surveillance data, especially in relation to changes in population subgroups, would be enhanced by laboratory testing data. Further efforts are needed to decrease infection rates in populations at highest risk.

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Nisar, Mehwish, Tracy L. Kolbe-Alexander, Nicola W. Burton, and Asaduzzaman Khan. "A Longitudinal Assessment of Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Adults in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 8621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168621.

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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and trajectories of chronic diseases and risk behaviors in immigrants from high-income countries (HIC), low–middle-income countries (LMIC), to Australian-born people. Data were used from five waves of the HABITAT (2007–2016) study—11,035 adults living in Brisbane, Australia. Chronic diseases included cancer, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Risk factors assessed were body mass index (BMI), insufficient physical activity, and cigarette smoking. Diabetes mellitus increased in all groups, with the highest increase of 33% in LMIC immigrants. The prevalence of cancers increased 19.6% in the Australian-born, 16.6% in HIC immigrants, and 5.1% in LMIC immigrants. The prevalence of asthma increased in HIC immigrants while decreased in the other two groups. Poisson regression showed that LMIC immigrants had 1.12 times higher rates of insufficient physical activity, 0.75 times lower rates of smoking, and 0.77 times lower rates of being overweight than the Australian-born population. HIC immigrants had 0.96 times lower rates of insufficient physical activity and 0.93 times lower rates of overweight than Australian-born. The findings of this study can inform better strategies to reduce health disparities by targeting high-risk cohorts.

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D'Onise, Katina, and Russell Waddell. "Recurrent gonorrhoea in South Australia, 1987 - 2003." Sexual Health 3, no. 3 (2006): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06006.

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In Australia, it is unclear if individuals are being recurrently infected with gonorrhoea, a proxy for identifying core groups. We reviewed all notified gonococcal (GC) infections in South Australia between 1987 and 2003. A case of repeated GC infection is one in which at least one further episode of GC infection occurred after 30 days and within 365 days of the first infection. There were 253 recurrent infections (7.26%) from 238 individuals. Men who have sex with men (MSM) and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) were significantly more likely to be recurrently infected with gonorrhoea than the rest of the South Australian population. This method of identifying individuals who have recurrent gonococcal infections can be used to target more frequent screening for individuals in a population who are more likely to be a part of the core group.

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White, Timothy, Gina Mincham, Brian L. Montgomery, Cassie C. Jansen, Xiaodong Huang, Craig R. Williams, Robert L. P. Flower, Helen M. Faddy, Francesca D. Frentiu, and Elvina Viennet. "Past and future epidemic potential of chikungunya virus in Australia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): e0009963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009963.

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Background Australia is theoretically at risk of epidemic chikungunya virus (CHIKV) activity as the principal vectors are present on the mainland Aedes aegypti) and some islands of the Torres Strait (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). Both vectors are highly invasive and adapted to urban environments with a capacity to expand their distributions into south-east Queensland and other states in Australia. We sought to estimate the epidemic potential of CHIKV, which is not currently endemic in Australia, by considering exclusively transmission by the established vector in Australia, Ae. aegypti, due to the historical relevance and anthropophilic nature of the vector. Methodology/Principal findings We estimated the historical (1995–2019) epidemic potential of CHIKV in eleven Australian locations, including the Torres Strait, using a basic reproduction number equation. We found that the main urban centres of Northern Australia could sustain an epidemic of CHIKV. We then estimated future trends in epidemic potential for the main centres for the years 2020 to 2029. We also conducted uncertainty and sensitivity analyses on the variables comprising the basic reproduction number and found high sensitivity to mosquito population size, human population size, impact of vector control and human infectious period. Conclusions/Significance By estimating the epidemic potential for CHIKV transmission on mainland Australia and the Torres Strait, we identified key areas of focus for controlling vector populations and reducing human exposure. As the epidemic potential of the virus is estimated to rise towards 2029, a greater focus on control and prevention measures should be implemented in at-risk locations.

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Clarke, Philip, and Andrew Leigh. "Understanding the impact of lockdowns on short-term excess mortality in Australia." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 11 (November 2022): e009032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009032.

