Academic literature on the topic 'Occupational deprivation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Occupational deprivation"

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Whiteford, Gail. "Occupational Deprivation: Global Challenge in the New Millennium." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 63, no. 5 (May 2000): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260006300503.

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Occupational deprivation is a relatively new term which describes a state in which people are precluded from opportunities to engage in occupations of meaning due to factors outside their control. As we face the new millennium, it seems likely that, due to widespread social and economic change as well as increasing civil unrest, occupational deprivation will be experienced by increasing numbers of people globally. This article describes the conceptual origins of occupational deprivation, presents definitions of the term and discusses specific populations that may be vulnerable to being occupationally deprived. Global, contextual issues of economic reform and technological advances are addressed with specific reference to these populations. Finally, consideration is given as to how an understanding of occupational deprivation is of relevance to occupational therapy and its concern with social and occupational justice.
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Whiteford, Gail. "Occupational deprivation and incarceration." Journal of Occupational Science 4, no. 3 (November 1997): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.1997.9686429.

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Molineux, Matthew L., and Gail Elizabeth Whiteford. "Prisons: From occupational deprivation to occupational enrichment." Journal of Occupational Science 6, no. 3 (November 1999): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.1999.9686457.

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Martin, Marion, Gaynor Sadlo, and Graham Stew. "Rethinking Occupational Deprivation and Boredom." Journal of Occupational Science 19, no. 1 (April 2012): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2011.640210.

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Oberai, Shashi. "Sleep Deprivation: An Occupational Therapist's Management." Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy 51, no. 2 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijoth.ijoth_12_19.

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Whiteford, Gail Elizabeth. "Understanding the Occupational Deprivation of Refugees: A Case Study from Kosovo." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 72, no. 2 (April 2005): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841740507200202.

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Background. Occupational deprivation as a concept has been presented and discussed in the occupational therapy and occupational science literature for the past several years. The discussion to date, however, has been largely exploratory and theoretical in nature. Purpose. This article represents the author's attempt to further understandings of occupational deprivation as a lived experience through research undertaken with Kosovar refugees living in Australia. Method and Result. The article focuses on the story of one of the participants of the study which is presented as a case study to illuminate aspects of occupational deprivation as a process occurring over time. The case study is interwoven with interpretive commentary, which serves to highlight key issues as to how occupational deprivation may be experienced by groups of people in different cultural, historic and societal contexts and how it may therefore be addressed by occupational therapists. Practice Implications. The article concludes with reflections on future directions with respect to both further research and professional action. In particular, the focus of professional action is oriented to a population-based approach.
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Kranz, Florence. "Occupational Deprivation – Weit entfernt von bedeutungsvollen Betätigungen." ergopraxis 11, no. 09 (September 2018): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0629-9690.

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Es gibt Menschen, die nicht die Freiheit haben, die Dinge zu tun, die ihnen wichtig sind. Zum Beispiel weil sie im Gefängnis, im Pflegeheim oder auf der Flucht sind. Demnach können es äußere Umstände erschweren, sinnstiftenden Betätigungen nachzugehen.
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Wells, Shirley A. "Occupational Deprivation or Occupational Adaptation of Mexican Americans on Renal Dialysis." Occupational Therapy International 22, no. 4 (June 4, 2015): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.1394.

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Whiteford, Gail. "From Occupational Deprivation to Social Inclusion: Retrospective Insights." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 74, no. 12 (December 2011): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.4276/030802211x13232584581290.

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Hocking, Clare. "Working for citizenship: The dangers of occupational deprivation." Work 41, no. 4 (2012): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-1316.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Occupational deprivation"

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Palmén, Mirjam, and Jennie Fransson. "Aktiviteter inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård : En kvalitativ studie om arbetsterapeuters upplevelser om behov." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för rehabilitering, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-39956.

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Bakgrund: Forskning visar att personer som är inneliggande på psykiatrisk heldygnsvård ofta upplever en brist på aktiviteter. Tillgången till aktiviteter är en viktig del för människans välbefinnande och skapar förutsättningar för att kunna vara delaktig i samhället. Syfte: Att beskriva arbetsterapeuters upplevelser om behovet av att använda aktiviteter inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård, och vid behov; vilken typ av aktiviteter? Metod: En kvalitativ, fenomenologisk ansats användes. Urvalet skedde på flera sätt - både avsiktligt och maximalt varierat, samtidigt med snöbollsurval. Den transkriberade datan bearbetades och en kvalitativ innehållsanalys utfördes, vilket resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och tio underkategorier. Resultat: Totalt tio informanter deltog i studien och resultatet utmynnade i huvudkategorierna Aktiviteters betydelse, Aktivitetsanvändning och Resurser. Det ansågs finnas ett behov av aktiviteter inom den psykiatriska heldygnsvården. Aktiviteterna upplevs minska psykiatriska symtom och förkorta rehabiliteringsprocessen. Det är viktigt att aktiviteterna upplevs meningsfulla för patienterna. Arbetsterapeuterna upplever ofta att det är svårt att få tiden att räcka till i deras yrkesroll vilket påverkat möjligheterna till att använda aktiviteter i behandlande syfte. Slutsatser: Tillgången till aktiviteter är viktigt även inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård, då aktiviteter har en betydande roll i rehabiliteringsprocessen.
Background: Research shows that psychiatric inpatients often experience a lack of activities. To have access to activities is important since it enhances well-being and creates conditions for participation in the society. Purpose: To describe occupational therapists experiences about the need to use activities in psychiatric inpatient care, and if needed; which type of activities? Method: A qualitative, phenomenological approach was used. The sample was conducted in several ways - purposive and maximal variety, together with snowballing. The transcribed collected data was analyzed, and a qualitative content analysis was performed, which resulted in three main categories and ten sub categories. Results: Ten informants participated in the study and the results culminated in the main categories “The meaning of activities”, “Activity usage” and “Resources”. It was considered there is a need of activities in psychiatric inpatient care. Activities were perceived to reduce psychiatric symptoms and to shorten the rehabilitation process. It is however important that the activities are meaningful for the patients. The experience often is that there is a lack of time in their professional role which has affected the possibilities to use activities in treatment purposes. Conclusions: To have access to activities is important in psychiatric inpatient care, since activities has a meaningful role in the rehabilitation process.
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Buxton, Sandra. "Shift work : an occupational health and safety hazard /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040302.154645.

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Israelsson, Anna, and Alexandra Lagerhjelm. "Arbetsterapeutiska insatser och dess betydelse för intagna på straffrättsliga institutioner : – En litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Avdelningen för arbetsterapi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157115.

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Att vara berövad sin frihet och sina valmöjligheter kan få stora konsekvenser i en individs hälsa och livssituation. Intagna riskerar att, efter avtjänat straff, släppas ut i samhället med begränsad förmåga att fungera självständigt, försämrat hälsotillstånd och med hög återfallsrisk. Ett aktivitetsvetenskapligt perspektiv är användbart för att förstå och utveckla interventioner som syftar till att upprätthålla och utveckla förmågor i det dagliga livet och utvecklandet av roller för att stödja framgångsrik återgång i samhället. Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetsterapeutiska insatser och dess betydelse för intagna på straffrättsliga institutioner. En litteraturöversikt valdes och sökningar genomfördes i databaserna Web of Science, Cinahl, PubMed, Amed, Socindex och Academic Search Elite. Sju artiklar inkluderades för kvalitetsgranskning och analys. Resultatet visade en variation av interventioner där fokus låg på den generella livssituation de intagna befann sig i alternativt aktuell målgrupps specifika problematik. Gemensamt, inom samtliga instanser, var behovet av att öva upp sociala och kommunikativa förmågor. Viktiga betydelser som framkom var att intagna hade möjlighet till visst självbestämmande och att aktiviteter hade ett tydligt syfte för att upplevas som meningsfulla och terapeutiska. Studien visade att trots restriktioner till följd av säkerhetsaspekter, är det möjligt att genomföra klientcentrerade interventioner som har en positiv inverkan på intagnas hälsa, beteenden, självkänsla och utförandekapacitet. Arbetsterapeuten har en viktig roll i det rehabiliterande arbetet för att motverka kriminellt beteende och erbjuda redskap som underlättar övergången till samhället och minskar risken för återfall.
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Soeker, Shaheed. "Occupational self efficacy : an occupational therapy practice model to facilitate returning to work after a brain injury." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6021_1323934895.