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During 2020 and 2021, Australia implemented relatively stringent government restrictions yet had few COVID-19 deaths. This provides an opportunity to understand the effects of lockdowns and quarantining restrictions on short-term mortality and to help provide evidence in understanding how such public health policies can impact on health. Our analysis is based on preliminary mortality data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Rates were estimated by disease and over time and compared with mortality statistics in the period 2015–2019. Comparing deaths in 2020-2021 with 2015–2019 show the annual mortality rate (per 100 000 people) fell by 5.9% from 528.4 in 2015–2019 to 497.0 in 2020–2021. Declines in mortality are across many disease categories including respiratory diseases (down 9.4 deaths per 100 000), cancer (down 7.5 deaths per 100 000) and heart disease (down 8.4 deaths per 100 000). During 2020 and 2021, Australian age-standardised mortality rates fell by 6%. This drop was similar for men and women, and was driven by a reduction in both communicable and non-communicable causes of death. Such evidence can help inform public health policies designed to both control COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.

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Goller, Jane L., Jacqueline Coombe, Christopher Bourne, Deborah Bateson, Meredith Temple-Smith, Jane Tomnay, Alaina Vaisey, et al. "Patient-delivered partner therapy for chlamydia in Australia: can it become part of routine care?" Sexual Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20024.

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Abstract Background Patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT) is a method for an index patient to give treatment for genital chlamydia to their sexual partner(s) directly. In Australia, PDPT is considered suitable for heterosexual partners of men and women, but is not uniformly endorsed. We explored the policy environment for PDPT in Australia and considered how PDPT might become a routine option. Methods: Structured interviews were conducted with 10 key informants (KIs) representing six of eight Australian jurisdictions and documents relevant to PDPT were appraised. Interview transcripts and documents were analysed together, drawing on KIs’ understanding of their jurisdiction to explore our research topics, namely the current context for PDPT, challenges, and actions needed for PDPT to become routine. Results: PDPT was allowable in three jurisdictions (Victoria, New South Wales, Northern Territory) where State governments have formally supported PDPT. In three jurisdictions (Western Australia, Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania), KIs viewed PDPT as potentially allowable under relevant prescribing regulations; however, no guidance was available. Concern about antimicrobial stewardship precluded PDPT inclusion in the South Australian strategy. For Queensland, KIs viewed PDPT as not allowable under current prescribing regulations and, although a Medicine and Poisons Act was passed in 2019, it is unclear if PDPT will be possible under new regulations. Clarifying the doctor–partner treating relationship and clinical guidance within a care standard were viewed as crucial for PDPT uptake, irrespective of regulatory contexts. Conclusion: Endorsement and guidance are essential so doctors can confidently and routinely offer PDPT in respect to professional standards and regulatory requirements.

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Murray, John M., Ann M. McDonald, and Matthew G. Law. "Rapidly ageing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in Australia." Sexual Health 6, no. 1 (2009): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08063.

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Background: Antiretroviral therapy has increased survival for individuals living with HIV and has led to an ageing of this population in developed countries. To date the rate of ageing has been unquantified, giving rise to uncertainty in the treatment emphasis and burden in this population. Methods: A mathematical model was used in conjunction with HIV/AIDS data from the Australian National HIV/AIDS Registry to estimate numbers and ages of Australian men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV infection from 1980 to 2005. Results: The average age of HIV-infected Australian MSM is estimated to exceed 44 years of age by the year 2010 and has increased by 1 year of age for each two calendar years since the mid-1980s. HIV-infected MSM over 60 years of age have been increasing in number by 12% per year since 1995. A consequence of successful therapy with subsequent ageing of those infected has meant that from 2001 estimated deaths from other causes exceed AIDS deaths in Australia. Conclusions: In summary, our analyses indicate an increasing and rapidly ageing population living with HIV in Australia. This will inevitably lead to more serious non-AIDS conditions in ageing patients living with HIV, and to increased treatment complexity.

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Taylor, Savriti, and Jodie Boyd. "Protecting Australian Protected Persons." Statelessness & Citizenship Review 4, no. 2 (December 16, 2022): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35715/scr4002.1111.

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This article examines the changing concepts of racialised citizenship in two intertwined nations: the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (‘PNG’) and the Commonwealth of Australia (‘Australia’), PNG’s former colonial ruler, as the latter sought to shake off the legacies of its recently abandoned ‘White Australia’ policy. It examines the historical intersection between PNG’s developing citizenship criteria, with its racialised articulation of who was ‘in’ and who was ‘out’, and Australia’s efforts to recast its image on the international stage as a multi-racial, non-racist and anti-imperial nation. Specifically, it demonstrates how the intersection of these policy choices impacted on a particular cohort of so-called ‘Australian Protected Persons’ (‘APPs’). APPs who happened also to fall outside PNG’s citizenship criteria were left stateless at PNG’s independence. Drawing on newly released Australian archival material, this article casts light on the particular historical moment that allowed for this outcome.