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This qualitative study explored and described the lived experience of people with brain injuries with regard to resuming their worker roles. Based on the results, an occupational therapy practice model to facilitate return to work was developed. The theoretical framework of occupational science with emphasis on occupational risk factors informed the study. The research design was a theory generative design based on a qualitative, phenomenological, explorative and descriptive research approach utilizing the methods of theory generation as advocated by Chinn and Kramer (1999), Walker and Avant (2005) and Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968).
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Sakketa, Tekalign Gutu [Verfasser]. "Ethiopian Youth in Agriculture: Relative Deprivation, Well-being and Occupational Choices / Tekalign Gutu Sakketa." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1174670908/34.

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Takatori, Marisa. "Vamos brincar? Do ingresso da criança com deficiência física na terapia ocupacional à facilitação da participação social." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47131/tde-16042010-161357/.

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Esse trabalho considera o brincar como uma área para os acontecimentos e experiências criativas da pessoa onde seu gesto genuíno pode se evidenciar. Utilizou a compreensão do brincar de D. W. Winnicott (1896-1971), como uma área intermediária de experiência e de relaxamento para o indivíduo engajado na tarefa humana de manter as realidades interna e externa separadas e inter-relacionadas. O brincar, compreendido como uma atividade cotidiana espontânea, compartilhada, criativa e que tem um fim em si mesma, é campo para os procedimentos do terapeuta ocupacional e, para aquelas crianças que não brincam ou têm dificuldades nessa atividade, um dos objetivos do processo terapêutico. Considerou não ser possível separar as atividades brincar do desenvolvimento e investimentos de ordem física, cognitiva, social e psíquica, se o terapeuta quiser proporcionar uma experiência à criança em que ela possa se desenvolver em sua totalidade e a partir de um percurso singular. Os objetivo foram apresentar e refletir sobre uma forma de compreender o brincar no processo de terapia ocupacional com crianças que têm deficiência física, na qual o brincar é, muitas vezes, um dos objetivos desse processo e, sempre, área na qual acontecimentos saudáveis, criativos e de experiências culturais podem ser realizados, favorecendo a participação social dessas crianças. Para essa investigação utilizou-se o levantamento bibliográfico de estudos sobre a temática da infância, deficiência, brincar, cultura e terapia ocupacional, articulados à experiência vivida na clínica no atendimento de crianças com deficiência na terapia ocupacional. Considerou a subjetividade do pesquisador implicado diretamente em todo o percurso da investigação, construída e decorrente da relação do indivíduo pesquisador com o indivíduo atendido na terapia ocupacional. A investigação seguiu uma proposta de pesquisa, do ponto de vista epistemológico, sujeito-sujeito e suas atividades, constituição da relação triádica na terapia ocupacional. Participaram quatro crianças com suas histórias, partes construídas no processo de terapia ocupacional, que possibilitaram a coleta de dados para ilustrar a discussão em torno do uso das atividades na área do brincar pelo terapeuta, assim como lembranças de outros momentos da experiência clínica. Utilizou o diário de campo para o registro dos acontecimentos na clínica, a entrevista aberta com familiar e a leitura documental. Discutiu três aspectos presentes nos procedimentos do terapeuta ocupacional: o ensino, o contorno e o reconhecimento, no contexto do uso do brincar como área para experiências de realização de atividades. Como resultado apontou a relevância dessa forma de usar o brincar para a avaliação da indicação de terapia ocupacional, a avaliação inicial e contínua do paciente e as ações de cuidado do terapeuta ocupacional que visam à facilitação da participação social da pessoa atendida.
In this thesis playing is considered as an area for creative happenings and experiences in which a person´s genuine gestures can be seen. It takes D. W. Winnicott´s (1896-1971) way of understanding playing, as an intermediate area of experience and relaxation for an individual engaged in the human task of keeping the internal and external realities separated and interrelated. Playing, understood as a daily activity that is spontaneous, shared and creative and that has a purpose in itself, is a field for the occupational therapist´s procedures, as well as one of the aims of the therapeutic process in those cases in which the children either do not play or have difficulties to do it. It is not considered possible to separate playing from physical, social and psychic development and investment, if the therapist wants the child to have experience so as to develop wholly and from a singular path. The aim was to present and think about a way of understanding playing in the occupational therapy process with physically disabled children. Playing is one of the purposes of that process a lot of times, and it is always an area in which healthy, creative and cultural experiences may happen, and such experiences favor those children´s social participation. A bibliography survey of the studies related to childhood, disability, playing, culture and occupational therapy was done, and it was linked with the clinical experience of attending disabled children in the occupational therapy. It considered the subjectivity of the researcher who was directly involved throughout the investigation. Such subjectivity was both formed and due to the relationship between the individual who was the researcher and the individual who was attended in the occupational therapy. The investigation followed a proposal of research from the epistemological point of view, subject-subject and their activities, the formation of the triad relationship in occupational therapy. Four children and their personal histories were parts of the study. Their histories were partly built in the occupational therapy process, and they made it possible to collect data to illustrate the discussion related to the use of playing activities by the therapist, as well as to remember other passages of the clinical experience. A book to register what happened in the clinic, the open interview with some members of the family and documentary reading were used. Three aspects present in the occupational therapist´s procedures were discussed: the teaching, the environment and the acknowledgement, in the context of playing as an area to experience the accomplishment of activities. As a result, it showed the importance of using playing to evaluate the necessity of taking occupational therapy, to evaluate the patient both initially and continually and to evaluate the occupational therapist´s caring actions to facilitate the social participation of the person who is being attended.
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Mpofu, Charles. "Immigrant medical practitioners' experience of seeking New Zealand registration a participatory study : a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Health Science, 2007." Click here to access this resource online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/404.