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Budd, Alison C., and Christine J. Sturrock. "Cytology and cervical cancer surveillance in an era of human papillomavirus vaccination." Sexual Health 7, no. 3 (2010): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09133.

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Cytological and cancer surveillance will provide the most effective indications of short-term effects and long-term outcomes of the introduction of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in Australia. This article outlines how this surveillance is proposed to occur through the established national monitoring mechanisms of the National Cervical Screening Program in the annual Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) publication ‘Cervical screening in Australia’. Cytological surveillance will be possible principally through cytology data provided annually by the state and territory cervical cytology registers, and it is expected that these data will provide the earliest and most comprehensive indications of effects from the HPV vaccine. Some potential issues in interpreting these data are also discussed, including the potentially confounding effects of the introduction of new National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines ‘Screening to prevent cervical cancer: guidelines for the management of asymptomatic women with screen-detected abnormalities’ some 9 months before the introduction of the vaccine. Cancer surveillance over the long term will be possible using cervical cancer incidence data reported annually for the National Cervical Screening Program in ‘Cervical screening in Australia’ using data sourced from the Australian Cancer Database. In a final discourse, the HPV vaccine and cervical screening are discussed concurrently, and the importance of continued cervical screening in the HPV vaccine era emphasised.

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Rawson, Helen, and Pranee Liamputtong. "Influence of traditional Vietnamese culture on the utilisation of mainstream health services for sexual health issues by second-generation Vietnamese Australian young women." Sexual Health 6, no. 1 (2009): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08040.

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Background: The present paper discusses the impact the traditional Vietnamese culture has on the uptake of mainstream health services for sexual health matters by Vietnamese Australian young women. It is part of a wider qualitative study that explored the factors that shaped the sexual behaviour of Vietnamese Australian young women living in Australia. Methods: A Grounded Theory methodology was used, involving in-depth interviews with 15 Vietnamese Australian young women aged 18 to 25 years who reside in Victoria, Australia. Results: The findings demonstrated that the ethnicity of the general practitioner had a clear impact on the women utilising the health service. They perceived that a Vietnamese doctor would hold the traditional view of sex as held by their parents’ generation. They rationalised that due to cultural mores, optimum sexual health care could only be achieved with a non-Vietnamese health professional. Conclusion: It is evident from the present study that cultural influences can impact on the sexual health of young people from culturally diverse backgrounds and in Australia’s multicultural society, provision of sexual health services must acknowledge the specific needs of ethnically diverse young people.

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Si, Damin, John Marquess, Ellen Donnan, Bruce Harrower, Bradley McCall, Sonya Bennett, and Stephen Lambert. "Potential Exposures to Australian Bat Lyssavirus Notified in Queensland, Australia, 2009−2014." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, no. 12 (December 29, 2016): e0005227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005227.

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Clark, Benjamin M., James S. Molton, Tariq Habib, David T. Williams, Emma L. Weston, and David W. Smith. "Dengue virus infection in Australia following occupational exposure: A reflection of increasing numbers of imported cases." Journal of Clinical Virology 54, no. 4 (August 2012): 376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2012.04.012.

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Gill-Atkinson, Liz, Cathy Vaughan, and Hennie Williams. "Sexual and reproductive health and philanthropic funding in Australia." Sexual Health 11, no. 4 (2014): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13204.

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Background Australia’s philanthropic sector is growing and could support efforts to improve sexual and reproductive health (SRH). However, philanthropy is often misunderstood in Australia and there is limited evidence of philanthropic support for SRH initiatives. Methods: We aimed to understand the barriers and facilitators to philanthropic funding of SRH initiatives in Australia. A qualitative approach was used and involved 13 in-depth interviews with professionals from the philanthropic sector, and from organisations and services involved in SRH. Results: Barriers to organisations in seeking philanthropic funding for SRH activities included insufficient resources for writing grant applications and the small financial value of philanthropic grants. Facilitators to seeking philanthropic funding for SRH included a perception that government funding is shrinking and that philanthropic research grants are less competitive than government grants. Philanthropic participants identified that barriers to funding SRH include the sensitive nature of SRH and the perceived conservative nature of philanthropy. Facilitators identified by these participants in supporting SRH initiatives included networking and relationships between grant-makers and grant-seekers. All participants agreed that philanthropy does and could have a role in funding SRH in Australia. Conclusions: The findings of this research suggest that barriers to philanthropic funding for SRH in Australia exist for organisations attempting to access philanthropic funding. Philanthropic organisations could provide more financial support to Australian SRH service providers, as happens in countries such as the United States and United Kingdom. Addressing these barriers and promoting the facilitators could lead to increased awareness of SRH by Australia’s philanthropic sector.

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O'Keefe, E. J. "The evolution of sexual health nursing in Australia: a literature review." Sexual Health 2, no. 1 (2005): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04010.

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Background: The purpose of this paper is to describe and encapsulate the elements of the sexual health nurse’s role in Australia. In Australia, sexual health nursing is a fast evolving speciality operating within a climate of diverse role expectations, settings and population groups. Today’s health care climate demands that nurses’ roles and their impact on patient care be held up to scrutiny. Methods: A literature review was conducted that used descriptive analysis to elicit the recurrent themes appearing in the Australian sexual health nursing literature that would describe the role. Results: A model of sexual health nursing was evident with the two primary themes of professional responsibility and patient care. The professional role included a philosophy of sharing nursing experiences, collaboration, employment in multiple settings, and the development of the role into advanced practice, appropriate academic and clinical preparation and a commitment to research. The patient care role included the provision of individual and holistic patient care, ability to access specific at-risk groups, clinical effectiveness, patient education and community development roles. Conclusion: Australian sexual health nurses make a specific and measurable contribution to the health care system. They are likely to continue to advance their role supported by appropriate research that validates their models of practice, continues their philosophy of sharing their experiences and that documents the impact they have on the health outcomes of individuals and populations.

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Fairley, Christopher K., Glenda Fehler, Sharon R. Lewin, Marian Pitts, Marcus Y. Chen, Catriona S. Bradshaw, and Jane S. Hocking. "Sexually transmissible infection and HIV management among men who have sex with men with and without HIV: survey of medical practitioners who are members of the Australasian Society for HIV Medicine." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07094.

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Background: Rates of HIV in New South Wales (NSW) have been stable, but have increased significantly in other Australian states. The reasons for this are unknown and may be associated with differences in the management of sexually transmissible infections (STI) and HIV in different states in Australia. Our aim was to determine if the use of suppressive treatment for genital herpes, the treatment of HIV or STI screening practices were different between states in Australia. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey of medical practitioners who are S100 prescribers and members of the Australian Society for HIV Medicine. Results: In general, there were no differences between the clinical practices of practitioners in NSW and other states except that in NSW fewer practitioners tested HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) for syphilis annually (NSW 78% v. others 87%, P = 0.04) or treated MSM with advanced HIV disease (CD4 < 150 × 106 cells L–1) with acicylovir in the absence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) (NSW 4% v. others 13%, P = 0.03), and more practitioners in NSW tested HIV-negative MSM for HSV type-specific serology (NSW 21% v. others 11%, P = 0.02). Conclusions: It is unlikely that the minor differences in HSV and HIV treatment or STI screening practices among practitioners in NSW and other Australian states explains the differences in HIV notifications between these two areas.

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Simms, Ian, Helen Ward, Iona Martin, Sarah Alexander, and Catherine Ison. "Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia." Sexual Health 3, no. 3 (2006): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06039.

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Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), caused by C. trachomatis serovars L1, L2 and L3, is an invasive disease capable of causing tissue destruction with many patients experiencing complex, severe symptoms. LGV, endemic to areas of Africa, Asia, South America and the Caribbean, has emerged as a cause of significant morbidity among men who have sex with men (MSM) in more affluent nations. The high prevalence of HIV in LGV cases could suggest either that LGV is confined to a dense sexual network, or that clinicians are selectively testing HIV-positive MSM for LGV. The increase in reported LGV cases highlights the need to improve sexual health overall among MSM; experience from the recent syphilis outbreaks suggests that control could prove difficult.

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Sawleshwarkar, Shailendra, Christopher Harrison, Helena Britt, and Adrian Mindel. "Chlamydia testing in general practice in Australia." Sexual Health 7, no. 4 (2010): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09110.