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This qualitative modified participatory study underpinned by social critical theory explored the experiences of immigrant medical practitioners seeking registration in New Zealand. The occupational science notions of occupation, occupational deprivation and occupational apartheid were used to understand the experiences of the participants. The objective of the study was to understand the experiences of the participants and facilitate their self-empowerment through facilitated dialogue, affording them opportunities for collective action. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with eighteen immigrant medical practitioners who were doctors and dentists as well as two physiotherapists. The two physiotherapists were sampled out of necessity to explore diversity in findings. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. This method included the processes of coding data into themes and then collapsing themes into major themes which were organised under categories. Four categories were created in the findings describing the experiences of immigrant practitioners and suggesting solutions. Firstly; findings revealed that immigrant medical practitioners had a potential worth being utilised in New Zealand. Secondly; it was found that these participants faced negative and disabling experiences in the process of being registered. Thirdly; the emotional consequences of the negative experiences were described in the study. Fourthly; there were collectively suggested solutions where the participants felt that their problems could be alleviated by support systems modelled in other Western English speaking countries that have hosted high numbers of immigrant medical practitioners from non-English speaking countries. This collective action was consistent with the emancipatory intent of participatory research informed by social critical theory. This study resulted in drawing conclusions about the implications of the participants’ experiences to well-being, occupational satisfaction as well as diverse workforce development initiatives. This study is also significant in policy making as it spelt out the specific problems faced by participants and made recommendations on what can be done to effectively utilise and benefit from the skills of immigrant medical practitioners. A multi-agency approach involving key stakeholders from the government departments, regulatory authorities, medical schools and immigrant practitioners themselves is suggested as a possible approach to solving the problems faced by these practitioners.
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Service, Thomas W. "Physiological and psychological impacts of nighttime call response in firefighters from volunteer and paid-on-call fire departments." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/11088.