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Objectives: We aimed to ascertain how frequently Australian general practitioners (GPs) test patients for chlamydia and to determine GP, patient and encounter characteristics where tests occurred. Methods: We identified all GP, patient and encounter characteristics associated with higher testing rates, April 2000 to March 2007, using the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health data. Multiple logistic regression was used to measure the effect of each GP, patient and encounter characteristic. Results: Data were available for 689 000 encounters from 6890 GPs, of which 2236 were test encounters. Testing rates increased significantly between 2000 and 2007 (P < 0.0001). The rate of testing was higher for female patients (4.2 per 1000, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.8–4.5) than males (2.0; 95% CI: 1.8–2.2). Predictors of higher chlamydia testing were: female GP (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.84; 95% CI: 1.60–2.1); GP age (<35 v. 55+, 2.17; 95% CI: 1.65–2.85); practice in a major city (1.34; 95% CI: 1.18–1.52); large practice (5+ GP practice v. solo, 1.69; 95% CI: 1.27–2.25); graduated in Australia (1.22; 95% CI: 1.04–1.44); patient sex and younger age, being new to the practice (1.65; 95% CI: 0.47–1.86), Indigenous (3.46; 95% CI: 2.64–4.54), late in the study (twice as likely in 2006–07 than in 2000–01) and ‘opportunity to test’ (AOR: 32.25; 95% CI: 27.25–38.16). Conclusions: Chlamydia testing rates have increased in general practice in Australia, with higher rates in females. Initiatives to overcome barriers to testing (especially for male patients and older male GPs) need to be established and evaluated.

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de Costa, Caroline M., Darren B. Russell, Naomi R. de Costa, Michael Carrette, and Heather M. McNamee. "Introducing early medical abortion in Australia: there is a need to update abortion laws." Sexual Health 4, no. 4 (2007): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07035.

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Recent changes to Federal Therapeutic Goods Administration legislation have seen the limited introduction of the drug mifepristone to Australia for the purpose of early medical abortion. At the same time it has become evident that both methotrexate and misoprostol, licenced and available for other indications, are being used safely and appropriately for early abortion by Australian medical practitioners. Early medical abortion is widely practiced overseas where its safety and effectiveness are well supported by current evidence. However, abortion law in many states is still contained within the Criminal Codes and does not reflect current evidence-based abortion practice. In other states and territories restrictions on where abortions may be performed pose potential barriers to the introduction of mifepristone for medical abortion. There is an urgent need for abortion law to be clarified and made uniform across the country so that the best possible services can be provided to Australian women.

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Guy, Rebecca, James S. Ward, Kirsty S. Smith, Jiunn-Yih Su, Rae-Lin Huang, Annie Tangey, Steven Skov, et al. "The impact of sexually transmissible infection programs in remote Aboriginal communities in Australia: a systematic review." Sexual Health 9, no. 3 (2012): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11074.

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Objective To systematically review evaluations of the impact of sexually transmissible infection (STI) programs delivered by primary health care services in remote Aboriginal communities. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, InfoNet, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, conference proceedings and bulletins were searched to April 2011 using variations of the terms ‘Aboriginal’, ‘programs’ and ‘STI’. The primary outcome of interest in the review was the change in bacterial STI infection prevalence in the target age group assessed through cross-sectional screening studies over a 5-year period or more. The characteristics of the primary health care service, STI programs and other clinical service outcomes were also described. Results: Twelve reports described four distinct STI programs in remote communities and their impact on STI prevalence. In the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) lands of northern South Australia, there was a reduction in the age-adjusted chlamydia and gonorrhoea prevalence by 58% and 67%, respectively (1996–2003). In the Tiwi Islands of Northern Territory (NT), chlamydia and gonorrhoea positivity decreased by 94% and 34%, respectively (2002–2005). In the Ngaanyatjarra Lands of Western Australia, crude chlamydia and gonorrhoea prevalence decreased by 36% and 48%, respectively (2001–2005), and in the central Australian region of NT, there was no sustained decline in crude prevalence (2001–2005). Conclusion: In three of the four programs, there was some evidence that clinical best practice and well coordinated sexual health programs can reduce STI prevalence in remote Aboriginal communities.

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Drummond, Peter D., Ayse Mizan, and Bernadette Wright. "HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among West African immigrant women in Western Australia." Sexual Health 5, no. 3 (2008): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07077.

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Background: Most women who live in sub-Saharan countries have heard of HIV/AIDS, but there is still widespread misunderstanding about how HIV is spread, the consequences of infection, and how to protect against infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate knowledge about HIV and attitudes towards condom use in West African refugees who had settled in Perth, Western Australia, within the past 5 years. Methods: Knowledge about transmission of HIV, myths about how HIV is spread, incorrect beliefs about protective factors, the effectiveness of condoms in protecting against sexually transmissible infections, and attitudes towards condom use were investigated by survey in 51 West African women, and in 100 Australian women for comparison. Where possible, each West African woman was matched for age and level of education with an Australian woman. Results: Knowledge of HIV was poorest in the least educated West African women, but many of the more highly educated women also had misconceptions about how HIV is spread, how to protect against HIV, and the effectiveness of condoms in protecting against HIV. Moreover, most West African women held negative attitudes towards condom use. Within the Australian sample, HIV knowledge was greatest in women with tertiary qualifications, and was greater in younger than older women; in addition, attitudes towards condom use differed across the age span. Conclusions: The findings in the present study suggest that educational programs that focus on knowledge about HIV should be tailored to meet the needs and cultural sensitivities of newly emerging immigrant communities, and should target particular demographic groups within the Australian population.

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Foster, J’Belle, Diana Mendez, Ben J. Marais, Justin T. Denholm, Dunstan Peniyamina, and Emma S. McBryde. "Critical Consideration of Tuberculosis Management of Papua New Guinea Nationals and Cross-Border Health Issues in the Remote Torres Strait Islands, Australia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090251.

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The international border between Australia and Papua New Guinea (PNG) serves as a gateway for the delivery of primary and tertiary healthcare for PNG patients presenting to Australian health facilities with presumptive tuberculosis (TB). An audit of all PNG nationals with presumptive TB who presented to clinics in the Torres Strait between 2016 and 2019 was conducted to evaluate outcomes for PNG patients and to consider the consistency and equity of decision-making regarding aeromedical evacuation. We also reviewed the current aeromedical retrieval policy and the outcomes of patients referred back to Daru General Hospital in PNG. During the study period, 213 PNG nationals presented with presumptive TB to primary health centres (PHC) in the Torres Strait. In total, 44 (21%) patients were medically evacuated to Australian hospitals; 26 met the evacuation criteria of whom 3 died, and 18 did not meet the criteria of whom 1 died. A further 22 patients who met the medical evacuation criteria into Australia were referred to Daru General Hospital of whom 2 died and 10 were lost to follow-up. The cross-border movement of people from PNG into Australia is associated with an emergent duty of care. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of patient outcomes are necessary for transparency and justice.

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Rée, Hugo. "National HIV Strategy in Australia." AIDS Patient Care and STDs 13, no. 11 (November 1999): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/apc.1999.13.639.

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Shaw, Marc M. T., and Peter A. Leggat. "Country profile: travelling to Australia." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 1, no. 2 (May 2003): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1477-8939(03)00020-6.

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Middleton, Melanie G., Andrew E. Grulich, Ann M. McDonald, Basil Donovan, Jane S. Hocking, and John M. Kaldor. "Could sexually transmissible infections be contributing to the increase in HIV infections among men who have sex with men in Australia?" Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07086.

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Background: To review existing data on sexually transmissible infections (STI) in men who have sex with men in Australia in order to determine the possible contribution of STI to diverging trends in HIV notifications in different states. Methods: We reviewed data from multiple sources, including routine national surveillance data, laboratory surveillance data, self-reported information on STI testing in men who have sex with men and ad hoc reports of STI prevalence. Results: We found increasing rates of gonorrhoea and infectious syphilis notifications in urban men in Australia between 1997 and 2006, and increasing rates of chlamydia notifications in men aged 30–49 years. There was little difference in these trends by state. Differences in the population groups sampled meant we were unable to gain further information on trends in men who have sex with men from these studies. Data on STI testing showed an increase in anal STI testing between 2003 and 2006, which may have increased the number of diagnoses of chlamydia and gonorrhoea for men who have sex with men during this period. Conclusions: Over the past 10 years, there has been a substantial increase in diagnoses of gonorrhoea and infectious syphilis, and probably chlamydia, in men who have sex with men in Australia. However, it is unlikely that changes in the pattern of STI transmission are responsible for the recent divergence in HIV rates between Australian states because there is little evidence that trends in STI also differ by state.

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Whyte, Sue, Di Wyatt, Susan Faulkner, Janice Chesters, Marlene Drysdale, Steve Kirkbright, Rob Clough, Helen Carr, and Gordon Whyte. "Building Healthy Communities: The Rural Chronic Disease Initiative." Australian Journal of Primary Health 12, no. 2 (2006): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py06018.