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An oft overlooked population in research, firefighters of volunteer and paid-on-call fire departments respond to nighttime calls as a supplement to their normal working hours, making the duties taxing on the autonomic system leading to cardiovascular and endocrine disruptions. These duties also come with a tax burden on the volume and distribution of sleep. The current study was executed in order to gain valuable insight into the impact of nighttime call response in this population and the magnitude and duration of any perturbations. Eight firefighters from Greater Victoria Volunteer and Paid-on-call departments were recruited to wear Equivital EQ02 heart monitors and FitBit Charge 2 devices to record autonomic cardiovascular responses and track sleep between 1900 and 0700. HR MAX was found to significantly increase with a large effect size (p<0.0005) from 97 +/- 20 to 157 +/- 18 beats per minute in the 15 minutes preceding versus following a call within the time period. LF/HF ratios increased during the first 15-minutes following a call to 4.055 +/- 1.316 from 1.911 +/- 0.599 pre-call. HF power, RMSSD, and pNN50 all decreased significantly compared to pre-call values (796.176 +/- 414.296 ms2 vs 244.119 +/- 153.880 ms2, 51.940 +/- 7.119 ms vs 35.072 +/- 2.624 ms, 25.017 +/- 7.034% vs 7.403 +/- 2.411%). Further, all HRV measures with the exception of normalized LF and HF were found to be significantly different when waking for and attending a call versus waking on a normal day despite there being no significant differences among any variables when going to bed on nights with and without a call. Total and REM sleep were the most significantly impacted measurables of sleep. Total sleep fell to 261.11 +/- 61.11 minutes from 417.13 +/- 52.04 minutes while REM absolute and percentage of total sleep dropped from 109.88 +/- 28.47 minutes to 51.44 +/- 17.92 minutes, and 22.25 +/- 3.73% to 16.33 +/- 3.17% respectively. In response to a call, mean salivary cortisol levels increased from pre-call values by 0.426 +/- 0.202 ug/dL (p<.001). Salivary c-reactive protein levels also showed significant increases with a small effect size, though due to secretion kinetics, call response is not the likely cause. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of a significant shift in autonomic control from parasympathetic (PSNS) dominance to sympathetic control and PSNS withdrawal which evokes a cortisol-mediated stress response of comparable magnitude to literature standards for normal waking fluxes. Sleep volume, and arguably the most critical stage of sleep, rapid eye movement, are significantly impacted and the links between cognitive performance and both total and overall REM sleep indicate that call response does not just impact the cardiovascular system but may in fact be reducing mental acuity of firefighters. This is important as it has the potential to impact both self and team health and safety, not only during night time call response, but at the firefighters’ day jobs which they regularly proceed to the very same morning following a call, evidently with significant deprivation in sleep.
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Books on the topic "Occupational deprivation"

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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Social and Economic Differences in Mortality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0019.

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Nineteenth-century male death rates were more influenced by occupation than by social class. This was because major variations in exposure, depending on where someone lived and the hazards which he faced at work, were more important than income or status. Over time the risk rankings of many occupations changed markedly. By the mid-twentieth century class gradients in mortality were clear, especially at the top and bottom of the hierarchy. However, it remains the case that even after controlling for social class, significant differences in mortality remain. Research since the 1980s has shown that including controls for area deprivation still does not wholly account for what is observed. In particular, a ‘Glasgow effect’ of enhanced mortality remains unexplained. A range of possible reasons have been offered for Glasgow’s enhanced mortality, including recent research on epigenetic effects.
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Prusin, Alexander. Living with the Enemy. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041068.003.0010.

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Explores the life of the “silent majority” – the population at large - which found itself literally squeezed between the forces or occupation and resistance, coping daily with economic shortages, requisitions, and violence. By and large, economic deprivations and fear of German terror left little time for political activities. To provide for one’s family, one had to work and had to go back to his daily routines that accorded a minimum economic security and a modicum of social stability. In other words, living with the enemy effectively meant laboring for the enemy and entailed threading a dangerous balance between accommodation and collaboration.
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Book chapters on the topic "Occupational deprivation"

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Rosekind, Mark, David Flower, Kevin Gregory, and W. Jung. "General Occupational Implications of Round-the-Clock Operations." In Sleep Deprivation, 229–49. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14100-13.

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Rosekind, Mark R., David J. C. Flower, Kevin B. Gregory, and W. Edward Jung. "General Occupational Implications of Round-the-Clock Operations." In Sleep Deprivation, 229–50. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203998007-12.

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Daunhauer, Lisa A., and Sharon Cermak. "Play Occupations and the Experience of Deprivation." In Play in Occupational Therapy for Children, 251–61. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-032302954-4.10008-x.

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Russo, Marianne Robin, and Valerie C. Bryan. "Technology, the 21st Century Workforce, and the Construct of Social Justice." In Handbook of Research on Technologies for Improving the 21st Century Workforce, 56–75. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2181-7.ch005.