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The Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing funded an innovative program to improve the health and wellbeing of people living in small rural and remote communities across Australia. The Rural Chronic Disease Initiative (RCDI) was announced in late 2002 as part of the 2000-2001 Federal Budget. Its purpose was to develop more skills in health organisations and in the community, to improve what people know about chronic disease, to encourage community members to change their behaviour and provide better ways to help people with chronic disease. The department funded 29 small projects across Australia. There will be many outcomes and degrees of success from such a wide-ranging group of community projects. There were three main factors that contributed to success: the skills of the people in project teams and employed as project officers; the partnerships and linkages created for the project; and the degree of community ownership of or engagement with the project. Time was the most important challenge for projects, in particular the time needed to consult with and engage the community. Other challenges included the level of skills and capacity within the community and the lack of available training and accreditation. The RCDI projects have shown that rural and remote communities in Australia can initiate, develop and implement a range of successful strategies to prevent and better manage chronic diseases.

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Friel, Sharon. "Climate change, food insecurity and chronic diseases: sustainable and healthy policy opportunities for Australia." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 21, no. 6 (2010): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb10019.

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Harley, David, Peng Bi, Gillian Hall, Ashwin Swaminathan, Shilu Tong, and Craig Williams. "Climate Change and Infectious Diseases in Australia: Future Prospects, Adaptation Options, and Research Priorities." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 23, no. 2_suppl (March 2011): 54S—66S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539510391660.

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Brotherton, Julia M. L., John M. Kaldor, and Suzanne M. Garland. "Monitoring the control of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related diseases in Australia: towards a national HPV surveillance strategy." Sexual Health 7, no. 3 (2010): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09137.

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This paper describes a possible multifaceted approach to human papillomavirus (HPV) related surveillance in Australia following implementation of a national HPV vaccination program. We describe eight main components: monitoring of vaccine coverage, vaccine safety, type-specific HPV infection surveillance, cervical cytology (Pap screening) coverage and screen detected lesion prevalence, cervical cancer incidence and mortality, genital wart incidence, incidence of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, and knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about HPV and HPV vaccination. Australia is well placed to monitor the impact of its HPV vaccination program as well as to measure vaccine effectiveness with existing HPV vaccines, cervical screening and cancer registries.

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Turek, Evelyn M., Christopher K. Fairley, Marjan Tabesh, Tiffany R. Phillips, and Eric P. F. Chow. "Group sex events among female sex workers in Melbourne, Australia." Sexual Health 17, no. 6 (2020): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh20136.

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Background Group sex is associated with increased risk of HIV and sexually transmissible infections (STIs), but there is limited data on group sex among female sex workers (FSW). Understanding current group sex practices among FSW may assist with understanding and addressing the rise in STIs observed among Australian FSW in the 2010s. The aim of this study was to examine the proportion of FSWs who had engaged in group sex. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among FSWs attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia, between March and April 2019. Females aged ≥18 years who self-reported as a sex worker were invited to participate in the survey asking whether they had had group sex in the past 3 months. Group sex was defined as sex that involved two or more sexual partners. Results: Of the 51 FSWs who completed the survey, the median age was 29 years (IQR 24–34). Almost half (49%; n = 25) reported having group sex in the past 3 months, with a median number of group sex events of two (IQR 1–4). Australian-born FSW were more likely to report group sex than overseas-born FSW (76% vs 42%; P = 0.02). Age, number of paid clients and injecting drug use were not associated with group sex. Conclusion: The present study findings show that group sex is common among FSW and should be included in peer sexual health education and interventions among FSW.

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Rahaman, Md R., Adriana Milazzo, Helen Marshall, and Peng Bi. "Spatial, temporal, and occupational risks of Q fever infection in South Australia, 2007–2017." Journal of Infection and Public Health 13, no. 4 (April 2020): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2019.10.002.

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Egger, Garry, Andrew Binns, John Stevens, and Stephen Penman. "Lifestyle Medicine in Australia: A Potted History—So Far." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 14, no. 2 (March 2020): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827619840002.

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Lifestyle medicine commenced in Australia in response to the rise in chronic diseases following the epidemiological transition that began in the 1980s. Today, it is flourishing with an annual conference, a variety of multidisciplinary members, and a developed pedagogy for the “art-science.”

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Journal articles on the topic 'Occupational diseases Australia'

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