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Although there is current research describing ICT use in the 21st century as it relates to workforce needs, there are factors to examine regarding the adult learner that can help offset barriers to ICT involvement. And, factors that may determine success in the cyber community could be due to age, gender, ethnic, and racial disparities regarding ICT use and its ultimate impact on occupational deprivation. Technology is advancing at a geometric pace, and the adult learner must traverse this digital divide. Understanding this overlap, the nature and frequency of technology use by the adult learner will help more effectively: a) blur the lines of social constructs in an attempt to mitigate class hegemony; b) mitigate future occupational problems when employment and economic needs depend on ICT knowledge; c) understand and avoid barriers that create digital disparity so group membership in the cyber community is fostered and maintained; and, d) gain more of a political voice. The focus of this chapter is to assess how traditionally disadvantaged groups currently navigate technology, and the changes that must take place to lessen this digital divide. If barriers to ICT can be determined, this will have subsequent implications on the workforce potential within these disenfranchised groups. This chapter proposes a larger implication, one of a link between ICT use and social justice for specific groups. It is imperative that these groups widen their horizons with the use of technology, not just to improve economic status, but to understand that technology and government structures are inextricably tied, having an ultimate effect on democracy.
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Karn, Valerie A. "Low Income Owner-Occupation in the Inner City." In Urban Deprivation and the Inner City, 160–89. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315178523-8.

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Clarke, Colin. "Plural StratiWcation: Colour-Class and Culture." In Decolonizing the Colonial City. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199269815.003.0012.

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Urbanization in Kingston since independence, as the previous chapter demonstrated, has placed a very heavy burden on the already disadvantaged lower class. This burden is expressed in their dependence on the informal sector of employment, high rates of unemployment, rental of high-density accommodation (or outright squatting), shared access to toilet facilities, and lack of piped-water connections in the tenements—all these problematic characteristics piling up in the downtown areas—quintessentially in West Kingston. There is clearly a stratification of living conditions ranging from affluence in the uptown suburbs via a modicum of comfort in the middle zone around Half Way Tree and Cross Roads to outright deprivation in the downtown neighbourhoods. It was argued in the previous chapter that this stratification of living conditions is underpinned by class-differentiated neighbourhoods; as this chapter will show, these circumstances mesh with—and reinforce—colour-class stratification and cultural pluralism, or what I have called plural stratification (to distinguish it from class stratification alone). After the Second World War, it became the conventional wisdom among Caribbean social scientists (of local birth) to depict Jamaica—and the Windward and Leeward Islands—as colour-class stratifications. This had the advantage of linking these Caribbean stratifications to occupational/class systems in the US and Europe, while pointing to a colonial history of colour differentiation, which shadowed class and reinforced it. So, the upper class was white or pass-as-white, the middle class brown and black, and the lower class black with some brown (Henriques 1953: 42). A number of racially or ethnically distinct groups originally fell outside this colour-class stratification, but had, over time, been accommodated within it: Jews were absorbed into the upper class, as were the Syrian professionals; Chinese, the remaining Syrians, and a few East Indians were middle class; the majority of East Indians were lower class. Two further aspects of colour-class need underlining. There was a tendency for its advocates to regard class as unproblematic and consensual, as in the American tradition of social analysis (Parsons 1952). In short, the whole colour-class system was dependent upon the almost complete acceptance by each group of the superiority of the white, and the inferiority of the black (Henriques 1953).
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Gaffney-Stomberg, Erin, and James P. McClung. "Nutrition, Genetics, and Human Performance During Military Training." In Human Performance Optimization, 45–61. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455132.003.0003.

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Abstract:
Military personnel train and conduct operations in environments that result in exposure to multiple stressors such as caloric deprivation, physical and psychological strain, and increased energy expenditure, which have profound effects on cognitive and physical performance. The objective of this chapter is to draw on the peer-reviewed literature, including laboratory studies, applied field studies, and controlled trials conducted in the military environment to detail the contribution of nutrition and genetics to human performance and protection from injury. In summary, relevant studies indicate that nutrition status and genetic factors hold promise as risk biomarkers and intervention targets for the development of tailored solutions to optimize human performance and prevent injury during occupationally demanding tasks.
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"Deprivation, Occupation, and Social Change: Hamas and Lebanese Hezbollah’s Evolution from Bombs to Ballot Boxes." In Terrorism and Homeland Security, 237–56. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13587-18.

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